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Kumar M, Zielinski T, Lowery RG. Biochemical Assay Development for Histone Methyltransferases Using a Transcreener-Based Assay for S-Adenosylhomocysteine. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2015; 13:200-9. [PMID: 25710335 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2014.609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation has been implicated in diverse diseases including cancer, diabetes, and inflammation, and high-throughput screening for histone methyltransferase (HMT) inhibitors is an area of intense drug discovery effort. HMTs catalyze the transfer of methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to lysine or arginine on histone tails forming the methylated products and S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH). HMTs are challenging to incorporate into biochemical assays for a number of reasons. They have slow turnovers and low Km values for SAM, which leads to low levels of product formation, and thus requires very sensitive detection methods and/or high levels of enzyme. They also have diverse acceptor substrate requirements, ranging from peptides to intact nucleosomes. Additionally, some HMTs function as complexes of three or more proteins. Developing assays for individual HMTs, including sourcing and acquiring high quality enzymes and acceptor substrates, therefore can be laborious and expensive. We recently developed the Transcreener(®) EPIGEN Methyltransferase assay, a sensitive SAH detection method with a fluorescence polarization readout, to enable universal HMT detection independent of acceptor substrate. To facilitate screening and profiling of HMTs, we describe the development of turnkey assay systems for thirteen HMTs including identification of optimal acceptor substrates and their concentrations, optimization of detection reagents, determination of initial velocity enzyme concentrations, and measurement of inhibitor potencies.
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Remely M, Lovrecic L, de la Garza AL, Migliore L, Peterlin B, Milagro FI, Martinez AJ, Haslberger AG. Therapeutic perspectives of epigenetically active nutrients. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 172:2756-68. [PMID: 25046997 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many nutrients are known for a wide range of activities in prevention and alleviation of various diseases. Recently, their potential role in regulating human health through effects on epigenetics has become evident, although specific mechanisms are still unclear. Thus, nutriepigenetics/nutriepigenomics has emerged as a new and promising field in current epigenetics research in the past few years. In particular, polyphenols, as part of the central dynamic interaction between the genome and the environment with specificity at physiological concentrations, are well known to affect mechanisms underlying human health. This review summarizes the effects of dietary compounds on epigenetic mechanisms in the regulation of gene expression including expression of enzymes and other molecules responsible for drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion in cancer, metabolic syndrome, neurodegenerative disorders and hormonal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Remely
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - L Lovrecic
- Clinical Institute of Medical Genetics, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - A L de la Garza
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - L Migliore
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Research Center Nutraceuticals and Food for Health - Nutrafood, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - B Peterlin
- Clinical Institute of Medical Genetics, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - F I Milagro
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - A J Martinez
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, CIBERobn, Carlos III Health Research Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - A G Haslberger
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Busch RM, Najm I, Hermann BP, Eng C. Genetics of cognition in epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2014; 41:297-306. [PMID: 24973143 PMCID: PMC4268334 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
With the completion of the Human Genome Project and the advent of more advanced sequencing platforms capable of high throughput genotyping at reduced cost, research on the genetics/genomics of cognition has expanded rapidly over the past several decades. This has been facilitated even further by global consortia including HapMap, 1000 Genomes Project, ENCODE, and others, which have made information regarding genetic variation and genomic functional elements readily available to all researchers. Thus, the goal of this Targeted Review is not to provide an exhaustive review of the existing literature on the role of genetic factors in cognition. Rather, we will highlight some of the most consistent findings in this field, review the research in epilepsy to date, and provide a background within which to set forth unique opportunities epilepsy may provide to further elucidate the role of genetics in cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn M Busch
- Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Imad Najm
- Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Bruce P Hermann
- Charles Matthew Neuropsychology Section, Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Charis Eng
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Rosales-Reynoso MA, Ochoa-Hernández AB, Juárez-Vázquez CI, Barros-Núñez P. Epigenetic mechanisms in the development of memory and their involvement in certain neurological diseases. Neurologia 2014; 31:628-638. [PMID: 25217064 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Today, scientists accept that the central nervous system of an adult possesses considerable morphological and functional flexibility, allowing it to perform structural remodelling processes even after the individual is fully developed and mature. In addition to the vast number of genes participating in the development of memory, different known epigenetic mechanisms are involved in normal and pathological modifications to neurons and therefore also affect the mechanisms of memory development. DEVELOPMENT This study entailed a systematic review of biomedical article databases in search of genetic and epigenetic factors that participate in synaptic function and memory. CONCLUSIONS The activation of gene expression in response to external stimuli also occurs in differentiated nerve cells. Neural activity induces specific forms of synaptic plasticity that permit the creation and storage of long-term memory. Epigenetic mechanisms play a key role in synaptic modification processes and in the creation and development of memory. Changes in these mechanisms result in the cognitive and memory impairment seen in neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer disease, Huntington disease) and in neurodevelopmental disorders (Rett syndrome, fragile X, and schizophrenia). Nevertheless, results obtained from different models are promising and point to potential treatments for some of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Rosales-Reynoso
- División de Medicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, IMSS, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - A B Ochoa-Hernández
- División de Genética, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, IMSS , Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - C I Juárez-Vázquez
- División de Medicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, IMSS, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - P Barros-Núñez
- División de Genética, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, IMSS , Guadalajara, Jalisco, México.
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Salamanca Ortiz DN, Vergara Vergara JY, Escobar Córdoba F, Rodríguez Gama Á, Caminos Pinzón JE. Avances genéticos y moleculares en el estudio de trastornos mentales. REVISTA DE LA FACULTAD DE MEDICINA 2014. [DOI: 10.15446/revfacmed.v62n2.45429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Allen KD, Gourov AV, Harte C, Gao P, Lee C, Sylvain D, Splett JM, Oxberry WC, van de Nes PS, Troy-Regier MJ, Wolk J, Alarcon JM, Hernández AI. Nucleolar integrity is required for the maintenance of long-term synaptic plasticity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104364. [PMID: 25089620 PMCID: PMC4121280 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term memory (LTM) formation requires new protein synthesis and new gene expression. Based on our work in Aplysia, we hypothesized that the rRNA genes, stimulation-dependent targets of the enzyme Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), are primary effectors of the activity-dependent changes in synaptic function that maintain synaptic plasticity and memory. Using electrophysiology, immunohistochemistry, pharmacology and molecular biology techniques, we show here, for the first time, that the maintenance of forskolin-induced late-phase long-term potentiation (L-LTP) in mouse hippocampal slices requires nucleolar integrity and the expression of new rRNAs. The activity-dependent upregulation of rRNA, as well as L-LTP expression, are poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PAR) dependent and accompanied by an increase in nuclear PARP-1 and Poly(ADP) ribose molecules (pADPr) after forskolin stimulation. The upregulation of PARP-1 and pADPr is regulated by Protein kinase A (PKA) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)--two kinases strongly associated with long-term plasticity and learning and memory. Selective inhibition of RNA Polymerase I (Pol I), responsible for the synthesis of precursor rRNA, results in the segmentation of nucleoli, the exclusion of PARP-1 from functional nucleolar compartments and disrupted L-LTP maintenance. Taken as a whole, these results suggest that new rRNAs (28S, 18S, and 5.8S ribosomal components)--hence, new ribosomes and nucleoli integrity--are required for the maintenance of long-term synaptic plasticity. This provides a mechanistic link between stimulation-dependent gene expression and the new protein synthesis known to be required for memory consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim D. Allen
- Department of Pathology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biology, School of Science, Health and Technology, City University of New York, Medgar Evers College, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Andrei V. Gourov
- Department of Pathology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Christopher Harte
- Department of Pathology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Pathology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Clarice Lee
- Department of Pathology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Darlene Sylvain
- Department of Pathology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Joshua M. Splett
- Department of Pathology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - William C. Oxberry
- Department of Pathology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
- The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Paula S. van de Nes
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Matthew J. Troy-Regier
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Jason Wolk
- Department of Pathology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Juan M. Alarcon
- Department of Pathology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
- The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JMA); (AIH)
| | - A. Iván Hernández
- Department of Pathology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
- The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JMA); (AIH)
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On 'polypharmacy' and multi-target agents, complementary strategies for improving the treatment of depression: a comparative appraisal. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 17:1009-37. [PMID: 23719026 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145712001496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depression is a heterogeneous disorder, both in terms of symptoms, ranging from anhedonia to cognitive impairment, and in terms of pathogenesis, with many interacting genetic, epigenetic, developmental and environmental causes. Accordingly, it seems unlikely that depressive states could be fully controlled by a drug possessing one discrete mechanism of action and, in the wake of disappointing results with several classes of highly selective agent, multi-modal treatment concepts are attracting attention. As concerns pharmacotherapy, there are essentially two core strategies. First, multi-target antidepressants that act via two or more complementary mechanisms and, second, polypharmacy, which refers to co-administration of two distinct drugs, usually in separate pills. Both multi-target agents and polypharmacy ideally couple a therapeutically unexploited action to a clinically established mechanism in order to enhance efficacy, moderate side-effects, accelerate onset of action and treat a broader range of symptoms. The melatonin MT1/MT2 agonist and 5-HT(2C) antagonist, agomelatine, which is effective in the short- and long-term treatment of depression, exemplifies the former approach, while evidence-based polypharmacy is illustrated by the adjunctive use of second-generation antipsychotics with serotonin reuptake inhibitors for treatment of resistant depression. Histone acetylation and methylation, ghrelin signalling, inflammatory modulators, metabotropic glutamate-7 receptors and trace amine-associated-1 receptors comprise attractive substrates for new multi-target and polypharmaceutical strategies. The present article outlines the rationale underpinning multi-modal approaches for treating depression, and critically compares and contrasts the pros and cons of established and potentially novel multi-target vs. polypharmaceutical treatments. On balance, the former appear the most promising for the elaboration, development and clinical implementation of innovative concepts for the more effective management of depression.
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58
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Epigenetically regulated microRNAs in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 35:731-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.10.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
In this review, we critically assess recent evidence from human studies regarding the potential implications of exposure to maternal diabetes in-utero for long-term adiposity, cardiometabolic outcomes, and cognitive ability of the offspring. Evidence supports a direct causal role for exposure to maternal diabetes in utero in determining offspring long-term greater adiposity and adverse cardiometabolic health. Although a majority of observational studies report associations of exposure to maternal pregnancy diabetes with lower cognitive ability, there is also evidence supporting an opposite 'protective' intrauterine effect of exposure to maternal pregnancy diabetes on offspring cognitive ability. Epigenetic modification has been suggested as a mediator on the pathways from maternal pregnancy diabetes to long-term offspring outcomes and several recent studies that are reviewed here lend some support to this notion, but research in this area is still too novel to be conclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Fraser
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK,
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Pandian GN, Taylor RD, Junetha S, Saha A, Anandhakumar C, Vaijayanthi T, Sugiyama H. Alteration of epigenetic program to recover memory and alleviate neurodegeneration: prospects of multi-target molecules. Biomater Sci 2014; 2:1043-1056. [DOI: 10.1039/c4bm00068d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Next-generation sequence-specific small molecules modulating the epigenetic enzymes (DNMT/HDAC) and signalling factors can precisely turn ‘ON’ the multi-gene network in a neural cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh N. Pandian
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS)
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Rhys D. Taylor
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Syed Junetha
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Abhijit Saha
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Chandran Anandhakumar
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Thangavel Vaijayanthi
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sugiyama
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS)
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
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62
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Frick KM. Epigenetics, oestradiol and hippocampal memory consolidation. J Neuroendocrinol 2013; 25:1151-62. [PMID: 24028406 PMCID: PMC3943552 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic alterations of histone proteins and DNA are essential for hippocampal synaptic plasticity and cognitive function, and contribute to the aetiology of psychiatric disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. Hippocampal memory formation depends on histone alterations and DNA methylation, and increasing evidence suggests that the regulation of these epigenetic processes by modulatory factors, such as environmental enrichment, stress and hormones, substantially influences memory function. Recent work from our laboratory suggests that the ability of the sex-steroid hormone 17β-oestradiol (E2 ) to enhance novel object recognition memory consolidation in young adult female mice is dependent on histone H3 acetylation and DNA methylation in the dorsal hippocampus. Our data also suggest that enzymes mediating DNA methylation and histone acetylation work in concert to regulate the effects of E2 on memory consolidation. These findings shed light on the epigenetic mechanisms that influence hormonal modulation of cognitive function, and may have important implications for understanding how hormones influence cognition in adulthood and ageing. The present review provides a brief overview of the literature on epigenetics and memory, describes in detail our findings demonstrating that epigenetic alterations regulate E2 -induced memory enhancement in female mice, and discusses future directions for research on the epigenetic regulation of E2 -induced memory enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyn M. Frick
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211
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63
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Valor LM, Guiretti D. What's wrong with epigenetics in Huntington's disease? Neuropharmacology 2013; 80:103-14. [PMID: 24184315 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) can be considered the paradigm of epigenetic dysregulation in neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we attempted to compile the evidence that indicates, on the one hand, that several epigenetic marks (histone acetylation, methylation, ubiquitylation, phosphorylation and DNA modifications) are altered in multiple models and in postmortem patient samples, and on the other hand, that pharmacological treatments aimed to reverse such alterations have beneficial effects on HD phenotypic and biochemical traits. However, the working hypotheses regarding the biological significance of epigenetic dysregulation in this disease and the mechanisms of action of the tested ameliorative strategies need to be refined. Understanding the complexity of the epigenetics in HD will provide useful insights to examine the role of epigenetic dysregulation in other neuropathologies, such as Alzheimer's or Parkinson's diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M Valor
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante (Universidad Miguel Hernández, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Av. Santiago Ramón y Cajal s/n, Sant Joan d'Alacant, 03550 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Deisy Guiretti
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante (Universidad Miguel Hernández, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Av. Santiago Ramón y Cajal s/n, Sant Joan d'Alacant, 03550 Alicante, Spain
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Abstract
Neuroplasticity can be defined as a final common pathway of neurobiological processes, including structural, functional or molecular mechanisms, that result in stability or compensation for age- or disease-related changes. The papers in this issue address the aging process, as well as depression, dementia, and stroke and a range of interventions, including manipulations in behavior (physical and cognitive activity/exercise), physiological factors (caloric restriction, cholesterol), pharmacologic treatments (AMPA receptors) and manipulation of brain magnetic fields and electrical activity (transcranial magnetic stimulation, magnetic seizure therapy, and deep brain stimulation).This editorial will address different facets of neuroplasticity, the need for translational research to interpret neuroimaging data thought to reflect neuroplasticity in the human brain, and the next steps for testing interventions in aging and in disease.
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Peedicayil J. Epigenetic drugs for Alzheimer's disease. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 75:1152-3. [PMID: 22905989 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04444.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Dykens EM. Aging in rare intellectual disability syndromes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 18:75-83. [DOI: 10.1002/ddrr.1130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Cronican AA, Fitz NF, Carter A, Saleem M, Shiva S, Barchowsky A, Koldamova R, Schug J, Lefterov I. Genome-wide alteration of histone H3K9 acetylation pattern in mouse offspring prenatally exposed to arsenic. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53478. [PMID: 23405071 PMCID: PMC3566160 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure to arsenic in drinking water, especially in utero or perinatal exposure, can initiate neurological and cognitive dysfunction, as well as memory impairment. Several epidemiological studies have demonstrated cognitive and learning deficits in children with early exposure to low to moderate levels of arsenic, but pathogenic mechanisms or etiology for these deficits are poorly understood. Since in vivo studies show a role for histone acetylation in cognitive performance and memory formation, we examined if prenatal exposure to arsenic causes changes in the epigenomic landscape. We exposed C57Bl6/J mice to 100 μg/L arsenic in the drinking water starting 1 week before conception till birth and applied chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by high-throughput massive parallel sequencing (ChIP-seq) to evaluate H3K9 acetylation pattern in the offspring of exposed and control mice. Arsenic exposure during embryonic life caused global hypo-acetylation at H3K9 and changes in functional annotation with highly significant representation of Krüppel associated box (KRAB) transcription factors in brain samples from exposed pups. We also found that arsenic exposure of adult mice impaired spatial and episodic memory, as well as fear conditioning performance. This is the first study to demonstrate: a) genome wide changes in H3K9 acetylation pattern in an offspring prenatally exposed to arsenic, and b) a connection between moderate arsenic exposure and cognitive impairment in adult mice. The results also emphasize the applicability of Next Generation Sequencing methodology in studies aiming to reveal the role of environmental factors, other than dietary restriction, in developmental reprogramming through histone modifications during embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea A. Cronican
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nicholas F. Fitz
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Alexis Carter
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Muzamil Saleem
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sruti Shiva
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Aaron Barchowsky
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Radosveta Koldamova
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Schug
- Functional Genomics and Next-Generation Sequencing Core, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JS); (IL)
| | - Iliya Lefterov
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JS); (IL)
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Lattal KM, Wood MA. Epigenetics and persistent memory: implications for reconsolidation and silent extinction beyond the zero. Nat Neurosci 2013; 16:124-9. [PMID: 23354385 PMCID: PMC3740093 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Targeting epigenetic mechanisms during initial learning or memory retrieval can lead to persistent memory. Retrieval induces plasticity that may result in reconsolidation of the original memory, in which critical molecular events are needed to stabilize the memory, or extinction, in which new learning during the retrieval trial creates an additional memory that reflects the changed environmental contingencies. A canonical feature of extinction is that the original response is temporarily suppressed, but returns under various conditions. These characteristics have defined whether a given manipulation alters extinction (when persistence does not occur) or reconsolidation (when persistence does occur). A problem arises with these behavioral definitions when considering the potential for persistent memory of extinction. Recent studies have found that epigenetic modulation of memory processes leads to surprisingly robust and persistent extinction. We discuss evidence from behavioral epigenetic approaches that forces a re-evaluation of widely used behavioral definitions of extinction and reconsolidation.
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Berdasco M, Esteller M. Genetic syndromes caused by mutations in epigenetic genes. Hum Genet 2013; 132:359-83. [PMID: 23370504 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-013-1271-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The orchestrated organization of epigenetic factors that control chromatin dynamism, including DNA methylation, histone marks, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) and chromatin-remodeling proteins, is essential for the proper function of tissue homeostasis, cell identity and development. Indeed, deregulation of epigenetic profiles has been described in several human pathologies, including complex diseases (such as cancer, cardiovascular and neurological diseases), metabolic pathologies (type 2 diabetes and obesity) and imprinting disorders. Over the last decade it has become increasingly clear that mutations of genes involved in epigenetic mechanism, such as DNA methyltransferases, methyl-binding domain proteins, histone deacetylases, histone methylases and members of the SWI/SNF family of chromatin remodelers are linked to human disorders, including Immunodeficiency Centromeric instability Facial syndrome 1, Rett syndrome, Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome, Sotos syndrome or alpha-thalassemia/mental retardation X-linked syndrome, among others. As new members of the epigenetic machinery are described, the number of human syndromes associated with epigenetic alterations increases. As recent examples, mutations of histone demethylases and members of the non-coding RNA machinery have recently been associated with Kabuki syndrome, Claes-Jensen X-linked mental retardation syndrome and Goiter syndrome. In this review, we describe the variety of germline mutations of epigenetic modifiers that are known to be associated with human disorders, and discuss the therapeutic potential of epigenetic drugs as palliative care strategies in the treatment of such disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Berdasco
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 3rd Floor, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Av. Gran Via 199-203, 08908 L'Hospitalet de LLobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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70
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Bohacek J, Mansuy IM. Epigenetic inheritance of disease and disease risk. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:220-36. [PMID: 22781843 PMCID: PMC3521963 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2012.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic marks in an organism can be altered by environmental factors throughout life. Although changes in the epigenetic code can be positive, some are associated with severe diseases, in particular, cancer and neuropsychiatric disorders. Recent evidence has indicated that certain epigenetic marks can be inherited, and reshape developmental and cellular features over generations. This review examines the challenging possibility that epigenetic changes induced by environmental factors can contribute to some of the inheritance of disease and disease risk. This concept has immense implications for the understanding of biological functions and disease etiology, and provides potential novel strategies for diagnosis and treatment. Examples of epigenetic inheritance relevant to human disease, such as the detrimental effects of traumatic stress or drug/toxic exposure on brain functions, are reviewed. Different possible routes of transmission of epigenetic information involving the germline or germline-independent transfer are discussed, and different mechanisms for the maintenance and transmission of epigenetic information like chromatin remodeling and small noncoding RNAs are considered. Future research directions and remaining major challenges in this field are also outlined. Finally, the adaptive value of epigenetic inheritance, and the cost and benefit of allowing acquired epigenetic marks to persist across generations is critically evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Bohacek
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich/ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle M Mansuy
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich/ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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71
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Grayson DR, Guidotti A. The dynamics of DNA methylation in schizophrenia and related psychiatric disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:138-66. [PMID: 22948975 PMCID: PMC3521968 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2012.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Major psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BP) with psychosis (BP+) express a complex symptomatology characterized by positive symptoms, negative symptoms, and cognitive impairment. Postmortem studies of human SZ and BP+ brains show considerable alterations in the transcriptome of a variety of cortical structures, including multiple mRNAs that are downregulated in both inhibitory GABAergic and excitatory pyramidal neurons compared with non-psychiatric subjects (NPS). Several reports show increased expression of DNA methyltransferases in telencephalic GABAergic neurons. Accumulating evidence suggests a critical role for altered DNA methylation processes in the pathogenesis of SZ and related psychiatric disorders. The establishment and maintenance of CpG site methylation is essential during central nervous system differentiation and this methylation has been implicated in synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory. Atypical hypermethylation of candidate gene promoters expressed in GABAergic neurons is associated with transcriptional downregulation of the corresponding mRNAs, including glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD67) and reelin (RELN). Recent reports indicate that the methylation status of promoter proximal CpG dinucleotides is in a dynamic balance between DNA methylation and DNA hydroxymethylation. Hydroxymethylation and subsequent DNA demethylation is more complex and involves additional proteins downstream of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, including members of the base excision repair (BER) pathway. Recent advances in our understanding of altered CpG methylation, hydroxymethylation, and active DNA demethylation provide a framework for the identification of new targets, which may be exploited for the pharmacological intervention of the psychosis associated with SZ and possibly BP+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis R Grayson
- The Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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72
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Millan MJ. An epigenetic framework for neurodevelopmental disorders: from pathogenesis to potential therapy. Neuropharmacology 2012; 68:2-82. [PMID: 23246909 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2012] [Revised: 11/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are characterized by aberrant and delayed early-life development of the brain, leading to deficits in language, cognition, motor behaviour and other functional domains, often accompanied by somatic symptoms. Environmental factors like perinatal infection, malnutrition and trauma can increase the risk of the heterogeneous, multifactorial and polygenic disorders, autism and schizophrenia. Conversely, discrete genetic anomalies are involved in Down, Rett and Fragile X syndromes, tuberous sclerosis and neurofibromatosis, the less familiar Phelan-McDermid, Sotos, Kleefstra, Coffin-Lowry and "ATRX" syndromes, and the disorders of imprinting, Angelman and Prader-Willi syndromes. NDDs have been termed "synaptopathies" in reference to structural and functional disturbance of synaptic plasticity, several involve abnormal Ras-Kinase signalling ("rasopathies"), and many are characterized by disrupted cerebral connectivity and an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory transmission. However, at a different level of integration, NDDs are accompanied by aberrant "epigenetic" regulation of processes critical for normal and orderly development of the brain. Epigenetics refers to potentially-heritable (by mitosis and/or meiosis) mechanisms controlling gene expression without changes in DNA sequence. In certain NDDs, prototypical epigenetic processes of DNA methylation and covalent histone marking are impacted. Conversely, others involve anomalies in chromatin-modelling, mRNA splicing/editing, mRNA translation, ribosome biogenesis and/or the regulatory actions of small nucleolar RNAs and micro-RNAs. Since epigenetic mechanisms are modifiable, this raises the hope of novel therapy, though questions remain concerning efficacy and safety. The above issues are critically surveyed in this review, which advocates a broad-based epigenetic framework for understanding and ultimately treating a diverse assemblage of NDDs ("epigenopathies") lying at the interface of genetic, developmental and environmental processes. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Neurodevelopmental Disorders'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Millan
- Unit for Research and Discovery in Neuroscience, IDR Servier, 125 chemin de ronde, 78290 Croissy sur Seine, Paris, France.
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Acute antidepressant treatment differently modulates ERK/MAPK activation in neurons and astrocytes of the adult mouse prefrontal cortex. Neuroscience 2012; 232:161-8. [PMID: 23238574 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.11.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The onset of action of antidepressants (ADs) usually takes several weeks, but first molecular responses to these drugs may appear already after acute administration. The Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinase/Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (ERK/MAPK) signaling pathway is a target of ADs and an important pathway involved in cellular plasticity. In major depressive disorder (MDD), especially the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (Hip) are most likely affected in depressive patients and recent work revealed a hyperactivated ERK signaling in the rat PFC after chronic stress, a precipitating factor for MDD. Strong evidences support that not only neurons but also astrocytes participate in neuronal activity and may therefore additionally be a substrate of AD action. In this study, we show by Western blot that neither fluoxetine (FLX) nor desipramine (DMI) preferentially affects the activation of one of the two ERK isoforms, ERK1 and ERK2, with respect to the other. Further immunohistochemical analysis in the PFC revealed that basal levels of phospho-activated ERK (pERK) are mostly found in neurons in contrast to very few astrocytes. Both ADs can inhibit neuronal pERK as early as 15 min after drug administration with peculiar regional and layer specificities. Contrarily, at this time point none of the two ADs shows a clear modulation of astrocytic pERK. We propose that this mechanism of action of ADs may be protective against an exacerbated cortical ERK activity that may exert detrimental effects on susceptible neuronal populations. Our findings on acute effects of AD treatment in the adult mouse PFC encourage to examine further how this treatment might influence pERK in animal models of depression to identify early targets of AD action.
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Shulha HP, Crisci JL, Reshetov D, Tushir JS, Cheung I, Bharadwaj R, Chou HJ, Houston IB, Peter CJ, Mitchell AC, Yao WD, Myers RH, Chen JF, Preuss TM, Rogaev EI, Jensen JD, Weng Z, Akbarian S. Human-specific histone methylation signatures at transcription start sites in prefrontal neurons. PLoS Biol 2012; 10:e1001427. [PMID: 23185133 PMCID: PMC3502543 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive abilities and disorders unique to humans are thought to result from adaptively driven changes in brain transcriptomes, but little is known about the role of cis-regulatory changes affecting transcription start sites (TSS). Here, we mapped in human, chimpanzee, and macaque prefrontal cortex the genome-wide distribution of histone H3 trimethylated at lysine 4 (H3K4me3), an epigenetic mark sharply regulated at TSS, and identified 471 sequences with human-specific enrichment or depletion. Among these were 33 loci selectively methylated in neuronal but not non-neuronal chromatin from children and adults, including TSS at DPP10 (2q14.1), CNTN4 and CHL1 (3p26.3), and other neuropsychiatric susceptibility genes. Regulatory sequences at DPP10 and additional loci carried a strong footprint of hominid adaptation, including elevated nucleotide substitution rates and regulatory motifs absent in other primates (including archaic hominins), with evidence for selective pressures during more recent evolution and adaptive fixations in modern populations. Chromosome conformation capture at two neurodevelopmental disease loci, 2q14.1 and 16p11.2, revealed higher order chromatin structures resulting in physical contact of multiple human-specific H3K4me3 peaks spaced 0.5-1 Mb apart, in conjunction with a novel cis-bound antisense RNA linked to Polycomb repressor proteins and downregulated DPP10 expression. Therefore, coordinated epigenetic regulation via newly derived TSS chromatin could play an important role in the emergence of human-specific gene expression networks in brain that contribute to cognitive functions and neurological disease susceptibility in modern day humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hennady P. Shulha
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jessica L. Crisci
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Denis Reshetov
- Department of Human Genetics and Genomics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Jogender S. Tushir
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Iris Cheung
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rahul Bharadwaj
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hsin-Jung Chou
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Isaac B. Houston
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Cyril J. Peter
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Amanda C. Mitchell
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Wei-Dong Yao
- New England Primate Center, Southboro, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Richard H. Myers
- Department of Neurology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jiang-fan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Todd M. Preuss
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center/Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Evgeny I. Rogaev
- Department of Human Genetics and Genomics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Research Center of Mental Health, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russian Federation
| | - Jeffrey D. Jensen
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Zhiping Weng
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Schahram Akbarian
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
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Aydin B, Hocaoglu N, Gidener S. Could decitabine treatment impair memory functions in humans? Med Hypotheses 2012; 79:639-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Peedicayil J. Role of epigenetics in pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy and nutritional management of mental disorders. J Clin Pharm Ther 2012; 37:499-501. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2710.2012.01346.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Gene coexpression networks in human brain identify epigenetic modifications in alcohol dependence. J Neurosci 2012; 32:1884-97. [PMID: 22302827 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3136-11.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol abuse causes widespread changes in gene expression in human brain, some of which contribute to alcohol dependence. Previous microarray studies identified individual genes as candidates for alcohol phenotypes, but efforts to generate an integrated view of molecular and cellular changes underlying alcohol addiction are lacking. Here, we applied a novel systems approach to transcriptome profiling in postmortem human brains and generated a systemic view of brain alterations associated with alcohol abuse. We identified critical cellular components and previously unrecognized epigenetic determinants of gene coexpression relationships and discovered novel markers of chromatin modifications in alcoholic brain. Higher expression levels of endogenous retroviruses and genes with high GC content in alcoholics were associated with DNA hypomethylation and increased histone H3K4 trimethylation, suggesting a critical role of epigenetic mechanisms in alcohol addiction. Analysis of cell-type-specific transcriptomes revealed remarkable consistency between molecular profiles and cellular abnormalities in alcoholic brain. Based on evidence from this study and others, we generated a systems hypothesis for the central role of chromatin modifications in alcohol dependence that integrates epigenetic regulation of gene expression with pathophysiological and neuroadaptive changes in alcoholic brain. Our results offer implications for epigenetic therapeutics in alcohol and drug addiction.
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Millan MJ, Agid Y, Brüne M, Bullmore ET, Carter CS, Clayton NS, Connor R, Davis S, Deakin B, DeRubeis RJ, Dubois B, Geyer MA, Goodwin GM, Gorwood P, Jay TM, Joëls M, Mansuy IM, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Murphy D, Rolls E, Saletu B, Spedding M, Sweeney J, Whittington M, Young LJ. Cognitive dysfunction in psychiatric disorders: characteristics, causes and the quest for improved therapy. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2012; 11:141-68. [PMID: 22293568 DOI: 10.1038/nrd3628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 785] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Studies of psychiatric disorders have traditionally focused on emotional symptoms such as depression, anxiety and hallucinations. However, poorly controlled cognitive deficits are equally prominent and severely compromise quality of life, including social and professional integration. Consequently, intensive efforts are being made to characterize the cellular and cerebral circuits underpinning cognitive function, define the nature and causes of cognitive impairment in psychiatric disorders and identify more effective treatments. Successful development will depend on rigorous validation in animal models as well as in patients, including measures of real-world cognitive functioning. This article critically discusses these issues, highlighting the challenges and opportunities for improving cognition in individuals suffering from psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Millan
- Institut de Recherche Servier, 78290 Croissy/Seine, France.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenn S Smith
- Division of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xiaohua Li
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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