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Utilization of nanoparticle technology in rheumatoid arthritis treatment. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 80:30-41. [PMID: 27133037 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the common and severe autoimmune diseases related to joints. This chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease, leads to functional limitation and reduced quality of life, since as there is bone and cartilage destruction, joint swelling and pain. Current advances and new treatment approaches have considerably postponed disease progression and improved the quality of life for many patients. In spite of major advances in therapeutic options, restrictions on the routes of administration and the necessity for frequent and long-term dosing often result in systemic adverse effects and patient non-compliance. Unlike usual drugs, nanoparticle systems are planned to deliver therapeutic agents especially to inflamed synovium, so avoiding systemic and unpleasant effects. The present review discusses about some of the most successful drugs in RA therapy and their side effects and also focuses on key design parameters of RA-targeted nanotechnology-based strategies for improving RA therapies.
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Saito A, Mekawy MM, Sumiyoshi A, Riera JJ, Shimizu H, Kawashima R, Tominaga T. Noninvasive targeting delivery and in vivo magnetic resonance tracking method for live apoptotic cells in cerebral ischemia with functional Fe2O3 magnetic nanoparticles. J Nanobiotechnology 2016; 14:19. [PMID: 26969152 PMCID: PMC4788935 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-016-0173-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Apoptotic neuronal death is known as programmed cell death. Inhibition of this progression might contribute to a new treatment strategy. However, methods for in vivo detection of live apoptotic cells are in need to be developed and established. Context and purpose The purpose of this study is to develop a new method for in vivo brain imaging for live apoptotic lesions using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We focused on the specific accumulation of our recently developed functional magnetic nanoparticles (FMNPs) into apoptotic cells using a rat cerebral ischemia model. Sulphorhodamine B, fluorescent dye was linked to valylalanylaspartic acid fluoromethyl ketone as a pan-caspase inhibitor to form SR-FLIVO. SR-FLIVO was bound with FMNPs to develop SR-FLIVO-FMNP probe. Ischemic rat brains were scanned by 7T MRI before and after intravenous injection of SR-FLIVO-FMNP and the distribution was evaluated by subtraction images of T2* colored mapping. SR-FLIVO, intracellular FMNPs, and T2* reduction area were histologically analyzed. The distribution of SR-FLIVO-FMNP was evaluated by subtracting the T2* signal images and was significantly correlated with the histological findings by TUNEL staining. Results Our experimental results revealed several findings where our newly developed probe SR-FLIVO-FMNP was intravenously administered into ischemic rats and FLIVO expression was tracked and found in apoptotic cells in rat brains after cerebral ischemia. A remarkable T2* reduction within the ischemic lesion was recorded using MRI based SR-FLIVO-FMNP probe as a contrasting agent due to the specific probe accumulation in apoptotic cells whereas, no observation of T2* reduction within the non-ischemic lesion due to no probe accumulation in non-apoptotic cells. Histological analysis based on the correlation between FLIVO and TUNEL staining showed that almost all FLIVO-positive cells were positive for TUNEL staining. These findings suggest the possibility for establishment of in vivo targeting delivery methods to live apoptotic cells based on conjugation of magnetic and fluorescent dual functional probes. Conclusion A newly developed probe SR-FLIVO-FMNP might be considered as a useful probe for in vivo apoptotic detection, and FMNPs might be a strong platform for noninvasive imaging and targeting delivery. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12951-016-0173-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Saito
- Department of Neurosurgery, Aomori Prefectural Central Hospital, 2-1-1 Higashitsukurimichi, Aomori, 030-8553, Japan. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Moataz M Mekawy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan. .,National Institute for Materials Science, 1-Chome-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki Prefecture, 305-0047, Japan.
| | - Akira Sumiyoshi
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Jorge J Riera
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shimizu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Akita University, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Ryuta Kawashima
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Teiji Tominaga
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
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Shuhendler AJ, Ye D, Brewer KD, Bazalova-Carter M, Lee KH, Kempen P, Dane Wittrup K, Graves EE, Rutt B, Rao J. Molecular Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Tumor Response to Therapy. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14759. [PMID: 26440059 PMCID: PMC4594000 DOI: 10.1038/srep14759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Personalized cancer medicine requires measurement of therapeutic efficacy as early as possible, which is optimally achieved by three-dimensional imaging given the heterogeneity of cancer. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can obtain images of both anatomy and cellular responses, if acquired with a molecular imaging contrast agent. The poor sensitivity of MRI has limited the development of activatable molecular MR contrast agents. To overcome this limitation of molecular MRI, a novel implementation of our caspase-3-sensitive nanoaggregation MRI (C-SNAM) contrast agent is reported. C-SNAM is triggered to self-assemble into nanoparticles in apoptotic tumor cells, and effectively amplifies molecular level changes through nanoaggregation, enhancing tissue retention and spin-lattice relaxivity. At one-tenth the current clinical dose of contrast agent, and following a single imaging session, C-SNAM MRI accurately measured the response of tumors to either metronomic chemotherapy or radiation therapy, where the degree of signal enhancement is prognostic of long-term therapeutic efficacy. Importantly, C-SNAM is inert to immune activation, permitting radiation therapy monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Shuhendler
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Departments of Radiology, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Deju Ye
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Departments of Radiology, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Kimberly D Brewer
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Departments of Radiology, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Magdalena Bazalova-Carter
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Radiation Oncology, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Kyung-Hyun Lee
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Departments of Radiology, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Paul Kempen
- Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - K Dane Wittrup
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Biological Engineering, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Edward E Graves
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Radiation Oncology, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Brian Rutt
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Departments of Radiology, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Jianghong Rao
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Departments of Radiology, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Vonk Noordegraaf A, Haddad F, Bogaard HJ, Hassoun PM. Noninvasive imaging in the assessment of the cardiopulmonary vascular unit. Circulation 2015; 131:899-913. [PMID: 25753343 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.114.006972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anton Vonk Noordegraaf
- From Pulmonary Diseases (A.V.N., J.H.B.) and Physics and Medical Technology (A.V.N.), Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (F.H.); and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (P.M.H.).
| | - Francois Haddad
- From Pulmonary Diseases (A.V.N., J.H.B.) and Physics and Medical Technology (A.V.N.), Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (F.H.); and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (P.M.H.)
| | - Harm J Bogaard
- From Pulmonary Diseases (A.V.N., J.H.B.) and Physics and Medical Technology (A.V.N.), Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (F.H.); and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (P.M.H.)
| | - Paul M Hassoun
- From Pulmonary Diseases (A.V.N., J.H.B.) and Physics and Medical Technology (A.V.N.), Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (F.H.); and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (P.M.H.)
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Radiopharmacological evaluation of (18)F-labeled phosphatidylserine-binding peptides for molecular imaging of apoptosis. Nucl Med Biol 2015. [PMID: 26205076 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Radiolabeled phosphatidylserine (PS)-binding peptides represent an innovative strategy for molecular imaging of apoptosis with positron emission tomography (PET). The goal of this study was the radiopharmacological evaluation of radiolabeled peptides for their binding to PS on apoptotic cancer cells, involving metabolic stability, cellular uptake, biodistribution, and dynamic PET imaging experiments. METHODS Binding of peptides LIKKPF, PGDLSR, FBz-LIKKPF, FBz-PGDLSR, FBAM-CLIKKPF and FBAM-CPGDLSR to PS was analyzed in a newly developed radiometric binding assay using (64)Cu-labeled wild-type annexin-V as radiotracer. Radiolabeling of most potent peptides with fluorine-18 was carried out with thiol-selective prosthetic group [(18)F]FBAM to give [(18)F]FBAM-CLIKKPF and [(18)F]FBAM-CPGDLSR. [(18)F]FBAM-labeled peptides were studied in camptothecin-induced apoptotic human T lymphocyte Jurkat cells, and in a murine EL4 tumor model of apoptosis using dynamic PET imaging and biodistribution. RESULTS Peptides LIKKPF and PGDLSR inhibited binding of (64)Cu-labeled annexin-V to immobilized PS in the millimolar range (IC50 10-15 mM) compared to annexin-V (45 nM). Introduction of FBAM prosthetic group slightly increased inhibitory potencies (FBAM-CLIKKPF: IC50 = 1 mM; FBAM-CPGDLSR: IC50 = 6 mM). Radiolabeling succeeded in good radiochemical yields of 50-54% using a chemoselective alkylation reaction of peptides CLIKKPF and CPGDLSR with [(18)F]FBAM. In vivo metabolic stability studies in mice revealed 40-60% of intact peptides at 5 min p.i. decreasing to 25% for [(18)F]FBAM-CLIKKPF and less than 5% for [(18)F]FBAM-CPGDLSR at 15 min p.i.. Cell binding of [(18)F]FBAM-CLIKKPF in drug-treated Jurkat cells was significantly higher compared to untreated cells, but this was not observed for [(18)F]FBAM-CPGDLSR. Dynamic PET imaging experiments showed that baseline uptake of [(18)F]FBAM-CLIKKPF in EL4 tumors was higher (SUV(5min) 0.46, SUV(60min) 0.13) compared to [(18)F]FBAM-CPGDLSR (SUV(5min) 0.16, SUV(60min) 0.10). Drug-treated EL4 tumors did not show an increased uptake for both [(18)F]FBAM-labeled peptides. CONCLUSION Although both (18)F-labeled peptides [(18)F]FBAM-CLIKKPF and [(18)F]FBAM-CPGDLSR showed higher binding to apoptotic Jurkat cells in vitro, their in vivo uptake profiles were not different in apoptotic EL4 tumors. This may explained by the relatively low potency of both compounds to compete with binding of (64)Cu-labeled annexin-V to PS. Overall the novel competitive radiometric PS-binding assay with (64)Cu-labeled annexin-V represents a versatile and very robust screening platform to analyze potential PS-binding compounds in vitro. Further studies will be necessary to evaluate alternative peptide structures toward their use as PET radiotracers imaging apoptosis in vivo. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PATIENT CARE Development of peptide-based radiotracers for imaging apoptosis in vivo remains a significant challenge.
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Sharifi S, Seyednejad H, Laurent S, Atyabi F, Saei AA, Mahmoudi M. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for in vivo molecular and cellular imaging. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2015; 10:329-55. [PMID: 25882768 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, the biomedical applications of nanoparticles (NPs) (e.g. cell tracking, biosensing, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), targeted drug delivery, and tissue engineering) have been increasingly developed. Among the various NP types, superparamagnetic iron oxide NPs (SPIONs) have attracted considerable attention for early detection of diseases due to their specific physicochemical properties and their molecular imaging capabilities. A comprehensive review is presented on the recent advances in the development of in vitro and in vivo SPION applications for molecular imaging, along with opportunities and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahriar Sharifi
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, University of Twente, The Netherlands
| | - Hajar Seyednejad
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Sophie Laurent
- Department of General, Organic, and Biomedical Chemistry, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons, Avenue Maistriau 19, B-7000, Mons, Belgium.,CMMI - Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging, Rue Adrienne Bolland 8, B-6041, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Fatemeh Atyabi
- Nanotechnology Research Center and Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Ata Saei
- Nanotechnology Research Center and Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Morteza Mahmoudi
- Nanotechnology Research Center and Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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Hsiao JK, Wu HC, Liu HM, Yu A, Lin CT. A multifunctional peptide for targeted imaging and chemotherapy for nasopharyngeal and breast cancers. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2015; 11:1425-34. [PMID: 25881740 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The L-peptide plays a role as a universal ligand binding specifically to nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and other cancers but not normal cells. It was used to link iron oxide nanoparticles, and injected intravenously to SCID mice bearing NPC and breast cancer xenografts for MR analysis, and showed significant change of MR signal intensity in the xenograft regions. Using this conjugate as a ligand to localize the L-peptide targeted protein in the cancer surgical specimens, a clear reaction product was identified in the tumor cells of both cancer types. If the L-peptide-linked-liposomal doxorubicin was used to treat the SCID mice bearing other NPC or breast cancer xenograft, a high efficacy of chemotherapy with minimal adverse effect was observed. In conclusion, the L-peptide has a considerable potential for clinical usage for targeted imaging, peptide histochemical localization of targeted protein, and targeted chemotherapy for different cancer types. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR Targeted chemotherapy to cancer cells will enable maximum drug delivery but minimal systemic side effects. In this article, the authors identified a protein, L-peptide, on tumor cells. They also subsequently confirmed the specificity of this protein in animal experiments using iron oxide nanoparticles. The discovery of this marker could lead to future development of better chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Kai Hsiao
- Department of Medical Imaging, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hang-Chung Wu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Hon-Man Liu
- Department of Medical Imaging, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Alice Yu
- Genomic Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Tarng Lin
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Wu M, Zhang D, Zeng Y, Wu L, Liu X, Liu J. Nanocluster of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles coated with poly (dopamine) for magnetic field-targeting, highly sensitive MRI and photothermal cancer therapy. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 26:115102. [PMID: 25721867 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/11/115102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a core–shell nanocomposite of clusters of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles coated with poly(dopamine) (SPION clusters@PDA) is fabricated as a magnetic field-directed theranostic agent that combines the capabilities of highly sensitive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and photothermal cancer therapy. The highly concentrated SPION cluster core is suitable for sensitive MRI due to its superparamagnetic properties, and the poly(dopamine) coating layer can induce cancer cell death under near-infrared (NIR) laser irradiation because of the photothermal conversion ability of PDA. MRI scanning reveals that the nanocomposite has relatively high r2 and r2(*) relaxivities, and the r2(*) values are nearly threefold higher than the r2 values because of the clustering of the SPIONs in the nanocomposite core. Due to the rapid response to magnetic field gradients, enhanced cellular uptake of our nanocomposite mediated by an external magnetic field can be achieved, thus producing significantly enhanced local photothermal killing efficiency against cancer cells under NIR irritation.
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Nejadnik H, Ye D, Lenkov OD, Donig J, Martin JE, Castillo R, Derugin N, Sennino B, Rao J, Daldrup-Link HE. Magnetic resonance imaging of stem cell apoptosis in arthritic joints with a caspase activatable contrast agent. ACS NANO 2015; 9:1150-60. [PMID: 25597243 PMCID: PMC4441518 DOI: 10.1021/nn504494c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
About 43 million individuals in the U.S. encounter cartilage injuries due to trauma or osteoarthritis, leading to joint pain and functional disability. Matrix-associated stem cell implants (MASI) represent a promising approach for repair of cartilage defects. However, limited survival of MASI creates a significant bottleneck for successful cartilage regeneration outcomes and functional reconstitution. We report an approach for noninvasive detection of stem cell apoptosis with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), based on a caspase-3-sensitive nanoaggregation MRI probe (C-SNAM). C-SNAM self-assembles into nanoparticles after hydrolysis by caspase-3, leading to 90% amplification of (1)H MR signal and prolonged in vivo retention. Following intra-articular injection, C-SNAM causes significant MR signal enhancement in apoptotic MASI compared to viable MASI. Our results indicate that C-SNAM functions as an imaging probe for stem cell apoptosis in MASI. This concept could be applied to a broad range of cell transplants and target sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Nejadnik
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Deju Ye
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Olga D. Lenkov
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Jessica Donig
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - John E. Martin
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Rostislav Castillo
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Nikita Derugin
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Barbara Sennino
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Jianghong Rao
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Heike E. Daldrup-Link
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
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Zeng W, Wang X, Xu P, Liu G, Eden HS, Chen X. Molecular imaging of apoptosis: from micro to macro. Theranostics 2015; 5:559-82. [PMID: 25825597 PMCID: PMC4377726 DOI: 10.7150/thno.11548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is involved in numerous human conditions including neurodegenerative diseases, ischemic damage, autoimmune disorders and many types of cancer, and is often confused with other types of cell death. Therefore strategies that enable visualized detection of apoptosis would be of enormous benefit in the clinic for diagnosis, patient management, and development of new therapies. In recent years, improved understanding of the apoptotic machinery and progress in imaging modalities have provided opportunities for researchers to formulate microscopic and macroscopic imaging strategies based on well-defined molecular markers and/or physiological features. Correspondingly, a large collection of apoptosis imaging probes and approaches have been documented in preclinical and clinical studies. In this review, we mainly discuss microscopic imaging assays and macroscopic imaging probes, ranging in complexity from simple attachments of reporter moieties to proteins that interact with apoptotic biomarkers, to rationally designed probes that target biochemical changes. Their clinical translation will also be our focus.
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Cardiac MRI and PET Scanning in Right Ventricular Failure. THE RIGHT VENTRICLE IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1065-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Miao P, Yin J, Ning L, Li X. Peptide-based electrochemical approach for apoptosis evaluation. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 62:97-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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N V, Srivastava C, Hegde V. Synergetic effect of size and morphology of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles on proton relaxivity. IET Nanobiotechnol 2014; 8:184-9. [PMID: 25429495 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2013.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cobalt ferrite nanoparticles with average sizes of 14, 9 and 6 nm were synthesised by the chemical co-precipitation technique. Average particle sizes were varied by changing the chitosan surfactant to precursor molar ratio in the reaction mixture. Transmission electron microscopy images revealed a faceted and irregular morphology for the as-synthesised nanoparticles. Magnetic measurements revealed a ferromagnetic nature for the 14 and 9 nm particles and a superparamagnetic nature for the 6 nm particles. An increase in saturation magnetisation with increasing particle size was noted. Relaxivity measurements were carried out to determine T2 value as a function of particle size using nuclear magnetic resonance measurements. The relaxivity coefficient increased with decrease in particle size and decrease in the saturation magnetisation value. The observed trend in the change of relaxivity value with particle size was attributed to the faceted nature of as-synthesised nanoparticles. Faceted morphology results in the creation of high gradient of magnetic field in the regions adjacent to the facet edges increasing the relaxivity value. The effect of edges in increasing the relaxivity value increases with decrease in the particle size because of an increase in the total number of edges per particle dispersion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesha N
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
| | - Chandan Srivastava
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India.
| | - Veena Hegde
- NMR Research Center, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
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Prediction of individual response to anticancer therapy: historical and future perspectives. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 72:729-57. [PMID: 25387856 PMCID: PMC4309902 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1772-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the introduction of chemotherapy for cancer treatment in the early 20th century considerable efforts have been made to maximize drug efficiency and at the same time minimize side effects. As there is a great interpatient variability in response to chemotherapy, the development of predictive biomarkers is an ambitious aim for the rapidly growing research area of personalized molecular medicine. The individual prediction of response will improve treatment and thus increase survival and life quality of patients. In the past, cell cultures were used as in vitro models to predict in vivo response to chemotherapy. Several in vitro chemosensitivity assays served as tools to measure miscellaneous endpoints such as DNA damage, apoptosis and cytotoxicity or growth inhibition. Twenty years ago, the development of high-throughput technologies, e.g. cDNA microarrays enabled a more detailed analysis of drug responses. Thousands of genes were screened and expression levels were correlated to drug responses. In addition, mutation analysis became more and more important for the prediction of therapeutic success. Today, as research enters the area of -omics technologies, identification of signaling pathways is a tool to understand molecular mechanism underlying drug resistance. Combining new tissue models, e.g. 3D organoid cultures with modern technologies for biomarker discovery will offer new opportunities to identify new drug targets and in parallel predict individual responses to anticancer therapy. In this review, we present different currently used chemosensitivity assays including 2D and 3D cell culture models and several -omics approaches for the discovery of predictive biomarkers. Furthermore, we discuss the potential of these assays and biomarkers to predict the clinical outcome of individual patients and future perspectives.
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Zhao Y, Marjanovic M, Chaney EJ, Graf BW, Mahmassani Z, Boppart MD, Boppart SA. Longitudinal label-free tracking of cell death dynamics in living engineered human skin tissue with a multimodal microscope. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 5:3699-716. [PMID: 25360383 PMCID: PMC4206335 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.003699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate real-time, longitudinal, label-free tracking of apoptotic and necrotic cells in living tissue using a multimodal microscope. The integrated imaging platform combines multi-photon microscopy (MPM, based on two-photon excitation fluorescence), optical coherence microscopy (OCM), and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM). Three-dimensional (3-D) co-registered images are captured that carry comprehensive information of the sample, including structural, molecular, and metabolic properties, based on light scattering, autofluorescence intensity, and autofluorescence lifetime, respectively. Different cell death processes, namely, apoptosis and necrosis, of keratinocytes from different epidermal layers are longitudinally monitored and investigated. Differentiation of the two cell death processes in a complex living tissue environment is enabled by quantitative image analysis and high-confidence classification processing based on the multidimensional, cross-validating imaging data. These results suggest that despite the limitations of each individual label-free modality, this multimodal imaging approach holds the promise for studies of different cell death processes in living tissue and in vivo organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youbo Zhao
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Marina Marjanovic
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Eric J. Chaney
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Benedikt W. Graf
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Ziad Mahmassani
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Marni D. Boppart
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Stephen A. Boppart
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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66
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Do MA, Yoon GJ, Yeum JH, Han M, Chang Y, Choi JH. Polyethyleneimine-mediated synthesis of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles with enhanced sensitivity in T 2 magnetic resonance imaging. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 122:752-759. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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67
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Wang EC, Wang AZ. Nanoparticles and their applications in cell and molecular biology. Integr Biol (Camb) 2014; 6:9-26. [PMID: 24104563 DOI: 10.1039/c3ib40165k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles can be engineered with distinctive composition, size, shape, and surface chemistry to enable novel techniques in a wide range of biological applications. The unique properties of nanoparticles and their behavior in biological milieu also enable exciting and integrative approaches to studying fundamental biological questions. This review will provide an overview of various types of nanoparticles and concepts of targeting nanoparticles. We will also discuss the advantages and recent applications of using nanoparticles as tools for drug delivery, imaging, sensing, and for the understanding of basic biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edina C Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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68
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Gizzatov A, Key J, Aryal S, Ananta J, Cervadoro A, Palange AL, Fasano M, Stigliano C, Zhong M, Di Mascolo D, Guven A, Chiavazzo E, Asinari P, Liu X, Ferrari M, Wilson LJ, Decuzzi P. Hierarchically-Structured Magnetic Nanoconstructs with Enhanced Relaxivity and Cooperative Tumor Accumulation. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2014; 24:4584-4594. [PMID: 26167143 PMCID: PMC4497786 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201400653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Iron oxide nanoparticles are formidable multifunctional systems capable of contrast enhancement in magnetic resonance imaging; guidance under remote fields; heat generation; and biodegradation. Yet, this potential is underutilized in that each function manifests at different nanoparticle sizes. Here, sub-micrometer discoidal magnetic nanoconstructs are realized by confining 5 nm ultra-small super-paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (USPIOs) within two different mesoporous structures, made out of silicon and polymers. These nanoconstructs exhibit transversal relaxivities up to ~10 times (r2 ~ 835 (mM·s)-1) higher than conventional USPIOs and, under external magnetic fields, collectively cooperate to amplify tumor accumulation. The boost in r2 relaxivity arises from the formation of mesoscopic USPIO clusters within the porous matrix, inducing a local reduction in water molecule mobility as demonstrated via molecular dynamics simulations. The cooperative accumulation under static magnetic field derives from the large amount of iron that can be loaded per nanoconstuct (up to ~ 65 fg) and the consequent generation of significant inter-particle magnetic dipole interactions. In tumor bearing mice, the silicon-based nanoconstructs provide MRI contrast enhancement at much smaller doses of iron (~ 0.5 mg of Fe/kg animal) as compared to current practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayrat Gizzatov
- Department of Translational Imaging and Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6560 Fannin St, Houston, 77030, TX – USA. Department of Chemistry and the R.E. Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University, Houston, 77251-1892, TX – USA
| | - Jaehong Key
- Department of Translational Imaging and Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6560 Fannin St, Houston, 77030, TX – USA
| | - Santosh Aryal
- Department of Translational Imaging and Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6560 Fannin St, Houston, 77030, TX – USA
| | - Jeyarama Ananta
- Department of Translational Imaging and Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6560 Fannin St, Houston, 77030, TX – USA
| | - Antonio Cervadoro
- Department of Translational Imaging and Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6560 Fannin St, Houston, 77030, TX – USA. Department of Mechanics, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Turin, 10129, IT
| | - Anna Lisa Palange
- Department of Translational Imaging and Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6560 Fannin St, Houston, 77030, TX – USA. Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, 88100, IT
| | - Matteo Fasano
- Department of Translational Imaging and Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6560 Fannin St, Houston, 77030, TX – USA. Department of Energy, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Turin, 10129, IT
| | - Cinzia Stigliano
- Department of Translational Imaging and Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6560 Fannin St, Houston, 77030, TX – USA. Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Bari, Bari, 70126, IT
| | - Meng Zhong
- Department of Translational Imaging and Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6560 Fannin St, Houston, 77030, TX – USA
| | - Daniele Di Mascolo
- Department of Translational Imaging and Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6560 Fannin St, Houston, 77030, TX – USA. Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, 88100, IT
| | - Adem Guven
- Department of Chemistry and the R.E. Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University, Houston, 77251-1892, TX – USA
| | - Eliodoro Chiavazzo
- Department of Energy, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Turin, 10129, IT
| | - Pietro Asinari
- Department of Energy, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Turin, 10129, IT
| | - Xuewu Liu
- Department of Translational Imaging and Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6560 Fannin St, Houston, 77030, TX – USA
| | - Mauro Ferrari
- Department of Translational Imaging and Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6560 Fannin St, Houston, 77030, TX – USA. Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, 10065, NY – USA
| | - Lon J. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and the R.E. Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University, Houston, 77251-1892, TX – USA
| | - Paolo Decuzzi
- Department of Translational Imaging and Department of Nanomedicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6560 Fannin St, Houston, 77030, TX – USA. Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, 88100, IT
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69
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Bates D, Abraham S, Campbell M, Zehbe I, Curiel L. Development and characterization of an antibody-labeled super-paramagnetic iron oxide contrast agent targeting prostate cancer cells for magnetic resonance imaging. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97220. [PMID: 24819929 PMCID: PMC4018298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we developed, characterized and validated in vitro a functional superparagmagnetic iron-oxide based magnetic resonance contrast agent by conjugating a commercially available iron oxide nanoparticle, Molday ION Rhodamine-B Carboxyl (MIRB), with a deimmunized mouse monoclonal antibody (muJ591) targeting prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA). This functional contrast agent is intended for the specific and non-invasive detection of prostate cancer cells that are PSMA positive, a marker implicated in prostate tumor progression and metastasis. The two-step carbodiimide reaction used to conjugate the antibody to the nanoparticle was efficient and we obtained an elemental iron content of 1958±611 per antibody. Immunofluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry showed that the conjugated muJ591:MIRB complex specifically binds to PSMA-positive (LNCaP) cells. The muJ591:MIRB complex reduced cell adhesion and cell proliferation on LNCaP cells and caused apoptosis as tested by Annexin V assay, suggesting anti-tumorigenic characteristics. Measurements of the T2 relaxation time of the muJ591:MIRB complex using a 400 MHz Innova NMR and a multi-echo spin-echo sequence on a 3T MRI (Achieva, Philips) showed a significant T2 relaxation time reduction for the muJ591:MIRB complex, with a reduced T2 relaxation time as a function of the iron concentration. PSMA-positive cells treated with muJ591:MIRB showed a significantly shorter T2 relaxation time as obtained using a 3T MRI scanner. The reduction in T2 relaxation time for muJ591:MIRB, combined with its specificity against PSMA+LNCaP cells, suggest its potential as a biologically-specific MR contrast agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bates
- Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Suraj Abraham
- Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Campbell
- Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ingeborg Zehbe
- Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura Curiel
- Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physics, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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70
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Zhang L, Zhou H, Belzile O, Thorpe P, Zhao D. Phosphatidylserine-targeted bimodal liposomal nanoparticles for in vivo imaging of breast cancer in mice. J Control Release 2014; 183:114-23. [PMID: 24698945 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PS) that is normally constrained to the inner plasma membrane becomes exposed on the surface of endothelial cells (ECs) in tumor vasculature. In the present study, we report the development of a novel tumor vasculature-targeted liposomal nanoprobe by conjugating a human monoclonal antibody, PGN635 that specifically targets PS to polyethylene glycol-coated liposomes. MR contrast, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIO) were packed into the core of liposomes, while near-infrared dye, DiR was incorporated into the lipophilic bilayer. The liposomal nanoprobe PGN-L-IO/DiR was fully characterized, and its binding specificity and subsequent internalization into PS-exposed vascular ECs was confirmed by in vitro MRI and histological staining. In vivo longitudinal MRI and optical imaging were performed after i.v. injection of the liposomal nanoprobes into mice bearing breast MDA-MB231 tumors. At 9.4T, T2-weighted MRI detected drastic reduction on signal intensity and T2 values of tumors at 24h. Ionizing radiation significantly increased PS exposure on tumor vascular ECs, resulting in a further MRI signal loss of tumors. Concurrent with MRI, optical imaging revealed a clear tumor contrast at 24h. Intriguingly, PGN-L-IO/DiR exhibited distinct pharmacokinetics and biodistribution with significantly reduced accumulations in liver or spleen. Localization of PGN-L-IO/DiR to tumor was antigen specific, since a control probe of irrelevant specificity showed minimal accumulation in the tumors. Our studies indicate that PS-targeted liposomes may provide a useful platform for tumor-targeted delivery of imaging contrast agents or potentially anti-cancer drugs for cancer theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Heling Zhou
- Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | | | - Philip Thorpe
- Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Dawen Zhao
- Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA.
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71
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Magnetic nanoparticles supported ionic liquids improve firefly luciferase properties. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 172:3116-27. [PMID: 24492953 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-0730-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquids as neoteric solvents, microwave irradiation, and alternative energy source are becoming as a solvent for many enzymatic reactions. We recently showed that the incubation of firefly luciferase from Photinus pyralis with various ionic liquids increased the activity and stability of luciferase. Magnetic nanoparticles supported ionic liquids have been obtained by covalent bonding of ionic liquids-silane on magnetic silica nanoparticles. In the present study, the effects of [γ-Fe2O3@SiO2][BMImCl] and [γ-Fe2O3@SiO2][BMImI] were investigated on the structural properties and function of luciferase using circular dichroism, fluorescence spectroscopy, and bioluminescence assay. Enzyme activity and structural stability increased in the presence of magnetic nanoparticles supported ionic liquids. Furthermore, the effect of ingredients which were used was not considerable on K(m) value of luciferase for adenosine-5'-triphosphate and also K(m) value for luciferin.
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72
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Dominietto M, Rudin M. Could magnetic resonance provide in vivo histology? Front Genet 2014; 4:298. [PMID: 24454320 PMCID: PMC3888945 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2013.00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis of a suspected tumor lesion faces two basic problems: detection and identification of the specific type of tumor. Radiological techniques are commonly used for the detection and localization of solid tumors. Prerequisite is a high intrinsic or enhanced contrast between normal and neoplastic tissue. Identification of the tumor type is still based on histological analysis. The result depends critically on the sampling sites, which given the inherent heterogeneity of tumors, constitutes a major limitation. Non-invasive in vivo imaging might overcome this limitation providing comprehensive three-dimensional morphological, physiological, and metabolic information as well as the possibility for longitudinal studies. In this context, magnetic resonance based techniques are quite attractive since offer at the same time high spatial resolution, unique soft tissue contrast, good temporal resolution to study dynamic processes and high chemical specificity. The goal of this paper is to review the role of magnetic resonance techniques in characterizing tumor tissue in vivo both at morphological and physiological levels. The first part of this review covers methods, which provide information on specific aspects of tumor phenotypes, considered as indicators of malignancy. These comprise measurements of the inflammatory status, neo-vascular physiology, acidosis, tumor oxygenation, and metabolism together with tissue morphology. Even if the spatial resolution is not sufficient to characterize the tumor phenotype at a cellular level, this multiparametric information might potentially be used for classification of tumors. The second part discusses mathematical tools, which allow characterizing tissue based on the acquired three-dimensional data set. In particular, methods addressing tumor heterogeneity will be highlighted. Finally, we address the potential and limitation of using MRI as a tool to provide in vivo tissue characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Dominietto
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Markus Rudin
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland
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73
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74
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Nazari M, Minai-Tehrani A, Emamzadeh R. Comparison of different probes based on labeled annexin V for detection of apoptosis. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra07577c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Schematic representation of the different probes based on annexin V for the detection of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboobeh Nazari
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center
- Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR)
- Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Minai-Tehrani
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center
- Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR)
- Tehran, Iran
| | - Rahman Emamzadeh
- Department of Biology
- Faculty of Science
- University of Isfahan
- Isfahan, Iran
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75
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Gdowski A, Ranjan AP, Mukerjee A, Vishwanatha JK. Nanobiosensors: role in cancer detection and diagnosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 807:33-58. [PMID: 24619617 DOI: 10.1007/978-81-322-1777-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability to detect many cancers at an early stage in its clinical course has the potential to improve patient outcomes in terms of morbidity and mortality. Nanosized components incorporated into existing clinical diagnostic and detection systems as well as novel nanobiosensors have demonstrated improved sensitivity and specificity compared with traditional cancer testing approaches. Nanoparticles, nanowires, nanotubes, and nanocantilevers are examples of four nanobiosensor systems that have been used experimentally in the context of detection and diagnosis of prostate, breast, pancreatic, lung, and brain cancers over the past few years. Nanobiosensors will begin to transition into clinically validated tests as experimental and engineering techniques advance. This paper presents examples of some such nanobiosensors for cancer diagnosis and detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Gdowski
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
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76
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Yin S, Li Z, Cheng L, Wang C, Liu Y, Chen Q, Gong H, Guo L, Li Y, Liu Z. Magnetic PEGylated Pt3Co nanoparticles as a novel MR contrast agent: in vivo MR imaging and long-term toxicity study. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:12464-12473. [PMID: 24165858 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr04212j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging using magnetic nanoparticles as the contrast agent has been extensively explored in biomedical imaging and disease diagnosis. Herein, we develop biocompatible polymer coated ultra-small Pt3Co magnetic nanoparticles as a new T2-weighted MR imaging contrast agent. A unique class of alloy Pt3Co nanoparticles is synthesized through a thermal decomposition method. After being modified with polyethylene glycol (PEG), the obtained Pt3Co-PEG nanoparticles exhibit an extremely high T2-weighted relaxivity rate (r2) up to 451.2 mM s(-1), which is much higher than that of Resovist®, a commercial T2-MR contrast agent used in the clinic. In vitro experiments indicate no obvious cytotoxicity of Pt3Co-PEG nanoparticles to various cell lines. After intravenous injection of Pt3Co-PEG nanoparticles, in vivo T2-weighted MR imaging of tumor-bearing mice reveals strong tumor contrast, which is much higher than that offered by injecting Resovist®. We further study the long-term biodistribution and toxicology of this new type of MR contrast nanoparticles after intravenous injection into healthy mice. Despite the significant retention of Pt3Co-PEG nanoparticles in the mouse liver and spleen, no appreciable toxicity of these nanoparticles to the treated animals has been noted in our detailed histological and hematological analysis over a course of 60 days. Our work demonstrates that functionalized Pt3Co nanoparticles may be a promising new type of T2-weighted MR contrast agent potentially useful in biomedical imaging and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Yin
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China.
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Selenium nanoparticles induced membrane bio-mechanical property changes in MCF-7 cells by disturbing membrane molecules and F-actin. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:6296-303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.09.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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78
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Rotzetter ACC, Schumacher CM, Zako T, Stark WJ, Maeda M. Rapid surface-biostructure interaction analysis using strong metal-based nanomagnets. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:14117-14123. [PMID: 24151962 DOI: 10.1021/la4026427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials are increasingly suggested for the selective adsorption and extraction of complex compounds in biomedicine. Binding of the latter requires specific surface modifications of the nanostructures. However, even complicated macromolecules such as proteins can afford affinities toward basic surface characteristics such as hydrophobicity, topology, and electrostatic charge. In this study, we address these more basic physical interactions. In a model system, the interaction of bovine serum albumin and amyloid β 42 fibrillar aggregates with carbon-coated cobalt nanoparticles, functionalized with various polymers differing in character, was studied. The possibility of rapid magnetic separation upon binding to the surface represents a valuable tool for studying surface interactions and selectivities. We find that the surface interaction of Aβ 42 fibrillar aggregates is mostly hydrophobic in nature. Because bovine serum albumin (BSA) is conformationally adaptive, it is known to bind surfaces with widely differing properties (charge, topology, and hydrophobicity). However, the rate of tight binding (no desorption upon washing) can vary largely depending on the extent of necessary conformational changes for a specific surface. We found that BSA can only bind slowly to polyethylenimine-coated nanomagnets. Under competitive conditions (high excess BSA compared to that for β 42 fibrillar aggregates), this effect is beneficial for targeting the fibrillar species. These findings highlight the possibility of selective extractions from complex media when advantageous basic physical surface properties are chosen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline C C Rotzetter
- ETH Zurich, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering , Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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79
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Ren CL, Zhang ZY, Geng HJ, Yang SS, Wang XR, Jiang N, Chen XG, Xue DS. Facile method for preparing gold coated iron oxide nanoparticles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1179/143307511x13018917925829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C L Ren
- Department of ChemistryLanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Z Y Zhang
- Department of ChemistryLanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - H J Geng
- Department of ChemistryLanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - S S Yang
- Department of ChemistryLanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - X R Wang
- Department of ChemistryLanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - N Jiang
- Department of ChemistryLanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - X G Chen
- Department of ChemistryLanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu ProvinceLanzhou 730000, China
| | - D S Xue
- Key Laboratory for Magnetism and Magnetic Materials of the Ministry of EducationLanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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80
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Ramos de Carvalho JE, Verbraak FD, Aalders MC, van Noorden CJ, Schlingemann RO. Recent advances in ophthalmic molecular imaging. Surv Ophthalmol 2013; 59:393-413. [PMID: 24529711 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of molecular imaging techniques is the visualization of molecular processes and functional changes in living animals and human patients before morphological changes occur at the cellular and tissue level. Ophthalmic molecular imaging is still in its infancy and has mainly been used in small animals for pre-clinical research. The goal of most of these pre-clinical studies is their translation into ophthalmic molecular imaging techniques in clinical care. We discuss various molecular imaging techniques and their applications in ophthalmology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Emanuel Ramos de Carvalho
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Departments of Ophthalmology and Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Frank D Verbraak
- Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maurice C Aalders
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J van Noorden
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Departments of Ophthalmology and Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Reinier O Schlingemann
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Departments of Ophthalmology and Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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81
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Park D, Xie BW, Van Beek ER, Blankevoort V, Que I, Löwik CWGM, Hogg PJ. Optical Imaging of Treatment-Related Tumor Cell Death Using a Heat Shock Protein-90 Alkylator. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:3882-91. [DOI: 10.1021/mp4003464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Park
- Lowy
Cancer Research Centre and Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Bang-Wen Xie
- Experimental
Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ermond R. Van Beek
- Experimental
Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Vicky Blankevoort
- Experimental
Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ivo Que
- Experimental
Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Clemens W. G. M. Löwik
- Experimental
Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Philip J. Hogg
- Lowy
Cancer Research Centre and Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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82
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Weingart J, Vabbilisetty P, Sun XL. Membrane mimetic surface functionalization of nanoparticles: methods and applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2013; 197-198:68-84. [PMID: 23688632 PMCID: PMC3729609 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs), due to their size-dependent physical and chemical properties, have shown remarkable potential for a wide range of applications over the past decades. Particularly, the biological compatibilities and functions of NPs have been extensively studied for expanding their potential in areas of biomedical application such as bioimaging, biosensing, and drug delivery. In doing so, surface functionalization of NPs by introducing synthetic ligands and/or natural biomolecules has become a critical component in regard to the overall performance of the NP system for its intended use. Among known examples of surface functionalization, the construction of an artificial cell membrane structure, based on phospholipids, has proven effective in enhancing biocompatibility and has become a viable alternative to more traditional modifications, such as direct polymer conjugation. Furthermore, certain bioactive molecules can be immobilized onto the surface of phospholipid platforms to generate displays more reminiscent of cellular surface components. Thus, NPs with membrane-mimetic displays have found use in a range of bioimaging, biosensing, and drug delivery applications. This review herein describes recent advances in the preparations and characterization of integrated functional NPs covered by artificial cell membrane structures and their use in various biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Weingart
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115
| | | | - Xue-Long Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115
- Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115
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83
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Cheng W, Ping Y, Zhang Y, Chuang KH, Liu Y. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents for tumor diagnosis. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2013; 4:23-45. [PMID: 23502248 DOI: 10.1260/2040-2295.4.1.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on MRI contrast agents for tumor diagnosis. Several types of low molecular weight Gd3+-based complexes and dextran-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles have been used for clinical tumor diagnosis as longitudinal relaxation time (T1) and transverse relaxation time (T2) MRI contrast agents, respectively. To further improve the sensitivity of MRI, new types of chelates for T1 MRI contrast agents and combination of low molecular weight T1 MRI contrast agents with different types of carriers have been investigated. Different types of materials for forming secure coating layers of SPIO and novel superparamagnetic particles with higher relaxivity values have been explored. Various types of ligands were applied to improve the capability to target tumor for both T1 and T2 contrast agents. Furthermore, MRI contrast agents for detection of tumor metabolism were also pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiren Cheng
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Singapore Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Singapore
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84
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Johnson SE, Li Z, Liu Y, Moulder JE, Zhao M. Whole-body imaging of high-dose ionizing irradiation-induced tissue injuries using 99mTc-duramycin. J Nucl Med 2013; 54:1397-403. [PMID: 23804327 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.112.112490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED High-dose ionizing irradiation can cause extensive injuries in susceptible tissues. A noninvasive imaging technique that detects a surrogate marker of apoptosis may help characterize the dynamics of radiation-induced tissue damage. The goal of this study was to prove the concept of imaging the temporal and spatial distribution of damage in susceptible tissues after high-dose radiation exposure, using (99m)Tc-duramycin as a phosphatidylethanolamine-binding radiopharmaceutical. METHODS Rats were subjected to 15 Gy of total-body irradiation with x-rays. Planar whole-body (99m)Tc-duramycin scanning (n = 4 per time point) was conducted at 24, 48, and 72 h using a clinical γ-camera. On the basis of findings from planar imaging, preclinical SPECT data were acquired on control rats and on irradiated rats at 6 and 24 h after irradiation (n = 4 per time point). Imaging data were validated by γ-counting and histology, using harvested tissues in parallel groups of animals (n = 4). RESULTS Prominent focal uptake was detected in the thymus as early as 6 h after irradiation, followed by a gradual decline in (99m)Tc-duramycin binding accompanied by extensive thymic atrophy. Early (6-24 h) radioactivity uptake in the gastrointestinal region was detected. Significant signal was seen in major bones in a slightly delayed fashion, at 24 h, which persisted for at least 2 d. This finding was paralleled by an elevation in signal intensity in the kidneys, spleen, and liver. The imaging results were consistent with ex vivo γ-counting results and histology. Relatively high levels of apoptosis were detected from histology in the thymus, guts, and bones, with the thymus undergoing substantial atrophy. CONCLUSION As a proof of principle, this study demonstrated a noninvasive imaging technique that allows characterization of the temporal and spatial dynamics of injuries in susceptible tissues during the acute phase after high-dose ionizing irradiation. Such an imaging capability will potentially be useful for global, whole-body, assessment of tissue damage after radiation exposure. These data, in turn, will contribute to our general knowledge of tissue susceptibility to ionizing irradiation, as well as the onset and progression of tissue injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Johnson
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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85
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Shin SJ, Beech JR, Kelly KA. Targeted nanoparticles in imaging: paving the way for personalized medicine in the battle against cancer. Integr Biol (Camb) 2013; 5:29-42. [PMID: 22790418 DOI: 10.1039/c2ib20047c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The way we view cancer has advanced greatly in the past few decades from simplistic approaches to finely honed systems. This transition has been made possible because of advancements on two fronts: the first is the rapidly expanding knowledge base of the mechanisms and characteristics of cancer; the second is innovation in imaging agent design. Rapid advancements in imaging and therapeutic agents are being made through the evolution from one-dimensional molecules to multi-functional nanoparticles. Powerful new agents that have high specificity and minimal toxicity are being developed for in vivo imaging. Here we detail the unique characteristics of cancer that allow differentiation from normal tissue and how they are exploited in nanoparticle imaging development. Firstly, genetic alterations, either endogenous or induced through gene therapy, are one such class of characteristics. Proteomic differences such as overexpressed surface receptors is another targetable feature used for enhanced nanoparticle retention. Increased need for nutrients and specific growth signals to sustain proliferation and angiogenesis are further examples of how cancer can be targeted. Lastly, migration and invasion through a unique microenvironment are two additional traits that are exploitable, due to differences in metalloproteinase concentrations and other factors. These differences are guiding current nanoparticle design to better target, image and treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo J Shin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, PO Box 800759, Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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86
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Attenuation of surface-enhanced Raman scattering of magnetic–plasmonic FePt@Ag core–shell nanoparticles due to an external magnetic field. Chem Phys Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2013.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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87
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Liu Y, Li X, Bao S, Lu Z, Li Q, Li CM. Plastic protein microarray to investigate the molecular pathways of magnetic nanoparticle-induced nanotoxicity. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 24:175501. [PMID: 23558511 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/24/17/175501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) (about 15 nm) were synthesized via a hydrothermal method and characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, x-ray diffraction, and vibrating sample magnetometer. The molecular pathways of SPIONs-induced nanotoxicity was further investigated by protein microarrays on a plastic substrate from evaluation of cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and cell apoptosis. The experimental results reveal that 50 μg ml(-1) or higher levels of SPIONs cause significant loss of cell viability, considerable generation of ROS and cell apoptosis. It is proposed that high level SPIONs could induce cell apoptosis via a mitochondria-mediated intrinsic pathway by activation of caspase 9 and caspase 3, an increase of the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and down-regulation of HSP70 and HSP90 survivor factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingshuai Liu
- Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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88
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Surface engineering of inorganic nanoparticles for imaging and therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:622-48. [PMID: 22975010 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Many kinds of inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) including semiconductor, metal, metal oxide, and lanthanide-doped NPs have been developed for imaging and therapy applications. Their unique optical, magnetic, and electronic properties can be tailored by controlling the composition, size, shape, and structure. Interaction of such NPs with cells and/or in vivo compartments is critically determined by the surface properties, and sophisticated control over the NP surface is essential to control their fate in biological environments. We review NP surface coating strategies using the categories of small surface ligand, polymer, and lipid. Use of small ligand molecules has the advantage of maintaining the minimal hydrodynamic (HD) size. Polymers can be advantageous in NP anchoring by combining multiple affinity groups. Encapsulation of NPs in polymers, lipids or surfactants can preserve the as-synthesized NPs. NP surface properties and reaction conditions should be carefully considered to obtain a bioconjugate that maintains the physicochemical properties of NP and functionalities of the conjugated biomolecules. We highlight how the surface properties of NPs impact their interactions with cells and in vivo compartments, especially focused on the important surface design parameters such as HD size, surface charge, and targeting. Typically, maximal cellular uptake can take place in the intermediate NP size range of 40-60nm. Clearance of NPs from blood circulation is largely dependent on the degree of uptake by reticuloendothelial system when they are larger than 10nm. When the HD size is below 10nm, NPs show broad distribution over many organs. Reduction of HD size below the limit of renal barrier can achieve fast clearance of NPs. For maximal tumor accumulation, NPs should have long blood circulation time and should be large enough to prevent rapid penetration. NPs are also desired to rapidly clear out from the body after the mission before they cause toxic side effects. However, efficient clearance from the body to avoid side effects may result in the reduction in residence time required for accumulation in target tissues. Smart design of NP surface coating that can meet the conflicting demands can open a new avenue of NP applications. Surface charge and hydrophobicity need to be carefully considered for NP surface design. Positively charged NPs more adsorb on cell membranes and consequently show higher level of internalizations when compared with negatively charged or neutral NPs. NPs encounter a large variety of biomolecules in vivo, where non-specific adsorptions can potentially alter the physicochemical properties of the NPs. For optimal performance, NPs are suggested to have neutral surface charge at physiological conditions, small HD size, and minimal non-specific adsorption levels. Zwitterionic NP surface coating by small surface ligands can be a promising approach. Toxicity is one of most critical issues, where proper control of the NP surface can significantly reduce the toxicities.
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89
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Bao G, Mitragotri S, Tong S. Multifunctional nanoparticles for drug delivery and molecular imaging. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2013; 15:253-82. [PMID: 23642243 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071812-152409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in nanotechnology and growing needs in biomedical applications have driven the development of multifunctional nanoparticles. These nanoparticles, through nanocrystalline synthesis, advanced polymer processing, and coating and functionalization strategies, have the potential to integrate various functionalities, simultaneously providing (a) contrast for different imaging modalities, (b) targeted delivery of drug/gene, and (c) thermal therapies. Although still in its infancy, the field of multifunctional nanoparticles has shown great promise in emerging medical fields such as multimodal imaging, theranostics, and image-guided therapies. In this review, we summarize the techniques used in the synthesis of complex nanostructures, review the major forms of multifunctional nanoparticles that have emerged over the past few years, and provide a perceptual vision of this important field of nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Bao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
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90
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Pelot NA, Bowen CV. Quantification of superparamagnetic iron oxide using inversion recovery balanced steady-state free precession. Magn Reson Imaging 2013; 31:953-60. [PMID: 23601361 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cellular and molecular MRI trafficking studies using superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) have greatly improved non-invasive investigations of disease progression and drug efficacy, but thus far, these studies have largely been restricted to qualitative assessment of hypo- or hyperintense areas near SPIO. In this work, SPIO quantification using inversion recovery balanced steady-state free precession (IR-bSSFP) was demonstrated at 3T by extracting R2 values from a monoexponential model (P. Schmitt et al., 2004). A low flip angle was shown to reduce the apparent recovery rate of the IR-bSSFP time course, thus extending the dynamic range of quantification. However, low flip angle acquisitions preclude the use of traditional methods for combining RF phase-cycled images to reduce banding artifacts arising from off-resonance due to B0 inhomogeneity. To achieve R2 quantification of SPIO, we present a new algorithm applicable to low flip angle IR-bSSFP acquisitions that is specifically designed to identify on-resonance acquisitions. We demonstrate in this work, using both theoretical and empirical methods, that the smallest estimated R2 from multiple RF phase-cycled acquisitions correspond well to the on-resonance time course. Using this novel minimum R2 algorithm, homogeneous R2 maps and linear R2 calibration curves were created up to 100μg(Fe)/mL with 20° flip angles, despite substantial B0 inhomogeneity. In addition, we have shown this technique to be feasible for pre-clinical research: the minimum R2 algorithm was resistant to off-resonance in a single slice mouse R2 map, whereas maximum intensity projection resulted in banding artifacts and overestimated R2 values. With the application of recent advances in accelerated acquisitions, IR-bSSFP has the potential to quantify SPIO in vivo, thus providing important information for oncology, immunology, and regenerative medicine MRI studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Pelot
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Room 136 Hudson Hall, Box 90281, Durham, NC 27708-0281, USA.
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91
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Sapsford KE, Algar WR, Berti L, Gemmill KB, Casey BJ, Oh E, Stewart MH, Medintz IL. Functionalizing nanoparticles with biological molecules: developing chemistries that facilitate nanotechnology. Chem Rev 2013; 113:1904-2074. [PMID: 23432378 DOI: 10.1021/cr300143v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 818] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim E Sapsford
- Division of Biology, Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
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92
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Kim B, Yang J, Lim EK, Park J, Suh JS, Park HS, Huh YM, Haam S. Double-ligand modulation for engineering magnetic nanoclusters. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2013; 8:104. [PMID: 23433032 PMCID: PMC3614429 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-8-104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoclusters (MNCs) are agglomerated individual magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) that show great promise in increasing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sensitivity. Here, we report an effective strategy to engineer MNCs based on double-ligand modulation to enhance MRI sensitivity. The oleic acid-coated individual MNPs self-assembled and then were enveloped by polysorbate 80, using a nanoemulsion method to prepare MNCs. By modulating the amounts of the two ligands, and thus the size and magnetic content of the resultant MNCs, we were able to enormously improve MRI sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bongjune Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaemoon Yang
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyung Lim
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Joseph Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Suck Suh
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Seon Park
- Department of Architectural Engineering, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Min Huh
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungjoo Haam
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Republic of Korea
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93
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Matsumoto Y, Jasanoff A. Metalloprotein-based MRI probes. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:1021-9. [PMID: 23376346 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Metalloproteins have long been recognized as key determinants of endogenous contrast in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of biological subjects. More recently, both natural and engineered metalloproteins have been harnessed as biotechnological tools to probe gene expression, enzyme activity, and analyte concentrations by MRI. Metalloprotein MRI probes are paramagnetic and function by analogous mechanisms to conventional gadolinium or iron oxide-based MRI contrast agents. Compared with synthetic agents, metalloproteins typically offer worse sensitivity, but the possibilities of using protein engineering and targeted gene expression approaches in conjunction with metalloprotein contrast agents are powerful and sometimes definitive strengths. This review summarizes theoretical and practical aspects of metalloprotein-based contrast agents, and discusses progress in the exploitation of these proteins for molecular imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Matsumoto
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Rm. 16-561, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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94
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Abdulwahab K, Malik MA, O'Brien P, Govender K, Muryn CA, Timco GA, Tuna F, Winpenny REP. Synthesis of monodispersed magnetite nanoparticles from iron pivalate clusters. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:196-206. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt32478d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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95
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Abstract
Molecular imaging fundamentally changes the way we look at cancer. Imaging paradigms are now shifting away from classical morphological measures towards the assessment of functional, metabolic, cellular, and molecular information in vivo. Interdisciplinary driven developments of imaging methodology and probe molecules utilizing animal models of human cancers have enhanced our ability to non-invasively characterize neoplastic tissue and follow anti-cancer treatments. Preclinical molecular imaging offers a whole palette of excellent methodology to choose from. We will focus on positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques, since they provide excellent and complementary molecular imaging capabilities and bear high potential for clinical translation. Prerequisites and consequences of using animal models as surrogates of human cancers in preclinical molecular imaging are outlined. We present physical principles, values and limitations of PET and MRI as molecular imaging modalities and comment on their high potential to non-invasively assess information on hypoxia, angiogenesis, apoptosis, gene expression, metabolism, and cell trafficking in preclinical cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunter Wolf
- University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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96
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Waerzeggers Y, Monfared P, Viel T, Faust A, Kopka K, Schäfers M, Tavitian B, Winkeler A, Jacobs A. Specific biomarkers of receptors, pathways of inhibition and targeted therapies: pre-clinical developments. Br J Radiol 2012; 84 Spec No 2:S168-78. [PMID: 22433827 DOI: 10.1259/bjr/66405626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A deeper understanding of the role of specific genes, proteins, pathways and networks in health and disease, coupled with the development of technologies to assay these molecules and pathways in patients, promises to revolutionise the practice of clinical medicine. Especially the discovery and development of novel drugs targeted to disease-specific alterations could benefit significantly from non-invasive imaging techniques assessing the dynamics of specific disease-related parameters. Here we review the application of imaging biomarkers in the management of patients with brain tumours, especially malignant glioma. In our other review we focused on imaging biomarkers of general biochemical and physiological processes related with tumour growth such as energy, protein, DNA and membrane metabolism, vascular function, hypoxia and cell death. In this part of the review, we will discuss the use of imaging biomarkers of specific disease-related molecular genetic alterations such as apoptosis, angiogenesis, cell membrane receptors and signalling pathways and their application in targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Waerzeggers
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University, Muenster, Germany
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97
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Blankenberg FG, Strauss HW. Recent advances in the molecular imaging of programmed cell death: part I--pathophysiology and radiotracers. J Nucl Med 2012; 53:1659-62. [PMID: 23033360 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.112.108944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, apoptosis (programmed cell death) is the most common form of cell death after necrosis. Apoptosis is a series of genetically preprogrammed biochemical and morphologic energy-requiring events that, after a specific external or internal stimulus, results in the physiologic disappearance of a cell via its self-disintegration and packaging of its contents into membrane vesicles called apoptotic bodies. Apoptotic bodies can readily be ingested, with their nutrients and even organelles recycled by neighboring cells or phagocytes without local inflammation. In contrast, necrosis is characterized by the primary loss of plasma membrane integrity and the uncontrolled release of a cell's contents, often causing local inflammation, tissue damage, and scarring. Alternate forms of cell death also exist, associated with specific molecular mechanisms involving enzymes, organelles, genes, external stimuli, or blockade of normal cell proliferation. In this review we will briefly outline the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis that can be imaged with radiotracers now under development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis G Blankenberg
- Division of Pediatric Radiology, Department of Radiology, Lucile Salter Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford, CA, USA.
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98
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Galvao J, Davis BM, Cordeiro MF. In vivo imaging of retinal ganglion cell apoptosis. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2012; 13:123-7. [PMID: 22995681 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2012.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, plays a vital role in normal development and ageing. However, dysregulation of this process is responsible for many disease states including; cancer, autoimmune and neurodegeneration. For this reason, in vivo visualisation of apoptosis may prove a useful tool for both laboratory research and clinical diagnostics. Glaucoma comprises a distinctive group of chronic optic neuropathies, characterised by the progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Early diagnosis of glaucoma remains a clear and unmet need. Recently, there have been significant advances in the detection of apoptosis in vivo using fluorescent probes to visualise single RGCs undergoing apoptosis, specifically DARC (Detection of Apoptotic Retinal Cells) [1] and capQ technology [2(••)].
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Galvao
- Glaucoma & Retinal Neurodegeneration Research Group, University College London, London EC1 V9EL, UK
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99
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Lee ES, Lim C, Song HT, Yun JM, Lee KS, Lee BJ, Youn YS, Oh YT, Oh KT. A nanosized delivery system of superparamagnetic iron oxide for tumor MR imaging. Int J Pharm 2012; 439:342-8. [PMID: 22959991 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles have been intensively investigated as MRI probes due to the noninvasive detection of in vivo pathological changes. In the study, a nanosized system for SPIO delivery to a tumor was prepared to overcome the common challenges of SPIO nanoparticles such as insufficient uptake of SPIO by specific cells due to instability, short half-life by macrophage, and low efficiency of internalization. SPIO with ca. 6 nm sizes as a MRI probe and PLA-PEG (5K-2K) as a biocompatible stable system were prepared. The hydrophobic modified SPIO were loaded into the core of micelles and showed a stable dispersion with 140-170 nm particle sizes. The SPIO loading micelles showed higher relaxivity coefficients and increases of T(2) relaxation in vivo MR imaging. This SPIO delivery system with high stability and sensitivity can be a promising imaging formulation as MRI T(2) probes for tumor detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Seong Lee
- Division of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Gyeonggi-do 420-743, Republic of Korea
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100
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Abstract
Cerebral blood volume (CBV) changes significantly with brain activation, whether measured using positron emission tomography, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), or optical microscopy. If cerebral vessels are considered to be impermeable, the contents of the skull incompressible, and the skull itself inextensible, task- and hypercapnia-related changes of CBV could produce intolerable changes of intracranial pressure. Because it is becoming clear that CBV may be useful as a well-localized marker of neural activity changes, a resolution of this apparent paradox is needed. We have explored the idea that much of the change in CBV is facilitated by exchange of water between capillaries and surrounding tissue. To this end, we developed a novel hemodynamic boundary-value model and found approximate solutions using a numerical algorithm. We also constructed a macroscopic experimental model of a single capillary to provide biophysical insight. Both experiment and theory model capillary membranes as elastic and permeable. For a realistic change of input pressure, a relative pipe volume change of 21±5% was observed when using the experimental setup, compared with the value of approximately 17±1% when this quantity was calculated from the mathematical model. Volume, axial flow, and pressure changes are in the expected range.
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