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Li KX, He M, Ye W, Simms J, Gill M, Xiang X, Jan YN, Jan LY. TMEM16B regulates anxiety-related behavior and GABAergic neuronal signaling in the central lateral amygdala. eLife 2019; 8:47106. [PMID: 31482844 PMCID: PMC6746550 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
TMEM16B (ANO2) is the Ca2+-activated chloride channel expressed in multiple brain regions, including the amygdala. Here we report that Ano2 knockout mice exhibit impaired anxiety-related behaviors and context-independent fear memory, thus implicating TMEM16B in anxiety modulation. We found that TMEM16B is expressed in somatostatin-positive (SOM+) GABAergic neurons of the central lateral amygdala (CeL), and its activity modulates action potential duration and inhibitory postsynaptic current (IPSC). We further provide evidence for TMEM16B actions not only in the soma but also in the presynaptic nerve terminals of GABAergic neurons. Our study reveals an intriguing role for TMEM16B in context-independent but not context-dependent fear memory, and supports the notion that dysfunction of the amygdala contributes to anxiety-related behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Xin Li
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Mu He
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Wenlei Ye
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Jeffrey Simms
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, United States
| | - Michael Gill
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, United States
| | - Xuaner Xiang
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Yuh Nung Jan
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Lily Yeh Jan
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
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52
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Velasco ER, Florido A, Milad MR, Andero R. Sex differences in fear extinction. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 103:81-108. [PMID: 31129235 PMCID: PMC6692252 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite the exponential increase in fear research during the last years, few studies have included female subjects in their design. The need to include females arises from the knowledge gap of mechanistic processes underlying the behavioral and neural differences observed in fear extinction. Moreover, the exact contribution of sex and hormones in relation to learning and behavior is still largely unknown. Insights from this field could be beneficial as fear-related disorders are twice as prevalent in women compared to men. Here, we review an up-to-date summary of animal and human studies in adulthood that report sex differences in fear extinction from a structural and functional approach. Furthermore, we describe how these factors could contribute to the observed sex differences in fear extinction during normal and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Velasco
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Florido
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - M R Milad
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA
| | - R Andero
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; CIBERSAM, Corporació Sanitaria Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Spain; Department of Psychobiology and Methodology of Health Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.
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53
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Sun Y, Lu W, Du K, Wang JH. microRNA and mRNA profiles in the amygdala are relevant to fear memory induced by physical or psychological stress. J Neurophysiol 2019; 122:1002-1022. [PMID: 31268807 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00215.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Anxiety is presumably driven by fear memory. Molecular profiles in the amygdala of mice with fear memory induced by psychological and physical stresses remain to be elucidated. Fear memory in mice was induced by a paradigm of social defeat. Physical and psychological stresses (PPS) to an intruder were given by attacks from an aggressive resident. Psychological stress (PS) to an observer was given by the witnessing of aggressor attacks. Amygdala tissues from these mice showing fear memory and anxiety vs. tissues from control mice were harvested to analyze mRNA and microRNA profiles by high-throughput sequencing. In the amygdala of intruders and observers with fear memory, the genes encoding 5-HTR1b, 5-HTR2a, DAR2, AChRM3, and IP3R1 are upregulated, whereas genes encoding GPγ11, GPγ13, GPγT2, RasC3, and P450 are downregulated, indicating that these molecules are involved in fear memory induced by physical/psychological stresses. In the comparison of intruders with observers, the upregulation of genes encoding 5-HTR6, GPγ8, P2R7, NFκ2, CREB3/1, and Itgα9 as well as the downregulation of genes encoding DAR5, 5-HTR1a, and HSP1a are involved in fear memory induced by physical stress. The upregulation of genes encoding DAR1, 5-HTR5a and SSR2/3 as well as the downregulation of AdRα1, CREB3/1, GPγ13 and GPγ8 are involved in fear memory induced by psychological stress. Results obtained by sequencing mRNA and microRNA profiles are consistent with results of quantitative RT-PCR analysis and dual-luciferase reporter assays performed for validation. In conclusion, fear memories and anxiety induced by PPS vs. PS are caused by the imbalanced regulation of different synapses and signaling pathways in the amygdala.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The current study identifies the molecular mechanism underlying fear memory and anxiety induced by psychological stress vs. physical stress, in which the imbalanced expression of microRNA-regulated mRNAs relevant to dopaminergic, adrenergic, and serotonergic synapses in the amygdala plays an important role. This result reveals different molecular profiles for psychological and physical stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Sun
- Qingdao University, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao Shandong, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Qingdao University, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao Shandong, China
| | - Kaixin Du
- Qingdao University, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao Shandong, China
| | - Jin-Hui Wang
- Qingdao University, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao Shandong, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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54
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Couto-Pereira NDS, Lampert C, Vieira ADS, Lazzaretti C, Kincheski GC, Espejo PJ, Molina VA, Quillfeldt JA, Dalmaz C. Resilience and Vulnerability to Trauma: Early Life Interventions Modulate Aversive Memory Reconsolidation in the Dorsal Hippocampus. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:134. [PMID: 31191245 PMCID: PMC6546926 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Early life experiences program lifelong responses to stress. In agreement, resilience and vulnerability to psychopathologies, such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), have been suggested to depend on the early background. New therapies have targeted memory reconsolidation as a strategy to modify the emotional valence of traumatic memories. Here, we used animal models to study the molecular mechanism through which early experiences may later affect aversive memory reconsolidation. Handling (H)—separation of pups from dams for 10 min—or maternal separation (MS) — 3-h separation—were performed from PDN1–10, using non-handled (NH) litters as controls. Adult males were trained in a contextual fear conditioning (CFC) task; 24 h later, a short reactivation session was conducted in the conditioned or in a novel context, followed by administration of midazolam 3 mg/kg i.p. (mdz), known to disturb reconsolidation, or vehicle; a test session was performed 24 h after. The immunocontent of relevant proteins was studied 15 and 60 min after memory reactivation in the dorsal hippocampus (dHc) and basolateral amygdala complex (BLA). Mdz-treated controls (NH) showed decreased freezing to the conditioned context, consistent with reconsolidation impairment, but H and MS were resistant to labilization. Additionally, MS males showed increased freezing to the novel context, suggesting fear generalization; H rats showed lower freezing than the other groups, in accordance with previous suggestions of reduced emotionality facing adversities. Increased levels of Zif268, GluN2B, β-actin and polyubiquitination found in the BLA of all groups suggest that memory reconsolidation was triggered. In the dHc, only NH showed increased Zif268 levels after memory retrieval; also, a delay in ERK1/2 activation was found in H and MS animals. We showed here that reconsolidation of a contextual fear memory is insensitive to interference by a GABAergic drug in adult male rats exposed to different neonatal experiences; surprisingly, we found no differences in the reconsolidation process in the BLA, but the dHc appears to suffer temporal desynchronization in the engagement of reconsolidation. Our results support a hippocampal-dependent mechanism for reconsolidation resistance in models of early experiences, which aligns with current hypotheses for the etiology of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natividade de Sá Couto-Pereira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carine Lampert
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Aline Dos Santos Vieira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Camilla Lazzaretti
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Grasielle Clotildes Kincheski
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Pablo Javier Espejo
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental de Córdoba, Universidad Nacional de Cordoba (UNC), Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Victor Alejandro Molina
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental de Córdoba, Universidad Nacional de Cordoba (UNC), Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Jorge Alberto Quillfeldt
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Departamento de Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carla Dalmaz
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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55
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Zamberlam CR, Tilger MAS, Moraes L, Cerutti JM, Cerutti SM. Ginkgo biloba treatments reverse the impairment of conditioned suppression acquisition induced by GluN2B-NMDA and 5-HT 1A receptor blockade: Modulatory effects of the circuitry of the dorsal hippocampal formation. Physiol Behav 2019; 209:112534. [PMID: 31071338 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
To improve our understanding of the effects of standardized extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb) as a cognitive enhancer, we investigated the conditioned lick suppression-induced expression (mRNA and protein) of the GluN2B-containing N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (GluN2B-NMDAR), serotonin (5-HT) 1A receptor (5-HT1AR), gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor (GABAAR) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the dorsal hippocampal formation (dHF) of untreated and EGb-treated (0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 g.kg-1) groups of rats. To substantiate our data, we analysed the molecular changes in dHF following treatment with vehicle, with agonists or antagonists of GABAAR, GluN2B-NMDAR and 5-HT1AR or with one of these antagonists prior to EGb and fear memory acquisition. Additionally, we performed a pharmacological analysis of the drug-receptor-receptor interactions and their supplemental role in fear memory by blocking individual receptors and analysed the possible changes in expression level with each of the other receptors in the study as well as astrocytes. Our data show for the first time that EGb treatment not only upregulated GluN2B, GABAAR-α5, and GFAP compared with the control but also differentially upregulated GABAAR-α1 in the dHF and 5HT1AR in the CA3. We found that the activation of GABAARs (diazepam) and the inactivation of GluN2B-NMDARs (Ro25-6981) or 5-HT1AR ((S)-WAY100135) resulted in memory impairment. Further, higher doses of EGb treatment reversed the effect of blocking GluN2B (P < 0.001) and 5-HT1AR (P < 0.001). Here, treatment with Ro25-6981 + EGb or (S)-WAY100135 + EGb prevented the impairment of the acquisition of lick suppression in association with the upregulation or prevention of the downregulation of Grin2b expression as well as the expression of GluN2B-NMDA and/or α1 and α5 subunit-containing GABAAR in the CA1 (P < 0.0001). Our data are in line with previous findings concerning the necessity of GluN2B for fear memory formation and add to the current knowledge of the role of the GABAAR-α1 and -α5 subunits and of GluN2B as a target of cognitive enhancers. Furthermore, our data show that these receptors play a complementary role in controlling the neural circuitry in the dHF that seems to be essential to conditioned lick suppression and the modulatory effects of EGb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia R Zamberlam
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Departamento de Ciências Biológicas. Laboratório de Farmacologia Celular e Comportamental, Diadema, SP, Brazil; Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Laboratório Bases Genéticas do Tumor da Tiróide, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Myrcea A S Tilger
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Departamento de Ciências Biológicas. Laboratório de Farmacologia Celular e Comportamental, Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Laís Moraes
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Laboratório Bases Genéticas do Tumor da Tiróide, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Janete M Cerutti
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Laboratório Bases Genéticas do Tumor da Tiróide, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Suzete M Cerutti
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Departamento de Ciências Biológicas. Laboratório de Farmacologia Celular e Comportamental, Diadema, SP, Brazil.
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56
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Chen X, van Gerven J, Cohen A, Jacobs G. Human pharmacology of positive GABA-A subtype-selective receptor modulators for the treatment of anxiety. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2019; 40:571-582. [PMID: 30518829 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-018-0185-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Anxiety disorders arise from disruptions among the highly interconnected circuits that normally serve to process the streams of potentially threatening stimuli. The resulting imbalance among these circuits can cause a fundamental misinterpretation of neural sensory information as threatening and can lead to the inappropriate emotional and behavioral responses observed in anxiety disorders. There is considerable preclinical evidence that the GABAergic system, in general, and its α2- and/or α5-subunit-containing GABA(A) receptor subtypes, in particular, are involved in the pathophysiology of anxiety disorders. However, the clinical efficacy of GABA-A α2-selective agonists for the treatment of anxiety disorders has not been unequivocally demonstrated. In this review, we present several human pharmacological studies that have been performed with the aim of identifying the pharmacologically active doses/exposure levels of several GABA-A subtype-selective novel compounds with potential anxiolytic effects. The pharmacological selectivity of novel α2-subtype-selective GABA(A) receptor partial agonists has been demonstrated by their distinct effect profiles on the neurophysiological and neuropsychological measurements that reflect the functions of multiple CNS domains compared with those of benzodiazepines, which are nonselective, full GABA(A) agonists. Normalizing the undesired pharmacodynamic side effects against the desired on-target effects on the saccadic peak velocity is a useful approach for presenting the pharmacological features of GABA(A)-ergic modulators. Moreover, combining the anxiogenic symptom provocation paradigm with validated neurophysiological and neuropsychological biomarkers may provide further construct validity for the clinical effects of novel anxiolytic agents. In addition, the observed drug effects on serum prolactin levels support the use of serum prolactin levels as a complementary neuroendocrine biomarker to further validate the pharmacodynamic measurements used during the clinical pharmacological study of novel anxiolytic agents.
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57
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Khanegheini A, Meftahi GH, Zarrindast MR, Afarinesh MR, Sahraei H, Jahromi GP, Shahyad S. Involvement of CA1 GABAA Receptors in Ketamine-Induced Impairment of Spatial and Non-Spatial Novelty Detection in Mice. NEUROCHEM J+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712419010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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58
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Huang CCY, Muszynski KJ, Bolshakov VY, Balu DT. Deletion of Dtnbp1 in mice impairs threat memory consolidation and is associated with enhanced inhibitory drive in the amygdala. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:132. [PMID: 30967545 PMCID: PMC6456574 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0465-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe and highly heritable disorder. Dystrobrevin-binding protein 1 (DTNBP1), also known as dysbindin-1, has been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Specifically, dysbindin-1 mRNA and protein expression are decreased in the brains of subjects with this disorder. Mice lacking dysbinidn-1 also display behavioral phenotypes similar to those observed in schizophrenic patients. However, it remains unknown whether deletion of dysbindin-1 impacts functions of the amygdala, a brain region that is critical for emotional processing, which is disrupted in patients with schizophrenia. Here, we show that dysbindin-1 is expressed in both excitatory and inhibitory neurons of the basolateral amygdala (BLA). Deletion of dysbindin-1 in male mice (Dys-/-) impaired cued and context-dependent threat memory, without changes in measures of anxiety. The behavioral deficits observed in Dys-/- mice were associated with perturbations in the BLA, including the enhancement of GABAergic inhibition of pyramidal neurons, increased numbers of parvalbumin interneurons, and morphological abnormalities of dendritic spines on pyramidal neurons. Our findings highlight an important role for dysbindin-1 in the regulation of amygdalar function and indicate that enhanced inhibition of BLA pyramidal neuron activity may contribute to the weakened threat memory expression observed in Dys-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy C Y Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Translational Psychiatry laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA.
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Kevin J Muszynski
- Translational Psychiatry laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Vadim Y Bolshakov
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cellular Neurobiology laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Darrick T Balu
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Translational Psychiatry laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA.
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59
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Galarza Vallejo A, Kroes MCW, Rey E, Acedo MV, Moratti S, Fernández G, Strange BA. Propofol-induced deep sedation reduces emotional episodic memory reconsolidation in humans. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav3801. [PMID: 30906867 PMCID: PMC6426467 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav3801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The adjustment of maladaptive thoughts and behaviors associated with emotional memories is central to treating psychiatric disorders. Recent research, predominantly with laboratory animals, indicates that memories can become temporarily sensitive to modification following reactivation, before undergoing reconsolidation. A method to selectively impair reconsolidation of specific emotional or traumatic memories in humans could translate to an effective treatment for conditions such as posttraumatic stress disorder. We tested whether deep sedation could impair emotional memory reconsolidation in 50 human participants. Administering the intravenous anesthetic propofol following memory reactivation disrupted memory for the reactivated, but not for a non-reactivated, slideshow story. Propofol impaired memory for the reactivated story after 24 hours, but not immediately after propofol recovery. Critically, memory impairment occurred selectively for the emotionally negative phase of the reactivated story. One dose of propofol following memory reactivation selectively impaired subsequent emotional episodic memory retrieval in a time-dependent manner, consistent with reconsolidation impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Galarza Vallejo
- Laboratory for Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain
| | - Marijn C. W. Kroes
- Laboratory for Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Donders Institute, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen 6525 EZ, Netherlands
| | - Enrique Rey
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Victoria Acedo
- Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
| | - Stephan Moratti
- Laboratory for Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain
- Department of Basic Psychology I, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillén Fernández
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Donders Institute, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen 6525 EZ, Netherlands
| | - Bryan A. Strange
- Laboratory for Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain
- Department of Neuroimaging, Alzheimer’s Disease Research Centre, Reina Sofia–CIEN Foundation, Madrid, Spain
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60
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Selective Activation of Cholecystokinin-Expressing GABA (CCK-GABA) Neurons Enhances Memory and Cognition. eNeuro 2019; 6:eN-NWR-0360-18. [PMID: 30834305 PMCID: PMC6397954 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0360-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholecystokinin-expressing GABAergic (CCK-GABA) neurons are perisomatic inhibitory cells that have been argued to regulate emotion and sculpt the network oscillations associated with cognition. However, no study has selectively manipulated CCK-GABA neuron activity during behavior in freely-moving animals. To explore the behavioral effects of activating CCK-GABA neurons on emotion and cognition, we utilized a novel intersectional genetic mouse model coupled with a chemogenetic approach. Specifically, we generated triple transgenic CCK-Cre;Dlx5/6-Flpe;RC::FL-hM3Dq (CCK-GABA/hM3Dq) mice that expressed the synthetic excitatory hM3Dq receptor in CCK-GABA neurons. Results showed that clozapine-N-oxide (CNO)-mediated activation of CCK-GABA neurons did not alter open field (OF) or tail suspension (TS) performance and only slightly increased anxiety in the elevated plus maze (EPM). Although CNO treatment had only modestly affected emotional behavior, it significantly enhanced multiple cognitive and memory behaviors including social recognition, contextual fear conditioning, contextual discrimination, object recognition, and problem-solving in the puzzle box. Collectively, these findings suggest that systemic activation of CCK-GABA neurons minimally affects emotion but significantly enhances cognition and memory. Our results imply that CCK-GABA neurons are more functionally diverse than originally expected and could serve as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of cognitive/memory disorders.
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61
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Li K, Chen HS, Li D, Li HH, Wang J, Jia L, Wu PF, Long LH, Hu ZL, Chen JG, Wang F. SAR405, a Highly Specific VPS34 Inhibitor, Disrupts Auditory Fear Memory Consolidation of Mice via Facilitation of Inhibitory Neurotransmission in Basolateral Amygdala. Biol Psychiatry 2019; 85:214-225. [PMID: 30253884 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagy has been demonstrated to play an important role in memory deficits as well as the degradation of neurotransmitter receptors. SAR405 is a newly discovered inhibitor that can specifically inhibit vacuolar sorting protein 34 and prevent autophagosome biogenesis. However, the effects of SAR405 on memory processes remain largely unknown. METHODS Western blotting, immunofluorescence, and transmission electron microscopy were used to assess the level of autophagy after fear conditioning and SAR405 treatment. Behavioral tests, biotinylation assay, electrophysiology, and co-immunoprecipitation were used to unravel the mechanisms of SAR405 in memory consolidation. RESULTS SAR405 infusion into the basolateral amygdala impaired long-term memory through autophagy inhibition. Furthermore, the trafficking of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors (GABAARs) following fear conditioning was disrupted by SAR405, and the decreased frequency and amplitude of miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents induced by fear conditioning were also reversed by SAR405, suggesting that SAR405 disrupted memory consolidation through blockade of the downregulated inhibitory neurotransmission in basolateral amygdala. GABAAR-associated protein (GABARAP) and its interaction with GABAAR γ2 subunit were found to be upregulated after fear conditioning, and SAR405 could suppress this increased interaction. Moreover, disruption of the GABARAP-GABAAR binding by a trans-activating transcriptional activator-GABARAP inhibitory peptide blocked the decrease in surface expression of GABAARs and attenuated long-term memory. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that SAR405 can prevent the memory consolidation via intervening autophagy and GABAAR trafficking and has a potential therapeutic value for disorders characterized by exaggerated fear memories, such as posttraumatic stress disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Di Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hou-Hong Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ji Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Jia
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng-Fei Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, the Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Li-Hong Long
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, the Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases, Ministry of Education of China, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhuang-Li Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, the Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian-Guo Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, the Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases, Ministry of Education of China, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Wuhan, China.
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, the Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases, Ministry of Education of China, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Wuhan, China.
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Veselis RA. Complexities of human memory: relevance to anaesthetic practice. Br J Anaesth 2019; 121:210-218. [PMID: 29935575 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms of anaesthetic actions on memory have largely focused on easily definable aspects of episodic memory, with emphasis on particular drug interactions on specific memory processes. However, the memory landscape of the perioperative experience includes many facets that lie outside these conceptualisations. These include patient recall of preoperative conversations, patient beliefs regarding allergies and unusual/uncommon anaesthetic events, memories of awareness, and particularly vivid dreams during anaesthesia. In no small part, memories are influenced by a patient's interpretations of events in light of their own belief systems. From the practitioner's point of view, relating fully to the patient's experience requires some framework of understanding. The purpose of this review is to highlight research over the previous decades on belief systems and their interactions with autobiographical memory, which organises episodic memories into a personally relevant narrative. As a result, memory is a set of continuously malleable processes, and is best described as a (re)constructive rather than photographic instantiation. Belief systems are separate but closely interacting processes with autobiographical memory. The interaction of a constantly evolving set of memories with belief systems can explain phenomena such as illusions, distortions, and (re)constructions of factitious events. How anaesthetics and our patient interactions influence these behaviours, and vice versa, will be important questions to explore and define with future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Veselis
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
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63
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Tang S, Graham BM. Reproductive experience alters the involvement of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in fear extinction, but not fear conditioning, in female Sprague Dawley rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:251-264. [PMID: 29959460 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4956-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Recently, evidence has emerged showing that the behavioural and hormonal features of fear extinction are altered as a result of reproductive experience in both rats and humans. The current set of experiments sought to determine whether reproductive experience also alters the molecular features of fear extinction. In adult male rats, it has been widely demonstrated that the activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR) is essential for fear extinction. We therefore compared the involvement of NMDAR in fear extinction between nulliparous (virgin) and primiparous (reproductively experienced) female rats. Nulliparous and primiparous females received systemic administrations of either MK-801 (a non-competitive NMDAR antagonist) or saline prior to extinction training. MK-801 was found to impair extinction recall in nulliparous females, but not primiparous females. When the same dose of MK-801 was administered prior to conditioning, both groups of rats showed impaired recall of conditioning the following day. The results of these experiments indicate that the extinction, but not the acquisition of fear, may become NMDAR-independent following reproductive experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Tang
- School of Psychology, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
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64
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Almasi A, Zarei M, Raoufi S, Sarihi A, Salehi I, Komaki A, Hashemi-Firouzi N, Shahidi S. Influence of hippocampal GABA B receptor inhibition on memory in rats with acute β-amyloid toxicity. Metab Brain Dis 2018; 33:1859-1867. [PMID: 30039187 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-018-0292-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is involved in the process of memory. It has been reported that the inhibition of GABAB receptors has beneficial effects on cognition. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of CGP35348 (a GABAB receptor antagonist) on dentate gyrus GABAB receptor inhibition and its effects on learning and memory impairments that had been induced in adult male rats by microinjection of β-amyloid (Aβ). Seventy Wistar male rats were randomly divided into seven groups: control, sham (receiving the Aβ vehicle only), Aβ, Aβ + CGP35348 (1, 10, and 100 μg/μL), and CGP35348 alone (10 μg/μL). Memory impairment was induced by unilateral interventricular microinjection of Aβ (6 μg/6 μL). Rats were cannulated bilaterally in the dentate gyrus, and then, they were treated for 20 consecutive days. Learning and memory were assessed using the novel object recognition and passive avoidance learning tests. The discrimination index and the step-through latency were significantly increased in the Aβ + CGP35348 group in comparison to the Aβ only group (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). Data showed that the discrimination index was decreased in the Aβ + CGP35348 group in comparison with the control group (P < 0.05) and sham group (P < 0.01). Moreover, the step-through latency was significantly decreased in the Aβ + CGP35348 group in comparison to the control and sham groups (P < 0.01). Data from this study indicated that intra-hippocampal microinjection of the GABAB receptor antagonist counteracts the learning, memory, and cognitive impairments induced by Aβ. It can be concluded that the GABAB receptor antagonist is a possible therapeutic agent against the progression of acute Aβ toxicity-induced memory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Almasi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Zarei
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Safoura Raoufi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Abdolrahman Sarihi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Iraj Salehi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Alireza Komaki
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | | | - Siamak Shahidi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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65
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Selleck RA, Zhang W, Mercier HD, Padival M, Rosenkranz JA. Limited prefrontal cortical regulation over the basolateral amygdala in adolescent rats. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17171. [PMID: 30464293 PMCID: PMC6249319 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35649-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive regulation of emotion develops from childhood into adulthood. This occurs in parallel with maturation of prefrontal cortical (PFC) regulation over the amygdala. The cellular substrates for this regulation may include PFC activation of inhibitory GABAergic elements in the amygdala. The purpose of this study was to determine whether PFC regulation over basolateral amygdala area (BLA) in vivo is immature in adolescence, and if this is due to immaturity of GABAergic elements or PFC excitatory inputs. Using in vivo extracellular electrophysiological recordings from anesthetized male rats we found that in vivo summation of PFC inputs to the BLA was less regulated by GABAergic inhibition in adolescents (postnatal day 39) than adults (postnatal day 72-75). In addition, stimulation of either prelimbic or infralimbic PFC evokes weaker inhibition over basal (BA) and lateral (LAT) nuclei of the BLA in adolescents. This was dictated by both weak recruitment of inhibition in LAT and weak excitatory effects of PFC in BA. The current results may contribute to differences in adolescent cognitive regulation of emotion. These findings identify specific elements that undergo adolescent maturation and may therefore be sensitive to environmental disruptions that increase risk for psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A. Selleck
- 0000 0004 0388 7807grid.262641.5Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Neurobiology of Stress Resilience and Psychiatric Disorders, The Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL 60064 USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- 0000 0004 0388 7807grid.262641.5Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Neurobiology of Stress Resilience and Psychiatric Disorders, The Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL 60064 USA
| | - Hannah D. Mercier
- 0000 0004 0388 7807grid.262641.5Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Neurobiology of Stress Resilience and Psychiatric Disorders, The Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL 60064 USA
| | - Mallika Padival
- 0000 0004 0388 7807grid.262641.5Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Neurobiology of Stress Resilience and Psychiatric Disorders, The Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL 60064 USA
| | - J. Amiel Rosenkranz
- 0000 0004 0388 7807grid.262641.5Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Neurobiology of Stress Resilience and Psychiatric Disorders, The Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL 60064 USA
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66
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Fang Q, Li Z, Huang GD, Zhang HH, Chen YY, Zhang LB, Ding ZB, Shi J, Lu L, Yang JL. Traumatic Stress Produces Distinct Activations of GABAergic and Glutamatergic Neurons in Amygdala. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:387. [PMID: 30186100 PMCID: PMC6110940 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder characterized by intrusive recollections of a severe traumatic event and hyperarousal following exposure to the event. Human and animal studies have shown that the change of amygdala activity after traumatic stress may contribute to occurrences of some symptoms or behaviors of the patients or animals with PTSD. However, it is still unknown how the neuronal activation of different sub-regions in amygdala changes during the development of PTSD. In the present study, we used single prolonged stress (SPS) procedure to obtain the animal model of PTSD, and found that 1 day after SPS, there were normal anxiety behavior and extinction of fear memory in rats which were accompanied by a reduced proportion of activated glutamatergic neurons and increased proportion of activated GABAergic neurons in basolateral amygdala (BLA). About 10 days after SPS, we observed enhanced anxiety and impaired extinction of fear memory with increased activated both glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons in BLA and increased activated GABAergic neurons in central amygdala (CeA). These results indicate that during early and late phase after traumatic stress, distinct patterns of activation of glutamatergic neurons and GABAergic neurons are displayed in amygdala, which may be implicated in the development of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Fang
- Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Psychiatric Department, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhe Li
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Cangzhou Medical College, Cangzhou, China
| | - Geng-Di Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Huan-Huan Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Yun Chen
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Bo Zhang
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zeng-Bo Ding
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Shi
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Lu
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Peking University Sixth Hospital/Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Li Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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67
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Burger AM, Van Diest I, van der Does W, Hysaj M, Thayer JF, Brosschot JF, Verkuil B. Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation and extinction of prepared fear: A conceptual non-replication. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11471. [PMID: 30065275 PMCID: PMC6068181 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29561-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcutaneous stimulation of the auricular branch of the vagus nerve (tVNS) may accelerate fear extinction in healthy humans. Here, we aimed to investigate this hypothesis in healthy young participants in a prepared learning paradigm, using spider pictures as conditioned stimuli. After a fear conditioning phase, participants were randomly allocated to receive tVNS (final N = 42) or sham stimulation (final N = 43) during an extinction phase. Conditioned fear was assessed using US expectancy ratings, skin conductance and fear potentiated startle responses. After successful fear acquisition, participants in both groups showed a reduction of fear over the course of the extinction phase. There were no between-group differences in extinction rates for physiological indices of fear. Contrary to previous findings, participants in the tVNS condition also did not show accelerated declarative extinction learning. Participants in the tVNS condition did have lower initial US expectancy ratings for the CS− trials than those who received sham stimulation, which may indicate an enhanced processing of safety cues due to tVNS. In conclusion, the expected accelerated extinction due to tVNS was not observed. The results from this study call for more research on the optimal tVNS stimulation intensity settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas M Burger
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, 2333, AK, Leiden, The Netherlands. .,Faculty of Psychology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Ilse Van Diest
- Faculty of Psychology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Willem van der Does
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, 2333, AK, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marsida Hysaj
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, 2333, AK, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Julian F Thayer
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, 1835 Neil Avenue Mall, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States
| | - Jos F Brosschot
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, 2333, AK, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Verkuil
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, 2333, AK, Leiden, The Netherlands
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68
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Lissek S, Golisch A, Glaubitz B, Tegenthoff M. The GABAergic system in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus modulates context-related extinction learning and renewal in humans. Brain Imaging Behav 2018; 11:1885-1900. [PMID: 27928709 PMCID: PMC5707232 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-016-9662-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Context-related extinction learning and renewal in humans is mediated by hippocampal and prefrontal regions. Renewal is defined as the reoccurrence of an extinguished response if the contexts present during extinction learning and recall differ. Animal studies implicate hippocampal γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptors in extinction and renewal. However, human studies on GABAergic mechanisms in extinction learning are lacking. In this fMRI study, we therefore investigated the role of the GABAergic system in context-related extinction learning and renewal. Participants treated with the GABA A agonist lorazepam prior to extinction learning were impaired in encoding changed associations during extinction learning, regardless of context, and in retrieving extinction associations during recall. In contrast, retrieval of associations learned during acquisition was largely unaffected, which led to reduced genuine renewal, since acquisition associations were retrieved context-independently. These deficits, which were presumably due to weak encoding of extinction associations, were related to altered BOLD activation in regions relevant for context processing and retrieval, as well as response selection: reduced activation in bilateral PFC and hippocampus during extinction learning and recall, and increased ventromedial/orbitofrontal cortex activation during recall. Our findings indicate that the GABergic system is involved in context-related extinction learning and recall in humans, by modulating hippocampus-based context processing and PFC-based processing of changed associations and subsequent response selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Lissek
- Department of Neurology, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Anne Golisch
- Department of Neurology, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Benjamin Glaubitz
- Department of Neurology, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Martin Tegenthoff
- Department of Neurology, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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69
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Alberini CM, Cruz E, Descalzi G, Bessières B, Gao V. Astrocyte glycogen and lactate: New insights into learning and memory mechanisms. Glia 2018; 66:1244-1262. [PMID: 29076603 PMCID: PMC5903986 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Memory, the ability to retain learned information, is necessary for survival. Thus far, molecular and cellular investigations of memory formation and storage have mainly focused on neuronal mechanisms. In addition to neurons, however, the brain comprises other types of cells and systems, including glia and vasculature. Accordingly, recent experimental work has begun to ask questions about the roles of non-neuronal cells in memory formation. These studies provide evidence that all types of glial cells (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia) make important contributions to the processing of encoded information and storing memories. In this review, we summarize and discuss recent findings on the critical role of astrocytes as providers of energy for the long-lasting neuronal changes that are necessary for long-term memory formation. We focus on three main findings: first, the role of glucose metabolism and the learning- and activity-dependent metabolic coupling between astrocytes and neurons in the service of long-term memory formation; second, the role of astrocytic glucose metabolism in arousal, a state that contributes to the formation of very long-lasting and detailed memories; and finally, in light of the high energy demands of the brain during early development, we will discuss the possible role of astrocytic and neuronal glucose metabolisms in the formation of early-life memories. We conclude by proposing future directions and discussing the implications of these findings for brain health and disease. Astrocyte glycogenolysis and lactate play a critical role in memory formation. Emotionally salient experiences form strong memories by recruiting astrocytic β2 adrenergic receptors and astrocyte-generated lactate. Glycogenolysis and astrocyte-neuron metabolic coupling may also play critical roles in memory formation during development, when the energy requirements of brain metabolism are at their peak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M Alberini
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York, 10003
- Associate Investigator, Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, 10016
| | - Emmanuel Cruz
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York, 10003
| | - Giannina Descalzi
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York, 10003
| | - Benjamin Bessières
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York, 10003
| | - Virginia Gao
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York, 10003
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70
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Wang X, Li M, Zhu H, Yu Y, Xu Y, Zhang W, Bian C. Transcriptional Regulation Involved in Fear Memory Reconsolidation. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 65:127-140. [PMID: 29796837 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1084-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Memory reconsolidation has been demonstrated to offer a potential target period during which the fear memories underlying fear disorders can be disrupted. Reconsolidation is a labile stage that consolidated memories re-enter after memories are reactivated. Reactivated memories, induced by cues related to traumatic events, are susceptible to strengthening and weakening. Gene transcription regulation and protein synthesis have been suggested to be required for fear memory reconsolidation. Investigating the transcriptional regulation mechanisms underlying reconsolidation may provide a therapeutic method for the treatment of fear disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, the therapeutic effect of treating a fear disorder through interfering with reconsolidation is still contradictory. In this review, we summarize several transcription factors that have been linked to fear memory reconsolidation and propose that transcription factors, as well as related signaling pathways can serve as targets for fear memory interventions. Then, we discuss the application of pharmacological and behavioral interventions during reconsolidation that may or not efficiently treat fear disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- Department of Military Psychology, College of Psychology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
- Forth Battalion of Cadet Brigade, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Military Psychology, College of Psychology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Haitao Zhu
- Medical Company, Troops 95848 of People's Liberation Army, Xiaogan, 432100, China
| | - Yongju Yu
- Department of Military Psychology, College of Psychology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- Department of Military Psychology, College of Psychology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Wenmo Zhang
- Department of Fundamental, Army Logistical University of PLA, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Chen Bian
- Department of Military Psychology, College of Psychology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
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71
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Shojaee A, Taherianfard M. Effects of Gonadectomy and Avoidance Learning on the GABAAα1 Receptor Density in the Prefrontal Cortex of Male and Female Rats. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-018-9693-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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72
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Abstract
Our present frequently resembles our past. Patterns of actions and events repeat throughout our lives like a motif. Identifying and exploiting these patterns are fundamental to many behaviours, from creating grammar to the application of skill across diverse situations. Such generalization may be dependent upon memory instability. Following their formation, memories are unstable and able to interact with one another, allowing, at least in principle, common features to be extracted. Exploiting these common features creates generalized knowledge that can be applied across varied circumstances. Memory instability explains many of the biological and behavioural conditions necessary for generalization and offers predictions for how generalization is produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin M. Robertson
- Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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73
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Dorsal hippocampal cannabinergic and GABAergic systems modulate memory consolidation in passive avoidance task. Brain Res Bull 2018; 137:197-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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74
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McHugh SM, Ibinson JW, Murty VP. Disruption of Memory Consolidation May Explain Patterns of Memory Better Than Emotion-Induced Retrograde Amnesia in Study by Chen et al. Anesth Analg 2018; 123:1638-1639. [PMID: 27782941 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000001651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M McHugh
- , Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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75
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Dalton B, Bartholdy S, Campbell IC, Schmidt U. Neurostimulation in Clinical and Sub-clinical Eating Disorders: A Systematic Update of the Literature. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:1174-1192. [PMID: 29308739 PMCID: PMC6187753 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x16666180108111532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Whilst psychological therapies are the main approach to treatment of eating disorders (EDs), advances in aetiological research suggest the need for the development of more targeted, brain-focused treatments. A range of neurostimulation approaches, most prominently repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and deep brain stimulation (DBS), are rapidly emerging as potential novel interventions. We have previously reviewed these techniques as potential treatments of EDs. AIM To provide an update of the literature examining the effects of DBS, rTMS and tDCS on eating behaviours, body weight and associated symptoms in people with EDs and relevant analogue populations. METHODS Using PRISMA guidelines, we reviewed articles in PubMed, Web of Science, and PsycINFO from 1st January 2013 until 14th August 2017, to update our earlier search. Studies assessing the effects of neurostimulation techniques on eating and weight-related outcomes in people with EDs and relevant analogue populations were included. Data from both searches were combined. RESULTS We included a total of 32 studies (526 participants); of these, 18 were newly identified by our update search. Whilst findings are somewhat mixed for bulimia nervosa, neurostimulation techniques have shown potential in the treatment of other EDs, in terms of reduction of ED and associated symptoms. Studies exploring cognitive, neural, and hormonal correlates of these techniques are also beginning to appear. CONCLUSIONS Neurostimulation approaches show promise as treatments for EDs. As yet, large wellconducted randomised controlled trials are lacking. More information is needed about treatment targets, stimulation parameters and mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethan Dalton
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, King`s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Savani Bartholdy
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, King`s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Iain C Campbell
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, King`s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ulrike Schmidt
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, King`s College London, London, United Kingdom
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Ding S, Zhuge W, Hu J, Yang J, Wang X, Wen F, Wang C, Zhuge Q. Baicalin reverses the impairment of synaptogenesis induced by dopamine burden via the stimulation of GABA AR-TrkB interaction in minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:1163-1178. [PMID: 29404643 PMCID: PMC5869945 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4833-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been reported that D1 receptor (D1R) activation reduces GABAA receptor (GABAAR) current, and baicalin (BAI) displays therapeutic efficacy in diseases involving cognitive impairment. METHODS We investigated the mechanisms by which BAI could improve DA-induced minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) using immunoblotting, immunofluorescence, and co-immunoprecipitation. RESULTS BAI did not induce toxicity on the primary cultured neurons. And no obvious toxicity of BAI to the brain was found in rats. DA activated D1R/dopamine and adenosine 3'5'-monophosphate-regulated phospho-protein (DARPP32) to reduce the GABAAR current; BAI treatment did not change the D1R/DARPP32 levels but blocked DA-induced reduction of GABAAR levels in primary cultured neurons. DA decreased the interaction of GABAAR with TrkB and the expression of downstream AKT, which was blocked by BAI treatment. Moreover, BAI reversed the decrease in the expression of GABAAR/TrkB/AKT and prevented the impairment of synaptogenesis and memory deficits in MHE rats. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that BAI has neuroprotective and synaptoprotective effects on MHE which are not related to upstream D1R/DARPP32 signaling, but to the targeting of downstream GABAAR signaling to TrkB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saidan Ding
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disease Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Weishan Zhuge
- Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiangnan Hu
- Institute for Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107 USA
| | - Jianjing Yang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disease Research, Neurosurgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuebao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Fangfang Wen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disease Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengde Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disease Research, Neurosurgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qichuan Zhuge
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disease Research, Neurosurgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People's Republic of China.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Psychological interventions are the treatment of choice for most eating disorders; however, significant proportions of patients do not recover with these. Advances in understanding of the neurobiology of eating disorders have led to the development of targeted treatments, such as deep brain stimulation (DBS), noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS), and neurofeedback. We review the emerging clinical evidence for the use of these interventions in eating disorders and obesity, together with their theoretical rationale. Finally, we reflect on future developments. RECENT FINDINGS During the last 20 months, seven case studies/series and seven randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of NIBS or neurofeedback in different eating disorders, obesity, or food craving have appeared. These have largely had promising results. One NIBS trial, using a multisession protocol, was negative. A case series of subcallosal DBS in anorexia nervosa has also shown promise. A search of trial registries identified a further 21 neuromodulation/feedback studies in progress, indicating that neuromodulation/feedback is an area of growing interest. SUMMARY At present, neuromodulation and neurofeedback are largely experimental interventions; however, growing understanding of the mechanisms involved, together with the rising number of studies in this area, means that the clinical utility of these interventions is likely to become clearer soon.
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Sex- and Estrus-Dependent Differences in Rat Basolateral Amygdala. J Neurosci 2017; 37:10567-10586. [PMID: 28954870 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0758-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression and anxiety are diagnosed almost twice as often in women, and the symptomology differs in men and women and is sensitive to sex hormones. The basolateral amygdala (BLA) contributes to emotion-related behaviors that differ between males and females and across the reproductive cycle. This hints at sex- or estrus-dependent features of BLA function, about which very little is known. The purpose of this study was to test whether there are sex differences or estrous cyclicity in rat BLA physiology and to determine their mechanistic correlates. We found substantial sex differences in the activity of neurons in lateral nuclei (LAT) and basal nuclei (BA) of the BLA that were associated with greater excitatory synaptic input in females. We also found strong differences in the activity of LAT and BA neurons across the estrous cycle. These differences were associated with a shift in the inhibition-excitation balance such that LAT had relatively greater inhibition during proestrus which paralleled more rapid cued fear extinction. In contrast, BA had relatively greater inhibition during diestrus that paralleled more rapid contextual fear extinction. These results are the first to demonstrate sex differences in BLA neuronal activity and the impact of estrous cyclicity on these measures. The shift between LAT and BA predominance across the estrous cycle provides a simple construct for understanding the effects of the estrous cycle on BLA-dependent behaviors. These results provide a novel framework to understand the cyclicity of emotional memory and highlight the importance of considering ovarian cycle when studying the BLA of females.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT There are differences in emotional responses and many psychiatric symptoms between males and females. This may point to sex differences in limbic brain regions. Here we demonstrate sex differences in neuronal activity in one key limbic region, the basolateral amygdala (BLA), whose activity fluctuates across the estrous cycle due to a shift in the balance of inhibition and excitation across two BLA regions, the lateral and basal nuclei. By uncovering this push-pull shift between lateral and basal nuclei, these results help to explain disparate findings about the effects of biological sex and estrous cyclicity on emotion and provide a framework for understanding fluctuations in emotional memory and psychiatric symptoms.
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The Small GTPase Rac1 Contributes to Extinction of Aversive Memories of Drug Withdrawal by Facilitating GABA A Receptor Endocytosis in the vmPFC. J Neurosci 2017. [PMID: 28630256 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3859-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Extinction of aversive memories has been a major concern in neuropsychiatric disorders, such as anxiety disorders and drug addiction. However, the mechanisms underlying extinction of aversive memories are not fully understood. Here, we report that extinction of conditioned place aversion (CPA) to naloxone-precipitated opiate withdrawal in male rats activates Rho GTPase Rac1 in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) in a BDNF-dependent manner, which determines GABAA receptor (GABAAR) endocytosis via triggering synaptic translocation of activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc) through facilitating actin polymerization. Active Rac1 is essential and sufficient for GABAAR endocytosis and CPA extinction. Knockdown of Rac1 expression within the vmPFC of rats using Rac1-shRNA suppressed GABAAR endocytosis and CPA extinction, whereas expression of a constitutively active form of Rac1 accelerated GABAAR endocytosis and CPA extinction. The crucial role of GABAAR endocytosis in the LTP induction and CPA extinction is evinced by the findings that blockade of GABAAR endocytosis by a dynamin function-blocking peptide (Myr-P4) abolishes LTP induction and CPA extinction. Thus, the present study provides first evidence that Rac1-dependent GABAAR endocytosis plays a crucial role in extinction of aversive memories and reveals the sequence of molecular events that contribute to learning experience modulation of synaptic GABAAR endocytosis.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This study reveals that Rac1-dependent GABAAR endocytosis plays a crucial role in extinction of aversive memories associated with drug withdrawal and identifies Arc as a downstream effector of Rac1 regulations of synaptic plasticity as well as learning and memory, thereby suggesting therapeutic targets to promote extinction of the unwanted memories.
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80
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Wu ZM, Yang LH, Cui R, Ni GL, Wu FT, Liang Y. Contribution of Hippocampal 5-HT 3 Receptors in Hippocampal Autophagy and Extinction of Conditioned Fear Responses after a Single Prolonged Stress Exposure in Rats. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2017; 37:595-606. [PMID: 27324798 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-016-0395-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
One of the hypotheses about the pathogenesis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is the dysfunction of serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmission. While certain 5-HT receptor subtypes are likely critical for the symptoms of PTSD, few studies have examined the role of 5-HT3 receptor in the development of PTSD, even though 5-HT3 receptor is critical for contextual fear extinction and anxiety-like behavior. Therefore, we hypothesized that stimulation of 5-HT3 receptor in the dorsal hippocampus (DH) could prevent hippocampal autophagy and the development of PTSD-like behavior in animals. To this end, we infused SR57227, selective 5-HT3 agonist, into the DH after a single prolonged stress (SPS) treatment in rats. Three weeks later, we evaluated the effects of this pharmacological treatment on anxiety-related behaviors and extinction of contextual fear memory. We also accessed hippocampal autophagy and the expression of 5-HT3A subunit, Beclin-1, LC3-I, and LC3-II in the DH. We found that SPS treatment did not alter anxiety-related behaviors but prolonged the extinction of contextual fear memory, and such a behavioral phenomenon was correlated with increased hippocampal autophagy, decreased 5-HT3A expression, and increased expression of Beclin-1 and LC3-II/LC3-I ratio in the DH. Furthermore, intraDH infusions of SR57227 dose-dependently promoted the extinction of contextual fear memory, prevented hippocampal autophagy, and decreased expression of Beclin-1 and LC3-II/LC3-I ratio in the DH. These results indicated that 5-HT3 receptor in the hippocampus may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of hippocampal autophagy, and is likely involved in the pathophysiology of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Min Wu
- Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Taizhou University, 1139 Taizhou city government Avenue, Taizhou, 318000, China
- Department of Neurology, First People's Hospital of Linhai City, Linhai, 317000, China
| | - Li-Hua Yang
- Department of Neurology, Taizhou Hospital, Taizhou, 317000, China
| | - Rong Cui
- Department of Neurology, First People's Hospital of Linhai City, Linhai, 317000, China
| | - Gui-Lian Ni
- Department of Neurology, First People's Hospital of Linhai City, Linhai, 317000, China
| | - Feng-Tian Wu
- City College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310015, China
| | - Yong Liang
- Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Taizhou University, 1139 Taizhou city government Avenue, Taizhou, 318000, China.
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Stress-altered synaptic plasticity and DAMP signaling in the hippocampus-PFC axis; elucidating the significance of IGF-1/IGF-1R/CaMKIIα expression in neural changes associated with a prolonged exposure therapy. Neuroscience 2017; 353:147-165. [PMID: 28438613 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic stress patients showed significant improvement in behavior after a prolonged exposure to an unrelated stimulus. This treatment method attempts to promote extinction of the fear memory associated with the initial traumatic experience. However, the subsequent prolonged exposure to such stimulus creates an additional layer of neural stress. Although the mechanism remains unclear, prolonged exposure therapy (PET) likely involves changes in synaptic plasticity, neurotransmitter function and inflammation; especially in parts of the brain concerned with the formation and retrieval of fear memory (Hippocampus and Prefrontal Cortex: PFC). Since certain synaptic proteins are also involved in danger-associated molecular pattern signaling (DAMP), we identified the significance of IGF-1/IGF-1R/CaMKIIα expression as a potential link between the concurrent progression of synaptic and inflammatory changes in stress. Thus, a comparison between IGF-1/IGF-1R/CaMKIIα, synaptic and DAMP proteins in stress and PET may highlight the significance of PET on synaptic morphology and neuronal inflammatory response. In behaviorally characterized Sprague-Dawley rats, there was a significant decline in neural IGF-1 (p<0.001), hippocampal (p<0.001) and cortical (p<0.05) IGF-1R expression. These animals showed a significant loss of presynaptic markers (synaptophysin; p<0.001), and changes in neurotransmitters (VGLUT2, Tyrosine hydroxylase, GABA, ChAT). Furthermore, naïve stressed rats recorded a significant decrease in post-synaptic marker (PSD-95; p<0.01) and synaptic regulator (CaMKIIα; p<0.001). As part of the synaptic response to a decrease in brain CaMKIIα, small ion conductance channel (KCa2.2) was upregulated in the brain of naïve stressed rats (p<0.01). After a PET, an increase in IGF-1 (p<0.05) and IGF-1R was recorded in the Stress-PET group (p<0.001). As such, hippocampal (p<0.001), but not cortical (ns) synaptophysin expression increased in Stress-PET. Although PSD-95 was relatively unchanged in the hippocampus and PFC, CaMKIIα (p<0.001) and KCa2.2 (p<0.01) were upregulated in Stress-PET, and may be involved in extinction of fear memory-related synaptic potentials. These changes were also associated with a normalized neurotransmitter function, and a significant reduction in open space avoidance; when the animals were assessed in elevated plus maze (EPM). In addition to a decrease in IGF-1/IGF-1R, an increase in activated hippocampal and cortical microglia was seen in stress (p<0.05) and after a PET (Stress-PET; p<0.001). Furthermore, this was linked with a significant increase in HMGB1 (Hippocampus: p<0.001, PFC: p<0.05) and TLR4 expression (Hippocampus: p<0.01; PFC: ns) in the neurons. Taken together, this study showed that traumatic stress and subsequent PET involves an event-dependent alteration of IGF1/IGF-1R/CaMKIIα. Firstly, we showed a direct relationship between IGF-1/IGF-1R expression, presynaptic function (synaptophysin) and neurotransmitter activity in stress and PET. Secondly, we identified the possible role of CaMKIIα in post-synaptic function and regulation of small ion conductance channels. Lastly, we highlighted some of the possible links between IGF1/IGF-1R/CaMKIIα, the expression of DAMP proteins, Microglia activation, and its implication on synaptic plasticity during stress and PET.
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82
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Levar N, van Leeuwen JMC, Puts NAJ, Denys D, van Wingen GA. GABA Concentrations in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex Are Associated with Fear Network Function and Fear Recovery in Humans. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:202. [PMID: 28496404 PMCID: PMC5406467 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Relapse of fear after successful treatment is a common phenomenon in patients with anxiety disorders. Animal research suggests that the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) plays a key role in the maintenance of extinguished fear. Here, we combined magnetic resonance spectroscopy and functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the role of GABA in fear recovery in 70 healthy male participants. We associated baseline GABA levels in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) to indices of fear recovery as defined by changes in skin conductance responses (SCRs), blood oxygen level dependent responses, and functional connectivity from fear extinction to fear retrieval. The results showed that high GABA levels were associated with increased SCRs, enhanced activation of the right amygdala, and reduced amygdala-ventromedial prefrontal cortex connectivity during fear recovery. Follow-up analyses exclusively for the extinction phase showed that high GABA levels were associated with reduced amygdala activation and enhanced amygdala-ventromedial prefrontal cortex connectivity, despite the absence of correlations between GABA and physiological responses. Follow-up analyses for the retrieval phase did not show any significant associations with GABA. Together, the association between GABA and increases in SCRs from extinction to retrieval, without associations during both phases separately, suggests that dACC GABA primarily inhibits the consolidation of fear extinction. In addition, the opposite effects of GABA on amygdala activity and connectivity during fear extinction compared to fear recovery suggest that dACC GABA may initially facilitate extinction learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Levar
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical CenterAmsterdam, Netherlands.,Brain Imaging Center, Academic Medical CenterAmsterdam, Netherlands.,Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands.,Spinoza Center for NeuroimagingAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Judith M C van Leeuwen
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical CenterAmsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - Nicolaas A J Puts
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, MD, USA.,FM Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger InstituteBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Damiaan Denys
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical CenterAmsterdam, Netherlands.,Brain Imaging Center, Academic Medical CenterAmsterdam, Netherlands.,Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands.,Spinoza Center for NeuroimagingAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Guido A van Wingen
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical CenterAmsterdam, Netherlands.,Brain Imaging Center, Academic Medical CenterAmsterdam, Netherlands.,Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands.,Spinoza Center for NeuroimagingAmsterdam, Netherlands
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83
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Murakami M, Nagahama M, Maruyama T, Niikura T. Humanin ameliorates diazepam-induced memory deficit in mice. Neuropeptides 2017; 62:65-70. [PMID: 27814910 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Humanin (HN) is an endogenous 24-residue peptide. A highly potent HN derivative, S14G-HN, which has a substitution of serine 14 to glycine, reduced amyloid burden and suppressed cognitive impairment in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. S14G-HN also suppressed amnesia induced by a muscarinic receptor antagonist in rodents. To understand the effects of HN on brain function, we tested the effect of S14G-HN on diazepam (DZP)-induced memory impairment and anxiety in mice using the object recognition test and zero-maze test, respectively. Intraperitoneal injection of S14G-HN reversed the DZP-induced memory deficit, whereas no significant change was observed in behavioral markers of anxiety. S14G-HN had no effect on locomotor activity in either test, indicating that S14G-HN did not affect physical functioning or motivation. These results suggest that HN preferentially influences cognitive function but not emotional function in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minetaka Murakami
- Department of Information and Communication Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Nagahama
- Department of Information and Communication Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Japan
| | - Takuma Maruyama
- Department of Information and Communication Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Japan
| | - Takako Niikura
- Department of Information and Communication Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Japan.
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84
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Sousa K, Decker N, Pires TR, Papke DKM, Coelho VR, Pflüger P, Pereira P, Picada JN. Neurobehavioral effects of vigabatrin and its ability to induce DNA damage in brain cells after acute treatment in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:129-136. [PMID: 27678549 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4446-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Vigabatrin (VGB) is a drug indicated mostly for the treatment of spasms in childhood and West's syndrome patients. This drug inhibits irreversibly the enzyme GABA-transaminase (GABA-T), increasing GABA concentrations and enhancing GABAergic neurotransmission in the brain, which is known to induce behavioral changes. OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of VGB in the short-term memory (STM), long-term memory (LTM), motivation, locomotion, and exploratory behavior tests and to detect deleterious or protective effects on DNA in target tissues of the drug. METHODS Male Wistar rats were treated with a single dose of VGB (100, 250, or 500 mg/kg) or saline solution before the inhibitory avoidance and open-field tasks. DNA damage was evaluated using the alkaline comet assay in peripheral blood, cerebral cortex, and hippocampus after behavioral testing. RESULTS There was no significant difference in the inhibitory avoidance task between the treated groups and the saline group. In all tested doses, VGB reduced the number of rearings in the open-field task. Besides, VGB 500 mg/kg affected locomotion, though it was not able to induce any DNA damage. CONCLUSIONS VGB did not affect STM and LTM, but the drug impaired the exploration and locomotion likely associated with its sedative effect. In addition, no DNA damage in cortex and hippocampus was detected after behavioral testing, when brain GABA levels are already increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Sousa
- Laboratory of Toxicological Genetics, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Farroupilha Avenue, 8001, Canoas, RS, 2425-900, Brazil
| | - Natalia Decker
- Laboratory of Toxicological Genetics, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Farroupilha Avenue, 8001, Canoas, RS, 2425-900, Brazil
| | - Thienne Rocha Pires
- Laboratory of Toxicological Genetics, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Farroupilha Avenue, 8001, Canoas, RS, 2425-900, Brazil
| | - Débora Kuck Mausolff Papke
- Laboratory of Toxicological Genetics, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Farroupilha Avenue, 8001, Canoas, RS, 2425-900, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Rodrigues Coelho
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Pre-Clinical Toxicology. Pharmacology Department, Institute for Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Sarmento Leite Street, 500/305, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Pricila Pflüger
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Pre-Clinical Toxicology. Pharmacology Department, Institute for Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Sarmento Leite Street, 500/305, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Pereira
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Pre-Clinical Toxicology. Pharmacology Department, Institute for Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Sarmento Leite Street, 500/305, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Nascimento Picada
- Laboratory of Toxicological Genetics, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Farroupilha Avenue, 8001, Canoas, RS, 2425-900, Brazil.
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85
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Lai F, Fagernes CE, Jutfelt F, Nilsson GE. Expression of genes involved in brain GABAergic neurotransmission in three-spined stickleback exposed to near-future CO 2. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 4:cow068. [PMID: 28066553 PMCID: PMC5196030 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cow068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Change in the activity of the main inhibitory receptor, GABAA, has been suggested to be a general mechanism behind the behavioural alterations reported in ocean acidification studies on fish. It has been proposed that regulatory acid-base mechanisms in response to high CO2 alter the neuronal Cl- and HCO3- gradients that are important for GABAA receptor function. Here, we report a comprehensive analysis of gene expression of GABAA receptor subunits and of genes involved in GABAergic transmission in the brain of fish exposed to near-future CO2. Altogether, 56 mRNA transcripts were quantified in brains of three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) kept in control pCO2 (333 ± 30 μatm CO2) or at high pCO2 levels (991 ± 57 μatm) for 43 days. The gene expression analysis included GABAA receptor subunits (α1-6, β1-3, γ1-3, δ, π and ρ1-3), enzymes and transporters involved in GABA metabolism (GAD1-2, GABAT and GAT1-3), GABAA receptor-associated proteins (GABARAP and GABARAPL), ion cotransporters (KCC1-4, NKCC1, ClC21-3, AE3 and NDAE) and carbonic anhydrase (CAII). Exposure to high CO2 had only minor effects on the expression of genes involved in GABAergic neurotransmission. There were significant increases in the mRNA levels of α family subunits of the GABAA receptor, with a more pronounced expression of α12, α3, α4 and α6b. No changes were detected in the expression of other GABAA subunits or in genes related to receptor turnover, GABA metabolism or ion transport. Although the minor changes seen for mRNA levels might reflect compensatory mechanisms in the high-CO2 conditions, these were apparently insufficient to restore normal neural function, because the behavioural changes persisted within the time frame studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floriana Lai
- Section for Physiology and Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Cathrine E Fagernes
- Section for Physiology and Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Fredrik Jutfelt
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Göran E Nilsson
- Section for Physiology and Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Norway
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Atypical 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives, an approach to neuroprotection and memory enhancement. Pharmacol Res 2016; 113:754-759. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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87
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Kondo M. Molecular mechanisms of experience-dependent structural and functional plasticity in the brain. Anat Sci Int 2016; 92:1-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s12565-016-0358-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Effects of Repeated Stress on Age-Dependent GABAergic Regulation of the Lateral Nucleus of the Amygdala. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:2309-23. [PMID: 26924679 PMCID: PMC4946062 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The adolescent age is associated with lability of mood and emotion. The onset of depression and anxiety disorders peaks during adolescence and there are differences in symptomology during adolescence. This points to differences in the adolescent neural circuitry that underlies mood and emotion, such as the amygdala. The human adolescent amygdala is more responsive to evocative stimuli, hinting to less local inhibitory regulation of the amygdala, but this has not been explored in adolescents. The amygdala, including the lateral nucleus (LAT) of the basolateral amygdala complex, is sensitive to stress. The amygdala undergoes maturational processes during adolescence, and therefore may be more vulnerable to harmful effects of stress during this time period. However, little is known about the effects of stress on the LAT during adolescence. GABAergic inhibition is a key regulator of LAT activity. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to test whether there are differences in the local GABAergic regulation of the rat adolescent LAT, and differences in its sensitivity to repeated stress. We found that LAT projection neurons are subjected to weaker GABAergic inhibition during adolescence. Repeated stress reduced in vivo endogenous and exogenous GABAergic inhibition of LAT projection neurons in adolescent rats. Furthermore, repeated stress decreased measures of presynaptic GABA function and interneuron activity in adolescent rats. In contrast, repeated stress enhanced glutamatergic drive of LAT projection neurons in adult rats. These results demonstrate age differences in GABAergic regulation of the LAT, and age differences in the mechanism for the effects of repeated stress on LAT neuron activity. These findings provide a substrate for increased mood lability in adolescents, and provide a substrate by which adolescent repeated stress can induce distinct behavioral outcomes and psychiatric symptoms.
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89
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Nasehi M, Kamali-Dolatabadi L, Torabi-Nami M, Zarrindast MR. Possible involvement of the CA1 GABAA receptors upon acquisition and expression of the ACPA-induced place preference in mice. Physiol Behav 2016; 161:155-165. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Intra-amygdala microinjections of chlorpheniramine impair memory formation or memory retrieval in anxiety- and fear-mediated models. Brain Res Bull 2016; 125:127-33. [PMID: 27344002 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
H1 receptor histaminergic antagonist, chlorpheniramine (CPA) participates in cognitive performance in various animal models. However, little is known regarding the effects of CPA microinjection into the amygdala on emotional behavior. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether CPA microinjection into the amygdala has the same effect on two models, one anxiety- and the other fear-mediated, in various memory stages using the elevated plus maze (EPM) and the inhibitory avoidance task (IAT) tests. Two experiments were performed with seventy-two adult male Swiss mice. Behavioral testing was performed on two consecutive days, and in both experiments, before each trial, the animals received bilateral microinjections of saline (SAL) or CPA (0.16 nmol). The animals were re-exposed to the EPM or IAT 24h after the first trial. Four experimental groups were tested: SAL-SAL, SAL-CPA, CPA-SAL and CPA-CPA. In experiment 1, a decreased open arm exploration (% open arm entries, %OAE and% open arms time, %OAT) for SAL-SAL and SAL-CPA was showed, while these measures did not decrease for the CPA-SAL and CPA-CPA groups in Trial 2. In experiment 2, an increase of retention latency in relation to training 2 for the groups SAL-SAL and CPA-SAL and a significant decrease in latency for the group SAL-CPA was revealed. These results indicate that chlorpheniramine microinjection into the amygdala impairs emotional memory acquisition and/or consolidation in the EPM and retrieval of IAT.
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91
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Zhang Y, Xue Y, Meng S, Luo Y, Liang J, Li J, Ai S, Sun C, Shen H, Zhu W, Wu P, Lu L, Shi J. Inhibition of Lactate Transport Erases Drug Memory and Prevents Drug Relapse. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 79:928-39. [PMID: 26293178 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug memories that associate drug-paired stimuli with the effects of abused drugs contribute to relapse. Exposure to drug-associated contexts causes consolidated drug memories to be in a labile state, during which manipulations can be given to impair drug memories. Although substantial evidence demonstrates the crucial role of neuronal signaling in addiction, little is known about the contribution of astrocyte-neuron communication. METHODS Rats were trained for cocaine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) or self-administration and microinjected with the glycogen phosphorylation inhibitor 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-D-arabinitol into the basolateral amygdala (BLA) immediately after retrieval. The concentration of lactate was measured immediately after retrieval via microdialysis, and the CPP score and number of nosepokes were recorded 24 hours later. Furthermore, we used antisense oligodeoxynucleotides to disrupt the expression of astrocytic lactate transporters (monocarboxylate transporters 1 and 2) in the BLA after retrieval, tested the expression of CPP 1 day later, and injected L-lactate into the BLA 15 minutes before retrieval to rescue the effects of the oligodeoxynucleotides. RESULTS Injection of 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-D-arabinitol into the BLA immediately after retrieval prevented the subsequent expression of cocaine-induced CPP, decreased the concentration of lactate in the BLA, and reduced the number of nosepokes for cocaine self-administration. Disrupting the expression of monocarboxylate transporters 1 and 2 in the BLA also caused subsequent deficits in the expression of cocaine-induced CPP, which was rescued by pretreatment with L-lactate. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that astrocyte-neuron lactate transport in the BLA is critical for the reconsolidation of cocaine memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory on Drug Dependence Research, Beijing, China
| | - Yanxue Xue
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory on Drug Dependence Research, Beijing, China
| | - Shiqiu Meng
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory on Drug Dependence Research, Beijing, China
| | - Yixiao Luo
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory on Drug Dependence Research, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Liang
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory on Drug Dependence Research, Beijing, China
| | - Jiali Li
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory on Drug Dependence Research, Beijing, China
| | - Sizhi Ai
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory on Drug Dependence Research, Beijing, China
| | - Chengyu Sun
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory on Drug Dependence Research, Beijing, China
| | - Haowei Shen
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory on Drug Dependence Research, Beijing, China
| | - Weili Zhu
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory on Drug Dependence Research, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Wu
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory on Drug Dependence Research, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Lu
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory on Drug Dependence Research, Beijing, China; Institute of Mental Health/Peking University Sixth Hospital and Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Beijing, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and Peking University-International Data Group/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Shi
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory on Drug Dependence Research, Beijing, China.
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Ardi Z, Albrecht A, Richter-Levin A, Saha R, Richter-Levin G. Behavioral profiling as a translational approach in an animal model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 88:139-47. [PMID: 26804028 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnosis of psychiatric disorders in humans is based on comparing individuals to the normal population. However, many animal models analyze averaged group effects, thus compromising their translational power. This discrepancy is particularly relevant in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), where only a minority develop the disorder following a traumatic experience. In our PTSD rat model, we utilize a novel behavioral profiling approach that allows the classification of affected and unaffected individuals in a trauma-exposed population. Rats were exposed to underwater trauma (UWT) and four weeks later their individual performances in the open field and elevated plus maze were compared to those of the control group, allowing the identification of affected and resilient UWT-exposed rats. Behavioral profiling revealed that only a subset of the UWT-exposed rats developed long-lasting behavioral symptoms. The proportion of affected rats was further enhanced by pre-exposure to juvenile stress, a well-described risk factor of PTSD. For a biochemical proof of concept we analyzed the expression levels of the GABAA receptor subunits α1 and α2 in the ventral, dorsal hippocampus and basolateral amygdala. Increased expression, mainly of α1, was observed in ventral but not dorsal hippocampus of exposed animals, which would traditionally be interpreted as being associated with the exposure-resultant psychopathology. However, behavioral profiling revealed that this increased expression was confined to exposed-unaffected individuals, suggesting a resilience-associated expression regulation. The results provide evidence for the importance of employing behavioral profiling in animal models of PTSD, in order to better understand the neural basis of stress vulnerability and resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziv Ardi
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Israel; The Institute for the Study of Affective Neuroscience (ISAN), University of Haifa, Israel.
| | - Anne Albrecht
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Israel; The Institute for the Study of Affective Neuroscience (ISAN), University of Haifa, Israel
| | - Alon Richter-Levin
- The Institute for the Study of Affective Neuroscience (ISAN), University of Haifa, Israel
| | - Rinki Saha
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Israel; The Institute for the Study of Affective Neuroscience (ISAN), University of Haifa, Israel
| | - Gal Richter-Levin
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Israel; The Institute for the Study of Affective Neuroscience (ISAN), University of Haifa, Israel; Psychology Department, University of Haifa, Israel
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93
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Cagan A, Blass T. Identification of genomic variants putatively targeted by selection during dog domestication. BMC Evol Biol 2016; 16:10. [PMID: 26754411 PMCID: PMC4710014 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0579-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dogs [Canis lupus familiaris] were the first animal species to be domesticated and continue to occupy an important place in human societies. Recent studies have begun to reveal when and where dog domestication occurred. While much progress has been made in identifying the genetic basis of phenotypic differences between dog breeds we still know relatively little about the genetic changes underlying the phenotypes that differentiate all dogs from their wild progenitors, wolves [Canis lupus]. In particular, dogs generally show reduced aggression and fear towards humans compared to wolves. Therefore, selection for tameness was likely a necessary prerequisite for dog domestication. With the increasing availability of whole-genome sequence data it is possible to try and directly identify the genetic variants contributing to the phenotypic differences between dogs and wolves. RESULTS We analyse the largest available database of genome-wide polymorphism data in a global sample of dogs 69 and wolves 7. We perform a scan to identify regions of the genome that are highly differentiated between dogs and wolves. We identify putatively functional genomic variants that are segregating or at high frequency [> = 0.75 Fst] for alternative alleles between dogs and wolves. A biological pathways analysis of the genes containing these variants suggests that there has been selection on the 'adrenaline and noradrenaline biosynthesis pathway', well known for its involvement in the fight-or-flight response. We identify 11 genes with putatively functional variants fixed for alternative alleles between dogs and wolves. The segregating variants in these genes are strong candidates for having been targets of selection during early dog domestication. CONCLUSIONS We present the first genome-wide analysis of the different categories of putatively functional variants that are fixed or segregating at high frequency between a global sampling of dogs and wolves. We find evidence that selection has been strongest around non-synonymous variants. Strong selection in the initial stages of dog domestication appears to have occurred on multiple genes involved in the fight-or-flight response, particularly in the catecholamine synthesis pathway. Different alleles in some of these genes have been associated with behavioral differences between modern dog breeds, suggesting an important role for this pathway at multiple stages in the domestication process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Cagan
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Torsten Blass
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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de Oliveira DR, Zamberlam CR, Rêgo GM, Cavalheiro A, Cerutti JM, Cerutti SM. Effects of a Flavonoid-Rich Fraction on the Acquisition and Extinction of Fear Memory: Pharmacological and Molecular Approaches. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 9:345. [PMID: 26778988 PMCID: PMC4700274 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of flavonoids have been correlated with their ability to modulate the glutamatergic, serotoninergic, and GABAergic neurotransmission; the major targets of these substances are N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDARs), serotonin type1A receptor (5-HT1ARs), and the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors (GABAARs). Several studies showed that these receptors are involved in the acquisition and extinction of fear memory. This study assessed the effects of treatment prior to conditioning with a flavonoid-rich fraction from the stem bark of Erythrina falcata (FfB) on the acquisition and extinction of the conditioned suppression following pharmacological manipulations and on gene expression in the dorsal hippocampus (DH). Adult male Wistar rats were treated before conditioned fear with FfB, vehicle, an agonist or antagonist of the 5-HT1AR, GABAARs or the GluN2B-NMDAR or one of these antagonists before FfB treatment. The effects of these treatments on fear memory retrieval, extinction training and extinction retrieval were evaluated at 48, 72, and 98 h after conditioning, respectively. We found that activation of GABAARs and inactivation of GluN2B-NMDARs play important roles in the acquisition of lick response suppression. FfB reversed the effect of blocking GluN2B-NMDARs on the conditioned fear and induced the spontaneous recovery. Blocking the 5-HT1AR and the GluN2B-NMDAR before FfB treatment seemed to be associated with weakening of the spontaneous recovery. Expression of analysis of DH samples via qPCR showed that FfB treatment resulted in the overexpression of Htr1a, Grin2a, Gabra5, and Erk2 after the retention test and of Htr1a and Erk2 after the extinction retention test. Moreover, blocking the 5-HT1ARs and the GluN2B-NMDARs before FfB treatment resulted in reduced Htr1a and Grin2b expression after the retention test, but played a distinct role in Grin2a and Erk2 expression, according session evaluated. We show for the first time that the serotoninergic and glutamatergic receptors are important targets for the effect of FfB on the conditioned fear and spontaneous recovery, in which the ERK signaling pathway appears to be modulated. Further, these results provide important information regarding the role of the DH in conditioned suppression. Taken together, our data suggest that FfB represents a potential therapy for preventing or treating memory impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela R de Oliveira
- Cellular and Behavioral Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biological Science, Universidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil; Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumor Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudia R Zamberlam
- Cellular and Behavioral Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biological Science, Universidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil; Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumor Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gizelda M Rêgo
- Department of Forestry Colombo, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation Colombo, Brazil
| | - Alberto Cavalheiro
- Institute of Chemistry, Nuclei of Bioassay, Biosynthesis and Ecophysiology of Natural Products, São Paulo State University, Universidade Estadual Paulista Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Janete M Cerutti
- Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumor Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Suzete M Cerutti
- Cellular and Behavioral Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biological Science, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
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95
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Hosseini-Sharifabad A, Rabbani M, Sharifzadeh M, Bagheri N. Acute and chronic tramadol administration impair spatial memory in rat. Res Pharm Sci 2016; 11:49-57. [PMID: 27051432 PMCID: PMC4794937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Tramadol hydrochloride, a synthetic opioid, acts via a multiple mechanism of action. Tramadol can potentially change the behavioral phenomena. The present study evaluates the effect of tramadol after single or multiple dose/s on the spatial memory of rat using object recognition task (ORT). Tramadol, 20 mg/kg, was injected intraperitoneally (i.p) as a single dose or once a day for 21 successive days considered as acute or chronic treatment respectively. After treatment, animals underwent two trials in the ORT. In the first trial (T1), animals encountered with two identical objects for exploration in a five-minute period. After 1 h, in the T2 trial, the animals were exposed to a familiar and a nonfamiliar object. The exploration times and frequency of the exploration for any objects were recorded. The results showed that tramadol decreased the exploration times for the nonfamiliar object in the T2 trial when administered either as a single dose (P<0.001) or as the multiple dose (P<0.05) compared to the respective control groups. Both acute and chronic tramadol administration eliminated the different frequency of exploration between the familiar and nonfamiliar objects. Our findings revealed that tramadol impaired memory when administered acutely or chronically. Single dose administration of tramadol showed more destructive effect than multiple doses of tramadol on the memory. The observed data can be explained by the inhibitory effects of tramadol on the wide range of neurotransmitters and receptors including muscarinic, N-methyl D-aspartate, AMPA as well as some second messenger like cAMP and cGMP or its stimulatory effect on the opioid, gama amino butyric acid, dopamine or serotonin in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Hosseini-Sharifabad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran,Corresponding author: A. Hosseini-Sharifabad Tel: 0098 31 37927084, Fax: 0098 31 36680011
| | - Mohammad Rabbani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Mohammad Sharifzadeh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - Narges Bagheri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
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Perusini JN, Meyer EM, Long VA, Rau V, Nocera N, Avershal J, Maksymetz J, Spigelman I, Fanselow MS. Induction and Expression of Fear Sensitization Caused by Acute Traumatic Stress. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:45-57. [PMID: 26329286 PMCID: PMC4677128 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Fear promotes adaptive responses to threats. However, when the level of fear is not proportional to the level of threat, maladaptive fear-related behaviors characteristic of anxiety disorders result. Post-traumatic stress disorder develops in response to a traumatic event, and patients often show sensitized reactions to mild stressors associated with the trauma. Stress-enhanced fear learning (SEFL) is a rodent model of this sensitized responding, in which exposure to a 15-shock stressor nonassociatively enhances subsequent fear conditioning training with only a single trial. We examined the role of corticosterone (CORT) in SEFL. Administration of the CORT synthesis blocker metyrapone prior to the stressor, but not at time points after, attenuated SEFL. Moreover, CORT co-administered with metyrapone rescued SEFL. However, CORT alone without the stressor was not sufficient to produce SEFL. In these same animals, we then looked for correlates of SEFL in terms of changes in excitatory receptor expression. Western blot analysis of the basolateral amygdala (BLA) revealed an increase in the GluA1 AMPA receptor subunit that correlated with SEFL. Thus, CORT is permissive to trauma-induced changes in BLA function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer N Perusini
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Edward M Meyer
- Division of Oral Biology & Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Virginia A Long
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vinuta Rau
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nathaniel Nocera
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jacob Avershal
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - James Maksymetz
- Division of Oral Biology & Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Igor Spigelman
- Division of Oral Biology & Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael S Fanselow
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Müller I, Çalışkan G, Stork O. The GAD65 knock out mouse - a model for GABAergic processes in fear- and stress-induced psychopathology. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2015; 14:37-45. [PMID: 25470336 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) synthetic enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)65 is critically involved in the activity-dependent regulation of GABAergic inhibition in the central nervous system. It is also required for the maturation of the GABAergic system during adolescence, a phase that is critical for the development of several neuropsychiatric diseases. Mice bearing a null mutation of the GAD65 gene develop hyperexcitability of the amygdala and hippocampus, and a phenotype of increased anxiety and pathological fear memory reminiscent of posttraumatic stress disorder. Although genetic association of GAD65 in human has not yet been reported, these findings are in line with observations of reduced GABAergic function in these brain regions of anxiety disorder patients. The particular value of GAD65(-/-) mice thus lies in modeling the effects of reduced GABAergic function in the mature nervous system. The expression of GAD65 and a second GAD isozyme, GAD67, are differentially regulated in response to stress in limbic brain areas suggesting that by controlling GABAergic inhibition these enzymes determine the vulnerability for the development of pathological anxiety and other stress-induced phenotypes. In fact, we could recently show that GAD65 haplodeficiency, which results in delayed postnatal increase of GABA levels, provides resilience to juvenile-stress-induced anxiety to GAD65(+/-) mice thus foiling the increased fear and anxiety in homozygous GAD65(-/-) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Müller
- Department of Genetics & Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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98
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Hung HC, Hsiao YH, Gean PW. Sonic hedgehog signaling regulates amygdalar neurogenesis and extinction of fear memory. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:1723-32. [PMID: 26271722 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
It is now recognized that neurogenesis occurs throughout life predominantly in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampus and the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricle. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between neurogenesis in the amygdala and extinction of fear memory. Mice received 15 tone-footshock pairings. Twenty-four hours after training, the mice were given 15 tone-alone trials (extinction training) once per day for 7 days. Two hours before extinction training, the mice were injected intraperitoneally with 5-bromo-3-deoxyuridine (BrdU). BrdU-positive and NeuN-positive cells were analyzed 52 days after the training. A group of mice that received tone-footshock pairings but no extinction training served as controls (FC+No-Ext). The number of BrdU(+)/NeuN(+) cells was significantly higher in the extinction (FC+Ext) than in the FC+No-Ext mice. Proliferation inhibitor methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM) or DNA synthesis inhibitor cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) reduced neurogenesis and retarded extinction. Silencing Sonic hedgehog (Shh) gene with short hairpin interfering RNA (shRNA) by means of a retrovirus expression system to knockdown Shh specifically in the mitotic neurons reduced neurogenesis and retarded extinction. By contrast, over-expression of Shh increased neurogenesis and facilitated extinction. These results suggest that amygdala neurogenesis and Shh signaling are involved in the extinction of fear memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chi Hung
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hsin Hsiao
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Po-Wu Gean
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
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99
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Kwon OB, Lee J, Kim H, Lee S, Lee S, Jeong MJ, Kim SJ, Jo HJ, Ko B, Chang S, Park S, Choi YB, Bailey C, Kandel E, Kim JH. Dopamine Regulation of Amygdala Inhibitory Circuits for Expression of Learned Fear. Neuron 2015; 49:1-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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100
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Melzer N, Budde T, Stork O, Meuth SG. Limbic Encephalitis: Potential Impact of Adaptive Autoimmune Inflammation on Neuronal Circuits of the Amygdala. Front Neurol 2015; 6:171. [PMID: 26284026 PMCID: PMC4522870 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Limbic encephalitis is characterized by adaptive autoimmune inflammation of the gray matter structures of the limbic system. It has recently been identified as a major cause of temporal lobe epilepsy accompanied by progressive declarative – mainly episodic – memory disturbance as well as a variety of rather poorly defined emotional and behavioral changes. While autoimmune inflammation of the hippocampus is likely to be responsible for declarative memory disturbance, consequences of autoimmune inflammation of the amygdala are largely unknown. The amygdala is central for the generation of adequate homoeostatic behavioral responses to emotionally significant external stimuli following processing in a variety of parallel neuronal circuits. Here, we hypothesize that adaptive cellular and humoral autoimmunity may target and modulate distinct inhibitory or excitatory neuronal networks within the amygdala, and thereby strongly impact processing of emotional stimuli and corresponding behavioral responses. This may explain some of the rather poorly understood neuropsychiatric symptoms in limbic encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Melzer
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster , Münster , Germany
| | - Thomas Budde
- Institute of Physiology I, University of Münster , Münster , Germany
| | - Oliver Stork
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg , Magdeburg , Germany
| | - Sven G Meuth
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster , Münster , Germany ; Department of Neuropathophysiology, Institute of Physiology I, University of Münster , Münster , Germany
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