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Tadevosyan A, Létourneau M, Folch B, Doucet N, Villeneuve LR, Mamarbachi AM, Pétrin D, Hébert TE, Fournier A, Chatenet D, Allen BG, Nattel S. Photoreleasable ligands to study intracrine angiotensin II signalling. J Physiol 2015; 593:521-39. [PMID: 25433071 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.279109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS The renin-angiotensin system plays a key role in cardiovascular physiology and its overactivation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several major cardiovascular diseases. There is growing evidence that angiotensin II (Ang-II) may function as an intracellular peptide to activate intracellular/nuclear receptors and their downstream signalling effectors independently of cell surface receptors. Current methods used to study intracrine Ang-II signalling are limited to indirect approaches because of a lack of selective intracellularly-acting probes. Here, we present novel photoreleasable Ang-II analogues used to probe intracellular actions with spatial and temporal precision. The photorelease of intracellular Ang-II causes nuclear and cytosolic calcium mobilization and initiates the de novo synthesis of RNA in cardiac cells, demonstrating the application of the method. ABSTRACT Several lines of evidence suggest that intracellular angiotensin II (Ang-II) contributes to the regulation of cardiac contractility, renal salt reabsorption, vascular tone and metabolism; however, work on intracrine Ang-II signalling has been limited to indirect approaches because of a lack of selective intracellularly-acting probes. Here, we aimed to synthesize and characterize cell-permeant Ang-II analogues that are inactive without uncaging, but release active Ang-II upon exposure to a flash of UV-light, and act as novel tools for use in the study of intracrine Ang-II physiology. We prepared three novel caged Ang-II analogues, [Tyr(DMNB)(4)]Ang-II, Ang-II-ODMNB and [Tyr(DMNB)(4)]Ang-II-ODMNB, based upon the incorporation of the photolabile moiety 4,5-dimethoxy-2-nitrobenzyl (DMNB). Compared to Ang-II, the caged Ang-II analogues showed 2-3 orders of magnitude reduced affinity toward both angiotensin type-1 (AT1R) and type-2 (AT2R) receptors in competition binding assays, and greatly-reduced potency in contraction assays of rat thoracic aorta. After receiving UV-irradiation, all three caged Ang-II analogues released Ang-II and potently induced the contraction of rat thoracic aorta. [Tyr(DMNB)(4)]Ang-II showed the most rapid photolysis upon UV-irradiation and was the focus of subsequent characterization. Whereas Ang-II and photolysed [Tyr(DMNB)(4)]Ang-II increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation (via AT1R) and cGMP production (AT2R), caged [Tyr(DMNB)(4)]Ang-II did not. Cellular uptake of [Tyr(DMNB)(4)]Ang-II was 4-fold greater than that of Ang-II and significantly greater than uptake driven by the positive-control HIV TAT(48-60) peptide. Intracellular photolysis of [Tyr(DMNB)(4)]Ang-II induced an increase in nucleoplasmic Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)]n), and initiated 18S rRNA and nuclear factor kappa B mRNA synthesis in adult cardiac cells. We conclude that caged Ang-II analogues represent powerful new tools for use in the selective study of intracrine signalling via Ang-II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artavazd Tadevosyan
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Yoo BS. Oral pharmacological treatment of congestive heart failure. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 2015. [DOI: 10.5124/jkma.2015.58.3.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Byung Su Yoo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
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Svanström H, Pasternak B, Melbye M, Hviid A. Use of different types of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and mortality in systolic heart failure. Int J Cardiol 2014; 182:90-6. [PMID: 25576729 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.12.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiotensin converting enzyme-inhibitors (ACEIs) are the first-line treatment for patients with heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (EF). The benefit of ACEIs in HF is regarded as a class effect and different types of agents are used interchangeably. However, evidence on the comparable effectiveness of different ACEIs is scarce. We conducted a registry-based cohort study to assess all-cause mortality associated with the use of enalapril, perindopril, and trandolapril, as compared with ramipril, in patients with systolic HF. METHODS Patients with systolic HF (EF ≤40%), 2003-2012, were identified using the Danish HF Registry. New users of enalapril (n=1807), perindopril (n=1064), ramipril (n=3270), or trandolapril (n=1150), who started treatment within 60days of first-time hospital diagnosis of HF, were selected for inclusion. Subgroup analyses were conducted by sex, age, NYHA-level, EF, and ischemic heart disease. All analyses were adjusted for empirical risk scores for mortality. RESULTS During follow-up, 291 deaths were observed among users of enalapril (incidence rate per 100person-years [IR], 10.1), 212 among users of perindopril (IR, 10.5), 568 among users of ramipril (IR, 10.6), and 251 among users of trandolapril (IR, 12.1). No significant differences in all-cause mortality were observed with the use of enalapril (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 0.95, 95% CI 0.82-1.10), perindopril (aHR 1.07, 95% CI 0.92-1.26), or trandolapril (aHR 1.08, 95% CI 0.93-1.26), as compared with ramipril. No significant differences were observed in subgroup analyses. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest equal effect of different types of ACEIs on mortality in systolic HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Svanström
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Björn Pasternak
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads Melbye
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Clinical Medicine, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Hviid
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Abstract
Angiotensin II (AII), an octapeptide member of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), is formed by the enzyme angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and exerts adverse cellular effects through an interaction with its type 1 receptor (AT1R). Both ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) mitigate the vasoconstrictive, proliferative, proinflammatory, proapoptotic, and profibrotic effects of AII and are widely used as effective anti-remodeling agents in clinical practice. Prediction of individual response to these agents, however, remains problematic and is influenced by many factors including race, gender, and genotype. In addition, systemic and tissue RAS activity do not correlate closely. This report summarizes the results of on-going attempts to noninvasively determine tissue ACE activity and AT1R expression using novel nuclear tracers. It is hoped that the availability of such imaging techniques improve treatment of heart failure through more selective pharmacologic intervention and better dose titration of available drugs.
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Kreusser MM, Lehmann LH, Riffel JH, Haass M, Maser-Gluth C, Backs J, Katus HA, Buss SJ. Aldosterone augments Na+-induced reduction of cardiac norepinephrine reuptake. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 307:H1169-77. [PMID: 25128164 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00193.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Impairment of the cardiac norepinephrine (NE) reuptake by the neuronal NE transporter contributes to enhanced cardiac NE net release in congestive heart failure. Elevated plasma levels of aldosterone (AL) promote sympathetic overstimulation in failing hearts by unclear mechanisms. Our aim was to evaluate if elevated AL and/or alterations in Na(+) intake regulate cardiac NE reuptake. To test the effects of AL and Na(+) on cardiac NE reuptake, Wistar rats were fed a normal-salt (NS) diet (0.2% NaCl), a low-salt (LS) diet (0.015% NaCl), or a high-salt (HS) diet (8% NaCl). Another group of animals received AL infusion alone (0.75 μg/h) or AL infusion plus HS diet. Specific cardiac [(3)H]NE uptake via the NE transporter in a Langendorff preparation and AL plasma levels were measured at different time points between 5 and 42 days of treatment. To compare these findings from healthy animals with a disease model, Dahl salt-sensitive rats were investigated as a model of congestive heart failure with endogenously elevated AL. In summary, neither exogenous nor endogenous elevations of AL alone were sufficient to reduce cardiac NE reuptake. Only the HS diet induced a reduction of NE reuptake by 26%; additional infusion of AL augmented this effect to a further reduction of NE reuptake by 36%. In concordance, Dahl salt-sensitive rats treated with a HS diet displayed elevated AL and a marked reduction of NE reuptake. We conclude that exogenous or endogenous AL elevations alone do not reduce cardiac NE reuptake, but AL serves as an additional factor that negatively regulates cardiac NE reuptake in concert with HS intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Kreusser
- Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany;
| | - Lorenz H Lehmann
- Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
| | - Johannes H Riffel
- Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
| | - Markus Haass
- Department of Cardiology, Theresienkrankenhaus, Mannheim, Germany; and
| | | | - Johannes Backs
- Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hugo A Katus
- Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sebastian J Buss
- Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
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A possible mechanism for the progression of chronic renal disease and congestive heart failure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 9:54-63. [PMID: 25539896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2014.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chronic neurologic diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, as well as various forms of chronic renal disease and systolic congestive heart failure, are among the most common progressive degenerative disorders encountered in medicine. Each disease follows a nearly relentless course, albeit at varying rates, driven by progressive cell dysfunction and drop-out. The neurologic diseases are characterized by the progressive spread of disease-causing proteins (prion-like proteins) from cell to cell. Recent evidence indicates that cell autonomous renin angiotensin systems operate in heart and kidney, and it is known that functional intracrine proteins can also spread between cells. This then suggests that certain progressive degenerative cardiovascular disorders such as forms of chronic renal insufficiency and systolic congestive heart failure result from dysfunctional renin angiotensin system intracrine action spreading in kidney or myocardium.
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Bostick B, Habibi J, Ma L, Aroor A, Rehmer N, Hayden MR, Sowers JR. Dipeptidyl peptidase inhibition prevents diastolic dysfunction and reduces myocardial fibrosis in a mouse model of Western diet induced obesity. Metabolism 2014; 63:1000-11. [PMID: 24933400 PMCID: PMC4128682 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Consumption of a high-fat/high-fructose Western diet (WD) is linked to rising obesity and heart disease, particularly diastolic dysfunction which characterizes early obesity/metabolic cardiomyopathy. Mounting evidence supports a role for inflammation, oxidative stress and fibrosis in the pathophysiology of metabolic cardiomyopathy. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) is a circulating exopeptidase recently reported to be elevated in the plasma of patients with insulin resistance (IR), obesity and heart failure. We hypothesized that a model of WD induced obesity/metabolic cardiomyopathy would exhibit increased DPP-4 activity and cardiac fibrosis with DPP-4 inhibition preventing cardiac fibrosis and the associated diastolic dysfunction. MATERIALS/METHODS Four-week-old C57BL6/J mice were fed a high-fat/high-fructose WD with the DPP-4 inhibitor MK0626 for 16 weeks. Cardiac function was examined by high-resolution cine-cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Phenotypic analysis included measurements of body and heart weight, systemic IR and DPP-4 activity. Immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were utilized to identify underlying pathologic mechanisms. RESULTS We found that chronic WD consumption caused obesity, IR, elevated plasma DPP-4 activity, heart enlargement and diastolic dysfunction. DPP-4 inhibition with MK0626 in WD fed mice resulted in >75% reduction in plasma DPP-4 activity, improved IR and normalized diastolic relaxation. WD consumption induced myocardial oxidant stress and fibrosis with amelioration by MK0626. TEM of hearts from WD fed mice revealed abnormal mitochondrial and perivascular ultrastructure partially corrected by MK0626. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence of a role for increased DPP-4 activity in metabolic cardiomyopathy and a potential role for DPP-4 inhibition in prevention and/or correction of oxidant stress/fibrosis and associated diastolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Bostick
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Diabetes Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia MO, USA
| | - Javad Habibi
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia MO, USA; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Diabetes Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Lixin Ma
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia MO, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Annayya Aroor
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia MO, USA; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Diabetes Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Nathan Rehmer
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia MO, USA; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Diabetes Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Melvin R Hayden
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia MO, USA; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Diabetes Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - James R Sowers
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia MO, USA; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Diabetes Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
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Weng LQ, Zhang WB, Ye Y, Yin PP, Yuan J, Wang XX, Kang L, Jiang SS, You JY, Wu J, Gong H, Ge JB, Zou YZ. Aliskiren ameliorates pressure overload-induced heart hypertrophy and fibrosis in mice. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2014; 35:1005-14. [PMID: 24998254 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2014.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Aliskiren (ALK) is a renin inhibitor that has been used in the treatment of hypertension. The aim of this study was to determine whether ALK could ameliorate pressure overload-induced heart hypertrophy and fibrosis, and to elucidate the mechanisms of action. METHODS Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) was performed in mice to induce heart pressure overload. ALK (150 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1), po), the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (10 mg·kg(-1) per week, ip) or the PKCβI inhibitor LY333531 (1 mg·kg(-1)·d-(1), po) was administered to the mice for 4 weeks. Heart hypertrophy, fibrosis and function were evaluated based on echocardiography, histological and biochemical measurements. Mechanically stretched cardiomyocytes of rats were used for in vitro experiments. The levels of signaling proteins were measured using Western blotting, while the expression of the relevant genes was analyzed using real-time QRT-PCR. RESULTS TAC induced marked heart hypertrophy and fibrosis, accompanied by high levels of Ang II in plasma and heart, and by PKCβI/α and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in heart. Meanwhile, TAC induced autophagic responses in heart, i.e. increases in autophagic structures, expression of Atg5 and Atg16 L1 mRNAs and LC3-II and Beclin-1 proteins. These pathological alterations in TAC-mice were significantly ameliorated or blocked by ALK administration. In TAC-mice, 3-methyladenine administration also ameliorated heart hypertrophy, fibrosis and dysfunction, while LY333531 administration inhibited ERK phosphorylation and autophagy in heart. In mechanically stretched cardiomyocytes, CGP53353 (a PKCβI inhibitor) prevented ERK phosphorylation and autophagic responses, while U0126 (an ERK inhibitor) blocked autophagic responses. CONCLUSION ALK ameliorates heart hypertrophy, fibrosis and dysfunction in the mouse model in setting of chronic pressure overload, via suppressing Ang II-PKCβI-ERK1/2-regulated autophagy.
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Hida T, Harada A, Imagama S, Ishiguro N. Managing sarcopenia and its related-fractures to improve quality of life in geriatric populations. Aging Dis 2014; 5:226-37. [PMID: 25110607 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2014.0500226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia, an aging-induced generalized decrease in muscle mass, strength, and function, is known to affect elderly individuals by decreasing mobile function and increasing frailty and imbalance that lead to falls and fragile fractures. Sarcopenia is a known risk factor for osteoporotic fractures, infections, and early death in some specific situations. The number of patients with sarcopenia is estimated to increase to 500 million people in the year 2050. Sarcopenia is believed to be caused by multiple factors such as disuse, malnutrition, age-related cellular changes, apoptosis, and genetic predisposition; however, this remains to be determined. Various methods have been developed, but no safe or effective treatment has been found to date. This paper is a review on the association between sarcopenia and its related-fractures and their diagnoses and management methods to prevent fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Atsushi Harada
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology
| | - Shiro Imagama
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Naoki Ishiguro
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
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Pan J, Guleria RS, Zhu S, Baker KM. Molecular Mechanisms of Retinoid Receptors in Diabetes-Induced Cardiac Remodeling. J Clin Med 2014; 3:566-94. [PMID: 26237391 PMCID: PMC4449696 DOI: 10.3390/jcm3020566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM), a significant contributor to morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients, is characterized by ventricular dysfunction, in the absence of coronary atherosclerosis and hypertension. There is no specific therapeutic strategy to effectively treat patients with DCM, due to a lack of a mechanistic understanding of the disease process. Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of vitamin A, is involved in a wide range of biological processes, through binding and activation of nuclear receptors: retinoic acid receptors (RAR) and retinoid X receptors (RXR). RAR/RXR-mediated signaling has been implicated in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Recently, it has been reported that activation of RAR/RXR has an important role in preventing the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy, through improving cardiac insulin resistance, inhibition of intracellular oxidative stress, NF-κB-mediated inflammatory responses and the renin-angiotensin system. Moreover, downregulated RAR/RXR signaling has been demonstrated in diabetic myocardium, suggesting that impaired RAR/RXR signaling may be a trigger to accelerate diabetes-induced development of DCM. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of retinoid receptors in the regulation of cardiac metabolism and remodeling under diabetic conditions is important in providing the impetus for generating novel therapeutic approaches for the prevention and treatment of diabetes-induced cardiac complications and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Pan
- Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A & M Health Science Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, 76504, USA.
| | - Rakeshwar S Guleria
- Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A & M Health Science Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, 76504, USA.
| | - Sen Zhu
- Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A & M Health Science Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, 76504, USA.
| | - Kenneth M Baker
- Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A & M Health Science Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, 76504, USA.
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Oda K, Imanishi T, Yamane Y, Ueno Y, Mori Y. Bio-functional pickles that reduce blood pressure of rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 78:882-90. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.893187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Addition of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory peptides to the pickles was studied in order to develop a new type of pickles that reduce blood pressure. Based on the outcome of these studies, a new type of fermentation bed composed of rice bran and white miso has been successfully developed. The advantage of such pickles is that they not only contain both GABA and ACE-inhibitory peptides, but also that their taste and flavor are excellent, with colors close to the original ones. The new type of pickles could temporarily reduce blood pressure in two types of rats, spontaneously hypertensive rats and NaCl-sensitive model rats. Thus, the newly developed pickles appear to be beneficial for pickle business.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Oda
- Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | - Yoshie Ueno
- Kyoto Prefectural Technology Center for Small and Medium Enterprises, Shimogyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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Jiang F, Yang J, Zhang Y, Dong M, Wang S, Zhang Q, Liu FF, Zhang K, Zhang C. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and angiotensin 1-7: novel therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Cardiol 2014; 11:413-26. [PMID: 24776703 PMCID: PMC7097196 DOI: 10.1038/nrcardio.2014.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2 and its product angiotensin 1–7 are thought to have effects that counteract the adverse actions of other, better-known renin–angiotensin system (RAS) components Numerous experimental studies have suggested that ACE2 and angiotensin 1–7 have notable protective effects in the heart and blood vessels ACE2-mediated catabolism of angiotensin II is likely to have a major role in cardiovascular protection, whereas the functional importance and signalling mechanisms of angiotensin-1–7-induced actions remain unclear New pharmacological interventions targeting ACE2 are expected to be useful in clinical treatment of cardiovascular disease, especially those associated with overactivation of the conventional RAS More studies, especially randomized controlled clinical trials, are needed to clearly delineate the benefits of therapies targeting angiotensin 1–7 actions
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, and its product angiotensin 1–7, are thought to have counteracting effects against the adverse actions of the better-known members of the renin–angiotensin system and might, therefore, be useful therapeutic targets in patients with cardiovascular disease. Professor Jiang and colleagues review the evidence for the potential roles of these proteins in various cardiovascular conditions, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, myocardial remodelling, heart failure, ischaemic stroke, and diabetes. The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) has pivotal roles in the regulation of normal physiology and the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2, and its product angiotensin 1–7, are thought to have counteracting effects against the adverse actions of other, better known and understood, members of the RAS. The physiological and pathological importance of ACE2 and angiotensin 1–7 in the cardiovascular system are not completely understood, but numerous experimental studies have indicated that these components have protective effects in the heart and blood vessels. Here, we provide an overview on the basic properties of ACE2 and angiotensin 1–7 and a summary of the evidence from experimental and clinical studies of various pathological conditions, such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, myocardial remodelling, heart failure, ischaemic stroke, and diabetes mellitus. ACE2-mediated catabolism of angiotensin II is likely to have a major role in cardiovascular protection, whereas the relevant functions and signalling mechanisms of actions induced by angiotensin 1–7 have not been conclusively determined. The ACE2–angiotensin 1–7 pathway, however, might provide a useful therapeutic target for the treatment of cardiovascular disease, especially in patients with overactive RAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jianmin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yongtao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Mei Dong
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shuangxi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qunye Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Fang Fang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M Ruilope
- Instituto de Investigacion, Unidad de Hipertension, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
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Lenneman AJ, Birks EJ. Treatment strategies for myocardial recovery in heart failure. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE 2014; 16:287. [PMID: 24492922 DOI: 10.1007/s11936-013-0287-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Heart failure is a progressive disorder characterized by adverse left ventricular remodeling. Until recently, this has been thought to be an irreversible process. Mechanical unloading with a left ventricular assist device (LVAD), particularly if combined with neurohormonal blockade with heart failure medications, can lead to a reversal of the heart failure phenotype, a process called "reverse remodeling." Reverse remodeling refers to the regression of pathologic myocardial hypertrophy and improvement in LV chamber size that can occur in response to treatment. Myocardial recovery is the sustained normalization of structural, molecular, and hemodynamic changes sufficient to allow explant of the LVAD. Despite the fact that reverse remodeling is commonly seen in LVAD patients in clinical practice, myocardial recovery sufficient to allow device explantation is still rare. Previous experience suggests that young patients with short duration of heart failure and less myocardial fibrosis may be more likely to recover. Alternatively, it may just be that clinicians make a greater effort to recover these subgroups. A combined approach of mechanical unloading with LVADs and pharmacological management, together with regular testing of underlying myocardial function with the pump reduced to a speed at which it is not contributing, can increase the frequency of sustained recovery from heart failure. The goal is to achieve optimal unloading of the myocardium, combined with pharmacologic therapy aimed at promoting reverse remodeling. Myocardial recovery must be considered as a therapeutic target. Clinical variables such as pump speed and blood pressure must be optimized to promote maximal unloading, leading to reverse remodeling and myocardial recovery. Frequent echocardiographic and hemodynamic evaluation of underlying myocardial function must be performed. The combination of LVAD therapy with optimal neurohormonal blockade appears promising as an approach to myocardial recovery. In addition, there is a growing body of translational research which, when combined with LVADs, may further promote more durable recovery. Strategies to thicken the myocardium to enhance the durability of recovery prior to explantation, such as clenbuterol (which induces "physiological hypertrophy"), or intermittently reducing the pump speed to increase myocardial load may be beneficial. Emergence of cardiac stem cells and alternative biologic agents, when added to current therapies, may have a complementary role in promoting and maintaining myocardial recovery. This review will summarize both current strategies and emerging therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Lenneman
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville, Rudd Heart and Lung Center, 201 Abraham Flexner Way, Suite 1001, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA,
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The Burmese python genome reveals the molecular basis for extreme adaptation in snakes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:20645-50. [PMID: 24297902 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1314475110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Snakes possess many extreme morphological and physiological adaptations. Identification of the molecular basis of these traits can provide novel understanding for vertebrate biology and medicine. Here, we study snake biology using the genome sequence of the Burmese python (Python molurus bivittatus), a model of extreme physiological and metabolic adaptation. We compare the python and king cobra genomes along with genomic samples from other snakes and perform transcriptome analysis to gain insights into the extreme phenotypes of the python. We discovered rapid and massive transcriptional responses in multiple organ systems that occur on feeding and coordinate major changes in organ size and function. Intriguingly, the homologs of these genes in humans are associated with metabolism, development, and pathology. We also found that many snake metabolic genes have undergone positive selection, which together with the rapid evolution of mitochondrial proteins, provides evidence for extensive adaptive redesign of snake metabolic pathways. Additional evidence for molecular adaptation and gene family expansions and contractions is associated with major physiological and phenotypic adaptations in snakes; genes involved are related to cell cycle, development, lungs, eyes, heart, intestine, and skeletal structure, including GRB2-associated binding protein 1, SSH, WNT16, and bone morphogenetic protein 7. Finally, changes in repetitive DNA content, guanine-cytosine isochore structure, and nucleotide substitution rates indicate major shifts in the structure and evolution of snake genomes compared with other amniotes. Phenotypic and physiological novelty in snakes seems to be driven by system-wide coordination of protein adaptation, gene expression, and changes in the structure of the genome.
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Siryk-Bathgate A, Dabul S, Lymperopoulos A. Current and future G protein-coupled receptor signaling targets for heart failure therapy. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2013; 7:1209-22. [PMID: 24143078 PMCID: PMC3797606 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s35905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although there have been significant advances in the therapy of heart failure in recent decades, such as the introduction of β-blockers and antagonists of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, this devastating disease still carries tremendous morbidity and mortality in the western world. G protein-coupled receptors, such as β-adrenergic and angiotensin II receptors, located in the membranes of all three major cardiac cell types, ie, myocytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells, play crucial roles in regulation of cardiac function in health and disease. Their importance is reflected by the fact that, collectively, they represent the direct targets of over one-third of the currently approved cardiovascular drugs used in clinical practice. Over the past few decades, advances in elucidation of the signaling pathways they elicit, specifically in the heart, have led to identification of an increasing number of new molecular targets for heart failure therapy. Here, we review these possible targets for heart failure therapy that have emerged from studies of cardiac G protein-coupled receptor signaling in health and disease, with a particular focus on the main cardiac G protein-coupled receptor types, ie, the β-adrenergic and the angiotensin II type 1 receptors. We also highlight key issues that need to be addressed to improve the chances of success of novel therapies directed against these targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Siryk-Bathgate
- Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University College of Pharmacy, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
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Mavromoustakos T, Agelis G, Durdagi S. AT1 antagonists: a patent review (2008 – 2012). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2013; 23:1483-94. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2013.830104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Ehlers MR, Abrie JA, Sturrock ED. C domain-selective inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2013; 14:189-92. [DOI: 10.1177/1470320313489206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mario R Ehlers
- Immune Tolerance Network, University of California-San Francisco, USA
| | - J Albert Abrie
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Edward D Sturrock
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Cape Town, South Africa
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