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Abstract
Thromboembolic disorders are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The progress in noninvasive imaging techniques has led to the development of radionuclide imaging based on SPECT and PET approaches to observe molecular and cellular processes that may underlie the onset and progression of disease. The advantages of using normal and genetically modified small animal research have spurred the development of dedicated small animal imaging systems. Animal models of venous and arterial thrombosis are largely used and have improved our understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of thrombosis. Here, we review the literature regarding nuclear imaging of thrombosis in mice and rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Cécile Valéra
- a Inserm, U1048 and Université Toulouse III , I2MC, Toulouse , France.,b Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Toulouse III , Toulouse , France
| | - Bernard Payrastre
- a Inserm, U1048 and Université Toulouse III , I2MC, Toulouse , France.,c Laboratoire d'Hématologie CHU de Toulouse , Toulouse , France
| | - Olivier Lairez
- a Inserm, U1048 and Université Toulouse III , I2MC, Toulouse , France.,d Fédération des services de cardiologie, Département de Médecine Nucléaire Centre d'imagerie cardiaque, CHU de Toulouse , Toulouse , France
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53
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SPECT and PET imaging of angiogenesis and arteriogenesis in pre-clinical models of myocardial ischemia and peripheral vascular disease. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2016; 43:2433-2447. [PMID: 27517840 PMCID: PMC5095166 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-016-3480-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The extent of neovascularization determines the clinical outcome of coronary artery disease and other occlusive cardiovascular disorders. Monitoring of neovascularization is therefore highly important. This review article will elaborately discuss preclinical studies aimed at validating new nuclear angiogenesis and arteriogenesis tracers. Additionally, we will briefly address possible obstacles that should be considered when designing an arteriogenesis radiotracer. Methods A structured medline search was the base of this review, which gives an overview on different radiopharmaceuticals that have been evaluated in preclinical models. Results Neovascularization is a collective term used to indicate different processes such as angiogenesis and arteriogenesis. However, while it is assumed that sensitive detection through nuclear imaging will facilitate translation of successful therapeutic interventions in preclinical models to the bedside, we still lack specific tracers for neovascularization imaging. Most nuclear imaging research to date has focused on angiogenesis, leaving nuclear arteriogenesis imaging largely overlooked. Conclusion Although angiogenesis is the process which is best understood, there is no scarcity in theoretical targets for arteriogenesis imaging.
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Pang B, Yang X, Xia Y. Putting gold nanocages to work for optical imaging, controlled release and cancer theranostics. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 11:1715-28. [PMID: 27348546 PMCID: PMC5827786 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Gold nanocages are hollow nanostructures with ultrathin, porous walls. They are bio-inert and their surface can be readily modified with functional groups to specifically interact with the biological system of interest. They have remarkable optical properties, including localized surface plasmon resonance peaks tunable to the near-infrared region, strong absorption and scattering, as well as two- and three-photon luminescence. With the establishment of robust protocols for both synthesis and surface functionalization, Au nanocages have been extensively explored for various biomedical applications. In this review, we begin with a brief account of the synthesis and properties of Au nanocages, and then highlight some of the recent developments in applying them to an array of biomedical applications related to optical imaging, controlled release and cancer theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Pang
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xuan Yang
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Younan Xia
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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55
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Lee MS, Park HS, Lee BC, Jung JH, Yoo JS, Kim SE. Identification of Angiogenesis Rich-Viable Myocardium using RGD Dimer based SPECT after Myocardial Infarction. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27520. [PMID: 27283041 PMCID: PMC4901298 DOI: 10.1038/srep27520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac healing after myocardial ischemia is a complex biological process. Advances in understanding of wound healing response have paved the way for clinical testing of novel molecular imaging to improve clinical outcomes. A key factor for assessing myocardial viability after ischemic injury is the evaluation of angiogenesis accompanying increased expression of integrin αvβ3. Here, we describe the capability of an αvβ3 integrin-targeting SPECT agent, (99m)Tc-IDA-D-[c(RGDfK)]2, for identification of ischemic but viable myocardium, i.e., hibernating myocardium which is crucial to predict functional recovery after revascularization, the standard care of cardiovascular medicine. In vivo SPECT imaging of rat models with transient coronary occlusion showed significantly high uptake of (99m)Tc-IDA-D-[c(RGDfK)]2 in the ischemic region. Comparative measurements with (201)Tl SPECT and (18)F-FDG PET, then, proved that such prominent uptake of (99m)Tc-IDA-D-[c(RGDfK)]2 exactly matched the hallmark of hibernation, i.e., the perfusion-metabolism mismatch pattern. The uptake of (99m)Tc-IDA-D-[c(RGDfK)]2 was non-inferior to that of (18)F-FDG, confirmed by time-course variation analysis. Immunohistochemical characterization revealed that an intense signal of (99m)Tc-IDA-D-[c(RGDfK)]2 corresponded to the vibrant angiogenic events with elevated expression of αvβ3 integrin. Together, these results establish that (99m)Tc-IDA-D-[c(RGDfK)]2 SPECT can serve as a sensitive clinical measure for myocardial salvage to identify the patients who might benefit most from revascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Su Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Smart Humanity Convergence Center, Program in Biomedical Radiation Sciences, Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Soo Park
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Smart Humanity Convergence Center, Program in Biomedical Radiation Sciences, Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Chul Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomolecular Imaging and Innovative Drug Development, Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ho Jung
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Sun Yoo
- Smart Humanity Convergence Center, Program in Biomedical Radiation Sciences, Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomolecular Imaging and Innovative Drug Development, Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Eun Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Smart Humanity Convergence Center, Program in Biomedical Radiation Sciences, Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomolecular Imaging and Innovative Drug Development, Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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Hsu HC, Wang L, Wang LV. In vivo photoacoustic microscopy of human cuticle microvasculature with single-cell resolution. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 21:56004. [PMID: 27207113 PMCID: PMC5998605 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.5.056004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
As a window on the microcirculation, human cuticle capillaries provide rich information about the microvasculature, such as its morphology, density, dimensions, or even blood flow speed. Many imaging technologies have been employed to image human cuticle microvasculature. However, almost none of these techniques can noninvasively observe the process of oxygen release from single red blood cells (RBCs), an observation which can be used to study healthy tissue functionalities or to diagnose, stage, or monitor diseases. For the first time, we adapted single-cell resolution photoacoustic (PA) microscopy (PA flowoxigraphy) to image cuticle capillaries and quantified multiple functional parameters. Our results show more oxygen release in the curved cuticle tip region than in other regions of a cuticle capillary loop, associated with a low of RBC flow speed in the tip region. Further analysis suggests that in addition to the RBC flow speed, other factors, such as the drop of the partial oxygen pressure in the tip region, drive RBCs to release more oxygen in the tip region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsun-Chia Hsu
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Imaging Laboratory, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | | | - Lihong V. Wang
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Imaging Laboratory, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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Preshlock S, Tredwell M, Gouverneur V. (18)F-Labeling of Arenes and Heteroarenes for Applications in Positron Emission Tomography. Chem Rev 2016; 116:719-66. [PMID: 26751274 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 477] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Diverse radiochemistry is an essential component of nuclear medicine; this includes imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET). As such, PET can track diseases at an early stage of development, help patient care planning through personalized medicine and support drug discovery programs. Fluorine-18 is the most frequently used radioisotope in PET radiopharmaceuticals for both clinical and preclinical research. Its physical and nuclear characteristics (97% β(+) decay, 109.8 min half-life, 635 keV positron energy) and high specific activity make it an attractive nuclide for labeling and molecular imaging. Arenes and heteroarenes are privileged candidates for (18)F-incorporation as they are metabolically robust and therefore widely used by medicinal chemists and radiochemists alike. For many years, the range of (hetero)arenes amenable to (18)F-fluorination was limited by the lack of chemically diverse precursors, and of radiochemical methods allowing (18)F-incorporation in high selectivity and efficiency (radiochemical yield and purity, specific activity, and radio-scalability). The appearance of late-stage fluorination reactions catalyzed by transition metal or small organic molecules (organocatalysis) has encouraged much research on the use of these activation manifolds for (18)F-fluorination. In this piece, we review all of the reactions known to date to install the (18)F substituent and other key (18)F-motifs (e.g., CF3, CHF2, OCF3, SCF3, OCHF2) of medicinal relevance onto (hetero)arenes. The field has changed significantly in the past five years, and the current trend suggests that the radiochemical space available for PET applications will expand rapidly in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Preshlock
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Tredwell
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Véronique Gouverneur
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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58
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Sun Yoo J, Lee J, Ho Jung J, Seok Moon B, Kim S, Chul Lee B, Eun Kim S. SPECT/CT Imaging of High-Risk Atherosclerotic Plaques using Integrin-Binding RGD Dimer Peptides. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11752. [PMID: 26123253 PMCID: PMC4485237 DOI: 10.1038/srep11752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques with unique biological signatures are responsible for most major cardiovascular events including acute myocardial infarction and stroke. However, current clinical diagnostic approaches for atherosclerosis focus on anatomical measurements such as the degree of luminal stenosis and wall thickness. An abundance of neovessels with elevated expression of integrin αvβ3 is closely associated with an increased risk of plaque rupture. Herein we evaluated the potential of an αvβ3 integrin-targeting radiotracer, (99m)Tc-IDA-D-[c(RGDfK)]2, for SPECT/CT imaging of high-risk plaque in murine atherosclerosis models. In vivo uptake of (99m)Tc-IDA-D-[c(RGDfK)]2 was significantly higher in atherosclerotic aortas than in relatively normal aortas. Comparison with the negative-control peptide, (99m)Tc-IDA-D-[c(RADfK)]2, proved specific binding of (99m)Tc-IDA-D-[c(RGDfK)]2 for plaque lesions in in vivo SPECT/CT and ex vivo autoradiographic imaging. Histopathological characterization revealed that a prominent SPECT signal of (99m)Tc-IDA-D-[c(RGDfK)]2 corresponded to the presence of high-risk plaques with a large necrotic core, a thin fibrous cap, and vibrant neoangiogenic events. Notably, the RGD dimer based (99m)Tc-IDA-D-[c(RGDfK)]2 showed better imaging performance in comparison with the common monomeric RGD peptide probe (123)I-c(RGDyV) and fluorescence tissue assay corroborated this. Our preclinical data demonstrated that (99m)Tc-IDA-D-[c(RGDfK)]2 SPECT/CT is a sensitive tool to noninvasively gauge atherosclerosis beyond vascular anatomy by assessing culprit plaque neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Sun Yoo
- Smart Humanity Convergence Center, Program in Biomedical Radiation Sciences, Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomolecular Imaging and Innovative Drug Development, Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghwan Lee
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung 210-701, Republic of Korea
- Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary’s Hospital, Incheon 404-834, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ho Jung
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Seok Moon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Soonhag Kim
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung 210-701, Republic of Korea
- Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary’s Hospital, Incheon 404-834, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Chul Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomolecular Imaging and Innovative Drug Development, Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Eun Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
- Smart Humanity Convergence Center, Program in Biomedical Radiation Sciences, Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomolecular Imaging and Innovative Drug Development, Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea
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Xu J, Lu X, Shi GP. Vasa vasorum in atherosclerosis and clinical significance. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:11574-608. [PMID: 26006236 PMCID: PMC4463718 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160511574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that leads to several acute cardiovascular complications with poor prognosis. For decades, the role of the adventitial vasa vasorum (VV) in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis has received broad attention. The presence of VV neovascularization precedes the apparent symptoms of clinical atherosclerosis. VV also mediates inflammatory cell infiltration, intimal thickening, intraplaque hemorrhage, and subsequent atherothrombosis that results in stroke or myocardial infarction. Intraplaque neovessels originating from VV can be immature and hence susceptible to leakage, and are thus regarded as the leading cause of intraplaque hemorrhage. Evidence supports VV as a new surrogate target of atherosclerosis evaluation and treatment. This review provides an overview into the relationship between VV and atherosclerosis, including the anatomy and function of VV, the stimuli of VV neovascularization, and the available underlying mechanisms that lead to poor prognosis. We also summarize translational researches on VV imaging modalities and potential therapies that target VV neovascularization or its stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Xu
- Second Clinical Medical College, Zhujiang Hospital and Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China.
| | - Xiaotong Lu
- Second Clinical Medical College, Zhujiang Hospital and Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China.
| | - Guo-Ping Shi
- Second Clinical Medical College, Zhujiang Hospital and Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China.
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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60
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Nam SY, Ricles LM, Suggs LJ, Emelianov SY. Imaging strategies for tissue engineering applications. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2015; 21:88-102. [PMID: 25012069 PMCID: PMC4322020 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2014.0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering has evolved with multifaceted research being conducted using advanced technologies, and it is progressing toward clinical applications. As tissue engineering technology significantly advances, it proceeds toward increasing sophistication, including nanoscale strategies for material construction and synergetic methods for combining with cells, growth factors, or other macromolecules. Therefore, to assess advanced tissue-engineered constructs, tissue engineers need versatile imaging methods capable of monitoring not only morphological but also functional and molecular information. However, there is no single imaging modality that is suitable for all tissue-engineered constructs. Each imaging method has its own range of applications and provides information based on the specific properties of the imaging technique. Therefore, according to the requirements of the tissue engineering studies, the most appropriate tool should be selected among a variety of imaging modalities. The goal of this review article is to describe available biomedical imaging methods to assess tissue engineering applications and to provide tissue engineers with criteria and insights for determining the best imaging strategies. Commonly used biomedical imaging modalities, including X-ray and computed tomography, positron emission tomography and single photon emission computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound imaging, optical imaging, and emerging techniques and multimodal imaging, will be discussed, focusing on the latest trends of their applications in recent tissue engineering studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Yun Nam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Laura M. Ricles
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Laura J. Suggs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Stanislav Y. Emelianov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
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61
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Li J, Dobrucki LW, Marjanovic M, Chaney EJ, Suslick KS, Boppart SA. Enhancement and wavelength-shifted emission of Cerenkov luminescence using multifunctional microspheres. Phys Med Biol 2015; 60:727-39. [PMID: 25555157 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/60/2/727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cerenkov luminescence (CL) imaging is a new molecular imaging modality that utilizes the photons emitted during radioactive decay when charged particles travel faster than the phase velocity of light in a dielectric medium. Here we present a novel agent to convert and increase CL emission at longer wavelengths using multimodal protein microspheres (MSs). The (64)Cu-labeled protein microspheres contain quantum dots (QDs) encapsulated within a high-refractive-index-oil core. Dark box imaging of the MSs was conducted to demonstrate the improvement in CL emission at longer wavelengths. To illustrate the versatile design of these MSs and the potential of CL in disease diagnosis, these MSs were utilized for in vitro cell targeting and ex vivo CL-excited QD fluorescence (CL-FL) imaging of atherosclerotic plaques in rats. It was shown that by utilizing both QDs and MSs with a high-refractive-index-oil core, the CL emission increases by four-fold at longer wavelengths. Furthermore, we demonstrate that these MSs generate both an in vivo and ex vivo contrast signal. The design concept of utilizing QDs and high-index core MSs may contribute to future developments of in vivo CL imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Li
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA. Department of Nuclear, Plasma, and Radiological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA. Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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Patel SK, Janjic JM. Macrophage targeted theranostics as personalized nanomedicine strategies for inflammatory diseases. Am J Cancer Res 2015; 5:150-72. [PMID: 25553105 PMCID: PMC4279001 DOI: 10.7150/thno.9476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory disease management poses challenges due to the complexity of inflammation and inherent patient variability, thereby necessitating patient-specific therapeutic interventions. Theranostics, which integrate therapeutic and imaging functionalities, can be used for simultaneous imaging and treatment of inflammatory diseases. Theranostics could facilitate assessment of safety, toxicity and real-time therapeutic efficacy leading to personalized treatment strategies. Macrophages are an important cellular component of inflammatory diseases, participating in varied roles of disease exacerbation and resolution. The inherent phagocytic nature, abundance and disease homing properties of macrophages can be targeted for imaging and therapeutic purposes. This review discusses the utility of theranostics in macrophage ablation, phenotype modulation and inhibition of their inflammatory activity leading to resolution of inflammation in several diseases.
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Advanced tracers in PET imaging of cardiovascular disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:504532. [PMID: 25389529 PMCID: PMC4214169 DOI: 10.1155/2014/504532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. Molecular imaging with targeted tracers by positron emission tomography (PET) allows for the noninvasive detection and characterization of biological changes at the molecular level, leading to earlier disease detection, objective monitoring of therapies, and better prognostication of cardiovascular diseases progression. Here we review, the current role of PET in cardiovascular disease, with emphasize on tracers developed for PET imaging of cardiovascular diseases.
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van der Born D, Sewing C, Herscheid JKDM, Windhorst AD, Orru RVA, Vugts DJ. A Universal Procedure for the [18F]Trifluoromethylation of Aryl Iodides and Aryl Boronic Acids with Highly Improved Specific Activity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201406221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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65
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van der Born D, Sewing C, Herscheid JKDM, Windhorst AD, Orru RVA, Vugts DJ. A Universal Procedure for the [18F]Trifluoromethylation of Aryl Iodides and Aryl Boronic Acids with Highly Improved Specific Activity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:11046-50. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201406221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Adhikari P, Wen AM, French RH, Parsegian VA, Steinmetz NF, Podgornik R, Ching WY. Electronic structure, dielectric response, and surface charge distribution of RGD (1FUV) peptide. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5605. [PMID: 25001596 PMCID: PMC4085632 DOI: 10.1038/srep05605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Long and short range molecular interactions govern molecular recognition and self-assembly of biological macromolecules. Microscopic parameters in the theories of these molecular interactions are either phenomenological or need to be calculated within a microscopic theory. We report a unified methodology for the ab initio quantum mechanical (QM) calculation that yields all the microscopic parameters, namely the partial charges as well as the frequency-dependent dielectric response function, that can then be taken as input for macroscopic theories of electrostatic, polar, and van der Waals-London dispersion intermolecular forces. We apply this methodology to obtain the electronic structure of the cyclic tripeptide RGD-4C (1FUV). This ab initio unified methodology yields the relevant parameters entering the long range interactions of biological macromolecules, providing accurate data for the partial charge distribution and the frequency-dependent dielectric response function of this peptide. These microscopic parameters determine the range and strength of the intricate intermolecular interactions between potential docking sites of the RGD-4C ligand and its integrin receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Adhikari
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA
| | - Amy M. Wen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Roger H. French
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - V. Adrian Parsegian
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Nicole F. Steinmetz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Rudolf Podgornik
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
- Department of Theoretical Physics, J. Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Wai-Yim Ching
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA
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Schelbert HR. Do we need PET? J Nucl Cardiol 2014; 21:411-2. [PMID: 24797385 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-014-9906-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Radiopharmaceutical stem cell tracking for neurological diseases. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:417091. [PMID: 24982880 PMCID: PMC4055613 DOI: 10.1155/2014/417091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Although neurological ailments continue to be some of the main causes of disease burden in the world, current therapies such as pharmacological agents have limited potential in the restoration of neural functions. Cell therapies, firstly applied to treat different hematological diseases, are now being investigated in preclinical and clinical studies for neurological illnesses. However, the potential applications and mechanisms for such treatments are still poorly comprehended and are the focus of permanent research. In this setting, noninvasive in vivo imaging allows better understanding of several aspects of stem cell therapies. Amongst the various methods available, radioisotope cell labeling has become one of the most promising since it permits tracking of cells after injection by different routes to investigate their biodistribution. A significant increase in the number of studies utilizing this method has occurred in the last years. Here, we review the different radiopharmaceuticals, imaging techniques, and findings of the preclinical and clinical reports published up to now. Moreover, we discuss the limitations and future applications of radioisotope cell labeling in the field of cell transplantation for neurological diseases.
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Ay I, Blasi F, Rietz TA, Rotile NJ, Kura S, Brownell AL, Day H, Oliveira BL, Looby RJ, Caravan P. In vivo molecular imaging of thrombosis and thrombolysis using a fibrin-binding positron emission tomographic probe. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2014; 7:697-705. [PMID: 24777937 DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.113.001806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrin is a major component of arterial and venous thrombi and represents an ideal candidate for molecular imaging of thrombosis. Here, we describe imaging properties and target uptake of a new fibrin-specific positron emission tomographic probe for thrombus detection and therapy monitoring in 2 rat thrombosis models. METHODS AND RESULTS The fibrin-binding probe FBP7 was synthesized by conjugation of a known short cyclic peptide to a cross-bridged chelator (CB-TE2A), followed by labeling with copper-64. Adult male Wistar rats (n=26) underwent either carotid crush injury (mural thrombosis model) or embolic stroke (occlusive thrombosis model) followed by recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator treatment (10 mg/kg, IV). FBP7 detected thrombus location in both animal models with a high positron emission tomographic target-to-background ratio that increased over time (>5-fold at 30-90 minutes, >15-fold at 240-285 minutes). In the carotid crush injury animals, biodistribution analysis confirmed high probe uptake in the thrombotic artery (≈0.5%ID/g; >5-fold greater than blood and other tissues of the head and thorax). Similar results were obtained from ex vivo autoradiography of the ipsilateral versus contralateral carotid arteries. In embolic stroke animals, positron emission tomographic-computed tomographic imaging localized the clot in the internal carotid/middle cerebral artery segment of all rats. Time-dependent reduction of activity at the level of the thrombus was detected in recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator-treated rats but not in vehicle-injected animals. Brain autoradiography confirmed clot dissolution in recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator-treated animals, but enduring high thrombus activity in control rats. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that FBP7 is suitable for molecular imaging of thrombosis and thrombolysis in vivo and represents a promising candidate for bench-to-bedside translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilknur Ay
- From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
| | - Francesco Blasi
- From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
| | - Tyson A Rietz
- From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
| | - Nicholas J Rotile
- From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
| | - Sreekanth Kura
- From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
| | - Anna Liisa Brownell
- From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
| | - Helen Day
- From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
| | - Bruno L Oliveira
- From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
| | - Richard J Looby
- From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
| | - Peter Caravan
- From the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA.
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Teresa Albelda M, Garcia-España E, Frias JC. Visualizing the atherosclerotic plaque: a chemical perspective. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:2858-76. [PMID: 24526041 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60410a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the major underlying pathologic cause of coronary artery disease. An early detection of the disease can prevent clinical sequellae such as angina, myocardial infarction, and stroke. The different imaging techniques employed to visualize the atherosclerotic plaque provide information of diagnostic and prognostic value. Furthermore, the use of contrast agents helps to improve signal-to-noise ratio providing better images. For nuclear imaging techniques and optical imaging these agents are absolutely necessary. We report on the different contrast agents that have been used, are used or may be used in future in animals, humans, or excised tissues for the distinct imaging modalities for atherosclerotic plaque imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma Teresa Albelda
- Universidad de Valencia, Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Edificio de Institutos de Paterna, c/ Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46071 Valencia, Spain
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Golestani R, Sadeghi MM. Emergence of molecular imaging of aortic aneurysm: implications for risk stratification and management. J Nucl Cardiol 2014; 21:251-67; quiz 268-70. [PMID: 24381115 PMCID: PMC3991015 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-013-9845-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Imaging cellular and molecular processes associated with aneurysm expansion, dissection, and rupture can potentially transform the management of patients with thoracic and abdominal aortic aneurysm. Here, we review recent advances in molecular imaging of aortic aneurysm, focusing on imaging modalities with the greatest potential for clinical translation and application, PET, SPECT, and MRI. Inflammation (e.g., with (18)F-FDG, nanoparticles) and matrix remodeling (e.g., with matrix metalloproteinase-targeted tracers) are highlighted as promising targets for molecular imaging of aneurysm. Potential alternative or complementary approaches to molecular imaging for aneurysm risk stratification are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Golestani
- Cardiovascular Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Fernández-Jiménez R, Fernández-Friera L, Sánchez-González J, Ibáñez B. Animal Models of Tissue Characterization of Area at Risk, Edema and Fibrosis. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12410-014-9259-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Seo JW, Baek H, Mahakian LM, Kusunose J, Hamzah J, Ruoslahti E, Ferrara KW. (64)Cu-labeled LyP-1-dendrimer for PET-CT imaging of atherosclerotic plaque. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:231-9. [PMID: 24433095 PMCID: PMC4311647 DOI: 10.1021/bc400347s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The ability to detect and quantify macrophage accumulation can provide important diagnostic and prognostic information for atherosclerotic plaque. We have previously shown that LyP-1, a cyclic 9-amino acid peptide, binds to p32 proteins on activated macrophages, facilitating the visualization of atherosclerotic plaque with PET. Yet, the in vivo plaque accumulation of monomeric [(18)F]FBA-LyP-1 was low (0.31 ± 0.05%ID/g). To increase the avidity of LyP-1 constructs to p32, we synthesized a dendritic form of LyP-1 on solid phase using lysine as the core structural element. Imaging probes (FAM or 6-BAT) were conjugated to a lysine or cysteine on the dendrimer for optical and PET studies. The N-terminus of the dendrimer was further modified with an aminooxy group in order to conjugate LyP-1 and ARAL peptides bearing a ketone. Oxime ligation of peptides to both dendrimers resulted in (LyP-1)4- and (ARAL)4-dendrimers with optical (FAM) and PET probes (6-BAT). For PET-CT studies, (LyP-1)4- and (ARAL)4-dendrimer-6-BAT were labeled with (64)Cu (t1/2 = 12.7 h) and intravenously injected into the atherosclerotic (ApoE(-/-)) mice. After two hours of circulation, PET-CT coregistered images demonstrated greater uptake of the (LyP-1)4-dendrimer-(64)Cu than the (ARAL)4-dendrimer-(64)Cu in the aortic root and descending aorta. Ex vivo images and the biodistribution acquired at three hours after injection also demonstrated a significantly higher uptake of the (LyP-1)4-dendrimer-(64)Cu (1.1 ± 0.26%ID/g) than the (ARAL)4-dendrimer-(64)Cu (0.22 ± 0.05%ID/g) in the aorta. Similarly, subcutaneous injection of the LyP-1-dendrimeric carriers resulted in preferential accumulation in plaque-containing regions over 24 h. In the same model system, ex vivo fluorescence images within aortic plaque depict an increased accumulation and penetration of the (LyP-1)4-dendrimer-FAM as compared to the (ARAL)4-dendrimer-FAM. Taken together, the results suggest that the (LyP-1)4-dendrimer can be applied for in vivo PET imaging of plaque and that LyP-1 could be further exploited for the delivery of therapeutics with multivalent carriers or nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jai Woong Seo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California , Davis, California 95616, United States
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Jivraj N, Phinikaridou A, Shah AM, Botnar RM. Molecular imaging of myocardial infarction. Basic Res Cardiol 2013; 109:397. [PMID: 24322905 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-013-0397-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI), and subsequent heart failure, remains a major healthcare problem in the western and developing world and leads to substantial morbidity and mortality. After MI, the ability of the myocardium to recover is closely associated with a complex immune response that often leads to adverse remodeling of the ventricle, and poor prognosis. Currently used clinical imaging modalities allow the assessment of anatomy, perfusion, function, and viability but do not provide insights into specific biological processes. In contrast, novel non-invasive imaging methods, using targeted imaging agents, allow imaging of the molecular processes underlying the post-MI immune cell response, and subsequent remodeling. Therefore, this may have significant diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic value, and may help to improve our understanding of post-infarct remodeling, in vivo. Imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging, single-photon emission computed tomography, and positron emission tomography have been used in concert with radiolabelled and (super) paramagnetic probes to image each phase of the immune response. These probes, which target apoptosis, necrosis, neutrophils, monocytes, enzymes, angiogenesis, extracellular matrix, and scar formation have been assessed and validated pre-clinically. Translating this work to the bedside in a cost-effective, clinically beneficial manner remains a significant challenge. This article reviews these new imaging techniques as well as the corresponding pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naheed Jivraj
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, 4th Floor, Lambeth Wing, London, SE1 7EH, UK,
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Pleger ST, Brinks H, Ritterhoff J, Raake P, Koch WJ, Katus HA, Most P. Heart failure gene therapy: the path to clinical practice. Circ Res 2013; 113:792-809. [PMID: 23989720 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.113.300269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy, aimed at the correction of key pathologies being out of reach for conventional drugs, bears the potential to alter the treatment of cardiovascular diseases radically and thereby of heart failure. Heart failure gene therapy refers to a therapeutic system of targeted drug delivery to the heart that uses formulations of DNA and RNA, whose products determine the therapeutic classification through their biological actions. Among resident cardiac cells, cardiomyocytes have been the therapeutic target of numerous attempts to regenerate systolic and diastolic performance, to reverse remodeling and restore electric stability and metabolism. Although the concept to intervene directly within the genetic and molecular foundation of cardiac cells is simple and elegant, the path to clinical reality has been arduous because of the challenge on delivery technologies and vectors, expression regulation, and complex mechanisms of action of therapeutic gene products. Nonetheless, since the first demonstration of in vivo gene transfer into myocardium, there have been a series of advancements that have driven the evolution of heart failure gene therapy from an experimental tool to the threshold of becoming a viable clinical option. The objective of this review is to discuss the current state of the art in the field and point out inevitable innovations on which the future evolution of heart failure gene therapy into an effective and safe clinical treatment relies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven T Pleger
- Center for Molecular and Translational Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Germany
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76
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Ke S, Wang W, Qiu X, Zhang F, Yustein JT, Cameron AG, Zhang S, Yu D, Zou C, Gao X, Lin J, Yallampalli S, Li M. Multiple target-specific molecular agents for detection and image analysis of breast cancer characteristics in mice. Curr Mol Med 2013; 13:446-58. [PMID: 23331017 PMCID: PMC3636521 DOI: 10.2174/1566524011313030014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a heterogenetic tumor at the cellular level with multiple factors and components. The inconsistent expression of molecular markers during disease progression reduces the accuracy of diagnosis and efficacy of target-specific therapy. Single target-specific imaging agents can only provide limited tumor information at one time point. In contrast, multiple target-specific imaging agents can increase the accuracy of diagnosis. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the ability of multi-agent imaging to discriminate such differences in single tumor. Mice bearing human cancer cell xenografts were tested to determine individual differences under optimal experimental conditions. Neovasculature agent (RGD peptide), tumor stromal agent (matrix metalloproteinase), and tumor cell markers (epidermal growth factor, Her-2, interleukin 11) imaging agents were labeled with reporters. 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose was used to evaluate the tumor glucose status. Optical, X-ray, positron emission tomography, and computer tomography imaging modalities were used to determine tumor characteristics. Tumor size and imaging data demonstrated that individual differences exist under optimal experimental conditions. The target-specific agents used in the study bind to human breast cancer cell lines in vitro and xenografts in vivo. The pattern of binding corresponds to that of tumor markers. Multi-agent imaging had complementary effects in tumor detection. Multiple noninvasive imaging agents and modalities are complementary in the interrogation of unique biological information from each individual tumor. Such multi-agent approaches provide methods to study several disease components simultaneously. In addition, the imaging results provide information on disease status at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ke
- Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS: BCM360, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Lairez O, Fayad ZA. Imaging of atherosclerosis: can molecular imaging do more? Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2013; 106:551-3. [PMID: 23927996 DOI: 10.1016/j.acvd.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Lairez
- Cardiac Imaging Centre, University Hospital of Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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Liu Y, Pierce R, Luehmann HP, Sharp TL, Welch MJ. PET imaging of chemokine receptors in vascular injury-accelerated atherosclerosis. J Nucl Med 2013; 54:1135-41. [PMID: 23658218 PMCID: PMC4251467 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.112.114777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Atherosclerosis is the pathophysiologic process behind lethal cardiovascular diseases. It is a chronic inflammatory progression. Chemokines can strongly affect the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis by controlling the trafficking of inflammatory cells in vivo through interaction with their receptors. Some chemokine receptors have been reported to play an important role in plaque development and stability. However, the diagnostic potential of chemokine receptors has not yet been explored. The purpose of this study was to develop a positron emitter-radiolabeled probe to image the upregulation of chemokine receptor in a wire-injury-accelerated apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE(-/-)) mouse model of atherosclerosis. METHODS A viral macrophage inflammatory protein II (vMIP-II) was used to image the upregulation of multiple chemokine receptors through conjugation with DOTA for (64)Cu radiolabeling and PET. Imaging studies were performed at 2 and 4 wk after injury in both wire-injured ApoE(-/-) and wild-type C57BL/6 mice. Competitive PET blocking studies with nonradiolabeled vMIP-II were performed to confirm the imaging specificity. Specific PET blocking with individual chemokine receptor antagonists was also performed to verify the upregulation of a particular chemokine receptor. In contrast, (18)F-FDG PET imaging was performed in both models to evaluate tracer uptake. Immunohistochemistry on the injury and sham tissues was performed to assess the upregulation of chemokine receptors. RESULTS (15)O-CO PET showed decreased blood volume in the femoral artery after the injury. (64)Cu-DOTA-vMIP-II exhibited fast in vivo pharmacokinetics with major renal clearance. PET images showed specific accumulation around the injury site, with consistent expression during the study period. Quantitative analysis of tracer uptake at the injury lesion in the ApoE(-/-) model showed a 3-fold increase over the sham-operated site and the sites in the injured wild-type mouse. (18)F-FDG PET showed significantly less tracer accumulation than (64)Cu-DOTA-vMIP-II, with no difference observed between injury and sham sites. PET blocking studies identified chemokine receptor-mediated (64)Cu-DOTA-vMIP-II uptake and verified the presence of 8 chemokine receptors, and this finding was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSION (64)Cu-DOTA-vMIP-II was proven a sensitive and useful PET imaging probe for the detection of 8 up-regulated chemokine receptors in a model of injury-accelerated atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjian Liu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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79
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Orbay H, Zhang Y, Hong H, Hacker TA, Valdovinos HF, Zagzebski JA, Theuer CP, Barnhart TE, Cai W. Positron emission tomography imaging of angiogenesis in a murine hindlimb ischemia model with 64Cu-labeled TRC105. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:2749-56. [PMID: 23738915 DOI: 10.1021/mp400191w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to assess ischemia-induced angiogenesis with (64)Cu-NOTA-TRC105 positron emission tomography (PET) in a murine hindlimb ischemia model of peripheral artery disease (PAD). CD105 binding affinity/specificity of NOTA-conjugated TRC105 (an anti-CD105 antibody) was evaluated by flow cytometry, which exhibited no difference from unconjugated TRC105. BALB/c mice were anesthetized, and the right femoral artery was ligated to induce hindlimb ischemia, with the left hindlimb serving as an internal control. Laser Doppler imaging showed that perfusion in the ischemic hindlimb plummeted to ∼ 20% of the normal level after surgery and gradually recovered to near normal level on day 24. Ischemia-induced angiogenesis was noninvasively monitored and quantified with (64)Cu-NOTA-TRC105 PET on postoperative days 1, 3, 10, 17, and 24. (64)Cu-NOTA-TRC105 uptake in the ischemic hindlimb increased significantly from the control level of 1.6 ± 0.2 %ID/g to 14.1 ± 1.9 %ID/g at day 3 (n = 3) and gradually decreased with time (3.4 ± 1.9 %ID/g at day 24), which correlated well with biodistribution studies performed on days 3 and 24. Blocking studies confirmed the CD105 specificity of tracer uptake in the ischemic hindlimb. Increased CD105 expression on days 3 and 10 following ischemia was confirmed by histology and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). This is the first report of PET imaging of CD105 expression during ischemia-induced angiogenesis. (64)Cu-NOTA-TRC105 PET may play multiple roles in future PAD-related research and improve PAD patient management by identifying the optimal timing of treatment and monitoring the efficacy of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Orbay
- Department of Radiology, ‡Department of Medical Physics, and §Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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Majmudar MD, Keliher EJ, Heidt T, Leuschner F, Truelove J, Sena BF, Gorbatov R, Iwamoto Y, Dutta P, Wojtkiewicz G, Courties G, Sebas M, Borodovsky A, Fitzgerald K, Nolte MW, Dickneite G, Chen JW, Anderson DG, Swirski FK, Weissleder R, Nahrendorf M. Monocyte-directed RNAi targeting CCR2 improves infarct healing in atherosclerosis-prone mice. Circulation 2013; 127:2038-46. [PMID: 23616627 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.112.000116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exaggerated and prolonged inflammation after myocardial infarction (MI) accelerates left ventricular remodeling. Inflammatory pathways may present a therapeutic target to prevent post-MI heart failure. However, the appropriate magnitude and timing of interventions are largely unknown, in part because noninvasive monitoring tools are lacking. Here, we used nanoparticle-facilitated silencing of CCR2, the chemokine receptor that governs inflammatory Ly-6C(high) monocyte subset traffic, to reduce infarct inflammation in apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE(-/-)) mice after MI. We used dual-target positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging of transglutaminase factor XIII (FXIII) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity to monitor how monocyte subset-targeted RNAi altered infarct inflammation and healing. METHODS AND RESULTS Flow cytometry, gene expression analysis, and histology revealed reduced monocyte numbers and enhanced resolution of inflammation in infarcted hearts of apoE(-/-) mice that were treated with nanoparticle-encapsulated siRNA. To follow extracellular matrix cross-linking noninvasively, we developed a fluorine-18-labeled positron emission tomography agent ((18)F-FXIII). Recruitment of MPO-rich inflammatory leukocytes was imaged with a molecular magnetic resonance imaging sensor of MPO activity (MPO-Gd). Positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging detected anti-inflammatory effects of intravenous nanoparticle-facilitated siRNA therapy (75% decrease of MPO-Gd signal; P<0.05), whereas (18)F-FXIII positron emission tomography reflected unimpeded matrix cross-linking in the infarct. Silencing of CCR2 during the first week after MI improved ejection fraction on day 21 after MI from 29% to 35% (P<0.05). CONCLUSION CCR2-targeted RNAi reduced recruitment of Ly-6C(high) monocytes, attenuated infarct inflammation, and curbed post-MI left ventricular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maulik D Majmudar
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Hyafil F, Feldman L, Le Guludec D, Fayad ZA. Evaluating Efficacy of Pharmaceutical Interventions in Atherosclerosis: Role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Positron Emission Tomography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 79:689-704. [DOI: 10.1002/msj.21349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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83
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Orbay H, Hong H, Zhang Y, Cai W. PET/SPECT imaging of hindlimb ischemia: focusing on angiogenesis and blood flow. Angiogenesis 2012; 16:279-87. [PMID: 23117521 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-012-9319-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a result of the atherosclerotic narrowing of blood vessels to the extremities, and the subsequent tissue ischemia can lead to the up-regulation of angiogenic growth factors and formation of new vessels as a recovery mechanism. Such formation of new vessels can be evaluated with various non-invasive molecular imaging techniques, where serial images from the same subjects can be obtained to allow the documentation of disease progression and therapeutic response. The most commonly used animal model for preclinical studies of PAD is the murine hindlimb ischemia model, and a number of radiotracers have been investigated for positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging of PAD. In this review article, we summarize the PET/SPECT tracers that have been tested in the murine hindlimb ischemia model as well as those used clinically to assess the extremity blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Orbay
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, Room 7137, Madison, WI 53705-2275, USA
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Radioluminescence microscopy: measuring the heterogeneous uptake of radiotracers in single living cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46285. [PMID: 23056276 PMCID: PMC3463617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotracers play an important role in interrogating molecular processes both in vitro and in vivo. However, current methods are limited to measuring average radiotracer uptake in large cell populations and, as a result, lack the ability to quantify cell-to-cell variations. Here we apply a new technique, termed radioluminescence microscopy, to visualize radiotracer uptake in single living cells, in a standard fluorescence microscopy environment. In this technique, live cells are cultured sparsely on a thin scintillator plate and incubated with a radiotracer. Light produced following beta decay is measured using a highly sensitive microscope. Radioluminescence microscopy revealed strong heterogeneity in the uptake of [(18)F]fluoro-deoxyglucose (FDG) in single cells, which was found consistent with fluorescence imaging of a glucose analog. We also verified that dynamic uptake of FDG in single cells followed the standard two-tissue compartmental model. Last, we transfected cells with a fusion PET/fluorescence reporter gene and found that uptake of FHBG (a PET radiotracer for transgene expression) coincided with expression of the fluorescent protein. Together, these results indicate that radioluminescence microscopy can visualize radiotracer uptake with single-cell resolution, which may find a use in the precise characterization of radiotracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Yanev
- Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Stevens TK, Palaniappan KK, Ramirez RM, Francis MB, Wemmer DE, Pines A. HyperCEST detection of a 129
Xe-based contrast agent composed of cryptophane-A molecular cages on a bacteriophage scaffold. Magn Reson Med 2012; 69:1245-52. [DOI: 10.1002/mrm.24371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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87
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Use of SPECT to detect changes in diastolic and coronary reserve in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Breath 2012; 17:525-31. [PMID: 22661252 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-012-0713-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess diastolic function and coronary artery reserve in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) using single-photon emission computer tomography (SPECT). METHODS Patients with OSA who had normal echocardiograph/electrocardiogram findings were divided into three groups based on OSA severity: mild (n = 15), moderate (n = 13), or severe (n = 18). A control group of participants without OSA (n = 17) was included. SPECT (with technetium-99 m-labeled red blood cells) was performed after the induction of cardiac stress by injection of dobutamine. The following ventricular parameters were determined: left ventricular ejection fraction, peak filling rate (PFR), peak ejection rate, 1/3 filling fraction (1/3FF), and regional ejection fractions (rEF). RESULTS The median ages of OSA and control participants were 45.0 and 51.0 years, respectively. Median apnea-hypopnea index scores were 3.3, 9.1, 38.5, and 65.2 for the control, mild OSA, moderate OSA, and severe OSA groups, respectively. Post-stress, 1/3FF was significantly lower in the overall OSA group compared with the control group (P < 0.05). PFR was significantly lower in the overall OSA group compared with the control group (P < 0.05) and was significantly lower in the severe OSA group compared with the mild OSA group. Regional ejection fractions rEF3 (cardiac apex and a small part of the inferior wall) and rEF4 (anteroseptal wall) were significantly lower in the overall OSA group compared with the control group, suggesting decreased coronary artery reserve. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that SPECT can be used to detect abnormalities in diastolic function and coronary reserve in patients with OSA who have normal electrocardiogram or echocardiograph findings. SPECT may be useful for the early detection of cardiovascular disease in patients with OSA.
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88
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Garcia EV. Quantitative Nuclear Cardiology: we are almost there! J Nucl Cardiol 2012; 19:424-37. [PMID: 22466989 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-012-9551-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ernest V Garcia
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University Hospital, 1364 Clifton Rd, NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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89
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Abstract
Despite significant advancements in medical and device-based therapies, cardiovascular disease remains the number one cause of death in the United States. Early detection of atherosclerosis, prevention of myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death, and modulation of adverse ventricular remodeling still remain elusive goals. Molecular imaging focuses on identifying critical cellular and molecular targets and therefore plays an integral role in understanding these biologic processes in vivo. Because many imaging targets are upregulated before irreversible tissue damage occurs, early detection could ultimately lead to development of novel, preventive therapeutic strategies. This review addresses recent work on radionuclide imaging of cardiovascular inflammation, infection, and infarct healing. We further discuss opportunities provided by multimodality approaches such as PET/MRI and PET/optical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maulik D Majmudar
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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90
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Robbins ME, Brunso-Bechtold JK, Peiffer AM, Tsien CI, Bailey JE, Marks LB. Imaging radiation-induced normal tissue injury. Radiat Res 2012; 177:449-66. [PMID: 22348250 DOI: 10.1667/rr2530.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Technological developments in radiation therapy and other cancer therapies have led to a progressive increase in five-year survival rates over the last few decades. Although acute effects have been largely minimized by both technical advances and medical interventions, late effects remain a concern. Indeed, the need to identify those individuals who will develop radiation-induced late effects, and to develop interventions to prevent or ameliorate these late effects is a critical area of radiobiology research. In the last two decades, preclinical studies have clearly established that late radiation injury can be prevented/ameliorated by pharmacological therapies aimed at modulating the cascade of events leading to the clinical expression of radiation-induced late effects. These insights have been accompanied by significant technological advances in imaging that are moving radiation oncology and normal tissue radiobiology from disciplines driven by anatomy and macrostructure to ones in which important quantitative functional, microstructural, and metabolic data can be noninvasively and serially determined. In the current article, we review use of positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission tomography (SPECT), magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and MR spectroscopy to generate pathophysiological and functional data in the central nervous system, lung, and heart that offer the promise of, (1) identifying individuals who are at risk of developing radiation-induced late effects, and (2) monitoring the efficacy of interventions to prevent/ameliorate them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike E Robbins
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA.
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91
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Molecular Imaging of Macrophages in Atherosclerosis. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING REPORTS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12410-011-9118-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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92
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Lenglet S, Thomas A, Chaurand P, Galan K, Mach F, Montecucco F. Molecular imaging of matrix metalloproteinases in atherosclerotic plaques. Thromb Haemost 2012; 107:409-16. [PMID: 22274652 DOI: 10.1160/th11-10-0717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Ischaemic stroke and myocardial infarction often result from the sudden rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque. The subsequent arterial thrombosis occluding the vessel lumen has been widely indicated as the crucial acute event causing peripheral tissue ischaemia. A complex cross-talk between systemic and intraplaque inflammatory mediators has been shown to regulate maturation, remodeling and final rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are proteolytic enzymes (released by several cell subsets within atherosclerotic plaques), which favour atherogenesis and increase plaque vulnerability. Thus, the assessment of intraplaque levels and activity of MMP might be of pivotal relevance in the evaluation of the risk of rupture. New imaging approaches, focused on the visualisation of inflammation in the vessel wall and plaque, may emerge as tools for individualised risk assessment and prevention of events. In this review, we summarize experimental findings of the currently available invasive and noninvasive imaging techniques, used to detect the presence and activity of MMPs in atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Lenglet
- Cardiology Division, Foundation for Medical Research, Department of Medical Specialties, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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93
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Yang E, Vargas JD, Bluemke DA. Understanding the genetics of coronary artery disease through the lens of noninvasive imaging. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2012; 10:27-36. [PMID: 22149524 PMCID: PMC3482161 DOI: 10.1586/erc.11.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease is a common condition with a known heritable component that has spurred interest in genetic research for decades, resulting in a handful of candidate genes and an appreciation for the complexity of its genetic contributions. Recent advances in sequencing technologies have resulted in large-scale association studies, possibly adding to our current understanding of the genetics of coronary artery disease. Sifting through the statistical noise, however, requires the selection of effective phenotypic markers. New imaging technologies have improved our ability to detect subclinical atherosclerosis in a safe and reproducible manner in large numbers of patients. In this article, we propose that advances in imaging technology have generated improved phenotypic markers for genetic association studies of coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jose D Vargas
- Radiology and Imaging Sciences, National Institutes of Health
| | - David A Bluemke
- Radiology and Imaging Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr, Rm 10/1C355, Bethesda, MD, 20892
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94
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Sinusas AJ, Thomas JD, Mills G. The future of molecular imaging. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2011; 4:799-806. [PMID: 21757172 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2011] [Revised: 05/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Albert J Sinusas
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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95
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Roncalli J, Lemarchand P. Autologous bone marrow cells and ischemic cardiomyopathy. Future Cardiol 2011; 7:603-7. [DOI: 10.2217/fca.11.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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96
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Fang W, He J, Kim YS, Zhou Y, Liu S. Evaluation of 99mTc-labeled cyclic RGD peptide with a PEG4 linker for thrombosis imaging: comparison with DMP444. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:1715-22. [PMID: 21780818 DOI: 10.1021/bc2003742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
DMP444 is a (99m)Tc-labeled cyclic RGD peptide, which has been evaluated in preclinical canine deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) models, and in patients with DVT and PE by SPECT (single photon emission computed tomography). Clinical data indicated that DMP444 is useful for imaging DVT, but it had limited utility for imaging PE in patients. To understand its clinical findings, we prepared a new radiotracer P4-DMP444 by replacing the lipophilic 6-aminocaproic acid (CA) in DMP444 with a highly water-soluble PEG(4) (15-amino-4,7,10,13-tetraoxapentadecanoic acid) linker. The objective of this study was to explore the impact of PEG(4) on biological properties (biodistribution, excretion kinetics, and capability to image thrombi) of (99m)Tc radiotracer. We also used canine DVT and PE models to perform imaging studies with/without the heparin pretreatment. These studies were specifically designed to explore the impact of heparin treatment on thrombosis uptake of P4-DMP444. It was found that replacing the CA linker with PEG(4) could enhance the radiotracer clearance kinetics from blood and normal organs in both rats and dogs. The fact that P4-DMP444 and DMP444 share very similar thrombosis uptake in both DVT and PE models suggests that the PEG(4) linker has little effect on GPIIb/IIIa binding affinity of cyclic RGD peptide. Even though P4-DMP444 had less accumulation than DMP444 in the blood, heart, lungs, and muscle over the 2 h study period in both rats and dogs, the difference in PE/lung and DVT/muscle ratios is marginal, suggesting that one PEG(4) linker is not sufficient to dramatically change the contrast between thrombus and background. It is very important to note that the heparin treatment of dogs with DVT and PE resulted in dramatic decrease in accumulation of P4-DMP444 in fresh thrombi. On the basis of these results, we believe that DMP444 and P4-DMP444 are excellent radiotracers for imaging both DVT and PE, and should be used in patients without antithrombosis treatment at the time of imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Fang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute & Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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97
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Buxton DB, Antman M, Danthi N, Dilsizian V, Fayad ZA, Garcia MJ, Jaff MR, Klimas M, Libby P, Nahrendorf M, Sinusas AJ, Wickline SA, Wu JC, Bonow RO, Weissleder R. Report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute working group on the translation of cardiovascular molecular imaging. Circulation 2011; 123:2157-63. [PMID: 21576680 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.110.000943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Denis B Buxton
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/National Institutes of Health, 6701 Rockledge Dr, Room 8216, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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98
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Abstract
A number of medical imaging techniques are used heavily in the provision of spatially resolved information on disease and physiological status and accordingly play a critical role in clinical diagnostics and subsequent treatment. Though, for most imaging modes, contrast is potentially enhanced through the use of contrast agents or improved hardware or imaging protocols, no single methodology provides, in isolation, a detailed mapping of anatomy, disease markers or physiological status. In recent years, the concept of complementing the strengths of one imaging modality with those of another has come to the fore and been further bolstered by the development of fused instruments such as PET/CT and PET/MRI stations. Coupled with the continual development in imaging hardware has been a surge in reports of contrast agents bearing multiple functionality, potentially providing not only a powerful and highly sensitised means of co-localising physiological/disease status and anatomy, but also the tracking and delineation of multiple markers and indeed subsequent or simultaneous highly localized therapy ("theragnostics").
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yen Huang
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
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99
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Chacko AM, Hood ED, Zern BJ, Muzykantov VR. Targeted Nanocarriers for Imaging and Therapy of Vascular Inflammation. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2011; 16:215-227. [PMID: 21709761 DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2011.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vascular inflammation is a common, complex mechanism involved in pathogenesis of a plethora of disease conditions including ischemia-reperfusion, atherosclerosis, restenosis and stroke. Specific targeting of imaging probes and drugs to endothelial cells in inflammation sites holds promise to improve management of these conditions. Nanocarriers of diverse compositions and geometries, targeted with ligands to endothelial adhesion molecules exposed in inflammation foci are devised for this goal. Imaging modalities that employ these nanoparticle probes include radioisotope imaging, MRI and ultrasound that are translatable from animal to human studies, as well as optical imaging modalities that at the present time are more confined to animal studies. Therapeutic cargoes for these drug delivery systems include diverse anti-inflammatory agents, anti-proliferative drugs for prevention of restenosis, and antioxidants. This article reviews recent advances in the area of image-guided translation of targeted nanocarrier diagnostics and therapeutics in nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Marie Chacko
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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100
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Predicting and preventing cardiotoxicity in the era of breast cancer targeted therapies. Novel molecular tools for clinical issues. Breast 2011; 20:176-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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