51
|
Jounaidi Y, Cotten JF, Miller KW, Forman SA. Tethering IL2 to Its Receptor IL2Rβ Enhances Antitumor Activity and Expansion of Natural Killer NK92 Cells. Cancer Res 2017; 77:5938-5951. [PMID: 28916655 PMCID: PMC6204197 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-1007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
IL2 is an immunostimulatory cytokine for key immune cells including T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. Systemic IL2 supplementation could enhance NK-mediated immunity in a variety of diseases ranging from neoplasms to viral infection. However, its systemic use is restricted by its serious side effects and limited efficacy due to activation of T regulatory cells (Tregs). IL2 signaling is mediated through interactions with a multi-subunit receptor complex containing IL2Rα, IL2Rβ, and IL2Rγ. Adult natural killer (NK) cells express only IL2Rβ and IL2Rγ subunits and are therefore relatively insensitive to IL2. To overcome these limitations, we created a novel chimeric IL2-IL2Rβ fusion protein of IL2 and its receptor IL2Rβ joined via a peptide linker (CIRB). NK92 cells expressing CIRB (NK92CIRB) were highly activated and expanded indefinitely without exogenous IL2. When compared with an IL2-secreting NK92 cell line, NK92CIRB were more activated, cytotoxic, and resistant to growth inhibition. Direct contact with cancer cells enhanced the cytotoxic character of NK92CIRB cells, which displayed superior in vivo antitumor effects in mice. Overall, our results showed how tethering IL2 to its receptor IL2Rβ eliminates the need for IL2Rα and IL2Rβ, offering a new tool to selectively activate and empower immune therapy. Cancer Res; 77(21); 5938-51. ©2017 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Jounaidi
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Joseph F Cotten
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Keith W Miller
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stuart A Forman
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Moeckel J, Staiger N, Mackensen A, Meidenbauer N, Ullrich E. Sunitinib does not impair natural killer cell function in patients with renal cell carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:1089-1096. [PMID: 28693278 PMCID: PMC5494766 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the available treatment options have expanded, the survival of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remains poor. As patients with RCC lack responsiveness to chemotherapy or radiation, therapeutic options predominantly include surgical interventions and immunomodulatory approaches, including the administration of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) such as sunitinib. Natural killer (NK) cells have been reported to be key players in TKI-mediated off-target effects on the immune system. However, only limited information is available regarding the possible impact of sunitinib on the function of NK cells of individual patients. The present study reports on the immunomonitoring results of three patients with metastatic RCC who underwent sunitinib treatment. These results were compared with age-matched, healthy controls in terms of the immune status of T, B and NK cells, focusing on functional in vitro analyses of NK cells. In all three patients, NK cell number, subset distribution and function, as measured by cluster of differentiation 107a degranulation, did not exhibit any significant alterations as a result of sunitinib treatment. These results indicate that sunitinib does not negatively affect NK cell function, which supports the pursuit of therapeutic modalities that combine immunomodulation and NK cell-stimulating approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Moeckel
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
- LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Goethe University Frankfurt, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nina Staiger
- LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Goethe University Frankfurt, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Goethe University Frankfurt, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas Mackensen
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Norbert Meidenbauer
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Evelyn Ullrich
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
- LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Goethe University Frankfurt, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Goethe University Frankfurt, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Wagner J, Pfannenstiel V, Waldmann A, Bergs JWJ, Brill B, Huenecke S, Klingebiel T, Rödel F, Buchholz CJ, Wels WS, Bader P, Ullrich E. A Two-Phase Expansion Protocol Combining Interleukin (IL)-15 and IL-21 Improves Natural Killer Cell Proliferation and Cytotoxicity against Rhabdomyosarcoma. Front Immunol 2017; 8:676. [PMID: 28659917 PMCID: PMC5466991 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue malignancy in children. Despite intensive research in recent decades the prognosis for patients with metastatic or relapsed diseases has hardly improved. New therapeutic concepts in anti-tumor therapy aim to modulate the patient’s immune system to increase its aggressiveness or targeted effects toward tumor cells. Besides surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, immune activation by direct application of cytokines, antibodies or adoptive cell therapy are promising approaches. In the last years, adoptive transfer of natural killer (NK) cells came into the focus of translational medicine, because of their high cytotoxic potential against transformed malignant cells. A main challenge of NK cell therapy is that it requires a high amount of functional NK cells. Therefore, ex vivo NK cell expansion protocols are currently being developed. Many culturing strategies are based on the addition of feeder or accessory cells, which need to be removed prior to the clinical application of the final NK cell product. In this study, we addressed feeder cell-free expansion methods using common γ-chain cytokines, especially IL-15 and IL-21. Our results demonstrated high potential of IL-15 for NK cell expansion, while IL-21 triggered NK cell maturation and functionality. Hence, we established a two-phase expansion protocol with IL-15 to induce an early NK cell expansion, followed by short exposure to IL-21 that boosted the cytotoxic activity of NK cells against RMS cells. Further functional analyses revealed enhanced degranulation and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α. In a proof of concept in vivo study, we also observed a therapeutic effect of adoptively transferred IL-15 expanded and IL-21 boosted NK cells in combination with image guided high precision radiation therapy using a luciferase-transduced RMS xenograft model. In summary, this two-phased feeder cell-free ex vivo culturing protocol combined efficient expansion and high cytolytic functionality of NK cells for treatment of radiation-resistant RMS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Wagner
- Children's Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department for Children and Adolescents Medicine, Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Viktoria Pfannenstiel
- Children's Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department for Children and Adolescents Medicine, Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anja Waldmann
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Judith W J Bergs
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Boris Brill
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sabine Huenecke
- Children's Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department for Children and Adolescents Medicine, Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Franz Rödel
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian J Buchholz
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Winfried S Wels
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Bader
- Children's Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department for Children and Adolescents Medicine, Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Evelyn Ullrich
- Children's Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department for Children and Adolescents Medicine, Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Granzin M, Wagner J, Köhl U, Cerwenka A, Huppert V, Ullrich E. Shaping of Natural Killer Cell Antitumor Activity by Ex Vivo Cultivation. Front Immunol 2017; 8:458. [PMID: 28491060 PMCID: PMC5405078 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are a promising tool for the use in adoptive immunotherapy, since they efficiently recognize and kill tumor cells. In this context, ex vivo cultivation is an attractive option to increase NK cells in numbers and to improve their antitumor potential prior to clinical applications. Consequently, various strategies to generate NK cells for adoptive immunotherapy have been developed. Here, we give an overview of different NK cell cultivation approaches and their impact on shaping the NK cell antitumor activity. So far, the cytokines interleukin (IL)-2, IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, and IL-21 are used to culture and expand NK cells. The selection of the respective cytokine combination is an important factor that directly affects NK cell maturation, proliferation, survival, distribution of NK cell subpopulations, activation, and function in terms of cytokine production and cytotoxic potential. Importantly, cytokines can upregulate the expression of certain activating receptors on NK cells, thereby increasing their responsiveness against tumor cells that express the corresponding ligands. Apart from using cytokines, cocultivation with autologous accessory non-NK cells or addition of growth-inactivated feeder cells are approaches for NK cell cultivation with pronounced effects on NK cell activation and expansion. Furthermore, ex vivo cultivation was reported to prime NK cells for the killing of tumor cells that were previously resistant to NK cell attack. In general, NK cells become frequently dysfunctional in cancer patients, for instance, by downregulation of NK cell activating receptors, disabling them in their antitumor response. In such scenario, ex vivo cultivation can be helpful to arm NK cells with enhanced antitumor properties to overcome immunosuppression. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on NK cell modulation by different ex vivo cultivation strategies focused on increasing NK cytotoxicity for clinical application in malignant diseases. Moreover, we critically discuss the technical and regulatory aspects and challenges underlying NK cell based therapeutic approaches in the clinics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Granzin
- Clinical Research, Miltenyi Biotec Inc., Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Juliane Wagner
- Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department for Children and Adolescents Medicine, Hospital of the Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Cellular Immunology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ulrike Köhl
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Integrated Research and Treatment Center Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Adelheid Cerwenka
- Innate Immunity Group, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Immunbiochemistry, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Volker Huppert
- R&D Reagents, Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Evelyn Ullrich
- Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department for Children and Adolescents Medicine, Hospital of the Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Cellular Immunology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Fischer K, Tognarelli S, Roesler S, Boedicker C, Schubert R, Steinle A, Klingebiel T, Bader P, Fulda S, Ullrich E. The Smac Mimetic BV6 Improves NK Cell-Mediated Killing of Rhabdomyosarcoma Cells by Simultaneously Targeting Tumor and Effector Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:202. [PMID: 28326081 PMCID: PMC5339542 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), the most common cancer of connective tissues in pediatrics, is often resistant to conventional therapies. One underlying mechanism of this resistance is the overexpression of Inhibitor of Apoptosis (IAP) proteins, leading to a dysfunctional cell death program within tumor cells. Smac mimetics (SM) are small molecules that can reactivate the cell death program by antagonizing IAP proteins and thereby compensating their overexpression. Here, we report that SM sensitize two RMS cell lines (RD and RH30) toward natural killer (NK) cell-mediated killing on the one hand, and increase the cytotoxic potential of NK cells on the other. The SM-induced sensitization of RH30 cells toward NK cell-mediated killing is significantly reduced through blocking tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) on NK cells prior to coculture. In addition, the presence of zVAD.fmk, a pancaspase inhibitor, rescues tumor cells from the increase in killing, indicating an apoptosis-dependent cell death. On the NK cell side, the presence of SM in addition to IL-2 during the ex vivo expansion leads to an increase in their cytotoxic activity against RH30 cells. This effect is mainly TNFα-dependent and partially mediated by NK cell activation, which is associated with transcriptional upregulation of NF-κB target genes such as IκBα and RelB. Taken together, our findings implicate that SM represent a novel double-hit strategy, sensitizing tumor and activating NK cells with one single drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyra Fischer
- University Hospital Frankfurt, Department for Children and Adolescents Medicine, Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sara Tognarelli
- University Hospital Frankfurt, Department for Children and Adolescents Medicine, Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefanie Roesler
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cathinka Boedicker
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Schubert
- University Hospital Frankfurt, Department for Children and Adolescents Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; University Hospital Frankfurt/Main, Department for Children and Adolescents Medicine, Division of Pulmonology, Allergy and Cystic Fibrosis, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Alexander Steinle
- University Hospital Frankfurt, Department for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Thomas Klingebiel
- LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; University Hospital Frankfurt, Department for Children and Adolescents Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Peter Bader
- University Hospital Frankfurt, Department for Children and Adolescents Medicine, Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Simone Fulda
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Evelyn Ullrich
- University Hospital Frankfurt, Department for Children and Adolescents Medicine, Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Croxatto D, Martini S, Chiossone L, Scordamaglia F, Simonassi CF, Moretta L, Mingari MC, Vacca P. IL15 induces a potent antitumor activity in NK cells isolated from malignant pleural effusions and overcomes the inhibitory effect of pleural fluid. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1293210. [PMID: 28507797 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1293210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells are capable of recognizing and killing cancer cells and play an important role in tumor immunosurveillance. However, tumor-infiltrating NK cells are frequently impaired in their functional capability. A remarkable exception is represented by NK cells isolated from malignant pleural effusions (PE) that are not anergic and, upon IL2-induced activation, efficiently kill tumor cells. Although IL2 is used in various clinical trials, severe side effects may occur in treated patients. In this study, we investigated whether also other clinical-grade cytokines could induce strong cytotoxicity in NK cells isolated from pleural fluid of patients with primary or metastatic tumors of different origins. We show that PE-NK cells, cultured for short-time intervals with IL15, maintain the CD56bright phenotype, a high expression of the main activating receptors, produce cytokines and kill tumor cells in vitro similarly to those treated with IL2. Moreover, IL15-activated PE-NK cells could greatly reduce the growth of established tumors in mice. This in vivo antitumor effect correlated with the ability of IL15-activated PE-NK cells to traffic from periphery to the tumor site. Finally, we show that IL15 can counteract the inhibitory effect of the tumor pleural microenvironment. Our study suggests that IL15-activated NK cells isolated from pleural fluid (otherwise discarded after thoracentesis) may represent a suitable source of effector cells to be used in adoptive immunotherapy of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Croxatto
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - S Martini
- IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
| | - L Chiossone
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université d'Aix-Marseille UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | | | - C F Simonassi
- Department of Pneumology, AO Villa Scassi, Genoa, Italy
| | - L Moretta
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - M C Mingari
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
| | - P Vacca
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Veluchamy JP, Lopez-Lastra S, Spanholtz J, Bohme F, Kok N, Heideman DAM, Verheul HMW, Di Santo JP, de Gruijl TD, van der Vliet HJ. In Vivo Efficacy of Umbilical Cord Blood Stem Cell-Derived NK Cells in the Treatment of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Front Immunol 2017; 8:87. [PMID: 28220124 PMCID: PMC5292674 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies against the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) act by inhibiting EGFR downstream signaling and by eliciting a natural killer (NK) cell-mediated antitumor response. The IgG1 mAb cetuximab has been used for treatment of RASwt metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients, showing limited efficacy. In the present study, we address the potential of adoptive NK cell therapy to overcome these limitations investigating two allogeneic NK cell products, i.e., allogeneic activated peripheral blood NK cells (A-PBNK) and umbilical cord blood stem cell-derived NK cells (UCB-NK). While cetuximab monotherapy was not effective against EGFR− RASwt, EGFR+ RASmut, and EGFR+ BRAFmut cells, A-PBNK were able to initiate lysis of EGFR+ colon cancer cells irrespective of RAS or BRAF status. Cytotoxic effects of A-PBNK (but not UCB-NK) were further potentiated significantly by coating EGFR+ colon cancer cells with cetuximab. Of note, a significantly higher cytotoxicity was induced by UCB-NK in EGFR−RASwt (42 ± 8 versus 67 ± 7%), EGFR+ RASmut (20 ± 2 versus 37 ± 6%), and EGFR+ BRAFmut (23 ± 3 versus 43 ± 7%) colon cancer cells compared to A-PBNK and equaled the cytotoxic efficacy of the combination of A-PBNK and cetuximab. The antitumor efficacy of UCB-NK cells against cetuximab-resistant human EGFR+ RASmut colon cancer cells was further confirmed in an in vivo preclinical mouse model where UCB-NK showed enhanced antitumor cytotoxicity against colon cancer independent of EGFR and RAS status. As UCB-NK have been proven safe in a recently conducted phase I clinical trial in acute myeloid leukemia, a fast translation into clinical proof of concept for mCRC could be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John P Veluchamy
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Glycostem Therapeutics, Oss, Netherlands
| | - Silvia Lopez-Lastra
- Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1223, Paris, France; Université Paris-Sud (Paris-Saclay), Paris, France
| | | | | | - Nina Kok
- Glycostem Therapeutics , Oss , Netherlands
| | | | - Henk M W Verheul
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - James P Di Santo
- Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1223, Paris, France
| | - Tanja D de Gruijl
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Hans J van der Vliet
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Ullrich E, Salzmann-Manrique E, Bakhtiar S, Bremm M, Gerstner S, Herrmann E, Bader P, Hoffmann P, Holler E, Edinger M, Wolff D. Relation between Acute GVHD and NK Cell Subset Reconstitution Following Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation. Front Immunol 2016; 7:595. [PMID: 28066411 PMCID: PMC5177660 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the major challenges of allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) is to reduce the risk of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) while boosting the graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect. The reconstitution of natural killer (NK) cells following allo-SCT is of notable interest due to their known capability to induce GVL without GVHD. Here, in this study, we investigate the association between the incidence and severity of acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) and the early reconstitution of NK cell subsets following allo-SCT. We analyzed 342 samples from 107 patients using flow cytometry, with a focus on immature CD56high and mature cytotoxic CD56dim NK cells. Longitudinal analysis of immune reconstitution after allo-SCT showed that the incidence of aGVHD was associated with a delayed expansion of the entire NK cell population, in particular the CD56high subset. Notably, the disturbed reconstitution of the CD56high NK cells also correlated with the severity of aGVHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Ullrich
- LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department for Children and Adolescents Medicine, Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Emilia Salzmann-Manrique
- Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department for Children and Adolescents Medicine, Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Shahrzad Bakhtiar
- Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department for Children and Adolescents Medicine, Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Melanie Bremm
- Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department for Children and Adolescents Medicine, Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Stephanie Gerstner
- LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Goethe University , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Eva Herrmann
- Institute of Biostatistics and Mathematical Modeling, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Peter Bader
- LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department for Children and Adolescents Medicine, Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Petra Hoffmann
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ernst Holler
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Edinger
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Wolff
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Hua L, Fang M, Dong B, Guo S, Cui C, Liu J, Yao Y, Xiao Y, Li X, Ren Y, Meng X, Hao X, Zhao P, Song Y, Wang L, Yu Y. Attribution of NKG2DL to the inhibition of early stage allogeneic tumors in mice. Oncotarget 2016; 7:82369-82383. [PMID: 27448968 PMCID: PMC5347697 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic tumors are eventually rejected by adaptive immune responses, however, little is known about how allogeneic tumors are eradicated at the early stage of tumor development. In present study, we found that NKG2DL low expressing cancer cells were developed into palpable allogeneic tumors in mice within a week after the inoculation, while NKG2DL high expressing cancer cells failed to. The NKG2DL high expressing cancer cells could increase NKG2D+ NK cells in the allogeneic mice after being inoculated for 3 days. Artificially up-regulating NKG2DL on cancer cells with low level expressed NKG2DL by a CpG ODN resulted in the retardation and rejection of the allogeneic tumors at the early stage. The contribution of up-regulated NKG2DL to the early rejection was further confirmed by the results that the development of allogeneic tumors from cancer cells transfected with NKG2DL genes was significantly inhibited in mice at the early stage. Overall, hopefully, the data may provide insights for combining the allogeneic NK cell adoptive transfer with the approaches of up-regulating NKG2DL to treat cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Hua
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Mingli Fang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Boqi Dong
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Sheng Guo
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Cuiyun Cui
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Jiwei Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Yun Yao
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Yue Xiao
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Yunjia Ren
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Xiuping Meng
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Xu Hao
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Peiyan Zhao
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Yilan Song
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Liying Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Yongli Yu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Schmidt S, Ullrich E, Bochennek K, Zimmermann SY, Lehrnbecher T. Role of natural killer cells in antibacterial immunity. Expert Rev Hematol 2016; 9:1119-1127. [DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2016.1254546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
61
|
Tognarelli S, Jacobs B, Staiger N, Ullrich E. Flow Cytometry-based Assay for the Monitoring of NK Cell Functions. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27842341 DOI: 10.3791/54615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are an important part of the human tumor immune surveillance system. NK cells are able to distinguish between healthy and virus-infected or malignantly transformed cells due to a set of germline encoded inhibitory and activating receptors. Upon virus or tumor cell recognition a variety of different NK cell functions are initiated including cytotoxicity against the target cell as well as cytokine and chemokine production leading to the activation of other immune cells. It has been demonstrated that accurate NK cell functions are crucial for the treatment outcome of different virus infections and malignant diseases. Here a simple and reliable method is described to analyze different NK cell functions using a flow cytometry-based assay. NK cell functions can be evaluated not only for the whole NK cell population, but also for different NK cell subsets. This technique enables scientists to easily study NK cell functions in healthy donors or patients in order to reveal their impact on different malignancies and to further discover new therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Tognarelli
- Childrens Hospital, Department of Pediatric Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University; LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University
| | - Benedikt Jacobs
- Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Cancer Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Radiumhospital; The KG Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo
| | - Nina Staiger
- Childrens Hospital, Department of Pediatric Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University; LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University
| | - Evelyn Ullrich
- Childrens Hospital, Department of Pediatric Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University; LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University;
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Melhem NM, Mahfouz RA, Kreidieh K, Abdul-Khalik R, El-Khatib R, Talhouk R, Musharrafieh U, Hamadeh G. Potential role of killer immunoglobulin receptor genes among individuals vaccinated against hepatitis B virus in Lebanon. World J Hepatol 2016; 8:1212-1221. [PMID: 27803766 PMCID: PMC5067441 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v8.i29.1212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To explore the role of killer immunoglobulin receptor (KIR) genes in responsiveness or non-responsiveness to vaccination against hepatitis B virus.
METHODS We recruited 101 voluntary participants between March 2010 and December 2011. Sera samples from vaccinated and non-vaccinated participants were tested for the presence of anti-HBs antibodies as a measure of protection against hepatitis B, hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis B core antibody as indicators of infection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. KIR gene frequencies were determined by polymerase chain reaction.
RESULTS Sera samples from 99 participants were tested for the levels of anti-HBs as an indicator of protection (≥ 10 mIU/mL) following vaccination as defined by the World Health Organization international reference standard. Among the vaccinated participants, 47% (35/74) had anti-HBs titers above 100 mIU/mL, 22% (16/74) had anti-HBs ranging between 10-100 mIU/mL, and 20% (15/74) had values of less than 10 mIU/mL. We report the lack of significant association between the number of vaccine dosages and the titer of antibodies among our vaccinated participants. The inhibitory KIR2DL1, KIR2DL4, KIR3DL1, KIR3DL2, and KIR3DL were detected in more than 95%, whereas KIR2DL2, KIR2DL3, KIR2DL5 (KR2DL5A and KIR2DL5B) were expressed in 56%, 84% and 42% (25% and 29%) of participants, respectively. The observed frequency of the activating KIR genes ranged between 35% and 55% except for KIR2DS4, detected in 95% of the study participants (40.6% 2DS4*001/002; 82.2% 2DS4*003/007). KIR2DP1 pseudogene was detected in 99% of our participants, whereas KIR3DP*001/02/04 and KIR3DP1*003 had frequencies of 17% and 100%, respectively. No association between the frequency of KIR genes and anti-HBs antibodies was detected. When we compared the frequency of KIR genes between vaccinated individuals with protective antibodies titers and those who lost their protective antibody levels, we did not detect a significant difference. KIR2DL5B was significantly different among different groups of vaccinated participants (group I > 100 mIU/mL, group II 10-100 mIU/mL, group III < 10 mIU/mL and group IV with undetectable levels of protective antibodies).
CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first study screening for the possible role of KIR genes among individuals vaccinated against hepatitis B virus (HBV). Our results can be used to design larger studies to better understand the role of KIR genes in protection against or susceptibility to HBV post vaccination.
Collapse
|
63
|
Ni J, Hölsken O, Miller M, Hammer Q, Luetke-Eversloh M, Romagnani C, Cerwenka A. Adoptively transferred natural killer cells maintain long-term antitumor activity by epigenetic imprinting and CD4 + T cell help. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1219009. [PMID: 27757318 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1219009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell infusions can induce remissions in subsets of patients with different types of cancer. The optimal strategies for NK cell activation prior to infusion are still under debate. There is recent evidence that NK cells can acquire long-term functional competence by preactivation with the cytokines IL-12/15/18. The mechanisms supporting the maintenance of long-term NK cell antitumor activity are incompletely under-stood. Here, we show that NK cells preactivated in vitro with IL-12/15/18, but not with IL-15 alone, maintained high antitumor activity even 1 mo after transfer into lymphopenic RAG-2-/-γc-/- mice. The NK cell intrinsic ability for IFNγ production coincided with demethylation of the conserved non-coding sequence (CNS) 1 in the Ifng locus, previously shown to enhance transcription of Ifng. In a xenograft melanoma mouse model, human IL-12/15/18-preactivated NK cells rejected tumors more efficiently. In RAG-2-/-γc-/- mice, co-transfer of CD4+ T cells further improved the long-term competence of NK cells for IFNγ production that was dependent on IL-2. CD4+ T cell activation during homeostatic proliferation required macrophages and further promoted the long-term NK cell antitumor activity. Thus, NK cells can "remember" a previous exposure to cytokines by epigenetic imprinting resulting in a remarkable stability of the IFNγ-producing phenotype after adoptive transfer. In addition, our results support combination of cytokine-preactivated NK cells with CD4+ T cell activation upon lymphopenic conditioning to achieve long-term NK cell effector function for cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ni
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Research Group Innate Immunity , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver Hölsken
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Research Group Innate Immunity , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Miller
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Research Group Innate Immunity , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Quirin Hammer
- Innate Immunity, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum - A Leibniz Institute , Berlin, Germany
| | - Merlin Luetke-Eversloh
- Innate Immunity, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum - A Leibniz Institute , Berlin, Germany
| | - Chiara Romagnani
- Innate Immunity, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum - A Leibniz Institute , Berlin, Germany
| | - Adelheid Cerwenka
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Research Group Innate Immunity , Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Gerstner S, Köhler W, Heidkamp G, Purbojo A, Uchida S, Ekici AB, Heger L, Luetke-Eversloh M, Schubert R, Bader P, Klingebiel T, Koehl U, Mackensen A, Romagnani C, Cesnjevar R, Dudziak D, Ullrich E. Specific phenotype and function of CD56-expressing innate immune cell subsets in human thymus. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:1297-1310. [PMID: 27354408 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1a0116-038r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Whereas innate immune cells, such as NK and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), have been characterized in different human tissues, knowledge on the thymic CD56-expressing cell subsets is limited. In this study, the rare subpopulations of thymic CD56+CD3- cells from samples of >100 patients have been successfully analyzed. The results revealed fundamental differences between thymic and peripheral blood (PB) CD56+CD3- cells. Thymic tissues lacked immunoregulatory CD56highCD16dim NK cells but showed two Eomes+CD56dim subsets on which common NK cell markers were significantly altered. CD56dimCD16high cells expressed high amounts of NKG2A, NKG2D, and CD27 with low CD57. Conversely, CD56dimCD16dim cells displayed high CD127 but low expression of KIR, NKG2D, and natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs). Thymic CD56+CD3- cells were able to gain cytotoxicity but were especially immunoregulatory cells, producing a broad range of cytokines. Finally, one population of thymic CD56+ cells resembled conventional NK cells, whereas the other represented a novel, noncanonical NK subset.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Gerstner
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department for Children and Adolescents Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Laboratory for Cellular Immunology, LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Köhler
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gordon Heidkamp
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ariawan Purbojo
- Department of Pediatric Heart Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Shizuka Uchida
- Laboratory for Cellular Immunology, LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Arif B Ekici
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lukas Heger
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Merlin Luetke-Eversloh
- Innate Immunity, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum-Leibniz-Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Schubert
- University Hospital Frankfurt/Main, Department for Children and Adolescents Medicine, Pulmonology, Allergy and Cystic Fibrosis, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; and
| | - Peter Bader
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department for Children and Adolescents Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Laboratory for Cellular Immunology, LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Thomas Klingebiel
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department for Children and Adolescents Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Laboratory for Cellular Immunology, LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ulrike Koehl
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Integrated Research and Treatment Center Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Mackensen
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Chiara Romagnani
- Innate Immunity, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum-Leibniz-Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Cesnjevar
- Department of Pediatric Heart Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Diana Dudziak
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Evelyn Ullrich
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany; .,Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department for Children and Adolescents Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Laboratory for Cellular Immunology, LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Muenst S, Läubli H, Soysal SD, Zippelius A, Tzankov A, Hoeller S. The immune system and cancer evasion strategies: therapeutic concepts. J Intern Med 2016; 279:541-62. [PMID: 26748421 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The complicated interplay between cancer and the host immune system has been studied for decades. New insights into the human immune system as well as the mechanisms by which tumours evade immune control have led to the new and innovative therapeutic strategies that are considered amongst the medical breakthroughs of the last few years. Here, we will review the current understanding of cancer immunology in general, including immune surveillance and immunoediting, with a detailed look at immune cells (T cells, B cells, natural killer cells, macrophages and dendritic cells), immune checkpoints and regulators, sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins (Siglecs) and other mechanisms. We will also present examples of new immune therapies able to reverse immune evasion strategies of tumour cells. Finally, we will focus on therapies that are already used in daily oncological practice such as the blockade of immune checkpoints cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death-1 (PD-1) in patients with metastatic melanoma or advanced lung cancer, or therapies currently being tested in clinical trials such as adoptive T-cell transfer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Muenst
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - H Läubli
- Division of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine, Cancer Immunology Laboratory, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - S D Soysal
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - A Zippelius
- Division of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine, Cancer Immunology Laboratory, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - A Tzankov
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - S Hoeller
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Rajasekaran K, Riese MJ, Rao S, Wang L, Thakar MS, Sentman CL, Malarkannan S. Signaling in Effector Lymphocytes: Insights toward Safer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2016; 7:176. [PMID: 27242783 PMCID: PMC4863891 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptors on T and NK cells systematically propagate highly complex signaling cascades that direct immune effector functions, leading to protective immunity. While extensive studies have delineated hundreds of signaling events that take place upon receptor engagement, the precise molecular mechanism that differentially regulates the induction or repression of a unique effector function is yet to be fully defined. Such knowledge can potentiate the tailoring of signal transductions and transform cancer immunotherapies. Targeted manipulations of signaling cascades can augment one effector function such as antitumor cytotoxicity while contain the overt generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines that contribute to treatment-related toxicity such as “cytokine storm” and “cytokine-release syndrome” or lead to autoimmune diseases. Here, we summarize how individual signaling molecules or nodes may be optimally targeted to permit selective ablation of toxic immune side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamalakannan Rajasekaran
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute , Milwaukee, WI , USA
| | - Matthew J Riese
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Biology, Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Sridhar Rao
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Transcriptional Regulation, Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, WI , USA
| | - Monica S Thakar
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Charles L Sentman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Synthetic Immunity at the Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Lebanon, NH , USA
| | - Subramaniam Malarkannan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Sanchez-Correa B, Campos C, Pera A, Bergua JM, Arcos MJ, Bañas H, Casado JG, Morgado S, Duran E, Solana R, Tarazona R. Natural killer cell immunosenescence in acute myeloid leukaemia patients: new targets for immunotherapeutic strategies? Cancer Immunol Immunother 2016; 65:453-63. [PMID: 26059279 PMCID: PMC11029066 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-015-1720-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Several age-associated changes in natural killer (NK) cell phenotype have been reported that contribute to the defective NK cell response observed in elderly patients. A remodelling of the NK cell compartment occurs in the elderly with a reduction in the output of immature CD56(bright) cells and an accumulation of highly differentiated CD56(dim) NK cells. Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is generally a disease of older adults. NK cells in AML patients show diminished expression of several activating receptors that contribute to impaired NK cell function and, in consequence, to AML blast escape from NK cell immunosurveillance. In AML patients, phenotypic changes in NK cells have been correlated with disease progression and survival. NK cell-based immunotherapy has emerged as a possibility for the treatment of AML patients. The understanding of age-associated alterations in NK cells is therefore necessary to define adequate therapeutic strategies in older AML patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmen Campos
- Department of Immunology, IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Avenida Menendez Pidal s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Alejandra Pera
- Department of Immunology, IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Avenida Menendez Pidal s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Juan M Bergua
- Department of Hematology, Hospital San Pedro de Alcantara, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Maria Jose Arcos
- Department of Hematology, Hospital San Pedro de Alcantara, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Helena Bañas
- Department of Hematology, Hospital San Pedro de Alcantara, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Javier G Casado
- Immunology Unit, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
- Stem Cell Therapy Unit, Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre Jesus Uson, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Sara Morgado
- Immunology Unit, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Esther Duran
- Histology and Pathology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Rafael Solana
- Department of Immunology, IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Avenida Menendez Pidal s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.
| | | |
Collapse
|
68
|
Pietra G, Vitale C, Pende D, Bertaina A, Moretta F, Falco M, Vacca P, Montaldo E, Cantoni C, Mingari MC, Moretta A, Locatelli F, Moretta L. Human natural killer cells: news in the therapy of solid tumors and high-risk leukemias. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2016; 65:465-76. [PMID: 26289090 PMCID: PMC11028670 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-015-1744-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in the immunity against cancer, while the involvement of other recently identified, NK-related innate lymphoid cells is still poorly defined. In the haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for the therapy of high-risk leukemias, NK cells have been shown to exert a key role in killing leukemic blasts residual after conditioning. While the clinical results in the cure of leukemias are excellent, the exploitation of NK cells in the therapy of solid tumors is still limited and unsatisfactory. In solid tumors, NK cell function may be inhibited via different mechanisms, occurring primarily at the tumor site. The cellular interactions in the tumor microenvironment involve tumor cells, stromal cells and resident or recruited leukocytes and may favor tumor evasion from the host's defenses. In this context, a number of cytokines, growth factors and enzymes synthesized by tumor cells, stromal cells, suppressive/regulatory myeloid and lymphoid cells may substantially impair the function of different tumor-reactive effector cells, including NK cells. The identification and characterization of such mechanisms may offer clues for the development of new immunotherapeutic strategies to restore effective anti-tumor responses. In order to harness NK cell-based immunotherapies, several approaches have been proposed, including reinforcement of NK cell cytotoxicity by means of specific cytokines, antibodies or drugs. These new tools may improve NK cell function and/or increase tumor susceptibility to NK-mediated killing. Hence, the integration of NK-based immunotherapies with conventional anti-tumor therapies may increase chances of successful cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Pietra
- IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Vitale
- IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | | | | | - Francesca Moretta
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Ospedale Sacro Cuore, Negrar, Verona, Italy
| | - Michela Falco
- Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via G. Gaslini n. 5, 16147, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paola Vacca
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Elisa Montaldo
- Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via G. Gaslini n. 5, 16147, Genoa, Italy
| | - Claudia Cantoni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
- Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via G. Gaslini n. 5, 16147, Genoa, Italy
- Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Mingari
- IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
- Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Moretta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
- Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
69
|
Garrecht R, Meyer R, Duppach J, Reipschläger S, Watzl C, Niemeyer CM. Designed DNA Surfaces for in Vitro Modulation of Natural Killer Cells. Chembiochem 2016; 17:486-92. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Garrecht
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 1); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Rebecca Meyer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 1); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Janine Duppach
- Leibniz Research Center for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo) at TU Dortmund; Ardeystrasse 67 44139 Dortmund Germany
| | - Simone Reipschläger
- Leibniz Research Center for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo) at TU Dortmund; Ardeystrasse 67 44139 Dortmund Germany
| | - Carsten Watzl
- Leibniz Research Center for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo) at TU Dortmund; Ardeystrasse 67 44139 Dortmund Germany
| | - Christof M. Niemeyer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 1); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Fasbender F, Widera A, Hengstler JG, Watzl C. Natural Killer Cells and Liver Fibrosis. Front Immunol 2016; 7:19. [PMID: 26858722 PMCID: PMC4731511 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the 40 years since the discovery of natural killer (NK) cells, it has been well established that these innate lymphocytes are important for early and effective immune responses against transformed cells and infections with different pathogens. In addition to these classical functions of NK cells, we now know that they are part of a larger family of innate lymphoid cells and that they can even mediate memory-like responses. Additionally, tissue-resident NK cells with distinct phenotypical and functional characteristics have been identified. Here, we focus on the phenotype of different NK cell subpopulations that can be found in the liver and summarize the current knowledge about the functional role of these cells with a special emphasis on liver fibrosis. NK cell cytotoxicity can contribute to liver damage in different forms of liver disease. However, NK cells can limit liver fibrosis by killing hepatic stellate cell-derived myofibroblasts, which play a key role in this pathogenic process. Therefore, liver NK cells need to be tightly regulated in order to balance these beneficial and pathological effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Fasbender
- Department for Immunology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Technische Universität Dortmund , Dortmund , Germany
| | - Agata Widera
- Department for Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Technische Universität Dortmund , Dortmund , Germany
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Department for Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Technische Universität Dortmund , Dortmund , Germany
| | - Carsten Watzl
- Department for Immunology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Technische Universität Dortmund , Dortmund , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Lievense L, Aerts J, Hegmans J. Immune Therapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 893:59-90. [PMID: 26667339 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-24223-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer has long been considered an unsuitable target for immunotherapy due to its proposed immunoresistant properties. However, recent evidence has shown that anti-tumor immune responses can occur in lung cancer patients, paving the way for lung cancer as a novel target for immunotherapy. In order to take full advantage of the potential of immunotherapy, research is focusing on the presence and function of various immunological cell types in the tumor microenvironment. Immune cells which facilitate or inhibit antitumor responses have been identified and their prognostic value in lung cancer has been established. Knowledge regarding these pro- and anti-tumor immune cells and their mechanisms of action has facilitated the identification of numerous potential immunotherapeutic strategies and opportunities for intervention. A plethora of immunotherapeutic approaches is currently being developed and studied in lung cancer patients and phase 3 clinical trials are ongoing. Many different immunotherapies have shown promising clinical effects in patients with limited and advanced stage lung cancer, however, future years will have to tell whether immunotherapy will earn its place in the standard treatment of lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lysanne Lievense
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, Rotterdam, 3015 GD, The Netherlands
| | - Joachim Aerts
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, Rotterdam, 3015 GD, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Hegmans
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, Rotterdam, 3015 GD, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Hietanen T, Pitkänen M, Kapanen M, Kellokumpu-Lehtinen PL. Post-irradiation viability and cytotoxicity of natural killer cells isolated from human peripheral blood using different methods. Int J Radiat Biol 2015; 92:71-9. [PMID: 26634866 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2016.1115136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Purpose We compared the pre- and post-irradiation viability and cytotoxicity of human peripheral natural killer cell (NK) populations obtained using different isolation methods. Material and methods Three methods were used to enrich total NK cells from buffy coats: (I) a Ficoll-Paque gradient, plastic adherence and a nylon wool column; (II) a discontinuous Percoll gradient; or (III) the Dynal NK cell isolation kit. Subsequently, CD16(+) and CD56(+) NK cell subsets were collected using (IV) flow cytometry or (V) magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) NK cell isolation kits. The yield, viability, purity and cytotoxicity of the NK cell populations were measured using trypan blue exclusion, flow cytometry using propidium iodide and (51)Cr release assays after enrichments as well as viability and cytotoxicity after a single radiation dose. Results The purity of the preparations, as measured by the CD16(+) and CD56(+) cell content, was equally good between methods I-III (p = 0.323), but the content of CD16(+) and CD56(+) cells using these methods was significantly lower than that using methods IV and V (p = 0.005). The viability of the cell population enriched via flow cytometry (85.5%) was significantly lower than that enriched via other methods (99.4-98.0%, p = 0.003). The cytotoxicity of NK cells enriched using methods I-III was significantly higher than that of NK cells enriched using methods IV and V (p = 0.000). In vitro the NK cells did not recover cytotoxic activity following irradiation. In addition, we detected considerable inter-individual variation in yield, cytotoxicity and radiation sensitivity between the NK cells collected from different human donors. Conclusions The selection of the appropriate NK cell enrichment method is very important for NK cell irradiation studies. According to our results, the Dynal and MACS NK isolation kits best retained the killing capacity and the viability of irradiated NK cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tenho Hietanen
- a Department of Oncology , School of Medicine, University of Tampere , Tampere
| | - Maunu Pitkänen
- b Department of Oncology , Tampere University Hospital , Tampere , Finland ;,c Department of Medical Physics , Tampere University Hospital , Tampere , Finland
| | - Mika Kapanen
- b Department of Oncology , Tampere University Hospital , Tampere , Finland ;,c Department of Medical Physics , Tampere University Hospital , Tampere , Finland
| | - Pirkko-Liisa Kellokumpu-Lehtinen
- a Department of Oncology , School of Medicine, University of Tampere , Tampere ;,b Department of Oncology , Tampere University Hospital , Tampere , Finland
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Khoso PA, Yang Z, Liu C, Li S. Selenoproteins and heat shock proteins play important roles in immunosuppression in the bursa of Fabricius of chickens with selenium deficiency. Cell Stress Chaperones 2015; 20:967-78. [PMID: 26228634 PMCID: PMC4595424 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-015-0625-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Selenium (Se) is necessary for the immune system in chicken and mediates its physiological functions through selenoproteins. Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are indispensable for maintaining normal cell function and for directing the immune response. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of Se deficiency on the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression levels of selenoproteins and Hsps as well as immune functions in the chicken bursa of Fabricius. Two groups of chickens, namely the control and Se-deficient (L group) groups, were reared for 55 days. The chickens were offered a basal diet, which contained 0.15 mg Se/kg in the diet fed to the control group and 0.033 mg Se/kg in the diet fed to the L group. We performed real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction to detect the mRNA expression levels of selenoproteins and Hsps on days 15, 25, 35, 45 and 55. Western blotting was used to determine the protein expression levels of Hsps on days 35, 45 and 55, and immune functions were assessed through an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay on days 15, 35, and 55. The data showed that the mRNA expression levels of selenoproteins, such as Txnrd1, Txnrd2, Txnrd3, Dio1, Dio2, Dio3, GPx1, GPx2, GPx3 GPx4, Sepp1, Selo, Sel-15, Sepx1, Sels, Seli, Selu, Selh, and SPS2, were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the L group compared with the control group. Additionally, the mRNA and protein expression levels of Hsps (Hsp27, Hsp40, Hsp60, Hsp70, and Hsp90) were also significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the L group. The expression levels of IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17, IL-1β, IFN-α, IFN-β, and IFN-γ were significantly lower (P < 0.05) and TNF-α was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the L group compared with the control group. Our results show that immunosuppression was accompanied by a downregulation of mRNA expression levels of selenoproteins and an upregulation of the Hsp mRNA expression levels. Thus, Se deficiency causes defects in the chicken bursa of Fabricius, and selenoproteins and Hsps play important roles in immunosuppression in the bursa of Fabricius of chickens with Se deficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pervez Ahmed Khoso
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Zijiang Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunpeng Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Ruggeri L, Parisi S, Urbani E, Curti A. Alloreactive Natural Killer Cells for the Treatment of Acute Myeloid Leukemia: From Stem Cell Transplantation to Adoptive Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2015; 6:479. [PMID: 26528283 PMCID: PMC4606119 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells express activating and inhibitory receptors, which recognize MHC class-I alleles, termed “Killer cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptors” (KIRs). Preclinical and clinical data from haploidentical T-cell-depleted stem cell transplantation have demonstrated that alloreactive KIR-L mismatched NK cells play a major role as effectors against acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Outside the transplantation setting, several reports have proven the safety and feasibility of NK cell infusion in AML patients and, in some cases, provided evidence that transferred NK cells are functionally alloreactive and may have a role in disease control. The aim of the present work is to briefly summarize the most recent advances in the field by moving from the first preclinical and clinical demonstration of donor NK alloreactivity in the transplantation setting to the most recent attempts at exploiting the use of alloreactive NK cell infusion as a means of adoptive immunotherapy against AML. Altogether, these data highlight the pivotal role of NK cells for the development of novel immunological approaches in the clinical management of AML.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Ruggeri
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Ospedale Santa Maria della Misericordia, University of Perugia , Perugia , Italy
| | - Sarah Parisi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Institute of Hematology "L. and A. Seràgnoli", S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Elena Urbani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Ospedale Santa Maria della Misericordia, University of Perugia , Perugia , Italy
| | - Antonio Curti
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Institute of Hematology "L. and A. Seràgnoli", S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Niu C, Jin H, Li M, Xu J, Xu D, Hu J, He H, Li W, Cui J. In vitro analysis of the proliferative capacity and cytotoxic effects of ex vivo induced natural killer cells, cytokine-induced killer cells, and gamma-delta T cells. BMC Immunol 2015; 16:61. [PMID: 26458364 PMCID: PMC4601131 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-015-0124-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies have focused on the significant cytotoxicity of natural killer (NK) cells, cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells, and gamma-delta (γδ) T cells in tumor cells. Nevertheless, the therapeutic features of these cell types have not been compared in the literature. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of activation and expansion of NK, CIK, and γδ T cells from cancer patients in vitro, and to clarify the differences in their antitumor capacities. Methods NK, CIK, and γδ T cells were induced from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 20 cancer patients by using specific cytokines. Expression of CD69, NKG2D, CD16, granzyme B, perforin, IFN-γ, and IL-2 was measured by flow cytometry. Cytokine production and cytotoxicity were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Calcein-AM methods. Results NK cell proliferation was superior to that of CIK cells, but lower than that of γδ T cells. NK cells had a much stronger ability to secrete perforin, granzyme B, IFN-γ, and IL-2 than did CIK and γδ T cells, and imparted significantly higher overall cytotoxicity. Conclusions Expanded NK cells from cancer patients are the most effective immune cells in the context of cytokine secretion and anti-tumor cytotoxicity in comparison to CIK and γδ T cells, making them an optimal candidate for adoptive cellular immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Niu
- Cancer Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Haofan Jin
- Cancer Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Min Li
- Cancer Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Jianting Xu
- Cancer Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Dongsheng Xu
- Cancer Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Jifan Hu
- Cancer Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Hua He
- Cancer Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Wei Li
- Cancer Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Jiuwei Cui
- Cancer Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Matusiak A, Kuczer M, Czarniewska E, Urbański A, Rosiński G, Kowalik-Jankowska T. Copper(II) complexes of terminally free alloferon peptide mutants containing two different histidyl (H1 and H6 or H9 or H12) binding sites Structure Stability and Biological Activity. J Inorg Biochem 2015; 151:44-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2015.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
77
|
Hasmim M, Messai Y, Ziani L, Thiery J, Bouhris JH, Noman MZ, Chouaib S. Critical Role of Tumor Microenvironment in Shaping NK Cell Functions: Implication of Hypoxic Stress. Front Immunol 2015; 6:482. [PMID: 26441986 PMCID: PMC4585210 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Blurring the boundary between innate and adaptive immune system, natural killer (NK) cells, a key component of the innate immunity, are recognized as potent anticancer mediators. Extensive studies have been detailed on how NK cells get activated and recognize cancer cells. In contrast, few studies have been focused on how tumor microenvironment-mediated immunosubversion and immunoselection of tumor-resistant variants may impair NK cell function. Accumulating evidences indicate that several cell subsets (macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressive cells, T regulatory cells, dendritic cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts, and tumor cells), their secreted factors, as well as metabolic components (i.e., hypoxia) have immunosuppressive roles in the tumor microenvironment and are able to condition NK cells to become anergic. In this review, we will describe how NK cells react with different stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment. This will be followed by a discussion on the role of hypoxic stress in the regulation of NK cell functions. The aim of this review is to provide a better understanding of how the tumor microenvironment impairs NK cell functions, thereby limiting the use of NK cell-based therapy, and we will attempt to suggest more efficient tools to establish a more favorable tumor microenvironment to boost NK cell cytotoxicity and control tumor progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Hasmim
- INSERM U 1186, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Gustave Roussy Campus , Villejuif , France
| | - Yosra Messai
- INSERM U 1186, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Gustave Roussy Campus , Villejuif , France
| | - Linda Ziani
- INSERM U 1186, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Gustave Roussy Campus , Villejuif , France
| | - Jerome Thiery
- INSERM U 1186, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Gustave Roussy Campus , Villejuif , France
| | - Jean-Henri Bouhris
- INSERM U 1186, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Gustave Roussy Campus , Villejuif , France ; Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Gustave Roussy Campus , Villejuif , France
| | - Muhammad Zaeem Noman
- INSERM U 1186, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Gustave Roussy Campus , Villejuif , France
| | - Salem Chouaib
- INSERM U 1186, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Gustave Roussy Campus , Villejuif , France
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Cantoni C, Grauwet K, Pietra G, Parodi M, Mingari MC, Maria AD, Favoreel H, Vitale M. Role of NK cells in immunotherapy and virotherapy of solid tumors. Immunotherapy 2015; 7:861-82. [PMID: 26314197 DOI: 10.2217/imt.15.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although natural killer (NK) cells are endowed with powerful cytolytic activity against cancer cells, their role in different therapies against solid tumors has not yet been fully elucidated. Their interactions with various elements of the tumor microenvironment as well as their possible effects in contributing to and/or limiting oncolytic virotherapy render this potential immunotherapeutic tool still difficult to exploit at the bedside. Here, we will review the current literature with the aim of providing new hints to manage this powerful cell type in future innovative therapies, such as the use of NK cells in combination with new cytokines, specific mAbs (inducing ADCC), Tyr-Kinase inhibitors, immunomodulatory drugs and/or the design of oncolytic viruses aimed at optimizing the effect of NK cells in virotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cantoni
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova, Genova, Italy.,Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, Genova, Italy.,Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Korneel Grauwet
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Virology, Parasitology & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Gabriella Pietra
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova, Genova, Italy.,IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Monica Parodi
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Mingari
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova, Genova, Italy.,Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, Genova, Italy.,IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea De Maria
- Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, Genova, Italy.,IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST Genova, Genova, Italy.,Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Herman Favoreel
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Virology, Parasitology & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
79
|
Hwang MH, Li XJ, Kim JE, Jeong SY, Lee SW, Lee J, Ahn BC. Potential Therapeutic Effect of Natural Killer Cells on Doxorubicin-Resistant Breast Cancer Cells In Vitro. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136209. [PMID: 26295571 PMCID: PMC4546633 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to explore the therapeutic effect of natural killer (NK) cells on human doxorubicin-sensitive and resistant breast adenocarcinoma. METHODS Human doxorubicin-sensitive and resistant breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MCF-7/ADR) were tagged with renilla luciferase (Rluc) (MCF-7/RC and MCF-7/ADR/RC). NK cells were tagged with enhanced firefly luciferase (effluc) using a recombinant retrovirus transfection (NKF). Expression of Rluc, effluc, and NK cell surface markers CD16, CD56 as well as death receptors, DR4 and DR5, were assessed by using flow cytometry. In vitro cytotoxic effect of NK to MCF-7 and MCF-7/ADR was measured and in vivo bioluminescence imaging was also performed to visualize MCF-7/RC, MCF-7/ADR, and NKF in an animal model. RESULTS NK92-MI, MCF-7, and MCF-7/ADR cells were successfully labeled with Rluc or effluc. Both the target breast cancer cells (with Rluc) and therapeutic NK cells (with effluc) were noninvasively visualized in nude mice. Doxorubicin-resistant breast cancer cells (MCF-7/ADR) presented a higher expression of DR5 and were more sensitive to NK cells compared with doxorubicin-sensitive breast cancer cells (MCF-7). CONCLUSION The results of present study suggest that NK cell therapy has a therapeutic effect on doxorubicin-sensitive and resistant breast cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Hye Hwang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiu Juan Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Eun Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin Young Jeong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Woo Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaetae Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Cheol Ahn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Wang D, Quan Y, Yan Q, Morales JE, Wetsel RA. Targeted Disruption of the β2-Microglobulin Gene Minimizes the Immunogenicity of Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 4:1234-45. [PMID: 26285657 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are a promising source of cells for tissue regeneration, yet histoincompatibility remains a major challenge to their clinical application. Because the human leukocyte antigen class I (HLA-I) molecules are the primary mediators of immune rejection, we hypothesized that cells derived from a hESC line lacking HLA-I expression could be transplanted without evoking a robust immune response from allogeneic recipients. In the present study, we used the replacement targeting strategy to delete exons 2 and 3 of β2-microglobulin on both gene alleles in hESCs. Because β2-microglobulin serves as the HLA-I light chain, disruption of the β2-microglobulin gene led to complete HLA-I deficiency on the cell surface of hESCs and their derivatives. Therefore, these cells were resistant to CD8+ T-cell-mediated destruction. Although interferon-γ (IFN-γ) treatment significantly induced β2-microglobulin expression, promoting CD8+ T cell-mediated killing of control hESCs and their derivatives, CD8+ T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity was barely observed with β2-microglobulin-null hESCs and their derivatives treated with IFN-γ. This genetic manipulation to disrupt HLA-I expression did not affect the self-renewal capacity, genomic stability, or pluripotency of hESCs. Despite being relatively sensitive to natural killer (NK) cell-mediated killing due to the lack of HLA-I expression, when transplanted into NK cell-depleted immunocompetent mice, β2-microglobulin-null hESCs developed into tumors resembling those derived from control hESCs in severe combined immunodeficiency mice. These results demonstrate that β2-microglobulin-null hESCs significantly reduce immunogenicity to CD8+ T cells and might provide a renewable source of cells for tissue regeneration without the need for HLA matching in the future. SIGNIFICANCE This study reports the generation of a novel β2-microglobulin (B2M)-/- human embryonic stem cell (hESC) line. Differentiated mature cells from this line do not express cell surface human leukocyte antigen molecules even after interferon-γ stimulation and are resistant to alloreactive CD8+ T cells. Moreover, this B2M-/- hESC line contains no off-target integration or cleavage events, is devoid of stable B2M mRNA, exhibits a normal karyotype, and retains its self-renewal capacity, genomic stability, and pluripotency. Although B2M-/- hESC-derived cells are more susceptible to natural killer (NK) cells, murine transplantation studies have indicated that they are, overall, much less immunogenic than normal hESCs. Thus, these data show for the first time that, in vivo, the advantages provided by B2M-/- hESC-derived cells in avoiding CD8+ T-cell killing appear significantly greater than any disadvantage caused by increased susceptibility to NK cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dachun Wang
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yuan Quan
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Qing Yan
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - John E Morales
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Rick A Wetsel
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Battella S, Cox MC, Santoni A, Palmieri G. Natural killer (NK) cells and anti-tumor therapeutic mAb: unexplored interactions. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 99:87-96. [PMID: 26136506 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.5vmr0415-141r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-targeting mAb are widely used in the treatment of a variety of solid and hematopoietic tumors and represent the first immunotherapeutic approach successfully arrived to the clinic. Nevertheless, the role of distinct immune mechanisms in contributing to their therapeutic efficacy is not completely understood and may vary depending on tumor- or antigen/antibody-dependent characteristics. Availability of next-generation, engineered, tumor-targeting mAb, optimized in their capability to recruit selected immune effectors, re-enforces the need for a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying anti-tumor mAb functionality. NK cells participate with a major role to innate anti-tumor responses, by exerting cytotoxic activity and producing a vast array of cytokines. As the CD16 (low-affinity FcγRIIIA)-activating receptor is expressed on the majority of NK cells, its effector functions can be ideally recruited against therapeutic mAb-opsonized tumor cells. The exact role of NK cells in determining therapeutic efficacy of tumor-targeting mAb is still unclear and much sought after. This knowledge will be instrumental to design innovative combination schemes with newly validated immunomodulatory agents. We will summarize what is known about the role of NK cells in therapeutic anti-tumor mAb therapy, with particular emphasis on RTX chimeric anti-CD20 mAb, the first one used in clinical practice for treating B cell malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Battella
- Departments of *Experimental Medicine and Molecular Medicine, Hematology Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, and Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Christina Cox
- Departments of *Experimental Medicine and Molecular Medicine, Hematology Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, and Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Santoni
- Departments of *Experimental Medicine and Molecular Medicine, Hematology Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, and Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella Palmieri
- Departments of *Experimental Medicine and Molecular Medicine, Hematology Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, and Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Seregin SS, Chen GY, Laouar Y. Dissecting CD8+ NKT Cell Responses to Listeria Infection Reveals a Component of Innate Resistance. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:1112-20. [PMID: 26116500 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A small pool of NK1.1(+) CD8(+) T cells is harbored among the conventional CD8(+) T cell compartment. Conclusions drawn from the analysis of immune responses mediated by cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells are often based on the total population, which includes these contaminating NK1.1(+) CD8(+) T cells. An unresolved question is whether NK1.1(+) CD8(+) cells are conventional T cells that acquire NK1.1 expression upon activation or delineation into memory phenotype or whether they are a distinct cell population that induces immune responses in a different manner than conventional T cells. To address this question, we used the Listeria monocytogenes model of infection and followed CD8(+) NK1.1(+) T cells and NK1.1(-) CD8(+) T cells during each phase of the immune response: innate, effector, and memory. Our central finding is that CD8(+) NK1.1(+) cells and conventional NK1.1(-) CD8(+) T cells both contribute to the adaptive immune response to Listeria, but only CD8(+) NK1.1(+) cells were equipped with the ability to provide a rapid innate immune response, as demonstrated by early and Ag-independent IFN-γ production, granzyme B expression, and degranulation. More importantly, purified conventional CD8(+) T cells alone, in the absence of any contaminating CD8(+) NK1.1(+) cells, were not sufficient to provide early protection to lethally infected mice. These results highlight the role of CD8(+) NK1.1(+) T cells in mounting early innate responses that are important for host defense and support the therapeutic potential of this subset to improve the effectiveness of protective immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey S Seregin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
| | - Grace Y Chen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Yasmina Laouar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Lim O, Jung MY, Hwang YK, Shin EC. Present and Future of Allogeneic Natural Killer Cell Therapy. Front Immunol 2015; 6:286. [PMID: 26089823 PMCID: PMC4453480 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that are capable of eliminating tumor cells and are therefore used for cancer therapy. Although many early investigators used autologous NK cells, including lymphokine-activated killer cells, the clinical efficacies were not satisfactory. Meanwhile, human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation revealed the antitumor effect of allogeneic NK cells, and HLA-haploidentical, killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor ligand-mismatched allogeneic NK cells are currently used for many protocols requiring NK cells. Moreover, allogeneic NK cells from non-HLA-related healthy donors have been recently used in cancer therapy. The use of allogeneic NK cells from non-HLA-related healthy donors allows the selection of donor NK cells with higher flexibility and to prepare expanded, cryopreserved NK cells for instant administration without delay for ex vivo expansion. In cancer therapy with allogeneic NK cells, optimal matching of donors and recipients is important to maximize the efficacy of the therapy. In this review, we summarize the present state of allogeneic NK cell therapy and its future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Okjae Lim
- Virology and Immunology Team, MOGAM Biotechnology Institute , Yongin , South Korea
| | - Mi Young Jung
- Virology and Immunology Team, MOGAM Biotechnology Institute , Yongin , South Korea
| | - Yu Kyeong Hwang
- Cell Therapy Center, GreenCross LabCell , Yongin , South Korea
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST , Daejeon , South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Parodi M, Pedrazzi M, Cantoni C, Averna M, Patrone M, Cavaletto M, Spertino S, Pende D, Balsamo M, Pietra G, Sivori S, Carlomagno S, Mingari MC, Moretta L, Sparatore B, Vitale M. Natural Killer (NK)/melanoma cell interaction induces NK-mediated release of chemotactic High Mobility Group Box-1 (HMGB1) capable of amplifying NK cell recruitment. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1052353. [PMID: 26587323 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1052353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study we characterize a new mechanism by which Natural Killer (NK) cells may amplify their recruitment to tumors. We show that NK cells, upon interaction with melanoma cells, can release a chemotactic form of High Mobility Group Box-1 (HMGB1) protein capable of attracting additional activated NK cells. We first demonstrate that the engagement of different activating NK cell receptors, including those mainly involved in tumor cell recognition can induce the active release of HMGB1. Then we show that during NK-mediated tumor cell killing two HMGB1 forms are released, each displaying a specific electrophoretic mobility possibly corresponding to a different redox status. By the comparison of normal and perforin-defective NK cells (which are unable to kill target cells) we demonstrate that, in NK/melanoma cell co-cultures, NK cells specifically release an HMGB1 form that acts as chemoattractant, while dying tumor cells passively release a non-chemotactic HMGB1. Finally, we show that Receptor for Advanced Glycation End products is expressed by NK cells and mediates HMGB1-induced NK cell chemotaxis. Proteomic analysis of NK cells exposed to recombinant HMGB1 revealed that this molecule, besides inducing immediate chemotaxis, also promotes changes in the expression of proteins involved in the regulation of the cytoskeletal network. Importantly, these modifications could be associated with an increased motility of NK cells. Thus, our findings allow the definition of a previously unidentified mechanism used by NK cells to amplify their response to tumors, and provide additional clues for the emerging role of HMGB1 in immunomodulation and tumor immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Parodi
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES); University of Genova ; Genova, Italy
| | - Marco Pedrazzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES); University of Genova ; Genova, Italy
| | - Claudia Cantoni
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES); University of Genova ; Genova, Italy ; Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR); University of Genova ; Genova, Italy ; Istituto Giannina Gaslini ; Genova, Italy
| | - Monica Averna
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES); University of Genova ; Genova, Italy ; Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR); University of Genova ; Genova, Italy
| | - Mauro Patrone
- Department of Sciences and Technological Innovation (DiSIT); University of Piemonte Orientale ; Alessandria, Italy
| | - Maria Cavaletto
- Department of Sciences and Technological Innovation (DiSIT); University of Piemonte Orientale ; Alessandria, Italy
| | - Stefano Spertino
- Department of Sciences and Technological Innovation (DiSIT); University of Piemonte Orientale ; Alessandria, Italy
| | | | - Mirna Balsamo
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES); University of Genova ; Genova, Italy
| | - Gabriella Pietra
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES); University of Genova ; Genova, Italy ; IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST ; Genova, Italy
| | - Simona Sivori
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES); University of Genova ; Genova, Italy ; Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR); University of Genova ; Genova, Italy
| | - Simona Carlomagno
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES); University of Genova ; Genova, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Mingari
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES); University of Genova ; Genova, Italy ; Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR); University of Genova ; Genova, Italy ; IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST ; Genova, Italy
| | | | - Bianca Sparatore
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES); University of Genova ; Genova, Italy ; Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR); University of Genova ; Genova, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
85
|
Schneider MA, Granzow M, Warth A, Schnabel PA, Thomas M, Herth FJF, Dienemann H, Muley T, Meister M. Glycodelin: A New Biomarker with Immunomodulatory Functions in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:3529-40. [PMID: 25901080 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-2464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In recent years, immune therapeutic strategies against non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) based on tissue-derived biomarkers, for example PD1/PD-L1 (CD274), have evolved as novel and promising treatment options. However, the crosstalk between tumor and immune cells is poorly understood. Glycodelin (gene name PAEP), initially described in the context of pregnancy and trophoblastic implantation, is a secreted immunosuppressive glycoprotein with an as-of-yet largely unknown function in lung cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In this study, we characterized the expression and role of glycodelin in NSCLC through mRNA and protein expression analyses, functional knockdown experiments, and correlations with clinicopathologic parameters. RESULTS Glycodelin mRNA expression was significantly elevated in tumors (n = 336) compared with matched normal tissue (P < 0.0001). Overall survival (OS) was significantly reduced in NSCLC with high glycodelin mRNA levels in women but not in men. Glycodelin was detected in the sera of patients, and the levels correlated with recurrence and metastatic disease. Knockdown of glycodelin with siRNAs in NSCLC cell lines resulted in significant upregulation of immune system modulatory factors such as PDL1, CXCL5, CXCL16, MICA/B, and CD83 as well as proliferation stimulators EDN1 and HBEGF. Furthermore, decreased migration of tumor cells was observed. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, the comprehensive characterization of glycodelin in NSCLC provides strong support for its use as a biomarker with immune modulatory function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Schneider
- Translational Research Unit, Thoraxklinik at University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC-H), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Granzow
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arne Warth
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC-H), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany. Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp A Schnabel
- Institut für Allgemeine und Spezielle Pathologie, University of the Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Michael Thomas
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC-H), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany. Department of Thoracic Oncology, Thoraxklinik at University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix J F Herth
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC-H), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany. Department of Pneumology and Critical Care Medicine, Thoraxklinik at University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hendrik Dienemann
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC-H), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany. Department of Surgery, Thoraxklinik at University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Muley
- Translational Research Unit, Thoraxklinik at University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC-H), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Meister
- Translational Research Unit, Thoraxklinik at University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC-H), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Aerts JG, Lievense LA, Hoogsteden HC, Hegmans JP. Immunotherapy prospects in the treatment of lung cancer and mesothelioma. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2015; 3:34-45. [PMID: 25806279 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2218-6751.2013.11.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A very recent finding is the role of immune activation in cancer. The assumption that stimulating the patient's immune system to attack tumors is a valuable treatment option in malignant diseases has gained more acceptance. However the high immunosuppressive effects caused by the tumor limits this beneficial effect. There is a delicate balance between immunoactivation and immunosuppression in a patient. Especially in non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the role of immunosuppressive cells hampering immune activation is high. But also in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and mesothelioma immunosuppressive activity is high. This is suggested to be related to the type of tumor, advanced stage of the disease, and the tumor load. In this review, we provide an overview of the progress and challenges in the immunotherapeutic approaches in lung cancer. We conclude with the concept that immunotherapy in thoracic malignancies must be tailored made to the balance of the immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joachim G Aerts
- 1 Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands ; 2 Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Amphia Hospital Breda, The Netherlands
| | - Lysanne A Lievense
- 1 Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands ; 2 Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Amphia Hospital Breda, The Netherlands
| | - Henk C Hoogsteden
- 1 Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands ; 2 Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Amphia Hospital Breda, The Netherlands
| | - Joost P Hegmans
- 1 Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands ; 2 Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Amphia Hospital Breda, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Abstract
The past decade has seen several anticancer immunotherapeutic strategies transition from "promising preclinical models" to treatments with proven clinical activity or benefit. In 2013, the journal Science selected the field of Cancer Immunotherapy as the overall number-1 breakthrough for the year in all of scientific research. In the setting of cancer immunotherapy for adult malignancies, many of these immunotherapy strategies have relied on the cancer patient's endogenous antitumor T-cell response. Although much promising research in pediatric oncology is similarly focused on T-cell reactivity, several pediatric malignancies themselves, or the chemo-radiotherapy used to achieve initial responses, can be associated with profound immune suppression, particularly of the T-cell system. A separate component of the immune system, also able to mediate antitumor effects and less suppressed by conventional cancer treatment, is the NK-cell system. In recent years, several distinct immunotherapeutic approaches that rely on the activity of NK cells have moved from preclinical development into clinical testing, and some have shown clear antitumor benefit. This review provides an overview of NK cell-based immunotherapy efforts that are directed toward childhood malignancies, with an emphasis on protocols that are already in clinical testing.
Collapse
|
88
|
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are normal white blood cells capable of killing malignant cells without prior sensitization. Allogeneic NK cell infusions are attractive for cancer therapy because of non-cross-resistant mechanisms of action and minimal overlapping toxicities with standard cancer treatments. Although NK therapy is promising, many obstacles will need to be overcome, including insufficient cell numbers, failure of homing to tumor sites, effector dysfunction, exhaustion, and tumor cell evasion. Capitalizing on the wealth of knowledge generated by recent NK cell biology studies and the advancements in biotechnology, substantial progress has been made recently in improving therapeutic efficiency and reducing side effects. A multipronged strategy is essential, including immunogenetic-based donor selection, refined NK cell bioprocessing, and novel augmentation techniques, to improve NK function and to reduce tumor resistance. Although data from clinical trials are currently limited primarily to hematologic malignancies, broader applications to a wide spectrum of adult and pediatric cancers are under way. The unique properties of human NK cells open up a new arena of novel cell-based immunotherapy against cancers that are resistant to contemporary therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wing Leung
- Author's Affiliations: Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Stegner D, Dütting S, Nieswandt B. Mechanistic explanation for platelet contribution to cancer metastasis. Thromb Res 2015; 133 Suppl 2:S149-57. [PMID: 24862136 DOI: 10.1016/s0049-3848(14)50025-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cancer-associated mortality is frequently caused by metastasis, however, our understanding of this process remains incomplete and therapeutic options are limited. Metastasis is a dynamic multi-step process involving intravasation of tumor cells into the host's blood and lymphatic vessels, their dissemination within the circulation, and finally arrest and extravasation in a distant organ where they establish secondary tumors. It is generally conceived that platelets contribute to all steps of hematogenous tumor dissemination. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge of the platelet receptors involved in tumor cell-induced platelet aggregation, an essential immune surveillance escape mechanism of circulating tumor cells. We discuss how platelets prevent immunological attack, contribute to tumor cell extravasation and thereby facilitate colonization of distant organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Stegner
- University of Würzburg Chair of Vascular Medicine University Hospital and Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Dütting
- University of Würzburg Chair of Vascular Medicine University Hospital and Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Nieswandt
- University of Würzburg Chair of Vascular Medicine University Hospital and Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine Würzburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Yoon SR, Kim TD, Choi I. Understanding of molecular mechanisms in natural killer cell therapy. Exp Mol Med 2015; 47:e141. [PMID: 25676064 PMCID: PMC4346487 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2014.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells and the immune system are closely related and thus influence each other. Although immune cells can suppress cancer cell growth, cancer cells can evade immune cell attack via immune escape mechanisms. Natural killer (NK) cells kill cancer cells by secreting perforins and granzymes. Upon contact with cancer cells, NK cells form immune synapses to deliver the lethal hit. Mature NK cells are differentiated from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. They move to lymph nodes, where they are activated through interactions with dendritic cells. Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a key molecule that activates mature NK cells. The adoptive transfer of NK cells to treat incurable cancer is an attractive approach. A certain number of activated NK cells are required for adoptive NK cell therapy. To prepare these NK cells, mature NK cells can be amplified to obtain sufficient numbers of NK cells. Alternatively, NK cells can be differentiated and amplified from hematopoietic stem cells. In addition, the selection of donors is important to achieve maximal efficacy. In this review, we discuss the overall procedures and strategies of NK cell therapy against cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suk Ran Yoon
- 1] Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea [2] Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Don Kim
- 1] Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea [2] Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Inpyo Choi
- 1] Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea [2] Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Catalán E, Charni S, Jaime P, Aguiló JI, Enríquez JA, Naval J, Pardo J, Villalba M, Anel A. MHC-I modulation due to changes in tumor cell metabolism regulates tumor sensitivity to CTL and NK cells. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e985924. [PMID: 25949869 DOI: 10.4161/2162402x.2014.985924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells have a tendency to use glucose fermentation to obtain energy instead of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). We demonstrated that this phenotype correlated with loss of ERK5 expression and with reduced MHC class I expression. Consequently, tumor cells could evade cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated immune surveillance, but also increase their sensitivity to natural killer (NK) cells. These outcomes were evaluated using two cellular models: leukemic EL4 cells and L929 transformed fibroblasts and their derived ρ° cell lines, which lack mitochondrial DNA. We have also used a L929 cell sub-line that spontaneously lost matrix attachment (L929dt), reminiscent of metastasis generation, that also downregulated MHC-I and ERK5 expression. MHC-I expression is lower in ρ° cells than in the parental cell lines, but they were equally sensitive to CTL. On the contrary, ρ° cells were more sensitive to activated NK cells than parental cells. On the other hand, L929dt cells were resistant to CTL and NK cells, showed reduced viability when forced to perform OXPHOS, and surviving cells increased MHC-I expression and became sensitive to CTL. The present results suggest that when the reduction in MHC-I levels in tumor cells due to glycolytic metabolism is partial, the increase in sensitivity to NK cells seems to predominate. However, when tumor cells completely lose MHC-I expression, the combination of treatments that increase OXPHOS with CTL-mediated immunotherapy could be a promising therapeutic approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Catalán
- Apoptosis; Immunity & Cancer Group; Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology; Faculty of Sciences; Campus San Francisco Sq.; University of Zaragoza and Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón) ; Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Seyma Charni
- INSERM-UM1 U1040; Université de Montpellier 1,UFR Médecine ; Montpellier, France ; Institut de Recherche en Biothérapie (IRB); CHU Montpellier ; Hôpital Saint-Eloi, 80, Av. Augustin Fliche ; Montpellier, France
| | - Paula Jaime
- Immune Effector Cells Group; IIS Aragón; Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA)-Nanoscience Institute of Aragon (INA) ; Avda. San Juan Bosco ; Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan Ignacio Aguiló
- Apoptosis; Immunity & Cancer Group; Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology; Faculty of Sciences; Campus San Francisco Sq.; University of Zaragoza and Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón) ; Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José Antonio Enríquez
- Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology; University of Zaragoza and Dept. of Cardiovascular Development and Repair; National Center for Cardiovascular Research Carlos III; Melchor Fernandez Almagro ; Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Naval
- Apoptosis; Immunity & Cancer Group; Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology; Faculty of Sciences; Campus San Francisco Sq.; University of Zaragoza and Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón) ; Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Julián Pardo
- Immune Effector Cells Group; IIS Aragón; Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA)-Nanoscience Institute of Aragon (INA) ; Avda. San Juan Bosco ; Zaragoza, Spain ; Aragón I+D Foundation (ARAID) ; Avda. San Juan Bosco ; Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Martín Villalba
- INSERM-UM1 U1040; Université de Montpellier 1,UFR Médecine ; Montpellier, France ; Institut de Recherche en Biothérapie (IRB); CHU Montpellier ; Hôpital Saint-Eloi, 80, Av. Augustin Fliche ; Montpellier, France
| | - Alberto Anel
- Apoptosis; Immunity & Cancer Group; Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology; Faculty of Sciences; Campus San Francisco Sq.; University of Zaragoza and Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón) ; Zaragoza, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Comet NR, Aguiló JI, Rathoré MG, Catalán E, Garaude J, Uzé G, Naval J, Pardo J, Villalba M, Anel A. IFNα signaling through PKC-θ is essential for antitumor NK cell function. Oncoimmunology 2014; 3:e948705. [PMID: 25960930 DOI: 10.4161/21624011.2014.948705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that the development of a major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I)-deficient tumor was favored in protein kinase C-θ knockout (PKC-θ-/-) mice compared to that occurring in wild-type mice. This phenomenon was associated with scarce recruitment of natural killer (NK) cells to the tumor site, as well as impaired NK cell activation and reduced cytotoxicity ex vivo. Poly-inosinic:cytidylic acid (poly I:C) treatment activated PKC-θ in NK cells depending on the presence of a soluble factor produced by a different splenocyte subset. In the present work, we sought to analyze whether interleukin-15 (IL-15) and/or interferon-α (IFNα) mediate PKC-θ-dependent antitumor NK cell function. We found that IL-15 improves NK cell viability, granzyme B expression, degranulation capacity and interferon-γ (IFNγ) secretion independently of PKC-θ. In contrast, we found that IFNα improves the degranulation capability of NK cells against target cancer cells in a PKC-θ-dependent fashion both ex vivo and in vivo. Furthermore, IFNα induces PKC-θ auto-phosphorylation in NK cells, in a signal transduction pathway involving both phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) and phospholipase-C (PLC) activation. PKC-θ dependence was further implicated in IFNα-induced transcriptional upregulation of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10 (CXCL10), a signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 (STAT-1)-dependent target of IFNα. The absence of PKC-θ did not affect IFNα-induced STAT-1 Tyr701 phosphorylation but affected the increase in STAT-1 phosphorylation on Ser727, attenuating CXCL10 secretion. This connection between IFNα and PKC-θ in NK cells may be exploited in NK cell-based tumor immunotherapy.
Collapse
Key Words
- CDK8, cyclin-dependent kinase 8
- CXCL10
- CXCL10, (C-X-C motif) ligand 10/CXCL10
- FCS, fetal calf serum
- IFN-α, IL-15
- IFNA1
- IFNα, interferon-α
- IFNγ, interferon-γ, IFNG
- IL-15, interleukin-15/IL15
- MACS, magnetic cell separation
- MEF, murine embryonic fibroblast
- MHC-I, major histocompability complex class I/MHC-I
- NK cells
- NK, natural killer
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase
- PKC-θ
- PKC-θ, protein kinase C-θ, PRKCQ
- PLC, phospholipase-C
- Poly I:C, poly-inosinic:cytidilic acid
- RT-PCR, real-time polymerase chain reaction
- STAT-1, signal transducer and activator of transcription-1/STAT1.
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia R Comet
- Apoptosis, Immunity & Cancer Group; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology ; University of Zaragoza and Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón) ; Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan Ignacio Aguiló
- Apoptosis, Immunity & Cancer Group; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology ; University of Zaragoza and Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón) ; Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Moeez G Rathoré
- INSERM U1040; Université de Montpellier 1; UFR Médecine ; Montpellier, France
| | - Elena Catalán
- Apoptosis, Immunity & Cancer Group; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology ; University of Zaragoza and Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón) ; Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Johan Garaude
- INSERM U1040; Université de Montpellier 1; UFR Médecine ; Montpellier, France
| | - Gilles Uzé
- CNRS UMR 5235; Université de Montpellier II; Place Eugene Bataillon ; Montpellier, France
| | - Javier Naval
- Apoptosis, Immunity & Cancer Group; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology ; University of Zaragoza and Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón) ; Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Julián Pardo
- Immune Effector Cells Group; IIS Aragón; Biomedical Research Center of Aragón (CIBA); Nanoscience Institute of Aragon (INA); Zaragoza, Spain ; Aragón I+D Foundation (ARAID) ; Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Martín Villalba
- INSERM U1040; Université de Montpellier 1; UFR Médecine ; Montpellier, France ; Institut de Recherche en Biothérapie (IRB); CHU Montpellier ; Montpellier, France
| | - Alberto Anel
- Apoptosis, Immunity & Cancer Group; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology ; University of Zaragoza and Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón) ; Zaragoza, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Zhang M, Wang F, Chong Y, Tai Q, Zhao Q, Zheng Y, Peng L, Lin S, Gao Z. Liver myofibroblasts from hepatitis B related liver failure patients may regulate natural killer cell function via PGE2. J Transl Med 2014; 12:308. [PMID: 25367326 PMCID: PMC4232720 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-014-0308-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural killer (NK) cells are abundant in the liver and constitute a major innate immune component that contributes to immune-mediated liver injury. However, few studies have investigated the phenotypes and functions of NK cells involved in hepatitis B related liver failure (LF), and the precise mechanism underlying NK cell regulation is not fully understood. METHODS We detected the percentage and function of peripheral NK cells both in hepatitis B related LF patients and healthy volunteers by flow cytometry and isolated the liver myofibroblasts (LMFs) from hepatitis B related LF livers. To determine the possible effects of LMFs on NK cells, mixed cell cultures were established in vitro. RESULTS We found a down-regulated percentage of peripheral NK cells in hepatitis B related LF patients, and their NK cells also displayed decreased activated natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs) and cytokine production. In a co-culture model, LMFs sharply attenuated IL-2-induced NK cell triggering receptors, cytotoxicity, and cytokine production. The inhibitory effect of LMFs on NK cells correlated with their ability to produce prostaglandin (PG) E2. CONCLUSION These data suggest that LMFs may protect against immune-mediated liver injury in hepatitis B related LF patients by inhibiting NK cell function via PGE2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Fenglan Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shanxi Province, China. .,Department of Infectious Diseases, the Eighth Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an, China.
| | - Yutian Chong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Qiang Tai
- Department of Hepatic Surgury, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Qiyi Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Yubao Zheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Liang Peng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Shumei Lin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shanxi Province, China.
| | - Zhiliang Gao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Archin NM, Sung JM, Garrido C, Soriano-Sarabia N, Margolis DM. Eradicating HIV-1 infection: seeking to clear a persistent pathogen. Nat Rev Microbiol 2014; 12:750-64. [PMID: 25402363 PMCID: PMC4383747 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro3352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) blunts viraemia, which enables HIV-1-infected individuals to control infection and live long, productive lives. However, HIV-1 infection remains incurable owing to the persistence of a viral reservoir that harbours integrated provirus within host cellular DNA. This latent infection is unaffected by ART and hidden from the immune system. Recent studies have focused on the development of therapies to disrupt latency. These efforts unmasked residual viral genomes and highlighted the need to enable the clearance of latently infected cells, perhaps via old and new strategies that improve the HIV-1-specific immune response. In this Review, we explore new approaches to eradicate established HIV-1 infection and avoid the burden of lifelong ART.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nancie M Archin
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Julia Marsh Sung
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Carolina Garrido
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | | | - David M Margolis
- 1] Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. [2] Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. [3] Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Ni J, Miller M, Stojanovic A, Cerwenka A. Toward the next generation of NK cell-based adoptive cancer immunotherapy. Oncoimmunology 2014; 2:e23811. [PMID: 23734329 PMCID: PMC3654599 DOI: 10.4161/onci.23811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The adoptive transfer of interleukin (IL)-2-expanded natural killer (NK) cells has provided unsatisfactory clinical benefits to patients affected by solid tumors. Our study demonstrates that the activation of NK cells with IL-12/IL-15/IL-18 prior to transfer into tumor-bearing mice is critical for obtaining high recovery rates, effector functions in vivo and tumor regression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ni
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Junior Research Group Innate Immunity; Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
96
|
Farooque A, Singh N, Adhikari JS, Afrin F, Dwarakanath BSR. Enhanced antitumor immunity contributes to the radio-sensitization of ehrlich ascites tumor by the glycolytic inhibitor 2-deoxy-D-glucose in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108131. [PMID: 25248151 PMCID: PMC4172770 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Two-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG), an inhibitor of glycolysis differentially enhances the radiation and chemotherapeutic drug induced cell death in cancer cells in vitro, while the local tumor control (tumor regression) following systemic administration of 2-DG and focal irradiation of the tumor results in both complete (cure) and partial response in a fraction of the tumor bearing mice. In the present studies, we investigated the effects of systemically administered 2-DG and focal irradiation of the tumor on the immune system in Ehrlich ascites tumor (EAT) bearing Strain "A" mice. Markers of different immune cells were analyzed by immune-flow cytometry and secretary cytokines by ELISA, besides monitoring tumor growth. Increase in the expression of innate (NK and monocytes) and adaptive CD4+cells, and a decrease in B cells (CD19) have been observed after the combined treatment, suggestive of activation of anti-tumor immune response. Interestingly, immature dendritic cells were found to be down regulated, while their functional markers CD86 and MHC II were up regulated in the remaining dendritic cells following the combination treatment. Similarly, decrease in the CD4(+) naïve cells with concomitant increase in activated CD4+ cells corroborated the immune activation. Further, a shift from Th2 and Th17 to Th1 besides a decrease in inflammatory cytokines was also observed in the animals showing complete response (cure; tumor free survival). This shift was also complimented by respective antibody class switching followed by the combined treatment. The immune activation or alteration in the homeostasis favoring antitumor immune response may be due to depletion in T regulatory cells (CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+)). Altogether, these results suggest that early differential immune activation is responsible for the heterogenous response to the combined treatment. Taken together, these studies for the first time provided insight into the additional mechanisms underlying radio-sensitization by 2-DG in vivo by unraveling its potential as an immune-modulator besides direct effects on the tumor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Farooque
- Division of Radiation Biosciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig. S. K. Mazumdar Marg, Delhi, India
| | - Niharika Singh
- Division of Radiation Biosciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig. S. K. Mazumdar Marg, Delhi, India
| | - Jawahar Singh Adhikari
- Division of Radiation Biosciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig. S. K. Mazumdar Marg, Delhi, India
| | - Farhat Afrin
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard University, Delhi, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
97
|
Eguizabal C, Zenarruzabeitia O, Monge J, Santos S, Vesga MA, Maruri N, Arrieta A, Riñón M, Tamayo-Orbegozo E, Amo L, Larrucea S, Borrego F. Natural killer cells for cancer immunotherapy: pluripotent stem cells-derived NK cells as an immunotherapeutic perspective. Front Immunol 2014; 5:439. [PMID: 25309538 PMCID: PMC4164009 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play an essential role in the fight against tumor development. Over the last years, the progress made in the NK-cell biology field and in deciphering how NK-cell function is regulated, is driving efforts to utilize NK-cell-based immunotherapy as a promising approach for the treatment of malignant diseases. Therapies involving NK cells may be accomplished by activating and expanding endogenous NK cells by means of cytokine treatment or by transferring exogenous cells by adoptive cell therapy and/or by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. NK cells that are suitable for adoptive cell therapy can be derived from different sources, including ex vivo expansion of autologous NK cells, unstimulated or expanded allogeneic NK cells from peripheral blood, derived from CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors from peripheral blood and umbilical cord blood, and NK-cell lines. Besides, genetically modified NK cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors or cytokines genes may also have a relevant future as therapeutic tools. Recently, it has been described the derivation of large numbers of functional and mature NK cells from pluripotent stem cells, both embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells, which adds another tool to the expanding NK-cell-based cancer immunotherapy arsenal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jorge Monge
- Basque Center for Transfusion and Human Tissues , Galdakao , Spain
| | - Silvia Santos
- Basque Center for Transfusion and Human Tissues , Galdakao , Spain
| | | | - Natalia Maruri
- Regulation of the Immune System Group, BioCruces Health Research Institute , Barakaldo , Spain
| | - Arantza Arrieta
- Regulation of the Immune System Group, BioCruces Health Research Institute , Barakaldo , Spain
| | - Marta Riñón
- Regulation of the Immune System Group, BioCruces Health Research Institute , Barakaldo , Spain
| | | | - Laura Amo
- Regulation of the Immune System Group, BioCruces Health Research Institute , Barakaldo , Spain
| | - Susana Larrucea
- Regulation of the Immune System Group, BioCruces Health Research Institute , Barakaldo , Spain
| | - Francisco Borrego
- Immunopathology Group, BioCruces Health Research Institute , Barakaldo , Spain ; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science , Bilbao , Spain
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Beyond chemotherapy and targeted therapy: adoptive cellular therapy in non-small cell lung cancer. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:6317-23. [PMID: 24969486 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3514-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is an intractable disease for which effective treatment approaches are urgently needed. The ability to induce antigen-specific immune responses in patients with lung cancer has led to the development of immunotherapy as a novel concept for the treatment of NSCLC. Adoptive cellular therapy (ACT) represents an important advancement in cancer immunotherapy with the utilization of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, cytokine-induced killer cells, natural killer cells and γδ T cells. In this study, we review recent advances in ACT for NSCLC in clinical trials and provide a perspective on the improvement in ACT and potential therapeutic approaches using engineered T cell therapy for NSCLC.
Collapse
|
99
|
Kawashima H, Obayashi A, Kawamura M, Masaki S, Tamada S, Iguchi T, Uchida J, Kuratsukuri K, Tanaka T, Nakatani T. Galectin 9 and PINCH, novel immunotherapy targets of renal cell carcinoma: a rationale to find potential tumour antigens and the resulting cytotoxic T lymphocytes induced by the derived peptides. BJU Int 2014; 113:320-32. [PMID: 24895689 DOI: 10.1111/bju.12499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyse and then generalize the mechanism by which partial or complete response is achieved among a limited number of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) treated with interferon or interleukin-2. MATERIALS AND METHODS An expression library of RCC (clear-cell carcinoma) was screened using the sera of patients with metastatic RCC who benefited from partial or complete response to cytokine therapy, the postulation being that those remarkable responders obtained specific cellular immunity against RCC with the antibodies to react with the cancer antigen. Peripheral blood mononuclear-cells (PBMCs) from healthy volunteers were stimulated with the antigen-derived peptides to induce specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Specific activities of CTLs were measured by ⁵¹Cr-releasing assay. RESULTS Among 15 positive clones isolated, two novel genes, galectin 9 and PINCH, were expressed at much higher levels in cancerous lesions than in normal tissues in all the patients with clear-cell carcinoma who were examined. Both HLA-A*2402-restricted and HLA-A*0201-restricted CTLs were induced by each antigen-derived peptide to exhibit specific and highly cytotoxic activities towards RCC cells. Specific CTLs were induced abundantly, as shown by flow cytometry analysis of the CTLs labelled with fluorescein isothiocyanate anti-CD107a and APC anti-CD8. The clonal expansion of the CTLs was shown by the clonality of T-cell receptor Vβ repertoires. CONCLUSION A novel approach based on clinical observations yielded promising tumour antigens as immunotherapy targets of RCC.
Collapse
|
100
|
Kobayashi E, Motoi S, Sugiura M, Kajikawa M, Kojima S, Kohroki J, Masuho Y. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and cytokine/chemokine secretion by KHYG-1 cells stably expressing FcγRIIIA. Immunol Lett 2014; 161:59-64. [PMID: 24841426 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) mediated by natural killer (NK) cells is a major mechanism of tumor therapy with antibodies. NK cells not only manifest cytotoxicity but also secrete a variety of cytokines/chemokines that regulate immune responses. Using a retroviral vector, in this study we established a KHYG-1 cell line that stably expresses FcγRIIIA (CD16A). The KHYG-1/FcγRIIIA cells exerted potent antibody concentration-dependent ADCC, whereas parental KHYG-1 cells did not. In contrast, without antibody, the natural killer activity of KHYG-1/FcγRIIIA cells was less potent than that of parental KHYG-1 cells. During the course of ADCC, KHYG-1/FcγRIIIA cells secreted IFN-γ and MIP-1α dependent upon antibody concentration, but parental KHYG-1 cells did not. These results suggest that KHYG-1/FcγRIIIA cells would be useful in studies to elucidate the function of NK cells and the mechanism of ADCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Kobayashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki 2641, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
| | - Sotaro Motoi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki 2641, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | | | | | - Shuji Kojima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki 2641, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Junya Kohroki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki 2641, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Masuho
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki 2641, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| |
Collapse
|