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Axonal Type III Nrg1 Controls Glutamate Synapse Formation and GluA2 Trafficking in Hippocampal-Accumbens Connections. eNeuro 2017; 4:eN-NWR-0232-16. [PMID: 28275713 PMCID: PMC5329619 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0232-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered neuregulin 1 (Nrg1)/ErbB signaling and glutamatergic hypofunction have been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Here, we employed gene chimeric ventral hippocampus (vHipp)-nucleus accumbens (nAcc) coculture from mouse, electrophysiology, immunocytochemistry, FM1-43 vesicle fusion, and electron microscopy techniques to examine the pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms of genetic deficits in Nrg1/ErbB signaling-induced glutamatergic dysfunctions. Reduced presynaptic type III Nrg1 expression along vHipp axons decreases the number of glutamate synapses and impairs GluA2 trafficking in the postsynaptic nAcc neurons, resulting in decreased frequency and amplitude of miniature EPSCs (mEPSCs). Reduced expression of axonal type III Nrg1 along vHipp projections also decreases functional synaptic vesicle (SV) clustering and vesicular trafficking to presynaptic vHipp axonal terminals. These findings suggest that Nrg1/ErbB signaling modulate glutamatergic transmission via both pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms.
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Feng Y, Cheng D, Zhang C, Li Y, Zhang Z, Wang J, Feng X. Association between ErbB4 single nucleotide polymorphisms and susceptibility to schizophrenia: A meta-analysis of case-control studies. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e5920. [PMID: 28225484 PMCID: PMC5569411 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000005920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating studies have reported inconsistent association between ErbB4 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and predisposition to schizophrenia. To better interpret this issue, here we conducted a meta-analysis using published case-control studies. METHODS We conducted a systematic search of MEDLINE (Pubmed), Embase (Ovid), Web of Science (Thomson-Reuters) to identify relevant references. The association between ErbB4 SNPs and schizophrenia was assessed by odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Between-study heterogeneity was evaluated by I squared (I) statistics and Cochran's Q test. To appraise the stability of results, we employed sensitivity analysis by omitting 1 single study each time. To assess the potential publication bias, we conducted trim and fill analysis. RESULTS Seven studies published in English comprising 3162 cases and 4264 controls were included in this meta-analysis. Meta-analyses showed that rs707284 is statistically significantly associated with schizophrenia susceptibility among Asian and Caucasian populations under the allelic model (OR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.83-0.99, P = 0.035). Additionally, a marginal association (P < 0.1) was observed between rs707284 and schizophrenia risk among Asian and Caucasian populations under the recessive (OR = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.72-1.01, P = 0.065) and homozygous (OR = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.68-1.03, P = 0.094) models. In the Asian subgroup, rs707284 was also noted to be marginally associated with schizophrenia under the recessive model (OR = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.70-1.00, P = 0.053). However, no statistically significant association was found between rs839523, rs7598440, rs3748962, and rs2371276 and schizophrenia risk. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis suggested that rs707284 may be a potential ErbB4 SNP associated with susceptibility to schizophrenia. Nevertheless, due to the limited sample size in this meta-analysis, more large-scale association studies are still needed to confirm the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanguo Feng
- Department of Psychiatry, Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang
| | - Dejun Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry, Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang
| | - Chaofeng Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang
| | - Yuchun Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang
| | - Zhiying Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang
| | - Xiao Feng
- School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Variation at NRG1 genotype related to modulation of small-world properties of the functional cortical network. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2017; 267:25-32. [PMID: 26650688 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-015-0659-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Functional brain networks possess significant small-world (SW) properties. Genetic variation relevant to both inhibitory and excitatory transmission may contribute to modulate these properties. In healthy controls, genotypic variation in Neuregulin 1 (NRG1) related to the risk of psychosis (risk alleles) would contribute to functional SW modulation of the cortical network. Electroencephalographic activity during an odd-ball task was recorded in 144 healthy controls. Then, small-worldness (SWn) was calculated in five frequency bands (i.e., theta, alpha, beta1, beta2 and gamma) for baseline (from -300 to the stimulus onset) and response (150-450 ms post-target stimulus) windows. The SWn modulation was defined as the difference in SWn between both windows. Association between SWn modulation and carrying the risk allele for three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of NRG1 (i.e., rs6468119, rs6994992 and rs7005606) was assessed. A significant association between three SNPs of NRG1 and the SWn modulation was found, specifically: NRG1 rs6468119 in alpha and beta1 bands; NRG1 rs6994992 in theta band; and NRG1 rs7005606 in theta and beta1 bands. Genetic variation at NRG1 may influence functional brain connectivity through the modulation of SWn properties of the cortical network.
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Dopamine promotes NMDA receptor hypofunction in the retina through D 1 receptor-mediated Csk activation, Src inhibition and decrease of GluN2B phosphorylation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40912. [PMID: 28098256 PMCID: PMC5241882 DOI: 10.1038/srep40912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine and glutamate are critical neurotransmitters involved in light-induced synaptic activity in the retina. In brain neurons, dopamine D1 receptors (D1Rs) and the cytosolic protein tyrosine kinase Src can, independently, modulate the behavior of NMDA-type glutamate receptors (NMDARs). Here we studied the interplay between D1Rs, Src and NMDARs in retinal neurons. We reveal that dopamine-mediated D1R stimulation provoked NMDAR hypofunction in retinal neurons by attenuating NMDA-gated currents, by preventing NMDA-elicited calcium mobilization and by decreasing the phosphorylation of NMDAR subunit GluN2B. This dopamine effect was dependent on upregulation of the canonical D1R/adenylyl cyclase/cAMP/PKA pathway, of PKA-induced activation of C-terminal Src kinase (Csk) and of Src inhibition. Accordingly, knocking down Csk or overexpressing a Csk phosphoresistant Src mutant abrogated the dopamine-induced NMDAR hypofunction. Overall, the interplay between dopamine and NMDAR hypofunction, through the D1R/Csk/Src/GluN2B pathway, might impact on light-regulated synaptic activity in retinal neurons.
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55
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Yamazaki Y, Sumikawa K. Nicotine-induced neuroplasticity counteracts the effect of schizophrenia-linked neuregulin 1 signaling on NMDAR function in the rat hippocampus. Neuropharmacology 2016; 113:386-395. [PMID: 27784625 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A high rate of heavy tobacco smoking among people with schizophrenia has been suggested to reflect self-medication and amelioration of cognitive dysfunction, a core feature of schizophrenia. NMDAR hypofunction is hypothesized to be a mechanism of cognitive dysfunction, and excessive schizophrenia-linked neuregulin 1 (NRG1) signaling through its receptor ErbB4 can suppress NMDAR function by preventing Src-mediated enhancement of NMDAR responses. Here we investigated whether chronic nicotine exposure in rats by subcutaneous injection of nicotine (0.5-1 mg/kg, twice daily for 10-15 days) counteracts the suppressive effect of NRG1β on NMDAR-mediated responses recorded from CA1 pyramidal cells in acute hippocampal slices. We found that NRG1β, which prevents the enhancement of NMDAR responses by the Src-family-kinase-activating peptide pYEEI in naive rats, failed to block the effect of pYEEI in nicotine-exposed rats. In naive rats, NRG1β acts only on GluN2B-NMDARs by blocking their Src-mediated upregulation. Chronic nicotine exposure causes enhanced GluN2B-NMDAR responses via Src upregulation and recruits Fyn for the enhancement of GluN2A-NMDAR responses. NRG1β has no effect on both enhanced basal GluN2B-NMDAR responses and Fyn-mediated enhancement of GluN2A-NMDAR responses. Src-mediated enhancement of GluN2B-NMDAR responses and Fyn-mediated enhancement of GluN2A-NMDAR responses initiate long-term potentiation (LTP) of AMPAR synaptic responses in naive and nicotine-exposed CA1 pyramidal cells, respectively. These results suggest that NRG1β suppresses LTP by blocking Src-mediated enhancement of GluN2B-NMDAR responses, but has no effect on LTP in nicotine-exposed rats. These effects of chronic nicotine exposure may counteract the negative effect of increased NRG1-ErbB4 signaling on the cellular mechanisms of learning and memory in individuals with schizophrenia, and therefore may motivate heavy smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Yamazaki
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4550, USA; Department of Neurophysiology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Katumi Sumikawa
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4550, USA.
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56
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Joshi K, Shen L, Michaeli A, Salter M, Thibault-Messier G, Hashmi S, Eubanks JH, Cortez MA, Snead OC. Infantile spasms in down syndrome: Rescue by knockdown of the GIRK2 channel. Ann Neurol 2016; 80:511-21. [PMID: 27462820 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Ts65Dn (Ts) mouse model of Down syndrome (DS) is exquisitely sensitive to an infantile spasms phenotype induced by γ-aminobutyric acidB receptor (GABAB R) agonists. The Ts mouse contains the core genomic triplication of the DS critical region, which includes 3 copies of the Kcnj6 gene that encodes the GABAB R-coupled G protein-coupled inward rectifying potassium channel subunit 2 (GIRK2) channel. We test the hypothesis that GIRK2 is necessary for the GABAB R agonist-induced infantile spasms phenotype in Ts. METHODS We assessed the result of either genetic or pharmacological knockdown of the GIRK2 channel in Ts brain upon the GABAB R agonist-induced infantile spasms phenotype in the Ts mouse model of DS. As well, we examined GABAB R currents in hippocampal neurons prepared from GIRK2-trisomic Ts control mice and GIRK2-disomic Ts mice in which Kcnj6 had been genetically knocked down from 3 to 2 copies. RESULTS The reduction of the copy number of Kcnj6 in Ts mice rescued the GABAB R agonist-induced infantile spasms phenotype. There was an increase in GABAB R-mediated GIRK2 currents in GIRK2-trisomic Ts mouse hippocampal neurons, which were normalized in the GIRK2-disomic Ts mice. Similarly, pharmacological knockdown of the GIRK2 channel in Ts brain using the GIRK antagonist tertiapin-Q also rescued the GABAB R agonist-induced infantile spasms phenotype in Ts mutants. INTERPRETATION The GABAB R-coupled GIRK2 channel is necessary for the GABAB R agonist-induced infantile spasms phenotype in the Ts mouse and may represent a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of infantile spasms in DS. Ann Neurol 2016;80:511-521.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krutika Joshi
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Lily Shen
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Avner Michaeli
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Salter
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Sumaiya Hashmi
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James H Eubanks
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,University Health Network, Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Miguel A Cortez
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - O Carter Snead
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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57
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Functions of the Alzheimer's Disease Protease BACE1 at the Synapse in the Central Nervous System. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 60:305-315. [PMID: 27456313 PMCID: PMC5059407 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0800-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of the protease β-site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is a promising treatment strategy for Alzheimer's disease, and a number of BACE inhibitors are currently progressing through clinical trials. The strategy aims to decrease production of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide from the amyloid precursor protein (APP), thus reducing or preventing Aβ toxicity. Over the last decade, it has become clear that BACE1 proteolytically cleaves a number of substrates in addition to APP. These substrates are not known to be involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease but have other roles in the developing and/or mature central nervous system. Consequently, BACE inhibition and knockout in mice results in synaptic and other neuronal dysfunctions and the key substrates responsible for these deficits are still being elucidated. Of the BACE1 substrates that have been validated to date, a number may contribute to the synaptic deficits seen with BACE blockade, including neuregulin 1, close homologue of L1 and seizure-related gene 6. It is important to understand the impact that BACE blockade may have on these substrates and other proteins detected in substrate screens and, if necessary, develop substrate-selective BACE inhibitors.
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58
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Idrizi R, Malcolm P, Weickert CS, Zavitsanou K, Suresh Sundram. Striatal but not frontal cortical up-regulation of the epidermal growth factor receptor in rats exposed to immune activation in utero and cannabinoid treatment in adolescence. Psychiatry Res 2016; 240:260-264. [PMID: 27138815 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In utero maternal immune activation (MIA) and cannabinoid exposure during adolescence constitute environmental risk factors for schizophrenia. We investigated these risk factors alone and in combination ("two-hit") on epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and neuregulin-1 receptor (ErbB4) levels in the rat brain. EGFR but not ErbB4 receptor protein levels were significantly increased in the nucleus accumbens and striatum of "two-hit" rats only, with no changes seen at the mRNA level. These findings support region specific EGF-system dysregulation as a plausible mechanism in this animal model of schizophrenia pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rejhan Idrizi
- Molecular Psychopharmacology Laboratory, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Peter Malcolm
- Molecular Psychopharmacology Laboratory, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- NeuRA, Schizophrenia Research Institute, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia; School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Katerina Zavitsanou
- NeuRA, Schizophrenia Research Institute, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Suresh Sundram
- Molecular Psychopharmacology Laboratory, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Northern Psychiatry Research Centre, Northern Area Mental Health Servic(f)e, Epping, Victoria, Australia.
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59
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Jiang X, Lachance M, Rossignol E. Involvement of cortical fast-spiking parvalbumin-positive basket cells in epilepsy. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2016; 226:81-126. [PMID: 27323940 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
GABAergic interneurons of the parvalbumin-positive fast-spiking basket cells subtype (PV INs) are important regulators of cortical network excitability and of gamma oscillations, involved in signal processing and cognition. Impaired development or function of PV INs has been associated with epilepsy in various animal models of epilepsy, as well as in some genetic forms of epilepsy in humans. In this review, we provide an overview of some of the experimental data linking PV INs dysfunction with epilepsy, focusing on disorders of the specification, migration, maturation, synaptic function, or connectivity of PV INs. Furthermore, we reflect on the potential therapeutic use of cell-type specific stimulation of PV INs within active networks and on the transplantation of PV INs precursors in the treatment of epilepsy and its comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Jiang
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; CHU Ste-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - M Lachance
- CHU Ste-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - E Rossignol
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; CHU Ste-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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60
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Masdeu JC, Dalmau J, Berman KF. NMDA Receptor Internalization by Autoantibodies: A Reversible Mechanism Underlying Psychosis? Trends Neurosci 2016; 39:300-310. [PMID: 27130657 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Since the early 1990s it has been postulated that hypofunction of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in brain networks supporting perception and cognition underlies schizophrenic psychosis. Recently, NMDA receptor hypofunction was described in patients with psychotic manifestations who exhibited autoantibodies binding the GluN1 subunit of the receptor, and who improved when the level of these antibodies was lowered by immunomodulation. In this disorder, NMDA receptor antibodies decrease the availability of NMDA receptors by internalizing them. In this opinion article, we review this mechanism as well as data supporting or refuting the possibility that this disorder or similar autoimmune disorders affecting synaptic proteins, which are therefore treatable with immunomodulation, could account for some cases of idiopathic psychosis. We also suggest methodological approaches to clarify this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Masdeu
- Houston Methodist Neurological Institute and Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Josep Dalmau
- ICREA-IDIBAPS, Hospital Clinic, Service of Neurology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Karen F Berman
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institutes of Health, NIMH Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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61
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Zhang WB, Ross PJ, Tu Y, Wang Y, Beggs S, Sengar AS, Ellis J, Salter MW. Fyn Kinase regulates GluN2B subunit-dominant NMDA receptors in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23837. [PMID: 27040756 PMCID: PMC4819183 DOI: 10.1038/srep23837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
NMDA receptor (NMDAR)-mediated fast excitatory neurotransmission is implicated in a broad range of physiological and pathological processes in the mammalian central nervous system. The function and regulation of NMDARs have been extensively studied in neurons from rodents and other non-human species, and in recombinant expression systems. Here, we investigated human NMDARs in situ by using neurons produced by directed differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). The resultant cells showed electrophysiological characteristics demonstrating that they are bona fide neurons. In particular, human iPSC-derived neurons expressed functional ligand-gated ion channels, including NMDARs, AMPA receptors, GABAA receptors, as well as glycine receptors. Pharmacological and electrophysiological properties of NMDAR-mediated currents indicated that these were dominated by receptors containing GluN2B subunits. The NMDAR currents were suppressed by genistein, a broad-spectrum tyrosine kinase inhibitor. The NMDAR currents were also inhibited by a Fyn-interfering peptide, Fyn(39–57), but not a Src-interfering peptide, Src(40–58). Together, these findings are the first evidence that tyrosine phosphorylation regulates the function of NMDARs in human iPSC-derived neurons. Our findings provide a basis for utilizing human iPSC-derived neurons in screening for drugs targeting NMDARs in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bo Zhang
- Program in Neurosciences &Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - P Joel Ross
- Program in Developmental &Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - YuShan Tu
- Program in Neurosciences &Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Yongqian Wang
- Program in Neurosciences &Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Simon Beggs
- Program in Neurosciences &Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ameet S Sengar
- Program in Neurosciences &Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - James Ellis
- Program in Developmental &Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael W Salter
- Program in Neurosciences &Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Namba H, Okubo T, Nawa H. Perinatal Exposure to Neuregulin-1 Results in Disinhibition of Adult Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons: Implication in Schizophrenia Modeling. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22606. [PMID: 26935991 PMCID: PMC4776181 DOI: 10.1038/srep22606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant neuregulin-1 (NRG1) signals are suggested to associate with the neuropathophysiology of schizophrenia. Employing a mouse schizophrenia model established by neonatal neuregulin-1 challenge, we analysed postpubertal consequence of the NRG1 pretreatment for the electrophysiological property of nigral dopamine neurons. In vivo single unit recordings from anaesthetized NRG1-pretreated mice revealed increased spike bursting of nigral dopamine neurons. In slice preparations from NRG1-pretreated mice, spontaneous firing was elevated relative to controls. The relative increase in firing rates was abolished by a GABAA receptor antagonist. Whole-cell recording showed that perinatal NRG1 pretreatment diminished inhibitory miniature synaptic currents as well as GABAA receptor sensitivity. These results collectively suggest that perinatal exposure to neuregulin-1 results in the disinhibition of nigral dopamine neurons to influence their firing properties at the adult stage when the behavioral deficits are evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisaaki Namba
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585
| | - Takeshi Okubo
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585
| | - Hiroyuki Nawa
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585
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Butler MG, McGuire AB, Masoud H, Manzardo AM. Currently recognized genes for schizophrenia: High-resolution chromosome ideogram representation. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2016; 171B:181-202. [PMID: 26462458 PMCID: PMC6679920 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A large body of genetic data from schizophrenia-related research has identified an assortment of genes and disturbed pathways supporting involvement of complex genetic components for schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders. Advances in genetic technology and expanding studies with searchable genomic databases have led to multiple published reports, allowing us to compile a master list of known, clinically relevant, or susceptibility genes contributing to schizophrenia. We searched key words related to schizophrenia and genetics from peer-reviewed medical literature sources, authoritative public access psychiatric websites and genomic databases dedicated to gene discovery and characterization of schizophrenia. Our list of 560 genes were arranged in alphabetical order in tabular form with gene symbols placed on high-resolution human chromosome ideograms. Genome wide pathway analysis using GeneAnalytics was carried out on the resulting list of genes to assess the underlying genetic architecture for schizophrenia. Recognized genes of clinical relevance, susceptibility or causation impact a broad range of biological pathways and mechanisms including ion channels (e.g., CACNA1B, CACNA1C, CACNA1H), metabolism (e.g., CYP1A2, CYP2C19, CYP2D6), multiple targets of neurotransmitter pathways impacting dopamine, GABA, glutamate, and serotonin function, brain development (e.g., NRG1, RELN), signaling peptides (e.g., PIK3CA, PIK4CA) and immune function (e.g., HLA-DRB1, HLA-DQA1) and interleukins (e.g., IL1A, IL10, IL6). This summary will enable clinical and laboratory geneticists, genetic counselors, and other clinicians to access convenient pictorial images of the distribution and location of contributing genes to inform diagnosis and gene-based treatment as well as provide risk estimates for genetic counseling of families with affected relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merlin G. Butler
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas,Department of Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas,Correspondence to: Merlin G. Butler, M.D., Ph.D., University of Kansas Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, MS 4015, Kansas City, KS 66160,
| | - Austen B. McGuire
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Humaira Masoud
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Ann M. Manzardo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
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Zhu WY, Jiang P, He X, Cao LJ, Zhang LH, Dang RL, Tang MM, Xue Y, Li HD. Contribution of NRG1 Gene Polymorphisms in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. J Child Neurol 2016; 31:271-6. [PMID: 26071373 DOI: 10.1177/0883073815589757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the possible association between temporal lobe epilepsy and NRG1 gene polymorphisms. A total of 73 patients and 69 controls were involved in this study. Genomic DNAs from the patients and controls were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-ligase detection reaction method. There was an association of rs35753505 (T>C) with temporal lobe epilepsy (χ(2) = 6.730, P = .035). The frequency of risk allele C of rs35753505 was significantly higher (69.9%) in patients compared to controls (55.8%) (χ(2) = 6.023, P = .014). Interestingly, the significant difference of NRG1 genotype and allele frequency only existed among males, but not females. In addition, no statistically significant association was found between rs6994992, rs62510682 polymorphisms, and temporal lobe epilepsy. These data indicate that rs35753505 of NRG1 plays an important role in conferring susceptibility to the temporal lobe epilepsy in a Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ye Zhu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China School of Pharmaceutical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Pei Jiang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China School of Pharmaceutical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xin He
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China School of Pharmaceutical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Ling-Juan Cao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China School of Pharmaceutical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Li-Hong Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China School of Pharmaceutical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Rui-Li Dang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China School of Pharmaceutical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Mi-Mi Tang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China School of Pharmaceutical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Ying Xue
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China School of Pharmaceutical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Huan-De Li
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
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Kato T, Abe Y, Hirokawa S, Iwakura Y, Mizuno M, Namba H, Nawa H. Neurobehavioral Differences Between Mice Receiving Distinct Neuregulin Variants as Neonates; Impact on Sensitivity to MK-801. Curr Mol Med 2016; 15:222-36. [PMID: 25817857 PMCID: PMC4475761 DOI: 10.2174/1566524015666150330143300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Neuregulin-1 (NRG1) is a well-recognized risk gene for schizophrenia and is often implicated in the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of this illness. Alternative splicing and proteolytic processing of the NRG1 gene produce more than 30 structural variants; however, the neuropathological roles of individual variants remain to be characterized. On the basis of the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia, we administered eNRG1 (0.1~1.0 μg/g), a core epidermal growth factor-like (EGF) domain common for all splicing NRG1 variants, to neonatal mice and compared their behavioral performance with mice challenged with a full mature form of type 1 NRG1 variant. During the neonatal stage, recombinant eNRG1 protein administrated from the periphery passed the blood-brain barrier and activated its receptor (ErbB4) in the brain. In adults, the mice receiving the highest dose exhibited lower locomotor activity and deficits in prepulse inhibition and tonedependent fear learning, although the hearing reduction of the eNRG1-treated mice may explain these behavioral deficits. Neonatal eNRG1 treatment also significantly potentiated MK-801-driven locomotor activity in an eNRG1 dose-dependent manner. In parallel eNRG1 treatment enhanced MK-801-driven c-Fos induction and decreased immunoreactivity for NMDA receptor subunits in adult brain. In contrast, mice that had been treated with the same molar dose of a full mature form of type 1 NRG1 as neonates did not exhibit hypersensitivity to MK-801. However, both animal models exhibited similar hypersensitivity to methamphetamine. Collectively, our findings suggest that aberrant peripheral NRG1 signals during neurodevelopment alter later behavioral traits and auditory functions in the NRG1 subtype-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - H Nawa
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Niigata 951-8585, Japan.
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66
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Hu X, Fan Q, Hou H, Yan R. Neurological dysfunctions associated with altered BACE1-dependent Neuregulin-1 signaling. J Neurochem 2016; 136:234-49. [PMID: 26465092 PMCID: PMC4833723 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of BACE1 is being pursued as a therapeutic target to treat patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease because BACE1 is the sole β-secretase that generates β-amyloid peptide. Knowledge regarding other cellular functions of BACE1 is therefore critical for the safe use of BACE1 inhibitors in human patients. Neuregulin-1 (Nrg1) is a BACE1 substrate and BACE1 cleavage of Nrg1 is critical for signaling functions in myelination, remyelination, synaptic plasticity, normal psychiatric behaviors, and maintenance of muscle spindles. This review summarizes the most recent discoveries associated with BACE1-dependent Nrg1 signaling in these areas. This body of knowledge will help to provide guidance for preventing unwanted Nrg1-based side effects following BACE1 inhibition in humans. To initiate its signaling cascade, membrane anchored Neuregulin (Nrg), mainly type I and III β1 Nrg1 isoforms and Nrg3, requires ectodomain shedding. BACE1 is one of such indispensable sheddases to release the functional Nrg signaling fragment. The dependence of Nrg on the cleavage by BACE1 is best manifested by disrupting the critical role of Nrg in the control of axonal myelination, schizophrenic behaviors as well as the formation and maintenance of muscle spindles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyou Hu
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Qingyuan Fan
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Hailong Hou
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Riqiang Yan
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
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67
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Gao R, Penzes P. Common mechanisms of excitatory and inhibitory imbalance in schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders. Curr Mol Med 2015; 15:146-67. [PMID: 25732149 DOI: 10.2174/1566524015666150303003028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) and Schizophrenia (SCZ) are cognitive disorders with complex genetic architectures but overlapping behavioral phenotypes, which suggests common pathway perturbations. Multiple lines of evidence implicate imbalances in excitatory and inhibitory activity (E/I imbalance) as a shared pathophysiological mechanism. Thus, understanding the molecular underpinnings of E/I imbalance may provide essential insight into the etiology of these disorders and may uncover novel targets for future drug discovery. Here, we review key genetic, physiological, neuropathological, functional, and pathway studies that suggest alterations to excitatory/inhibitory circuits are keys to ASD and SCZ pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - P Penzes
- Department of Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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68
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Guo X, Li Z, Zhang C, Yi Z, Li H, Cao L, Yuan C, Hong W, Wu Z, Peng D, Chen J, Xia W, Zhao G, Wang F, Yu S, Cui D, Xu Y, Golam CMI, Smith AK, Wang T, Fang Y. Down-regulation of PRKCB1 expression in Han Chinese patients with subsyndromal symptomatic depression. J Psychiatr Res 2015; 69:1-6. [PMID: 26343587 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subsyndromal symptomatic depression (SSD) is a common disease with significant social dysfunction. However, SSD is still not well understood and the pathophysiology of it remains unclear. METHODS We classified 48 candidate genes for SSD according to our previous study into clusters and pathways using DAVID Bioinformatics Functional Annotation Tool. We further replicated the result by using real-time Quantitative PCR (qPCR) studies to examine the expression of identified genes (i.e., STAT5b, PKCB1, ABL1 and NRAS) in another group of Han Chinese patients with SSD (n = 50). We further validated the result by examining PRKCB1 expression collected from MDD patients (n = 20). To test whether a deficit in PRKCB1 expression leads to dysregulation in PRKCB1 dependent transcript networks, we tested mRNA expression levels for the remaining 44 genes out of 48 genes in SSD patients. Finally, the power of discovery was improved by incorporating information from Quantitative Trait (eQTL) analysis. RESULTS The results showed that the PRCKB1 gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was 33.3% down-regulated in SSD patients (n = 48, t = 3.202, p = 0.002), and a more dramatic (n = 17, 49%) down-regulation in MDD patients than control (n = 49, t = 2.114, p = 0.001). We also identified 37 genes that displayed a strong correlation with PRKCB1 mRNA expression levels in SSD patients. The expression of PRKCB1 was regulated by multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) both at the transcript level and exon level. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, we first found a significant decrease of PRCKB1 mRNA expression in SSD, suggesting PRKCB1 might be the candidate gene and biomarker for SSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Guo
- Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, United States
| | - Zezhi Li
- Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenghui Yi
- Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haozhe Li
- Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Cao
- Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengmei Yuan
- Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wu Hong
- Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiguo Wu
- Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Daihui Peng
- Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiping Xia
- Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoqing Zhao
- Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shunying Yu
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Donghong Cui
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifeng Xu
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chowdhury M I Golam
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, United States
| | - Alicia K Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, Suite 4000, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Tong Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, United States
| | - Yiru Fang
- Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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69
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Ingason A, Giegling I, Hartmann AM, Genius J, Konte B, Friedl M, Ripke S, Sullivan PF, St. Clair D, Collier DA, O'Donovan MC, Mirnics K, Rujescu D. Expression analysis in a rat psychosis model identifies novel candidate genes validated in a large case-control sample of schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e656. [PMID: 26460480 PMCID: PMC4930128 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antagonists of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-type glutamate receptor induce psychosis in healthy individuals and exacerbate schizophrenia symptoms in patients. In this study we have produced an animal model of NMDA receptor hypofunction by chronically treating rats with low doses of the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801. Subsequently, we performed an expression study and identified 20 genes showing altered expression in the brain of these rats compared with untreated animals. We then explored whether the human orthologs of these genes are associated with schizophrenia in the largest schizophrenia genome-wide association study published to date, and found evidence for association for 4 out of the 20 genes: SF3B1, FOXP1, DLG2 and VGLL4. Interestingly, three of these genes, FOXP1, SF3B1 and DLG2, have previously been implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ingason
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - I Giegling
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - A M Hartmann
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - J Genius
- Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - B Konte
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - M Friedl
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | | | - S Ripke
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - P F Sullivan
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - D St. Clair
- Department of Mental Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - D A Collier
- King's College London, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | - M C O'Donovan
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - K Mirnics
- Department of Psychiatry, Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - D Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany,Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Julius-Kühn-Strasse 7, Halle 06112, Germany. E-mail:
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70
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Role of the Neuregulin Signaling Pathway in Nicotine Dependence and Co-morbid Disorders. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2015; 124:113-31. [PMID: 26472527 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Smoking is currently the leading cause of preventable death in the United States and is responsible for over four million deaths annually worldwide. Therefore, there is a vast clinical unmet need with regards to therapeutics targeting smoking cessation. This is even more apparent when examining smokers co-morbid with psychiatric illness, as rates of smoking in this population are ~4× higher than in the general population. Examining common genetic and molecular signaling pathways impinging upon both smoking behavior and psychiatric illness will lead to a better understanding of co-morbid disorders and potential development of novel therapeutics. Studies have implicated the Neuregulin Signaling Pathway in the pathophysiology of a number of psychiatric illnesses. Additionally, recent studies have also shown an association between the Neuregulin Signaling Pathway and smoking behaviors. This review outlines basic mechanisms of the Neuregulin Signaling Pathway and how it may be exploited for precision medicine approaches in treating nicotine dependence and mental illness.
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71
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Majewski L, Kuznicki J. SOCE in neurons: Signaling or just refilling? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:1940-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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72
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Banerjee A, Wang HY, Borgmann-Winter KE, MacDonald ML, Kaprielian H, Stucky A, Kvasic J, Egbujo C, Ray R, Talbot K, Hemby SE, Siegel SJ, Arnold SE, Sleiman P, Chang X, Hakonarson H, Gur RE, Hahn CG. Src kinase as a mediator of convergent molecular abnormalities leading to NMDAR hypoactivity in schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:1091-100. [PMID: 25330739 PMCID: PMC5156326 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Numerous investigations support decreased glutamatergic signaling as a pathogenic mechanism of schizophrenia, yet the molecular underpinnings for such dysregulation are largely unknown. In the post-mortem dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), we found striking decreases in tyrosine phosphorylation of N-methyl-D aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunit 2 (GluN2) that is critical for neuroplasticity. The decreased GluN2 activity in schizophrenia may not be because of downregulation of NMDA receptors as MK-801 binding and NMDA receptor complexes in postsynaptic density (PSD) were in fact increased in schizophrenia cases. At the postreceptor level, however, we found striking reductions in the protein kinase C, Pyk 2 and Src kinase activity that in tandem can decrease GluN2 activation. Given that Src serves as a hub of various signaling mechanisms affecting GluN2 phosphorylation, we postulated that Src hypoactivity may result from convergent alterations of various schizophrenia susceptibility pathways and thus mediate their effects on NMDA receptor signaling. Indeed, the DLPFC of schizophrenia cases exhibit increased PSD-95 and erbB4 and decreased receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase-α (RPTPα) and dysbindin-1, each of which reduces Src activity via protein interaction with Src. To test genomic underpinnings for Src hypoactivity, we examined genome-wide association study results, incorporating 13 394 cases and 34 676 controls. We found no significant association of individual variants of Src and its direct regulators with schizophrenia. However, a protein-protein interaction-based network centered on Src showed significant enrichment of gene-level associations with schizophrenia compared with other psychiatric illnesses. Our results together demonstrate striking decreases in NMDA receptor signaling at the postreceptor level and propose Src as a nodal point of convergent dysregulations affecting NMDA receptor pathway via protein-protein associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Banerjee
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3403
| | - Hoau-Yan Wang
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, City University of New York Medical School, New York, NY 10031
| | | | - Mathew L. MacDonald
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3403
| | - Hagop Kaprielian
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3403
| | - Andres Stucky
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, City University of New York Medical School, New York, NY 10031
| | - Jessica Kvasic
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, City University of New York Medical School, New York, NY 10031
| | - Chijioke Egbujo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3403
| | - Rabindranath Ray
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3403
| | - Konrad Talbot
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3403
| | - Scott E Hemby
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27106
| | - Steven J. Siegel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3403
| | - Steven E. Arnold
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3403
| | - Patrick Sleiman
- The Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Xiao Chang
- The Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- The Center for Applied Genomics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Raquel E. Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3403
| | - Chang-Gyu Hahn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3403
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Wang C, Aleksic B, Ozaki N. Glia-related genes and their contribution to schizophrenia. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2015; 69:448-61. [PMID: 25759284 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia, a debilitating disease with 1% prevalence in the general population, is characterized by major neuropsychiatric symptoms, including delusions, hallucinations, and deficits in emotional and social behavior. Previous studies have directed their investigations on the mechanism of schizophrenia towards neuronal dysfunction and have defined schizophrenia as a 'neuron-centric' disorder. However, along with the development of genetics and systematic biology approaches in recent years, the crucial role of glial cells in the brain has also been shown to contribute to the etiopathology of schizophrenia. Here, we summarize comprehensive data that support the involvement of glial cells (including oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglial cells) in schizophrenia and list several acknowledged glia-related genes or molecules associated with schizophrenia. Instead of purely an abnormality of neurons in schizophrenia, an additional 'glial perspective' provides us a novel and promising insight into the causal mechanisms and treatment for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyao Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Branko Aleksic
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Norio Ozaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Yu HN, Park WK, Nam KH, Song DY, Kim HS, Baik TK, Woo RS. Neuregulin 1 Controls Glutamate Uptake by Up-regulating Excitatory Amino Acid Carrier 1 (EAAC1). J Biol Chem 2015; 290:20233-44. [PMID: 26092725 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.591867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuregulin 1 (NRG1) is a trophic factor that is thought to have important roles in the regulating brain circuitry. Recent studies suggest that NRG1 regulates synaptic transmission, although the precise mechanisms remain unknown. Here we report that NRG1 influences glutamate uptake by increasing the protein level of excitatory amino acid carrier (EAAC1). Our data indicate that NRG1 induced the up-regulation of EAAC1 in primary cortical neurons with an increase in glutamate uptake. These in vitro results were corroborated in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of mice given NRG1. The stimulatory effect of NRG1 was blocked by inhibition of the NRG1 receptor ErbB4. The suppressed expression of ErbB4 by siRNA led to a decrease in the expression of EAAC1. In addition, the ablation of ErbB4 in parvalbumin (PV)-positive neurons in PV-ErbB4(-/-) mice suppressed EAAC1 expression. Taken together, our results show that NRG1 signaling through ErbB4 modulates EAAC1. These findings link proposed effectors in schizophrenia: NRG1/ErbB4 signaling perturbation, EAAC1 deficit, and neurotransmission dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Nul Yu
- From the Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon, 301-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Kyu Park
- The Pharmacology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Yuseong-Gu Daejon 305-343, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hoan Nam
- The Biomedical Mouse Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 363-883, Korea, and
| | - Dae-Yong Song
- From the Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon, 301-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Sun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Tai-Kyoung Baik
- From the Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon, 301-746, Republic of Korea,
| | - Ran-Sook Woo
- From the Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon, 301-746, Republic of Korea,
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Vullhorst D, Mitchell RM, Keating C, Roychowdhury S, Karavanova I, Tao-Cheng JH, Buonanno A. A negative feedback loop controls NMDA receptor function in cortical interneurons via neuregulin 2/ErbB4 signalling. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7222. [PMID: 26027736 PMCID: PMC4451617 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuregulin receptor ErbB4 is an important modulator of GABAergic interneurons and neural network synchronization. However, little is known about the endogenous ligands that engage ErbB4, the neural processes that activate them or their direct downstream targets. Here we demonstrate, in cultured neurons and in acute slices, that the NMDA receptor is both effector and target of neuregulin 2 (NRG2)/ErbB4 signalling in cortical interneurons. Interneurons co-express ErbB4 and NRG2, and pro-NRG2 accumulates on cell bodies atop subsurface cisternae. NMDA receptor activation rapidly triggers shedding of the signalling-competent NRG2 extracellular domain. In turn, NRG2 promotes ErbB4 association with GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors, followed by rapid internalization of surface receptors and potent downregulation of NMDA but not AMPA receptor currents. These effects occur selectively in ErbB4-positive interneurons and not in ErbB4-negative pyramidal neurons. Our findings reveal an intimate reciprocal relationship between ErbB4 and NMDA receptors with possible implications for the modulation of cortical microcircuits associated with cognitive deficits in psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Detlef Vullhorst
- Section on Molecular Neurobiology, Eunice Shriver Kennedy National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Robert M Mitchell
- Section on Molecular Neurobiology, Eunice Shriver Kennedy National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Carolyn Keating
- Section on Molecular Neurobiology, Eunice Shriver Kennedy National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Swagata Roychowdhury
- Section on Molecular Neurobiology, Eunice Shriver Kennedy National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Irina Karavanova
- Section on Molecular Neurobiology, Eunice Shriver Kennedy National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Jung-Hwa Tao-Cheng
- EM Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Andres Buonanno
- Section on Molecular Neurobiology, Eunice Shriver Kennedy National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Jajodia A, Kaur H, Kumari K, Gupta M, Baghel R, Srivastava A, Sood M, Chadda RK, Jain S, Kukreti R. Evidence for schizophrenia susceptibility alleles in the Indian population: An association of neurodevelopmental genes in case-control and familial samples. Schizophr Res 2015; 162:112-7. [PMID: 25579050 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric disorder with lifetime prevalence of ~1% worldwide. A genotyping study was conducted using a custom panel of Illumina 1536 SNPs in 840 schizophrenia cases and 876 controls (351 patients and 385 controls from North India; and 436 patients, 401 controls and 143 familial samples with 53 probands containing 37 complete and 16 incomplete trios from South India). Meta-analysis of this population of Indo-European and Dravidian ancestry identified three strongly associated variants with schizophrenia: STT3A (rs548181, p=1.47×10(-5)), NRG1 (rs17603876, p=8.66×10(-5)) and GRM7 (rs3864075, p=4.06×10(-3)). Finally, a meta-analysis was conducted comparing our data with data from the Schizophrenia Psychiatric Genome-Wide Association Study Consortium (PGC-SCZ) that supported rs548181 (p=1.39×10(-7)). In addition, combined analysis of sporadic case-control association and a transmission disequilibrium test in familial samples from South Indian population identified three associations: rs1062613 (p=3.12×10(-3)), a functional promoter variant of HTR3A; rs6710782 (p=3.50×10(-3)), an intronic variant of ERBB4; and rs891903 (p=1.05×10(-2)), an intronic variant of EBF1. The results support the risk variants observed in the earlier published work and suggest a potential role of neurodevelopmental genes in the schizophrenia pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Jajodia
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Kalpana Kumari
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Meenal Gupta
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Ruchi Baghel
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Ankit Srivastava
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Mamta Sood
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Chadda
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Sanjeev Jain
- Molecular Genetic Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Hosur Road, Bengaluru 560029, India
| | - Ritushree Kukreti
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India.
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Deng C, Pan B, Hu CH, Han M, Huang XF. Differential effects of short- and long-term antipsychotic treatment on the expression of neuregulin-1 and ErbB4 receptors in the rat brain. Psychiatry Res 2015; 225:347-54. [PMID: 25576368 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Neuregulin-1 (NRG1) and ErbB4 genes have been identified as candidate genes for schizophrenia. Post-mortem studies indicated that NRG1-ErbB4 signalling is impaired in schizophrenia subjects. This study investigated whether short- or long-term antipsychotic treatment has different effects on the expression of NRG1 and ErbB4 receptors. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were treated orally with either aripiprazole (0.75 mg/kg), haloperidol (0.1 mg/kg), olanzapine (0.5 mg/kg), or vehicle, 3 times/day for 1 or 12 weeks. Western blotting was performed to examine the expression of NRG1 isoforms (135 kDa, 70 kDa and 40 kDa) and ErbB4 receptors. Both 1-week haloperidol and olanzapine treatment increased NRG1-70kDa expression in the hippocampus; haloperidol also up-regulated ErbB4 levels in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). In the 12-week group, aripiprazole decreased the expression of all three NRG1 isoforms and ErbB4 receptors in the PFC, NRG1-70 kDa and -40 kDa in the cingulate cortex (Cg), and NRG1-135 kDa, -70 kDa and ErbB4 receptors in the hippocampus; haloperidol reduced NRG1-135 kDa in the PFC, NRG1-40 kDa in all three brain regions, and ErbB4 receptor levels in the PFC and hippocampus; NRG1-40 kDa in the PFC and Cg was also down-regulated by olanzapine. These results suggest that the time-dependent and region-specific effects of antipsychotics on NRG1-ErbB4 signalling may contribute to the efficacy of antipsychotics to treat schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Deng
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Centre for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.
| | - Bo Pan
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Centre for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Chang-Hua Hu
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Mei Han
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Centre for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Xu-Feng Huang
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Centre for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
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78
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Engel M, Snikeris P, Jenner A, Karl T, Huang XF, Frank E. Neuregulin 1 Prevents Phencyclidine-Induced Behavioral Impairments and Disruptions to GABAergic Signaling in Mice. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 18:pyu114. [PMID: 26478928 PMCID: PMC4540095 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyu114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substantial evidence from human post-mortem and genetic studies has linked the neurotrophic factor neuregulin 1 (NRG1) to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Genetic animal models and in vitro experiments have suggested that altered NRG1 signaling, rather than protein changes, contributes to the symptomatology of schizophrenia. However, little is known about the effect of NRG1 on schizophrenia-relevant behavior and neurotransmission (particularly GABAergic and glutamatergic) in adult animals. METHOD To address this question, we treated adult mice with the extracellular signaling domain of NRG1 and assessed spontaneous locomotor activity and acoustic startle response, as well as extracellular GABA, glutamate, and glycine levels in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus via microdialysis. Furthermore, we asked whether the effect of NRG1 would differ under schizophrenia-relevant impairments in mice and therefore co-treated mice with NRG1 and phencyclidine (PCP) (3 mg/kg). RESULTS Acute intraventricularly- or systemically-injected NRG1 did not affect spontaneous behavior, but prevented PCP induced hyperlocomotion and deficits of prepulse inhibition. NRG1 retrodialysis (10 nM) reduced extracellular glutamate and glycine levels in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, and prevented PCP-induced increase in extracellular GABA levels in the hippocampus. CONCLUSION With these results, we provide the first compelling in vivo evidence for the involvement of NRG1 signaling in schizophrenia-relevant behavior and neurotransmission in the adult nervous system, which highlight its treatment potential. Furthermore, the ability of NRG1 treatment to alter GABA, glutamate, and glycine levels in the presence of PCP also suggests that NRG1 signaling has the potential to alter disrupted neurotransmission in patients with schizophrenia.
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79
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Cheah SY, Lawford BR, Young RM, Morris CP, Voisey J. Dysbindin (DTNBP1) variants are associated with hallucinations in schizophrenia. Eur Psychiatry 2015; 30:486-91. [PMID: 25697573 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dystrobrevin binding protein 1 (DTNBP1) is a schizophrenia susceptibility gene involved with neurotransmission regulation (especially dopamine and glutamate) and neurodevelopment. The gene is known to be associated with cognitive deficit phenotypes within schizophrenia. In our previous studies, DTNBP1 was found associated not only with schizophrenia but with other psychiatric disorders including psychotic depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, nicotine dependence and opiate dependence. These findings suggest that DNTBP1 may be involved in pathways that lead to multiple psychiatric phenotypes. In this study, we explored the association between DTNBP1 SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) and multiple psychiatric phenotypes included in the Diagnostic Interview of Psychosis (DIP). METHODS Five DTNBP1 SNPs, rs17470454, rs1997679, rs4236167, rs9370822 and rs9370823, were genotyped in 235 schizophrenia subjects screened for various phenotypes in the domains of depression, mania, hallucinations, delusions, subjective thought disorder, behaviour and affect, and speech disorder. SNP-phenotype association was determined with ANOVA under general, dominant/recessive and over-dominance models. RESULTS Post hoc tests determined that SNP rs1997679 was associated with visual hallucination; SNP rs4236167 was associated with general auditory hallucination as well as specific features including non-verbal, abusive and third-person form auditory hallucinations; and SNP rs9370822 was associated with visual and olfactory hallucinations. SNPs that survived correction for multiple testing were rs4236167 for third-person and abusive form auditory hallucinations; and rs9370822 for olfactory hallucinations. CONCLUSION These data suggest that DTNBP1 is likely to play a role in development of auditory related, visual and olfactory hallucinations which is consistent with evidence of DTNBP1 activity in the auditory processing regions, in visual processing and in the regulation of glutamate and dopamine activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-Y Cheah
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Ave., Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia
| | - B R Lawford
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Ave., Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia; Discipline of Psychiatry, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - R M Young
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Ave., Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia
| | - C P Morris
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Ave., Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia
| | - J Voisey
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Ave., Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia.
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Abstract
The glutamate and dopamine hypotheses are leading theories of the pathoaetiology of schizophrenia. Both were initially based on indirect evidence from pharmacological studies supported by post-mortem findings, but have since been substantially advanced by new lines of evidence from in vivo imaging studies. This review provides an update on the latest findings on dopamine and glutamate abnormalities in schizophrenia, focusing on in vivo neuroimaging studies in patients and clinical high-risk groups, and considers their implications for understanding the biology and treatment of schizophrenia. These findings have refined both the dopamine and glutamate hypotheses, enabling greater anatomical and functional specificity, and have been complemented by preclinical evidence showing how the risk factors for schizophrenia impact on the dopamine and glutamate systems. The implications of this new evidence for understanding the development and treatment of schizophrenia are considered, and the gaps in current knowledge highlighted. Finally, the evidence for an integrated model of the interactions between the glutamate and dopamine systems is reviewed, and future directions discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Howes
- Psychiatric Imaging, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rob McCutcheon
- Psychiatric Imaging, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - James Stone
- Psychiatric Imaging, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
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81
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Genetic labeling reveals novel cellular targets of schizophrenia susceptibility gene: distribution of GABA and non-GABA ErbB4-positive cells in adult mouse brain. J Neurosci 2015; 34:13549-66. [PMID: 25274830 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2021-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuregulin 1 (NRG1) and its receptor ErbB4 are schizophrenia risk genes. NRG1-ErbB4 signaling plays a critical role in neural development and regulates neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity. Nevertheless, its cellular targets remain controversial. ErbB4 was thought to express in excitatory neurons, although recent studies disputed this view. Using mice that express a fluorescent protein under the promoter of the ErbB4 gene, we determined in what cells ErbB4 is expressed and their identity. ErbB4 was widely expressed in the mouse brain, being highest in amygdala and cortex. Almost all ErbB4-positive cells were GABAergic in cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia, and most of amygdala in neonatal and adult mice, suggesting GABAergic transmission as a major target of NRG1-ErbB4 signaling in these regions. Non-GABAergic, ErbB4-positive cells were present in thalamus, hypothalamus, midbrain, and hindbrain. In particular, ErbB4 is expressed in serotoninergic neurons of raphe nuclei but not in norepinephrinergic neurons of the locus ceruleus. In hypothalamus, ErbB4 is present in neurons that express oxytocin. Finally, ErbB4 is expressed in a group of cells in the subcortical areas that are positive for S100 calcium binding protein β. These results identify novel cellular targets of NRG1-ErbB4 signaling.
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82
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Mei L, Nave KA. Neuregulin-ERBB signaling in the nervous system and neuropsychiatric diseases. Neuron 2014; 83:27-49. [PMID: 24991953 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 411] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neuregulins (NRGs) comprise a large family of growth factors that stimulate ERBB receptor tyrosine kinases. NRGs and their receptors, ERBBs, have been identified as susceptibility genes for diseases such as schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder. Recent studies have revealed complex Nrg/Erbb signaling networks that regulate the assembly of neural circuitry, myelination, neurotransmission, and synaptic plasticity. Evidence indicates there is an optimal level of NRG/ERBB signaling in the brain and deviation from it impairs brain functions. NRGs/ERBBs and downstream signaling pathways may provide therapeutic targets for specific neuropsychiatric symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Mei
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA.
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Goettingen, Germany.
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83
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No Association Between NRG1 and ErbB4 Genes and Psychopathological Symptoms of Schizophrenia. Neuromolecular Med 2014; 16:742-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s12017-014-8323-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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84
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Agarwal A, Zhang M, Trembak-Duff I, Unterbarnscheidt T, Radyushkin K, Dibaj P, Martins de Souza D, Boretius S, Brzózka MM, Steffens H, Berning S, Teng Z, Gummert MN, Tantra M, Guest PC, Willig KI, Frahm J, Hell SW, Bahn S, Rossner MJ, Nave KA, Ehrenreich H, Zhang W, Schwab MH. Dysregulated expression of neuregulin-1 by cortical pyramidal neurons disrupts synaptic plasticity. Cell Rep 2014; 8:1130-45. [PMID: 25131210 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuregulin-1 (NRG1) gene variants are associated with increased genetic risk for schizophrenia. It is unclear whether risk haplotypes cause elevated or decreased expression of NRG1 in the brains of schizophrenia patients, given that both findings have been reported from autopsy studies. To study NRG1 functions in vivo, we generated mouse mutants with reduced and elevated NRG1 levels and analyzed the impact on cortical functions. Loss of NRG1 from cortical projection neurons resulted in increased inhibitory neurotransmission, reduced synaptic plasticity, and hypoactivity. Neuronal overexpression of cysteine-rich domain (CRD)-NRG1, the major brain isoform, caused unbalanced excitatory-inhibitory neurotransmission, reduced synaptic plasticity, abnormal spine growth, altered steady-state levels of synaptic plasticity-related proteins, and impaired sensorimotor gating. We conclude that an "optimal" level of NRG1 signaling balances excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission in the cortex. Our data provide a potential pathomechanism for impaired synaptic plasticity and suggest that human NRG1 risk haplotypes exert a gain-of-function effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Agarwal
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21025, USA
| | - Mingyue Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, 48149 Muenster Germany
| | - Irina Trembak-Duff
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, 48149 Muenster Germany
| | - Tilmann Unterbarnscheidt
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Konstantin Radyushkin
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Payam Dibaj
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Susann Boretius
- Biomedizinische NMR Forschungs GmbH, Max Planck Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Magdalena M Brzózka
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Heinz Steffens
- Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Berning
- Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Zenghui Teng
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, 48149 Muenster Germany
| | - Maike N Gummert
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martesa Tantra
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Peter C Guest
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QT, UK
| | - Katrin I Willig
- Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jens Frahm
- Biomedizinische NMR Forschungs GmbH, Max Planck Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan W Hell
- Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sabine Bahn
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QT, UK
| | - Moritz J Rossner
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Weiqi Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, 48149 Muenster Germany.
| | - Markus H Schwab
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
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Nicotinic and muscarinic agonists and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors stimulate a common pathway to enhance GluN2B-NMDAR responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:12538-43. [PMID: 25114227 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1408805111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotinic and muscarinic ACh receptor agonists and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) can enhance cognitive function. However, it is unknown whether a common signaling pathway is involved in the effect. Here, we show that in vivo administration of nicotine, AChEIs, and an m1 muscarinic (m1) agonist increase glutamate receptor, ionotropic, N-methyl D-aspartate 2B (GluN2B)-containing NMDA receptor (NR2B-NMDAR) responses, a necessary component in memory formation, in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells, and that coadministration of the m1 antagonist pirenzepine prevents the effect of cholinergic drugs. These observations suggest that the effect of nicotine is secondary to increased release of ACh via the activation of nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChRs) and involves m1 receptor activation through ACh. In vitro activation of m1 receptors causes the selective enhancement of NR2B-NMDAR responses in CA1 pyramidal cells, and in vivo exposure to cholinergic drugs occludes the in vitro effect. Furthermore, in vivo exposure to cholinergic drugs suppresses the potentiating effect of Src on NMDAR responses in vitro. These results suggest that exposure to cholinergic drugs maximally stimulates the m1/guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha q/PKC/proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2/Src signaling pathway for the potentiation of NMDAR responses in vivo, occluding the in vitro effects of m1 activation and Src. Thus, our results indicate not only that nAChRs, ACh, and m1 receptors are on the same pathway involving Src signaling but also that NR2B-NMDARs are a point of convergence of cholinergic and glutamatergic pathways involved in learning and memory.
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Li XM, Su F, Ji MH, Zhang GF, Qiu LL, Jia M, Gao J, Xie Z, Yang JJ. Disruption of hippocampal neuregulin 1-ErbB4 signaling contributes to the hippocampus-dependent cognitive impairment induced by isoflurane in aged mice. Anesthesiology 2014; 121:79-88. [PMID: 24589481 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000000191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A prolonged isoflurane exposure may lead to cognitive decline in rodents. Neuregulin 1 (NRG1)-ErbB4 signaling plays a key role in the modulation of hippocampal synaptic plasticity through regulating the neurotransmission. The authors hypothesized that hippocampal NRG1-ErbB4 signaling is involved in isoflurane-induced cognitive impairments in aged mice. METHODS Fourteen-month-old C57BL/6 mice were randomized to receive 100% O2 exposure, vehicle injection after 100% O2 exposure, vehicle injection after exposure to isoflurane carried by 100% O2, NRG1-β1 injection after exposure to isoflurane carried by 100% O2, and NRG1-β1 and an ErbB4 inhibitor AG1478 injection after exposure to isoflurane carried by 100% O2. Fear conditioning test was used to assess the cognitive function of mice 48-h postexposure. The brain tissues were harvested 48-h postexposure to determine the levels of NRG1, ErbB4, p-ErbB4, parvalbumin, and glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 in the hippocampus using Western blotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and immunofluorescence. RESULTS The percentage of freezing time to context was decreased from 50.28 ± 11.53% to 30.82 ± 10.00%, and the hippocampal levels of NRG1, p-ErbB4/ErbB4, parvalbumin, and glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 were decreased from 172.79 ± 20.85 ng/g, 69.15 ± 12.20%, 101.68 ± 11.21%, and 104.71 ± 6.85% to 112.92 ± 16.65 ng/g, 42.26 ± 9.71%, 75.89 ± 10.26%, and 73.87 ± 16.89%, respectively, after isoflurane exposure. NRG1-β1 attenuated the isoflurane-induced hippocampus-dependent cognitive impairment and the declines in the hippocampal NRG1, p-ErbB4/ErbB4, parvalbumin, and glutamic acid decarboxylase 67. AG1478 inhibited the rescuing effects of NRG1-β1. CONCLUSION Disruption of NRG1-ErbB4 signaling in the parvalbumin-positive interneurons might, at least partially, contribute to the isoflurane-induced hippocampus-dependent cognitive impairment after exposure to isoflurane carried by 100% O2 in aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Min Li
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China (X.-M.L., M.-H.J., G.-F.Z., L.-L.Q., M.J., J.-J.Y.); Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliate Hospital, Shandong Medical University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China (F.S.); Departments of Neurobiology and Pharmacology, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China (J.G.); and Geriatric Anesthesia Research Unit, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts (Z.X.)
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87
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Pandya CD, Pillai A. TrkB interacts with ErbB4 and regulates NRG1-induced NR2B phosphorylation in cortical neurons before synaptogenesis. Cell Commun Signal 2014; 12:47. [PMID: 25052836 PMCID: PMC4223605 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-014-0047-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuregulin 1 (NRG1) and NMDARs play important roles in various neuronal functions including neural development. NMDARs also promote many cellular events such as proliferation and survival of neuroblasts before synapse formation. Although many recent studies have indicated that NRG1 regulates NMDAR function in cortical neurons, the effect of NRG1 on NMDAR activation before synapse formation is not well studied. Results NRG1 induces activation of NMDAR subunit NR2B, and tropomyosin-related kinase receptor B (TrkB), the receptor for BDNF via activation of phospholipase C-gamma (PLC-γ) in immature primary cortical neurons. Our data using TrkB inhibitor (K252a), TrkB siRNA and TrkB−/− neurons demonstrated that TrkB inhibition suppresses NRG1-induced NR2B activation in neurons. We found that NRG1 stimulation leads to GABAA receptor-mediated TrkB activation. Co-immunoprecipitation and proximity ligase assay showed that TrkB interacts with ErbB4 (NRG1 receptor) and the TrkB-ErbB4 interaction was increased following NRG1 treatment. A significant reduction in TrkB-ErbB4 interaction was observed in the prefrontal cortex of schizophrenia subjects. We found significant increase in released BDNF levels following NRG1 treatment, which was inhibited by ErbB4 inhibitor, AG1478. In addition, pretreatment with BDNF neutralizing antibody, but not control IgG abolished NRG1-induced increases in phospho-TrkB and phospho-NR2B levels. Moreover, studies using TrkB mutants showed that intercellular domain of TrkB is necessary for TrkB-ErbB4 interaction and NR2B activation. Conclusions BDNF/TrkB signaling plays an important role in the NRG1-stimulated NR2B regulation. These findings could be of relevance to many neurodevelopmental disorders, as NRG1 and BDNF signaling pathways have been implicated in autism and schizophrenia.
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system that causes dementia in a large percentage of the aged population and for which there are only symptomatic treatments. Disease-modifying therapies that are currently being pursued are based on the amyloid cascade theory. This states that accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) in the brain triggers a cascade of cellular events leading to neurodegeneration. Aβ, which is the major constituent of amyloid plaques, is a peptidic fragment derived from proteolytic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by sequential cleavages that involve β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) and γ-secretase. Targeting BACE1 is a rational approach as its cleavage of APP is the rate-limiting step in Aβ production and this enzyme is elevated in the brain of patients with AD. Furthermore, knocking out the BACE1 gene in mice showed little apparent consequences. Ten years of intensive research has led to the design of efficacious BACE1 inhibitors with favorable pharmacological properties. Several drug candidates have shown promising results in animal models, as they reduce amyloid plaque pathology in the brain and rescue cognitive deficits. Phase I clinical trials indicate that these drugs are well tolerated, and the results from further trials in AD patients are now awaited eagerly. Yet, recent novel information on BACE1 biology, and the discovery that BACE1 cleaves a selection of substrates involved in myelination, retinal homeostasis, brain circuitry, and synaptic function, alert us to potential side effects of BACE1 inhibitors that will require further evaluation to provide a safe therapy for AD.
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89
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Pharmacology of hallucinations: several mechanisms for one single symptom? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:307106. [PMID: 24991548 PMCID: PMC4065763 DOI: 10.1155/2014/307106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Hallucinations are complex misperceptions, that principally occur in schizophrenia or after intoxication induced by three main classes of drugs: psychostimulants, psychedelics, and dissociative anesthetics. There are at least three different pharmacological ways to induce hallucinations: (1) activation of dopamine D2 receptors (D2Rs) with psychostimulants, (2) activation of serotonin 5HT2A receptors (HT2ARs) with psychedelics, and (3) blockage of glutamate NMDA receptors (NMDARs) with dissociative anesthetics. In schizophrenia, the relative importance of NMDAR and D2R in the occurrence of hallucinations is still debated. Slight clinical differences are observed for each etiology. Thus, we investigated whether the concept of hallucination is homogenous, both clinically and neurobiologically. A narrative review of the literature is proposed to synthesize how the main contributors in the field have approached and tried to solve these outstanding questions. While some authors prefer one explanatory mechanism, others have proposed more integrated theories based on the different pharmacological psychosis models. In this review, such theories are discussed and faced with the clinical data. In addition, the nosological aspects of hallucinations and psychosis are addressed. We suggest that if there may be common neurobiological pathways between the different pharmacological systems that are responsible for the hallucinations, there may also be unique properties of each system, which explains the clinical differences observed.
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90
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Millan MJ, Fone K, Steckler T, Horan WP. Negative symptoms of schizophrenia: clinical characteristics, pathophysiological substrates, experimental models and prospects for improved treatment. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 24:645-92. [PMID: 24820238 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex and multifactorial disorder generally diagnosed in young adults at the time of the first psychotic episode of delusions and hallucinations. These positive symptoms can be controlled in most patients by currently-available antipsychotics. Conversely, they are poorly effective against concomitant neurocognitive dysfunction, deficits in social cognition and negative symptoms (NS), which strongly contribute to poor functional outcome. The precise notion of NS has evolved over the past century, with recent studies - underpinned by novel rating methods - suggesting two major sub-domains: "decreased emotional expression", incorporating blunted affect and poverty of speech, and "avolition", which embraces amotivation, asociality and "anhedonia" (inability to anticipate pleasure). Recent studies implicate a dysfunction of frontocortico-temporal networks in the aetiology of NS, together with a disruption of cortico-striatal circuits, though other structures are also involved, like the insular and parietal cortices, amygdala and thalamus. At the cellular level, a disruption of GABAergic-glutamatergic balance, dopaminergic signalling and, possibly, oxytocinergic and cannibinoidergic transmission may be involved. Several agents are currently under clinical investigation for the potentially improved control of NS, including oxytocin itself, N-Methyl-d-Aspartate receptor modulators and minocycline. Further, magnetic-electrical "stimulation" strategies to recruit cortical circuits and "cognitive-behavioural-psychosocial" therapies likewise hold promise. To acquire novel insights into the causes and treatment of NS, experimental study is crucial, and opportunities are emerging for improved genetic, pharmacological and developmental modelling, together with more refined readouts related to deficits in reward, sociality and "expression". The present article comprises an integrative overview of the above issues as a platform for this Special Issue of European Neuropsychopharmacology in which five clinical and five preclinical articles treat individual themes in greater detail. This Volume provides, then, a framework for progress in the understanding - and ultimately control - of the debilitating NS of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Millan
- Pole of Innovation in Neuropsychiatry, Institut de Recherche Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, Paris, France.
| | - Kevin Fone
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, Queen׳s Medical Centre, Nottingham University, Nottingham NG72UH, UK
| | - Thomas Steckler
- Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - William P Horan
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, University of California, Los Angeles, MIRECC 210A, Bldg. 210, 11301 Wilshire Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
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91
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Marballi KK, McCullumsmith RE, Yates S, Escamilla MA, Leach RJ, Raventos H, Walss-Bass C. Global signaling effects of a schizophrenia-associated missense mutation in neuregulin 1: an exploratory study using whole genome and novel kinome approaches. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2014; 121:479-90. [PMID: 24380930 PMCID: PMC3999257 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-013-1142-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant neuregulin 1-ErbB4 signaling has been implicated in schizophrenia. We previously identified a novel schizophrenia-associated missense mutation (valine to leucine) in the NRG1 transmembrane domain. This variant inhibits formation of the NRG1 intracellular domain (ICD) and causes decreases in dendrite formation. To assess the global effects of this mutation, we used lymphoblastoid cell lines from unaffected heterozygous carriers (Val/Leu) and non-carriers (Val/Val). Transcriptome data showed 367 genes differentially expressed between the two groups (Val/Val N = 6, Val/Leu N = 5, T test, FDR (1 %), α = 0.05, -log10 p value >1.5). Ingenuity pathway (IPA) analyses showed inflammation and NRG1 signaling as the top pathways altered. Within NRG1 signaling, protein kinase C (PKC)-eta (PRKCH) and non-receptor tyrosine kinase (SRC) were down-regulated in heterozygous carriers. Novel kinome profiling (serine/threonine) was performed after stimulating cells (V/V N = 6, V/L N = 6) with ErbB4, to induce release of the NRG1 ICD, and revealed significant effects of treatment on the phosphorylation of 35 peptides. IPA showed neurite outgrowth (six peptides) as the top annotated function. Phosphorylation of these peptides was significantly decreased in ErbB4-treated Val/Val but not in Val/Leu cells. These results show that perturbing NRG1 ICD formation has major effects on cell signaling, including inflammatory and neurite formation pathways, and may contribute significantly to schizophrenia pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketan K Marballi
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr., University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Program, South Texas Research Facility, 8403 Floyd Curl Dr., San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Robert E McCullumsmith
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1719 6th Avenue South, CIRC 576A Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Stefani Yates
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1719 6th Avenue South, CIRC 576A Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Michael A Escamilla
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 4800 Alberta Ave, El Paso, TX 79905
| | - Robin J Leach
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr., University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | | | - Consuelo Walss-Bass
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Program, South Texas Research Facility, 8403 Floyd Curl Dr., San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
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92
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Dendritic integration in pyramidal neurons during network activity and disease. Brain Res Bull 2014; 103:2-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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93
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Yu H, Bi W, Liu C, Zhao Y, Zhang JF, Zhang D, Yue W. Protein-interaction-network-based analysis for genome-wide association analysis of schizophrenia in Han Chinese population. J Psychiatr Res 2014; 50:73-8. [PMID: 24365204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 11/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe neuropsychiatric disorder with a strong and complex genetic background. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have successfully identified several susceptibility loci of schizophrenia. In order to interpret the functional role of the genetic variants and detect the combined effects of some of these genes on schizophrenia, protein-interaction-network-based analysis (PINBA) has emerged as an effective approach. In the current study, we conducted a PINBA of our previous GWAS data taken from the Han Chinese population. In order to do so, we used dense module search (DMS), a method that locates densely connected modules for complex diseases by integrating the association signal from GWAS datasets into the human protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. As a result, we identified one gene set with a joint effect significantly associated with schizophrenia and gene expression profiling analysis suggested that they were mainly neuro- and immune-related genes, such as glutamatergic gene (GRM5), GABAergic genes (GABRB1, GABARAP) and genes located in the MHC region (HLA-C, TAP2, HIST1H1B). Further pathway enrichment analysis suggested that these genes are involved in processes related to neuronal and immune systems, such as the Adherens junction pathway, the Neurotrophin signaling pathway and the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway. In our study, we identified a set of susceptibility genes that had been missed in single-marker GWAS, and our findings could promote the study of the genetic mechanisms in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yu
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, 51 Hua Yuan Bei Road, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Institute of Mental Health, The Sixth Hospital, Peking University, China
| | - Wenjian Bi
- Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chenxing Liu
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, 51 Hua Yuan Bei Road, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Institute of Mental Health, The Sixth Hospital, Peking University, China
| | - Yanlong Zhao
- Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Feng Zhang
- Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dai Zhang
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, 51 Hua Yuan Bei Road, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Institute of Mental Health, The Sixth Hospital, Peking University, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, PR China; PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Weihua Yue
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, 51 Hua Yuan Bei Road, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Institute of Mental Health, The Sixth Hospital, Peking University, China.
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94
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Berridge MJ. Calcium signalling and psychiatric disease: bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 357:477-92. [PMID: 24577622 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1806-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neurons have highly developed Ca(2+) signalling systems responsible for regulating many neural functions such as the generation of brain rhythms, information processing and the changes in synaptic plasticity that underpins learning and memory. The signalling mechanisms that regulate neuronal excitability are particularly important for processes such as sensory perception, cognition and consciousness. The Ca(2+) signalling pathway is a key component of the mechanisms responsible for regulating neuronal excitability, information processing and cognition. Alterations in gene transcription are particularly important as they result in subtle alterations in the neuronal signalling mechanisms that have been implicated in many neural diseases. In particular, dysregulation of the Ca(2+) signalling pathway has been implicated in the development of some of the major psychiatric diseases such as bipolar disorder (BPD) and schizophrenia.
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95
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Evin G, Barakat A. Critical analysis of the use of β-site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme 1 inhibitors in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Degener Neurol Neuromuscul Dis 2014; 4:1-19. [PMID: 32669897 PMCID: PMC7337240 DOI: 10.2147/dnnd.s41056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the major cause of dementia in the elderly and an unmet clinical challenge. A variety of therapies that are currently under development are directed to the amyloid cascade. Indeed, the accumulation and toxicity of amyloid-β (Aβ) is believed to play a central role in the etiology of the disease, and thus rational interventions are aimed at reducing the levels of Aβ in the brain. Targeting β-site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme (BACE)-1 represents an attractive strategy, as this enzyme catalyzes the initial and rate-limiting step in Aβ production. Observation of increased levels of BACE1 and enzymatic activity in the brain, cerebrospinal fluid, and platelets of patients with AD and mild cognitive impairment supports the potential benefits of BACE1 inhibition. Numerous potent inhibitors have been generated, and many of these have been proved to lower Aβ levels in the brain of animal models. Over 10 years of intensive research on BACE1 inhibitors has now culminated in advancing half a dozen of these drugs into human trials, yet translating the in vitro and cellular efficacy of BACE1 inhibitors into preclinical and clinical trials represents a challenge. This review addresses the promises and also the potential problems associated with BACE1 inhibitors for AD therapy, as the complex biological function of BACE1 in the brain is becoming unraveled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve Evin
- Oxidation Biology Laboratory, Mental Health Research Institute, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne.,Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Adel Barakat
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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96
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Neuregulin-1 impairs the long-term depression of hippocampal inhibitory synapses by facilitating the degradation of endocannabinoid 2-AG. J Neurosci 2013; 33:15022-31. [PMID: 24048832 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5833-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids play essential roles in synaptic plasticity; thus, their dysfunction often causes impairments in memory or cognition. However, it is not well understood whether deficits in the endocannabinoid system account for the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. Here, we show that endocannabinoid-mediated synaptic regulation is impaired by the prolonged elevation of neuregulin-1, the abnormality of which is a hallmark in many patients with schizophrenia. When rat hippocampal slices were chronically treated with neuregulin-1, the degradation of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), one of the major endocannabinoids, was enhanced due to the increased expression of its degradative enzyme, monoacylglycerol lipase. As a result, the time course of depolarization-induced 2-AG signaling was shortened, and the magnitude of 2-AG-dependent long-term depression of inhibitory synapses was reduced. Our study reveals that an alteration in the signaling of 2-AG contributes to hippocampal synaptic dysfunction in a hyper-neuregulin-1 condition and thus provides novel insights into potential schizophrenic therapeutics that target the endocannabinoid system.
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97
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Type III neuregulin 1 is required for multiple forms of excitatory synaptic plasticity of mouse cortico-amygdala circuits. J Neurosci 2013; 33:9655-66. [PMID: 23739962 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2888-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The amygdala plays an important role in the formation and storage of memories associated with emotional events. The cortical glutamatergic inputs onto pyramidal neurons in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) contribute to this process. As the interaction between neuregulin 1 (Nrg1) and its ErbB receptors has been implicated in the pathological mechanisms of schizophrenia, loss of Nrg1 may disrupt cortical-amygdala neural circuits, resulting in altered processing of salient memories. Here we show that Nrg1 is critical in multiple forms of plasticity of cortical projections to pyramidal neurons of the BLA. The miniature EPSCs in Nrg1 heterozygous animals have a faster time constant of decay and evoked synaptic currents have a smaller NMDA/AMPA ratio than those recorded in wild-type (WT) littermates. Both high-frequency electrical stimulation of cortical inputs and θ burst stimulation combined with nicotine exposure results in long-lasting potentiation in WT animals. However, the same manipulations have little to no effect on glutamatergic synaptic plasticity in the BLA from Nrg1 heterozygous mice. Comparison of WT, Nrg1 heterozygous animals and α7 nicotinic receptor heterozygous mice reveals that the sustained phase of potentiation of glutamatergic transmission after θ burst stimulation with or without nicotine only occurs in the WT mice. Together, these findings support the idea that type III Nrg1 is essential to multiple aspects of the modulation of excitatory plasticity at cortical-BLA synapses.
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98
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Yin DM, Chen YJ, Lu YS, Bean JC, Sathyamurthy A, Shen C, Liu X, Lin TW, Smith CA, Xiong WC, Mei L. Reversal of behavioral deficits and synaptic dysfunction in mice overexpressing neuregulin 1. Neuron 2013; 78:644-57. [PMID: 23719163 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neuregulin 1 (Nrg1) is a susceptibility gene of schizophrenia, a disabling mental illness that affects 1% of the general population. Here, we show that ctoNrg1 mice, which mimic high levels of NRG1 observed in forebrain regions of schizophrenic patients, exhibit behavioral deficits and hypofunction of glutamatergic and GABAergic pathways. Intriguingly, these deficits were diminished when NRG1 expression returned to normal in adult mice, suggesting that damage which occurred during development is recoverable. Conversely, increase of NRG1 in adulthood was sufficient to cause glutamatergic impairment and behavioral deficits. We found that the glutamatergic impairment by NRG1 overexpression required LIM domain kinase 1 (LIMK1), which was activated in mutant mice, identifying a pathological mechanism. These observations demonstrate that synaptic dysfunction and behavioral deficits in ctoNrg1 mice require continuous NRG1 abnormality in adulthood, suggesting that relevant schizophrenia may benefit from therapeutic intervention to restore NRG1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Min Yin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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99
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PKC-epsilon activation is required for recognition memory in the rat. Behav Brain Res 2013; 253:280-9. [PMID: 23911427 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Activation of PKCɛ, an abundant and developmentally regulated PKC isoform in the brain, has been implicated in memory throughout life and across species. Yet, direct evidence for a mechanistic role for PKCɛ in memory is still lacking. Hence, we sought to evaluate this in rats, using short-term treatments with two PKCɛ-selective peptides, the inhibitory ɛV1-2 and the activating ψɛRACK, and the novel object recognition task (NORT). Our results show that the PKCɛ-selective activator ψɛRACK, did not have a significant effect on recognition memory. In the short time frames used, however, inhibition of PKCɛ activation with the peptide inhibitor ɛV1-2 significantly impaired recognition memory. Moreover, when we addressed at the molecular level the immediate proximal signalling events of PKCɛ activation in acutely dissected rat hippocampi, we found that ψɛRACK increased in a time-dependent manner phosphorylation of MARCKS and activation of Src, Raf, and finally ERK1/2, whereas ɛV1-2 inhibited all basal activity of this pathway. Taken together, these findings present the first direct evidence that PKCɛ activation is an essential molecular component of recognition memory and point toward the use of systemically administered PKCɛ-regulating peptides as memory study tools and putative therapeutic agents.
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100
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Enhanced interaction among ErbB4, PSD-95 and NMDAR by chronic MK-801 treatment is associated with behavioral abnormalities. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2013; 108:44-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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