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Ansai S, Mochida K, Fujimoto S, Mokodongan DF, Sumarto BKA, Masengi KWA, Hadiaty RK, Nagano AJ, Toyoda A, Naruse K, Yamahira K, Kitano J. Genome editing reveals fitness effects of a gene for sexual dichromatism in Sulawesian fishes. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1350. [PMID: 33649298 PMCID: PMC7921647 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21697-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Sexual selection drives rapid phenotypic diversification of mating traits. However, we know little about the causative genes underlying divergence in sexually selected traits. Here, we investigate the genetic basis of male mating trait diversification in the medaka fishes (genus Oryzias) from Sulawesi, Indonesia. Using linkage mapping, transcriptome analysis, and genome editing, we identify csf1 as a causative gene for red pectoral fins that are unique to male Oryzias woworae. A cis-regulatory mutation enables androgen-induced expression of csf1 in male fins. csf1-knockout males have reduced red coloration and require longer for mating, suggesting that coloration can contribute to male reproductive success. Contrary to expectations, non-red males are more attractive to a predatory fish than are red males. Our results demonstrate that integrating genomics with genome editing enables us to identify causative genes underlying sexually selected traits and provides a new avenue for testing theories of sexual selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Ansai
- grid.288127.60000 0004 0466 9350Ecological Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genomics and Evolutionary Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan ,grid.419396.00000 0004 0618 8593Laboratory of Bioresources, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan ,grid.69566.3a0000 0001 2248 6943Present Address: Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi Japan
| | - Koji Mochida
- grid.267625.20000 0001 0685 5104Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan ,grid.26091.3c0000 0004 1936 9959Department of Biology, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shingo Fujimoto
- grid.267625.20000 0001 0685 5104Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan ,grid.267625.20000 0001 0685 5104Present Address: Department of Human Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa Japan
| | - Daniel F. Mokodongan
- grid.267625.20000 0001 0685 5104Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan ,grid.249566.a0000 0004 0644 6054Present Address: Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense (MZB), Zoology Division of Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Science (LIPI), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Bayu Kreshna Adhitya Sumarto
- grid.267625.20000 0001 0685 5104Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Kawilarang W. A. Masengi
- grid.412381.d0000 0001 0702 3254Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, Indonesia
| | - Renny K. Hadiaty
- grid.249566.a0000 0004 0644 6054Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Science (LIPI), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Atsushi J. Nagano
- grid.440926.d0000 0001 0744 5780Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Ohtsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Atsushi Toyoda
- grid.288127.60000 0004 0466 9350Comparative Genomics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Naruse
- grid.419396.00000 0004 0618 8593Laboratory of Bioresources, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazunori Yamahira
- grid.267625.20000 0001 0685 5104Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Jun Kitano
- grid.288127.60000 0004 0466 9350Ecological Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genomics and Evolutionary Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
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Waltenberger L, Pany‐Kucera D, Rebay‐Salisbury K, Mitteroecker P. The association of parturition scars and pelvic shape: A geometric morphometric study. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2021; 174:519-531. [PMID: 33295660 PMCID: PMC7898533 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pelvic features, mostly known as parturition scars, have been extensively studied in the last decades and are frequently investigated in archaeological and forensic contexts. It is still unclear, however, whether they really relate to pregnancy and birth, or whether these features are caused by other biomechanical factors. Because the length and difficulty of labor correlates with the form of the birth canal, we studied the association between the expression of pelvic features and pelvic shape using geometric morphometrics. MATERIALS AND METHODS We scored the expression of the preauricular sulcus, margo auricularis groove, sacral preauricular extension, dorsal and ventral pubic pitting for 54 individuals from a 19th century collection and 19 individuals from the Bronze Age cemetery of Hainburg-Teichtal, Austria. Based on photogrammetric surface models, pelvic shape was captured by 331 landmarks and semilandmarks. The multivariate association between pelvic features and pelvic shape was explored by partial least squares analysis. RESULTS Within the female subsample, we detected a significant association of a constrained birth canal with a strong expression of the preauricular sulcus, the margo auricularis groove, and a retroverted position of the acetabulum. No significant association was found among males. DISCUSSION This suggests that difficult or prolonged labor may indeed cause more strongly expressed pelvic features, presumably because of increased strain of the pelvic ligaments during birth. Furthermore, the retroversion of the acetabulum, which is known to cause sacroiliac joint dysfunction, changes the strain on pelvic ligaments and can thus also result in the development of pronounced pelvic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Waltenberger
- OREA ‐ Institute for Oriental and European Archaeology, Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
- Department of Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Doris Pany‐Kucera
- OREA ‐ Institute for Oriental and European Archaeology, Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
- Department of AnthropologyNatural History MuseumViennaAustria
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Galouzis CC, Prud'homme B. Transvection regulates the sex-biased expression of a fly X-linked gene. Science 2021; 371:396-400. [PMID: 33479152 DOI: 10.1126/science.abc2745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism in animals results from sex-biased gene expression patterns. These patterns are controlled by genetic sex determination hierarchies that establish the sex of an individual. Here we show that the male-biased wing expression pattern of the Drosophila biarmipes gene yellow, located on the X chromosome, is independent of the fly sex determination hierarchy. Instead, we find that a regulatory interaction between yellow alleles on homologous chromosomes (a process known as transvection) silences the activity of a yellow enhancer functioning in the wing. Therefore, this enhancer can be active in males (XY) but not in females (XX). This transvection-dependent enhancer silencing requires the yellow intron and the chromatin architecture protein Mod(mdg4). Our results suggest that transvection can contribute more generally to the sex-biased expression of X-linked genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalampos Chrysovalantis Galouzis
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille (IBDM), Campus de Luminy Case 907, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Benjamin Prud'homme
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille (IBDM), Campus de Luminy Case 907, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France.
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54
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Tallo CA, Duncan LH, Yamamoto AH, Slaydon JD, Arya GH, Turlapati L, Mackay TFC, Carbone MA. Heat shock proteins and small nucleolar RNAs are dysregulated in a Drosophila model for feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2021; 11:jkaa014. [PMID: 33561224 PMCID: PMC7849908 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkaa014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In cats, mutations in myosin binding protein C (encoded by the MYBPC3 gene) have been associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). However, the molecular mechanisms linking these mutations to HCM remain unknown. Here, we establish Drosophila melanogaster as a model to understand this connection by generating flies harboring MYBPC3 missense mutations (A31P and R820W) associated with feline HCM. The A31P and R820W flies displayed cardiovascular defects in their heart rates and exercise endurance. We used RNA-seq to determine which processes are misregulated in the presence of mutant MYBPC3 alleles. Transcriptome analysis revealed significant downregulation of genes encoding small nucleolar RNA (snoRNAs) in exercised female flies harboring the mutant alleles compared to flies that harbor the wild-type allele. Other processes that were affected included the unfolded protein response and immune/defense responses. These data show that mutant MYBPC3 proteins have widespread effects on the transcriptome of co-regulated genes. Transcriptionally differentially expressed genes are also candidate genes for future evaluation as genetic modifiers of HCM as well as candidate genes for genotype by exercise environment interaction effects on the manifestation of HCM; in cats as well as humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Tallo
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7614, USA
| | - Laura H Duncan
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7614, USA
| | - Akihiko H Yamamoto
- The Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613, USA
| | - Joshua D Slaydon
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7614, USA
| | - Gunjan H Arya
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7614, USA
| | - Lavanya Turlapati
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7614, USA
| | - Trudy F C Mackay
- The Center for Human Genetics and Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Greenwood, SC 29646, USA
| | - Mary A Carbone
- The Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- The Center for Integrated Fungal Research and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC 27695-7244, USA
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55
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Tallo CA, Duncan LH, Yamamoto AH, Slaydon JD, Arya GH, Turlapati L, Mackay TFC, Carbone MA. Heat shock proteins and small nucleolar RNAs are dysregulated in a Drosophila model for feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2021. [PMID: 33561224 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkaa014.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In cats, mutations in myosin binding protein C (encoded by the MYBPC3 gene) have been associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). However, the molecular mechanisms linking these mutations to HCM remain unknown. Here, we establish Drosophila melanogaster as a model to understand this connection by generating flies harboring MYBPC3 missense mutations (A31P and R820W) associated with feline HCM. The A31P and R820W flies displayed cardiovascular defects in their heart rates and exercise endurance. We used RNA-seq to determine which processes are misregulated in the presence of mutant MYBPC3 alleles. Transcriptome analysis revealed significant downregulation of genes encoding small nucleolar RNA (snoRNAs) in exercised female flies harboring the mutant alleles compared to flies that harbor the wild-type allele. Other processes that were affected included the unfolded protein response and immune/defense responses. These data show that mutant MYBPC3 proteins have widespread effects on the transcriptome of co-regulated genes. Transcriptionally differentially expressed genes are also candidate genes for future evaluation as genetic modifiers of HCM as well as candidate genes for genotype by exercise environment interaction effects on the manifestation of HCM; in cats as well as humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Tallo
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7614, USA
| | - Laura H Duncan
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7614, USA
| | - Akihiko H Yamamoto
- The Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613, USA
| | - Joshua D Slaydon
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7614, USA
| | - Gunjan H Arya
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7614, USA
| | - Lavanya Turlapati
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7614, USA
| | - Trudy F C Mackay
- The Center for Human Genetics and Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Greenwood, SC 29646, USA
| | - Mary A Carbone
- The Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.,The Center for Integrated Fungal Research and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC 27695-7244, USA
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Crampe JP, Gerard JF, Goulard M, Milleret C, Gonzalez G, Bon R. Year-round sexual segregation in the Pyrenean chamois, a nearly monomorphic polygynous herbivore. Behav Processes 2021; 184:104300. [PMID: 33422643 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2020.104300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Adult females and males live apart outside the mating period in many social vertebrates, but the causes of this phenomenon remain a matter of debate. Current prevailing hypotheses predict no sexual segregation outside the early period of maternal care in nearly monomorphic species such as the Pyrenean chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica). We examined sexual segregation in a population of the species, using data collected over 143 consecutive months on groups' location and composition, and extending statistical procedures introduced by Conradt (1998b) and Bonenfant et al. (2007). In addition, we analysed the social interactions recorded between group members. As expected, habitat segregation was low throughout the year, with a maximum during the early lactation period. However, social and spatial segregation was consistently high, contradicting the predictions of the current prevailing hypotheses, while suggesting social causes were predominant. The scarcity of social interactions outside the mating season makes unlikely the hypothesis that males segregate to improve their reproductive success. We rather suspect that higher social affinities within than between the two sexes are at work. However, this hypothesis alone is probably insufficient to account for spatial segregation. Our results should revive the debate regarding the causes of sexual segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Crampe
- Parc National des Pyrénées, 2 rue du 4 septembre, 65000, Tarbes, France
| | - Jean-François Gerard
- INRAE, Comportement et Ecologie de la Faune Sauvage, B.P. 52627, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France.
| | - Michel Goulard
- INRAE, UMR 1201 Dynamiques et Ecologie des Paysages Agriforestiers, B.P. 52627, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France
| | - Cyril Milleret
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, NO-1432 Norway
| | - Georges Gonzalez
- INRAE, Comportement et Ecologie de la Faune Sauvage, B.P. 52627, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France
| | - Richard Bon
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, France.
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Sin SYW, Lu L, Edwards SV. De Novo Assembly of the Northern Cardinal ( Cardinalis cardinalis) Genome Reveals Candidate Regulatory Regions for Sexually Dichromatic Red Plumage Coloration. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2020; 10:3541-3548. [PMID: 32792344 PMCID: PMC7534441 DOI: 10.1534/g3.120.401373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Northern cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis) are common, mid-sized passerines widely distributed in North America. As an iconic species with strong sexual dichromatism, it has been the focus of extensive ecological and evolutionary research, yet genomic studies investigating the evolution of genotype-phenotype association of plumage coloration and dichromatism are lacking. Here we present a new, highly-contiguous assembly for C. cardinalis We generated a 1.1 Gb assembly comprised of 4,762 scaffolds, with a scaffold N50 of 3.6 Mb, a contig N50 of 114.4 kb and a longest scaffold of 19.7 Mb. We identified 93.5% complete and single-copy orthologs from an Aves dataset using BUSCO, demonstrating high completeness of the genome assembly. We annotated the genomic region comprising the CYP2J19 gene, which plays a pivotal role in the red coloration in birds. Comparative analyses demonstrated non-exonic regions unique to the CYP2J19 gene in passerines and a long insertion upstream of the gene in C. cardinalis Transcription factor binding motifs discovered in the unique insertion region in C. cardinalis suggest potential androgen-regulated mechanisms underlying sexual dichromatism. Pairwise Sequential Markovian Coalescent (PSMC) analysis of the genome reveals fluctuations in historic effective population size between 100,000-250,000 in the last 2 millions years, with declines concordant with the beginning of the Pleistocene epoch and Last Glacial Period. This draft genome of C. cardinalis provides an important resource for future studies of ecological, evolutionary, and functional genomics in cardinals and other birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Yung Wa Sin
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Lily Lu
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Scott V Edwards
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138
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Two Doublesex1 mutants revealed a tunable gene network underlying intersexuality in Daphnia magna. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238256. [PMID: 32866176 PMCID: PMC7458346 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the binary definition of sex is being challenged by repetitive reports about individuals with ambiguous sexual identity from various animal groups. This has created an urge to decode the molecular mechanism underlying sexual development. However, sexual ambiguities are extremely uncommon in nature, limiting their experimental value. Here, we report the establishment of a genetically modified clone of Daphnia magna from which intersex daphniids can be readily generated. By mutating the conserved central sex determining factor Doublesex1, body-wide feminization of male daphniid could be achieved. Comparative transcriptomic analysis also revealed a genetic network correlated with Doublesex1 activity which may account for the establishment of sexual identity in D. magna. We found that Dsx1 repressed genes related to growth and promoted genes related to signaling. We infer that different intersex phenotypes are the results of fluctuation in activity of these Dsx1 downstream factors. Our results demonstrated that the D. magna genome is capable of expressing sex in a continuous array, supporting the idea that sex is actually a spectrum.
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59
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Kitano J, Kakioka R, Ishikawa A, Toyoda A, Kusakabe M. Differences in the contributions of sex linkage and androgen regulation to sex-biased gene expression in juvenile and adult sticklebacks. J Evol Biol 2020; 33:1129-1138. [PMID: 32533720 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Different evolutionary interests between males and females can lead to the evolution of sexual dimorphism. However, intersex genetic correlations due to the shared genome can constrain the evolution of sexual dimorphism, resulting in intra-locus sexual conflict. One of the mechanisms resolving this conflict is sex linkage, which allows males and females to carry different alleles on sex chromosomes. Another is a regulatory mutation causing sex-biased gene expression, which is often mediated by gonadal steroids in vertebrates. How do these two mechanisms differ in the contributions to the resolution of intra-locus sexual conflict? The magnitude of sexual conflict often varies between the juvenile and adult stages. Because gonadal steroids change in titre during development, we hypothesized that gonadal steroids play a role in sexual dimorphism expression only at certain developmental stages, whereas sex linkage is more important for sexual dimorphism expressed throughout life. Our brain transcriptome analysis of juvenile and adult threespine sticklebacks showed that the majority of genes that were sex-biased in both stages were sex-linked. The relative contribution of androgen-dependent regulation to the sex-biased transcriptome increased and that of sex linkage declined in adults compared to juveniles. The magnitude of the sex differences was greater in sex-linked genes than androgen-responsive genes, suggesting that sex linkage is more effective than androgen regulation in the production of large sex differences in gene expression. Overall, our data are consistent with the hypothesis that sex linkage is effective in resolving sexual conflict throughout life, whereas androgen-dependent regulation can contribute to temporary resolution of sexual conflict.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kitano
- Ecological Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Ryo Kakioka
- Ecological Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Asano Ishikawa
- Ecological Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Toyoda
- Comparative Genomics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Makoto Kusakabe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, Surugaku, Shizuoka, Japan
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60
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Meisel RP. Evolution of Sex Determination and Sex Chromosomes: A Novel Alternative Paradigm. Bioessays 2020; 42:e1900212. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201900212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard P. Meisel
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry University of Houston 3455 Cullen Blvd Houston TX 77204‐5001 USA
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61
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Chen
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
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62
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Gazda MA, Araújo PM, Lopes RJ, Toomey MB, Andrade P, Afonso S, Marques C, Nunes L, Pereira P, Trigo S, Hill GE, Corbo JC, Carneiro M. A genetic mechanism for sexual dichromatism in birds. Science 2020; 368:1270-1274. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aba0803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sexual dichromatism, a difference in coloration between males and females, may be due to sexual selection for ornamentation and mate choice. Here, we show that carotenoid-based dichromatism in mosaic canaries, a hybrid phenotype that arises in offspring of the sexually dichromatic red siskin and monochromatic canaries, is controlled by the gene that encodes the carotenoid-cleaving enzyme β-carotene oxygenase 2 (BCO2). Dichromatism in mosaic canaries is explained by differential carotenoid degradation in the integument, rather than sex-specific variation in physiological functions such as pigment uptake or transport. Transcriptome analyses suggest that carotenoid degradation in the integument might be a common mechanism contributing to sexual dichromatism across finches. These results suggest that differences in ornamental coloration between sexes can evolve through simple molecular mechanisms controlled by genes of major effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata A. Gazda
- CIBIO/InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro M. Araújo
- CIBIO/InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- MARE – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ricardo J. Lopes
- CIBIO/InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Matthew B. Toomey
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Biological Science, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA
| | - Pedro Andrade
- CIBIO/InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sandra Afonso
- CIBIO/InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Cristiana Marques
- CIBIO/InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Nunes
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo Pereira
- CIBIO/InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sandra Trigo
- CIBIO/InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Geoffrey E. Hill
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Joseph C. Corbo
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Miguel Carneiro
- CIBIO/InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Xu J, Liu W, Yang D, Chen S, Chen K, Liu Z, Yang X, Meng J, Zhu G, Dong S, Zhang Y, Zhan S, Wang G, Huang Y. Regulation of olfactory-based sex behaviors in the silkworm by genes in the sex-determination cascade. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008622. [PMID: 32520935 PMCID: PMC7307793 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect courtship and mating depend on integration of olfactory, visual, and tactile cues. Compared to other insects, Bombyx mori, the domesticated silkworm, has relatively simple sexual behaviors as it cannot fly. Here by using CRISPR/Cas9 and electrophysiological techniques we found that courtship and mating behaviors are regulated in male silk moths by mutating genes in the sex determination cascade belonging to two conserved pathways. Loss of Bmdsx gene expression significantly reduced the peripheral perception of the major pheromone component bombykol by reducing expression of the product of the BmOR1 gene which completely blocked courtship in adult males. Interestingly, we found that mating behavior was regulated independently by another sexual differentiation gene, Bmfru. Loss of Bmfru completely blocked mating, but males displayed normal courtship behavior. Lack of Bmfru expression significantly reduced the perception of the minor pheromone component bombykal due to the down regulation of BmOR3 expression; further, functional analysis revealed that loss of the product of BmOR3 played a key role in terminating male mating behavior. Our results suggest that Bmdsx and Bmfru are at the base of the two primary pathways that regulate olfactory-based sexual behavior. The fundamental insect sexual behaviors, courtship and mating, result from successful integration of olfactory, vision, tactile and other complex innate behaviors. In the widely used insect model, Drosophila melanogaster, the sex determination cascade genes fruitless and doublesex are involved in the regulation of courtship and mating behaviors; however, little is known about the function of these sexual differentiation genes in regulating sex behaviors of Lepidoptera. Here we combine genetics and electrophysiology to investigate regulation pathway of sexual behaviors in the model lepidopteran insect, the domesticated silk moth, Bombyx mori. Our results support the presence of two genetic pathways in B. mori, named Bmdsx-BmOR1-bombykol and Bmfru-BmOR3-bombykal, which control distinct aspects of male sexual behavior that are modulated by olfaction. This is the first comprehensive report about the role of sex differentiation genes in the male sexual behavior in the silk moth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dehong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuqing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zulian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Meng
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guanheng Zhu
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuanglin Dong
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Shuai Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guirong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (GW); (YH)
| | - Yongping Huang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (GW); (YH)
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64
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Kisko TM, Schwarting RKW, Wöhr M. Sex differences in the acoustic features of social play-induced 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations: A detailed spectrographic analysis in wild-type Sprague-Dawley and Cacna1c haploinsufficient rats. Dev Psychobiol 2020; 63:262-276. [PMID: 32506508 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Sexual dimorphisms are widespread in the animal kingdom. At the behavioral level, there is evidence for sex differences in social play behavior. In rats, males typically engage more in rough-and-tumble play than females. One prominent component of the rough-and-tumble play repertoire in rats is the emission of 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations (USV). Such 50-kHz USV reflect the rewarding nature of play and serve as socioaffective signals. Here, we provide evidence for sexual dimorphisms within rough-and-tumble play-induced 50-kHz USV in juvenile rats. Specifically, females displayed reduced 50-kHz USV emission during playful interactions. This reduction was associated with changes in 50-kHz USV emission rates and subtype profiles during specific rough-and-tumble components, i.e., pinning, wrestling, and chasing, as well as differences in acoustic parameters. Interestingly, sex differences were modulated by Cacna1c, a gene strongly implicated in major neuropsychiatric disorders, often characterized by prominent sex biases, most notably autism. Specifically, Cacna1c haploinsufficiency affected the emission of 50-kHz USV during rough-and-tumble play in female rats and we provide evidence supporting the notion that such effects of Cacna1c haploinsufficiency are driven by male-typical features of 50-kHz USV emission. This is in line with the hypermasculinized social play repertoire previously observed in juvenile Cacna1c haploinsufficient females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa M Kisko
- Behavioral Neuroscience, Experimental and Biological Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Rainer K W Schwarting
- Behavioral Neuroscience, Experimental and Biological Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Center for Mind, Brain, and Behavior (CMBB), Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Markus Wöhr
- Behavioral Neuroscience, Experimental and Biological Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Center for Mind, Brain, and Behavior (CMBB), Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Laboratory for Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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65
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Wohl M, Ishii K, Asahina K. Layered roles of fruitless isoforms in specification and function of male aggression-promoting neurons in Drosophila. eLife 2020; 9:e52702. [PMID: 32314957 PMCID: PMC7173971 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inter-male aggressive behavior is a prominent sexually dimorphic behavior. Neural circuits that underlie aggressive behavior are therefore likely under the control of sex-determining genes. However, the neurogenetic mechanism that generates sex-specific aggressive behavior remains largely unknown. Here, we found that a neuronal class specified by one of the Drosophila sex determining genes, fruitless (fru), belongs to the neural circuit that generates male-type aggressive behavior. This neuronal class can promote aggressive behavior independent of another sex determining gene, doublesex (dsx), although dsx is involved in ensuring that aggressive behavior is performed only toward males. We also found that three fru isoforms with different DNA binding domains show a division of labor on male aggressive behaviors. A dominant role of fru in specifying sex-specific aggressive behavior may underscore a genetic mechanism that allows male-type aggressive behavior to evolve at least partially independently from courtship behavior, which is under different selective pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Wohl
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaUnited States
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of CaliforniaSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Kenichi Ishii
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaUnited States
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of CaliforniaSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Kenta Asahina
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaUnited States
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66
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Ishii K, Wohl M, DeSouza A, Asahina K. Sex-determining genes distinctly regulate courtship capability and target preference via sexually dimorphic neurons. eLife 2020; 9:e52701. [PMID: 32314964 PMCID: PMC7173972 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For successful mating, a male animal must execute effective courtship behaviors toward a receptive target sex, which is female. Whether the courtship execution capability and upregulation of courtship toward females are specified through separable sex-determining genetic pathways remains uncharacterized. Here, we found that one of the two Drosophila sex-determining genes, doublesex (dsx), specifies a male-specific neuronal component that serves as an execution mechanism for courtship behavior, whereas fruitless (fru) is required for enhancement of courtship behavior toward females. The dsx-dependent courtship execution mechanism includes a specific subclass within a neuronal cluster that co-express dsx and fru. This cluster contains at least another subclass that is specified cooperatively by both dsx and fru. Although these neuronal populations can also promote aggressive behavior toward male flies, this capacity requires fru-dependent mechanisms. Our results uncover how sex-determining genes specify execution capability and female-specific enhancement of courtship behavior through separable yet cooperative neurogenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Ishii
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaUnited States
| | - Margot Wohl
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaUnited States
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Andre DeSouza
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaUnited States
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Kenta Asahina
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaUnited States
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
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67
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Nguantad S, Chumnanpuen P, Thancharoen A, Vongsangnak W, Sriboonlert A. Identification of potential candidate genes involved in the sex determination cascade in an aquatic firefly, Sclerotia aquatilis (Coleoptera, Lampyridae). Genomics 2020; 112:2590-2602. [PMID: 32061895 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Sexual differentiation, dimorphism, and courtship behavior are the downstream developmental programs of the sex determination cascade. The sex determination cascade in arthropods often involves key genes, transformer (tra), doublesex (dsx), transformer-2 (tra2), and fruitless (fru). These genes are conserved among insect taxa; however, they have never been reported in fireflies. In this study, the candidate genes for these key genes were identified for the first time in an aquatic firefly, Sclerotia aquatilis using transcriptome analysis. A comparative protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of sex determination cascade was reconstructed for S. aquatilis based on a network of a model insect, Drosophila melanogaster. Subsequently, a sex determination cascade in S. aquatilis was proposed based on the amino acid sequence structures and expression profiles of these candidates. This study describes the first efforts toward understanding the molecular control of sex determination cascade in fireflies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarintip Nguantad
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pramote Chumnanpuen
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand; Omics Center for Agriculture, Bioresources, Food, and Health, Kasetsart University (OmiKU), Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Anchana Thancharoen
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wanwipa Vongsangnak
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand; Omics Center for Agriculture, Bioresources, Food, and Health, Kasetsart University (OmiKU), Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
| | - Ajaraporn Sriboonlert
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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68
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Buzatto BA, Clark HL. Selection for Male Weapons Boosts Female Fecundity, Eliminating Sexual Conflict in the Bulb Mite. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2311. [PMID: 32047190 PMCID: PMC7012872 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59254-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Extreme differences between the sexes are usually explained by intense sexual selection on male weapons or ornaments. Sexually antagonistic genes, with a positive effect on male traits but a negative effect on female fitness, create a negative inter-sexual correlation for fitness (sexual conflict). However, such antagonism might not be apparent if sexually selected male traits are condition-dependent, and condition elevates female fitness. Here we reveal a surprising positive genetic correlation between male weaponry and female fecundity. Using mite lines that had previously been through 13 generations of selection on male weapons (fighting legs), we investigated correlated evolution in female fecundity. Females from lines under positive selection for weapons (up lines) evolved higher fecundity, despite evolving costly, thicker legs. This is likely because male mites have condition-dependent weaponry that increases our ability to indirectly select on male condition. Alleles with positive effects on condition in both sexes could have generated this correlation because: the up lines evolved a higher proportion of fighters and there were positive correlations between weapon size and the male morph and sex ratios of the offspring. This positive inter-sexual genetic correlation should boost the evolution of male weapons and extreme sex differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno A Buzatto
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences (M092), The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, 6009, WA, Australia. .,Department of Biological Sciences (E8C 209), Macquarie University, Eastern Road, Sydney, 2109, NSW, Australia.
| | - Huon L Clark
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences (M092), The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, 6009, WA, Australia
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69
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Sahoo L, Sahoo S, Mohanty M, Sankar M, Dixit S, Das P, Rasal KD, Rather MA, Sundaray JK. Molecular characterization, computational analysis and expression profiling of Dmrt1 gene in Indian major carp, Labeo rohita (Hamilton 1822). Anim Biotechnol 2019; 32:413-426. [PMID: 31880491 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2019.1707683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism of fish morphology, physiology and behavior is diverse and complex in nature. Doublesex and mab-3 related transcription factor (Dmrt) is a large protein family whose function is sexual development and differentiation in vertebrates. Here, we report a full-length cDNA sequence of Labeo rohita (rohu) Dmrt1 of 907 bp length having 798 bp of open reading frame encoding 265 amino acids. The molecular weight of rohu DMRT1 protein was found to be 28.74 KDa and isoelectric point was 7.53. DMRT1 protein contains 23 positively and 24 negatively charged amino acids with a GRAVY score of -0.618. A characteristic DM domain was found in DMRT1 protein, which is a novel DNA-binding domain. Phylogenetic analysis showed maximum similarity with Cyprinus carpio when compared with DMRT1 of other vertebrates. Molecular docking study identified active sites to be targeted for drug designing. Rohu DMRT1 was observed to interact with other proteins such as FOXL2, CYP19a1a, AMH and SOX9a. Differential expression study revealed higher expression in testis tissue implying its role in male sex differentiation and testicular development. The information generated in the present work could facilitate further research to resolve the issues related to gonadal maturation and reproduction of commercially important aquaculture species.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sahoo
- Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - S Sahoo
- Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - M Mohanty
- Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - M Sankar
- ICAR-Central Marine Research Institute, Mandapam Regional Centre, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Dixit
- Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - P Das
- Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - K D Rasal
- Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - M A Rather
- Division of Fish genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Fisheries, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - J K Sundaray
- Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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70
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Li J, Yu H, Wang W, Fu C, Zhang W, Han F, Wu H. Genomic and transcriptomic insights into molecular basis of sexually dimorphic nuptial spines in Leptobrachium leishanense. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5551. [PMID: 31804492 PMCID: PMC6895153 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13531-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexually dimorphic (SD) traits are important in sexual selection and species survival, yet the molecular basis remains elusive, especially in amphibians where SD traits have evolved repeatedly. We focus on the Leishan moustache toad (Leptobrachium leishanense), in which males develop nuptial spines on their maxillary skin. Here we report a 3.5 Gb genome assembly with a contig N50 of 1.93 Mb. We find a specific expansion of the intermediate filament gene family including numerous keratin genes. Within these genes, a cluster of duplicated hair keratin genes exhibits male-biased and maxillary skin-specific expression, suggesting a role in developing nuptial spines. We identify a module of coexpressed genes significantly associated with spine formation. In addition, we find several hormones likely to be involved in regulating spine development. This study not only presents a high-quality anuran genome but also provides a reference for studying skin-derived SD traits in amphibians. The basis of sexual dimorphism in non-model species may be elusive, in part due to a lack of genomic and molecular resources. Here, Li et al. report a high-quality anuran genome and reveal candidate genes and pathways associated with shaping sexually dimorphic nuptial spines in a moustache toad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyulu, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Haiyan Yu
- Biomarker Technologies Corporation, Beijing, 101300, China
| | - Wenxia Wang
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyulu, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Chao Fu
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyulu, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyulu, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Fengming Han
- Biomarker Technologies Corporation, Beijing, 101300, China
| | - Hua Wu
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyulu, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430079, China.
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71
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Expansion of LINEs and species-specific DNA repeats drives genome expansion in Asian Gypsy Moths. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16413. [PMID: 31712581 PMCID: PMC6848174 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52840-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Two subspecies of Asian gypsy moth (AGM), Lymantria dispar asiatica and L. dispar japonica, pose a serious alien invasive threat to North American forests. Despite decades of research on the ecology and biology of this pest, limited AGM-specific genomic resources are currently available. Here, we report on the genome sequences and functional content of these AGM subspecies. The genomes of L.d. asiatica and L.d. japonica are the largest lepidopteran genomes sequenced to date, totaling 921 and 999 megabases, respectively. Large genome size in these subspecies is driven by the accumulation of specific classes of repeats. Genome-wide metabolic pathway reconstructions suggest strong genomic signatures of energy-related pathways in both subspecies, dominated by metabolic functions related to thermogenesis. The genome sequences reported here will provide tools for probing the molecular mechanisms underlying phenotypic traits that are thought to enhance AGM invasiveness.
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72
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Genome-Wide identification of doublesex and Mab-3-Related transcription factor (DMRT) genes in nile tilapia ( oreochromis niloticus). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 24:e00398. [PMID: 31799146 PMCID: PMC6881697 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2019.e00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Doublesex and Mab-3-related transcription factor (DMRT) gene family is extensively known for its contribution in sex determination and differentiation across phyla. Here we report the identification of five DM (doublesex and mab-3) domain genes in the Nile tilapia which includes DMRT1, DMRTa2, DMRT2a, DMRT2b and DMRT3a. The full-length sequence of DMRT genes ranges from 3526 (DMRTA2) to 1471bp (DMRT1) which encode putative proteins series from 469 to 372 amino acids. All the DMRT proteins contained at least one conserved DNA-binding DM domain. Sub-cellular localization and gene ontology revealed DMRT1 protein is maximum localized in nuclear region and gene ontology analysis showed the molecular function of 48.2%, biological process 43.6% and cellular component 25%. Chromosomal location and synteny analysis displayed that DMRT genes mostly cluster linkage group 12. Altogether, our findings provide vital genomic information for future studies of biochemical, physiological, and phylogenetic studies on DMRT genes in teleost.
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73
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Divergence in Transcriptional and Regulatory Responses to Mating in Male and Female Fruitflies. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16100. [PMID: 31695054 PMCID: PMC6834580 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51141-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mating induces extensive physiological, biochemical and behavioural changes in female animals of many taxa. In contrast, the overall phenotypic and transcriptomic consequences of mating for males, hence how they might differ from those of females, are poorly described. Post mating responses in each sex are rapidly initiated, predicting the existence of regulatory mechanisms in addition to transcriptional responses involving de novo gene expression. That post mating responses appear different for each sex also predicts that the genome-wide signatures of mating should show evidence of sex-specific specialisation. In this study, we used high resolution RNA sequencing to provide the first direct comparisons of the transcriptomic responses of male and female Drosophila to mating, and the first comparison of mating-responsive miRNAs in both sexes in any species. As predicted, the results revealed the existence of sex- and body part-specific mRNA and miRNA expression profiles. More genes were differentially expressed in the female head-thorax than the abdomen following mating, whereas the opposite was true in males. Indeed, the transcriptional profile of male head-thorax tissue was largely unaffected by mating, and no differentially expressed genes were detected at the most stringent significance threshold. A subset of ribosomal genes in females were differentially expressed in both body parts, but in opposite directions, consistent with the existence of body part-specific resource allocation switching. Novel, mating-responsive miRNAs in each sex were also identified, and a miRNA-mRNA interactions analysis revealed putative targets among mating-responsive genes. We show that the structure of genome-wide responses by each sex to mating is strongly divergent, and provide new insights into how shared genomes can achieve characteristic distinctiveness.
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74
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Okada H, Yagi R, Gardeux V, Deplancke B, Hafen E. Sex-dependent and sex-independent regulatory systems of size variation in natural populations. Mol Syst Biol 2019; 15:e9012. [PMID: 31777173 PMCID: PMC6878047 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20199012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Size of organs/organisms is a polygenic trait. Many of the growth-regulatory genes constitute conserved growth signaling pathways. However, how these multiple genes are orchestrated at the systems level to attain the natural variation in size including sexual size dimorphism is mostly unknown. Here we take a multi-layered systems omics approach to study size variation in the Drosophila wing. We show that expression levels of many critical growth regulators such as Wnt and TGFβ pathway components significantly differ between sexes but not between lines exhibiting size differences within each sex, suggesting a primary role of these regulators in sexual size dimorphism. Only a few growth genes including a receptor of steroid hormone ecdysone exhibit association with between-line size differences. In contrast, we find that between-line size variation is largely regulated by genes with a diverse range of cellular functions, most of which have never been implicated in growth. In addition, we show that expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) linked to these novel growth regulators accurately predict population-wide, between-line wing size variation. In summary, our study unveils differential gene regulatory systems that control wing size variation between and within sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Okada
- Institute of Molecular Systems BiologyETH ZurichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Ryohei Yagi
- Institute of Molecular Systems BiologyETH ZurichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Vincent Gardeux
- Laboratory of Systems Biology and GeneticsInstitute of BioengineeringSchool of Life SciencesEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) and Swiss Institute of BioinformaticsLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Bart Deplancke
- Laboratory of Systems Biology and GeneticsInstitute of BioengineeringSchool of Life SciencesEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) and Swiss Institute of BioinformaticsLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Ernst Hafen
- Institute of Molecular Systems BiologyETH ZurichZürichSwitzerland
- Faculty of ScienceUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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75
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Bissegger M, Laurentino TG, Roesti M, Berner D. Widespread intersex differentiation across the stickleback genome – The signature of sexually antagonistic selection? Mol Ecol 2019; 29:262-271. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.15255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Bissegger
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology University of Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - Telma G. Laurentino
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology University of Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - Marius Roesti
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Daniel Berner
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology University of Basel Basel Switzerland
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76
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Shin JY, Jung HJ, Moon A. Molecular Markers in Sex Differences in Cancer. Toxicol Res 2019; 35:331-341. [PMID: 31636844 PMCID: PMC6791665 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2019.35.4.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the common causes of death with a high degree of mortality, worldwide. In many types of cancers, if not all, sex-biased disparities have been observed. In these cancers, an individual's sex has been shown to be one of the crucial factors underlying the incidence and mortality of cancer. Accumulating evidence suggests that differentially expressed genes and proteins may contribute to sex-biased differences in male and female cancers. Therefore, identification of these molecular differences is important for early diagnosis of cancer, prediction of cancer prognosis, and determination of response to specific therapies. In the present review, we summarize the differentially expressed genes and proteins in several cancers including bladder, colorectal, liver, lung, and non-small cell lung cancers as well as renal clear cell carcinoma, and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. The sex-biased molecular differences were identified via proteomics, genomics, and big data analysis. The identified molecules represent potential candidates as sex-specific cancer biomarkers. Our study provides molecular insights into the impact of sex on cancers, suggesting strategies for sex-biased therapy against certain types of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yoon Shin
- Duksung Innovative Drug Center, College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Jin Jung
- Duksung Innovative Drug Center, College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Aree Moon
- Duksung Innovative Drug Center, College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
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77
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Ghosh N, Bakshi A, Khandelwal R, Rajan SG, Joshi R. The Hox gene Abdominal-B uses Doublesex F as a cofactor to promote neuroblast apoptosis in the Drosophila central nervous system. Development 2019; 146:dev.175158. [PMID: 31371379 PMCID: PMC6737903 DOI: 10.1242/dev.175158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Highly conserved DM domain-containing transcription factors (Doublesex/MAB-3/DMRT1) are responsible for generating sexually dimorphic features. In the Drosophila central nervous system, a set of Doublesex (Dsx)-expressing neuroblasts undergo apoptosis in females whereas their male counterparts proliferate and give rise to serotonergic neurons crucial for adult mating behaviour. Our study demonstrates that the female-specific isoform of Dsx collaborates with Hox gene Abdominal-B (Abd-B) to bring about this apoptosis. Biochemical results suggest that proteins AbdB and Dsx interact through their highly conserved homeodomain and DM domain, respectively. This interaction is translated into a cooperative binding of the two proteins on the apoptotic enhancer in the case of females but not in the case of males, resulting in female-specific activation of apoptotic genes. The capacity of AbdB to use the sex-specific isoform of Dsx as a cofactor underlines the possibility that these two classes of protein are capable of cooperating in selection and regulation of target genes in a tissue- and sex-specific manner. We propose that this interaction could be a common theme in generating sexual dimorphism in different tissues across different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Ghosh
- Laboratory of Drosophila Neural Development, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad 500039, India.,Graduate Studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Asif Bakshi
- Laboratory of Drosophila Neural Development, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad 500039, India.,Graduate Studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Risha Khandelwal
- Laboratory of Drosophila Neural Development, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad 500039, India.,Graduate Studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | | | - Rohit Joshi
- Laboratory of Drosophila Neural Development, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad 500039, India
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78
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Ronco F, Roesti M, Salzburger W. A functional trade-off between trophic adaptation and parental care predicts sexual dimorphism in cichlid fish. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20191050. [PMID: 31431167 PMCID: PMC6732390 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although sexual dimorphism is widespread in nature, its evolutionary causes often remain elusive. Here we report a case where a sex-specific conflicting functional demand related to parental care, but not to sexual selection, explains sexual dimorphism in a primarily trophic structure, the gill rakers of cichlid fishes. More specifically, we examined gill raker length in a representative set of cichlid fish species from Lake Tanganyika featuring three different parental care strategies: (i) uni-parental mouthbrooding, whereby only one parental sex incubates the eggs in the buccal cavity; (ii) bi-parental mouthbrooding, whereby both parents participate in mouthbrooding; and (iii) nest guarding without any mouthbrooding involved. As predicted from these different parental care strategies, we find sexual dimorphism in gill raker length to be present only in uni-parental mouthbrooders, but not in bi-parental mouthbrooders nor in nest guarders. Moreover, variation in the extent of sexual dimorphism among uni-parental mouthbrooders appears to be related to trophic ecology. Overall, we present a previously unrecognized scenario for the evolution of sexual dimorphism that is not related to sexual selection or initial niche divergence between sexes. Instead, sexual dimorphism in gill raker length in uni-parental mouthbrooding cichlid fish appears to be the consequence of a sex-specific functional trade-off between a trophic function present in both sexes and a reproductive function present only in the brooding sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizia Ronco
- Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marius Roesti
- Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, 4051 Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T1Z4.,Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Walter Salzburger
- Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
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79
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Allen SL, Bonduriansky R, Chenoweth SF. Genetic constraints on microevolutionary divergence of sex-biased gene expression. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 373:rstb.2017.0427. [PMID: 30150225 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of sex-specific phenotypes is an important dimension of diversification and local adaptation. The sex-dependent regulation of gene expression is considered a key genomic mechanism facilitating sex-dependent adaptation. In many species, genes with male-biased expression evolve faster in DNA sequence and expression level than genes with female-biased or sexually monomorphic expression. While positive selection may be responsible for rapid DNA sequence evolution, why expression of male-biased genes also evolves rapidly remains unclear. Beyond sex differences in selection, some aspects of the genetic architecture of gene expression could contribute to the rapid evolution of male-biased gene expression. First, male-biased genes might simply have greater standing genetic variance than female-biased genes. Second, male-biased genes could be less constrained by pleiotropy, either within or between sexes. Here, we evaluate these alternative explanations on an intraspecific scale using a series of quantitative genetic experiments conducted on natural variation in male and female gene expression in the fly Drosophila serrata Male-biased genes had significantly higher genetic variance than female-biased genes and were generally more narrowly expressed across tissues, suggesting lower within-individual pleiotropy. However, consistent with stronger constraints due to between-sex pleiotropy, their between-sex genetic correlations, rMF, were higher than for female-biased genes and more strongly negatively associated with sex bias. Using an extensive clinal dataset, we tested whether sex differences in gene expression divergence among populations have been shaped by pleiotropy. Here too, male-biased gene divergence was more strongly associated with between-sex pleiotropy than was female-biased gene divergence. Systematic differences in genetic variance and pleiotropy may be important factors influencing sex-specific adaptation arising through changes in gene expression.This article is part of the theme issue 'Linking local adaptation with the evolution of sex differences'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott L Allen
- The School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Russell Bonduriansky
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephen F Chenoweth
- The School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia
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80
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Chen X, Cao Y, Zhan S, Tan A, Palli SR, Huang Y. Disruption of sex-specific doublesex exons results in male- and female-specific defects in the black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:1697-1706. [PMID: 30520231 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Doublesex (dsx), the downstream gene in the insect sex-determination pathway, is a key regulator of sexually dimorphic development and behavior across a variety of insects. Manipulating expression of dsx could be useful in the genetic control of insects. However, information on the sex-specific function of dsx in non-model insects is lacking. RESULTS In this work, we isolated a dsx homolog, which is alternatively spliced into six female-specific and one male-specific isoforms, from an important agricultural pest, the black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon. Studies on the expression of sex-specific Aidsx mRNA during embryonic development showed that the sixth hour post oviposition is the key stage for sex determination in A. ipsilon. Functional analysis of Aidsx was conducted using a CRISPR/Cas9 system targeting female- and male-specific Aidsx exons. Disruptions of sex-specific Aidsx exons resulted in sex-specific, sexually dimorphic defects in external genitals, gonads and antennae, and expression of sex-specific genes as well as production of offspring in both sexes. CONCLUSION Our results not only demonstrate that dsx is a key player determining A. ipsilon sexually dimorphic traits, but also provide a potential method for the genetic control of this pest. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xien Chen
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Yanghui Cao
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Shuai Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Anjiang Tan
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Subba Reddy Palli
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Yongping Huang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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81
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Esophageal Cancer: Should Gender Be Considered as an Influential Factor for Patient Safety in Drug Treatment? JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2019; 2019:6340567. [PMID: 31772581 PMCID: PMC6854970 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6340567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Aim Analyze the gender difference of esophageal cancer patients in response to drug treatment. Methods All publications on clinical trials were collected from PubMed, Scopus, and PMC. Each publication was examined to determine whether the publication is a clinical trial and whether data on gender difference were reported. Results Selected from a total of 191 publications, data from 7 trials with a total of 2041 patients were evaluated for gender differences. These clinical trials involve different drugs and disease phenotype. A significant difference was obtained between male and female groups from Student's t-test. There is no conclusive result on age, ethnicity, tumor size, and drug influence. Conclusions Gender difference in response to treatment potentially most likely exists in esophageal cancer patients, regardless of age, race, and drugs.
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82
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Takamuku H. Does obstetric protection apply to small-bodied females?: A comparison between small-bodied Jomon foragers and large-bodied Yayoi agriculturalists in the prehistoric Japanese archipelago. Am J Hum Biol 2019; 31:e23236. [PMID: 30968505 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examined the relationship between maternal pelvic and body size in the transition from the Middle-Final Jomon period (c. 5000-3000 BC) to the Middle Yayoi period (c. 400~200 BC to around AD 1) in Japan. METHODS Eight measurements, including the left hip bone, articulated pelvis, and femur, were taken from Jomon (females: 37, males: 26) and Yayoi skeletal remains (females: 32, males: 29). RESULTS A statistically significant decrease in the anterior diameter of the true pelvic inlet was demonstrated in females from the Jomon to the Yayoi period, but not in males. While significant increases in stature from the Jomon to the Yayoi period were found in both males and females, no significant changes in body mass were seen. The correlation coefficients between true and false pelvic measurements (maximum pelvic height and maximum pelvic breadth) and body size (stature and body mass) suggested few significant relationships between true and false pelvic measurements or body size among the samples, but no significant correlations in small-bodied Jomon females. Results of principal component analysis using the log-size and log-shape variables suggested that the true pelvic size in Jomon and Yayoi females was not correlated with their general pelvic or body size, and there were correlations between sexually dimorphic aspects of true pelvis shape and either the false pelvis or body size in males but not females. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the obstetrical dimensions in small-bodied Jomon females were maintained for obstetric needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Takamuku
- The Doigahama Site Anthropological Museum, Shimonoseki City, Yamaguchi, Japan
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83
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Roth A, Vleurinck C, Netschitailo O, Bauer V, Otte M, Kaftanoglu O, Page RE, Beye M. A genetic switch for worker nutrition-mediated traits in honeybees. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000171. [PMID: 30897091 PMCID: PMC6428258 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly social insects are characterized by caste dimorphism, with distinct size differences of reproductive organs between fertile queens and the more or less sterile workers. An abundance of nutrition or instruction via diet-specific compounds has been proposed as explanations for the nutrition-driven queen and worker polyphenism. Here, we further explored these models in the honeybee (Apis mellifera) using worker nutrition rearing and a novel mutational screening approach using the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) method. The worker nutrition-driven size reduction of reproductive organs was restricted to the female sex, suggesting input from the sex determination pathway. Genetic screens on the sex determination genes in genetic females for size polyphenism revealed that doublesex (dsx) mutants display size-reduced reproductive organs irrespective of the sexual morphology of the organ tissue. In contrast, feminizer (fem) mutants lost the response to worker nutrition-driven size control. The first morphological worker mutants in honeybees demonstrate that the response to nutrition relies on a genetic program that is switched “ON” by the fem gene. Thus, the genetic instruction provided by the fem gene provides an entry point to genetically dissect the underlying processes that implement the size polyphenism. In honeybees, nutrition drives dimorphic size development of reproductive organs in fertile queens and sterile workers. A study using the first induced morphological mutants in honeybees demonstrates that this developmental plasticity requires a genetic program that is switched on by the “feminizer” gene. In honeybees, nutrition drives dimorphic size development of reproductive organs in fertile queens and sterile workers. The first induced morphological mutants in honeybees demonstrate that this developmental plasticity requires a genetic program that is switched “ON” by the feminizer (fem) gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Roth
- Institute of Evolutionary Genetics, Heinrich-Heine University Dusseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christina Vleurinck
- Institute of Evolutionary Genetics, Heinrich-Heine University Dusseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Oksana Netschitailo
- Institute of Evolutionary Genetics, Heinrich-Heine University Dusseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Vivien Bauer
- Institute of Evolutionary Genetics, Heinrich-Heine University Dusseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marianne Otte
- Institute of Evolutionary Genetics, Heinrich-Heine University Dusseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Osman Kaftanoglu
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Robert E. Page
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Martin Beye
- Institute of Evolutionary Genetics, Heinrich-Heine University Dusseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- * E-mail:
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84
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Blankers T, Berdan EL, Hennig RM, Mayer F. Physical linkage and mate preference generate linkage disequilibrium for behavioral isolation in two parapatric crickets. Evolution 2019; 73:777-791. [PMID: 30820950 PMCID: PMC6593781 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral isolation is a potent barrier to gene flow and a source of striking diversity in the animal kingdom. However, it remains unclear if the linkage disequilibrium (LD) between sex‐specific traits required for behavioral isolation results mostly from physical linkage between signal and preference loci or from directional mate preferences. Here, we test this in the field crickets Gryllus rubens and G. texensis. These closely related species diverged with gene flow and have strongly differentiated songs and preference functions for the mate calling song rhythm. We map quantitative trait loci for signal and preference traits (pQTL) as well as for gene expression associated with these traits (eQTL). We find strong, positive genetic covariance between song traits and between song and preference. Our results show that this is in part explained by incomplete physical linkage: although both linked pQTL and eQTL couple male and female traits, major effect loci for different traits were never on the same chromosome. We suggest that the finely tuned, highly divergent preference functions are likely an additional source of LD between male and female traits in this system. Furthermore, pleiotropy of gene expression presents an underappreciated mechanism to link sexually dimorphic phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Blankers
- Department of Behavioral Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Current address: Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emma L Berdan
- Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Current address: Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - R Matthias Hennig
- Department of Behavioral Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frieder Mayer
- Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
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85
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Crumière AJJ, Khila A. Hox genes mediate the escalation of sexually antagonistic traits in water striders. Biol Lett 2019; 15:20180720. [PMID: 30958129 PMCID: PMC6405465 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2018.0720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual conflict occurs when traits favoured in one sex impose fitness costs on the other sex. In the case of sexual conflict over mating rate, the sexes often undergo antagonistic coevolution and escalation of traits that enhance females' resistance to superfluous mating and traits that increase males' persistence. How this escalation in sexually antagonistic traits is established during ontogeny remains unclear. In the water strider Rhagovelia antilleana, male persistence traits consist of sex combs on the forelegs and multiple rows of spines and a thick femur in the rear legs. Female resistance traits consist of a prominent spike-like projection of the pronotum. RNAi knockdown against the Hox gene Sex Combs Reduced resulted in the reduction in both the sex comb in males and the pronotum projection in females. RNAi against the Hox gene Ultrabithorax resulted in the complete loss or reduction of all persistence traits in male rear legs. These results demonstrate that Hox genes can be involved in intra- and inter-locus sexual conflict and mediate escalation of sexually antagonistic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abderrahman Khila
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46, allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
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86
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Rico-Guevara A, Hurme KJ. Intrasexually selected weapons. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:60-101. [PMID: 29924496 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We propose a practical concept that distinguishes the particular kind of weaponry that has evolved to be used in combat between individuals of the same species and sex, which we term intrasexually selected weapons (ISWs). We present a treatise of ISWs in nature, aiming to understand their distinction and evolution from other secondary sex traits, including from 'sexually selected weapons', and from sexually dimorphic and monomorphic weaponry. We focus on the subset of secondary sex traits that are the result of same-sex combat, defined here as ISWs, provide not previously reported evolutionary patterns, and offer hypotheses to answer questions such as: why have only some species evolved weapons to fight for the opposite sex or breeding resources? We examined traits that seem to have evolved as ISWs in the entire animal phylogeny, restricting the classification of ISW to traits that are only present or enlarged in adults of one of the sexes, and are used as weapons during intrasexual fights. Because of the absence of behavioural data and, in many cases, lack of sexually discriminated series from juveniles to adults, we exclude the fossil record from this review. We merge morphological, ontogenetic, and behavioural information, and for the first time thoroughly review the tree of life to identify separate evolution of ISWs. We found that ISWs are only found in bilateral animals, appearing independently in nematodes, various groups of arthropods, and vertebrates. Our review sets a reference point to explore other taxa that we identify with potential ISWs for which behavioural or morphological studies are warranted. We establish that most ISWs come in pairs, are located in or near the head, are endo- or exoskeletal modifications, are overdeveloped structures compared with those found in females, are modified feeding structures and/or locomotor appendages, are most common in terrestrial taxa, are frequently used to guard females, territories, or both, and are also used in signalling displays to deter rivals and/or attract females. We also found that most taxa lack ISWs, that females of only a few species possess better-developed weapons than males, that the cases of independent evolution of ISWs are not evenly distributed across the phylogeny, and that animals possessing the most developed ISWs have non-hunting habits (e.g. herbivores) or are faunivores that prey on very small prey relative to their body size (e.g. insectivores). Bringing together perspectives from studies on a variety of taxa, we conceptualize that there are five ways in which a sexually dimorphic trait, apart from the primary sex traits, can be fixed: sexual selection, fecundity selection, parental role division, differential niche occupation between the sexes, and interference competition. We discuss these trends and the factors involved in the evolution of intrasexually selected weaponry in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Rico-Guevara
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 3040 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, CA, 94720, U.S.A.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, 75 N. Eagleville Rd, Unit 3043, Storrs, CT, 06269, U.S.A.,Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Código Postal 11001, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - Kristiina J Hurme
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 3040 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, CA, 94720, U.S.A.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, 75 N. Eagleville Rd, Unit 3043, Storrs, CT, 06269, U.S.A
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87
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Sanger TJ, Rajakumar R. How a growing organismal perspective is adding new depth to integrative studies of morphological evolution. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:184-198. [PMID: 30009397 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Over the past half century, the field of Evolutionary Developmental Biology, or Evo-devo, has integrated diverse fields of biology into a more synthetic understanding of morphological diversity. This has resulted in numerous insights into how development can evolve and reciprocally influence morphological evolution, as well as generated several novel theoretical areas. Although comparative by default, there remains a great gap in our understanding of adaptive morphological diversification and how developmental mechanisms influence the shape and pattern of phenotypic variation. Herein we highlight areas of research that are in the process of filling this void, and areas, if investigated more fully, that will add new insights into the diversification of morphology. At the centre of our discussion is an explicit awareness of organismal biology. Here we discuss an organismal framework that is supported by three distinct pillars. First, there is a need for Evo-devo to adopt a high-resolution phylogenetic approach in the study of morphological variation and its developmental underpinnings. Secondly, we propose that to understand the dynamic nature of morphological evolution, investigators need to give more explicit attention to the processes that generate evolutionarily relevant variation at the population level. Finally, we emphasize the need to address more thoroughly the processes that structure variation at micro- and macroevolutionary scales including modularity, morphological integration, constraint, and plasticity. We illustrate the power of these three pillars using numerous examples from both invertebrates and vertebrates to emphasize that many of these approaches are already present within the field, but have yet to be formally integrated into many research programs. We feel that the most exciting new insights will come where the traditional experimental approaches to Evo-devo are integrated more thoroughly with the principles of this organismal framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Sanger
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60660, U.S.A
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88
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Jones BP, Williams NJ, Saso S, Thum M, Quiroga I, Yazbek J, Wilkinson S, Ghaem‐Maghami S, Thomas P, Smith JR. Uterine transplantation in transgender women. BJOG 2019; 126:152-156. [PMID: 30125449 PMCID: PMC6492192 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.15438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- BP Jones
- West London Gynaecological Cancer CentreHammersmith HospitalImperial College NHS TrustLondonUK
- Department of Surgery and CancerImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - NJ Williams
- Department of Politics, Philosophy and ReligionLancaster UniversityLancasterUK
| | - S Saso
- West London Gynaecological Cancer CentreHammersmith HospitalImperial College NHS TrustLondonUK
- Department of Surgery and CancerImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - M‐Y Thum
- Department of Surgery and CancerImperial College LondonLondonUK
- Lister Fertility ClinicThe Lister HospitalLondonUK
| | - I Quiroga
- The Oxford Transplant CentreThe Churchill HospitalOxford University Hospitals NHS TrustOxfordUK
| | - J Yazbek
- West London Gynaecological Cancer CentreHammersmith HospitalImperial College NHS TrustLondonUK
- Department of Surgery and CancerImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - S Wilkinson
- Department of Politics, Philosophy and ReligionLancaster UniversityLancasterUK
| | - S Ghaem‐Maghami
- West London Gynaecological Cancer CentreHammersmith HospitalImperial College NHS TrustLondonUK
- Department of Surgery and CancerImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - P Thomas
- Brighton Gender ClinicNuffield Health HospitalBrightonUK
| | - JR Smith
- West London Gynaecological Cancer CentreHammersmith HospitalImperial College NHS TrustLondonUK
- Department of Surgery and CancerImperial College LondonLondonUK
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89
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Miura T. Juvenile hormone as a physiological regulator mediating phenotypic plasticity in pancrustaceans. Dev Growth Differ 2018; 61:85-96. [PMID: 30467834 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity and polyphenism, in which phenotypes can be changed depending on environmental conditions, are common in insects. Several studies focusing on physiological, developmental, and molecular processes underlying the plastic responses have revealed that similar endocrine mechanisms using juvenile hormone (JH) are used to coordinate the flexible developmental processes. This review discusses accumulated knowledge on the caste polyphenism in social insects (especially termites), the wing and the reproductive polyphenisms in aphids, and the nutritional polyphenism and sexual dimorphism in stag beetles. For the comparison with non-insect arthropods, extensive studies on the inducible defense (and reproductive polyphenism) in daphnids (crustacean) are also addressed. In all the cases, JH (and methyl farnesoate in daphnids) plays a central role in mediating environmental stimuli with morphogenetic processes. Since the synthetic pathways for juvenoids, i.e., the mevalonate pathway and downstream pathways to sesquiterpenoids, are conserved across pancrustacean lineages (crustaceans and hexapods including insects), the evolution of developmental regulation by juvenoids that control molting (ecdysis) and metamorphosis is suggested to have occurred in the ancestral arthropods. The discontinuous postembryonic development (i.e., molting) and the regulatory physiological factors (juvenoids) would have enabled plastic developmental systems observed in many arthropod lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Miura
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Miura, Kanagawa, Japan
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90
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Karabulutoglu M, Finnon R, Imaoka T, Friedl AA, Badie C. Influence of diet and metabolism on hematopoietic stem cells and leukemia development following ionizing radiation exposure. Int J Radiat Biol 2018; 95:452-479. [PMID: 29932783 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1490042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The review aims to discuss the prominence of dietary and metabolic regulators in maintaining hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) function, long-term self-renewal, and differentiation. RESULTS Most adult stem cells are preserved in a quiescent, nonmotile state in vivo which acts as a "protective state" for stem cells to reduce endogenous stress provoked by DNA replication and cellular respiration as well as exogenous environmental stress. The dynamic balance between quiescence, self-renewal and differentiation is critical for supporting a functional blood system throughout life of an organism. Stress-conditions, for example ionizing radiation exposure can trigger the blood forming HSCs to proliferate and migrate through extramedullary tissues to expand the number of HSCs and increase hematopoiesis. In addition, a wealth of investigation validated that deregulation of this balance plays a critical pathogenic role in various different hematopoietic diseases including the leukemia development. CONCLUSION The review summarizes the current knowledge on how alterations in dietary and metabolic factors could alter the risk of leukemia development following ionizing radiation exposure by inhibiting or even reversing the leukemic progression. Understanding the influence of diet, metabolism, and epigenetics on radiation-induced leukemogenesis may lead to the development of practical interventions to reduce the risk in exposed populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melis Karabulutoglu
- a Cancer Mechanisms and Biomarkers group, Biological Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards , Public Health England , Didcot , UK.,b CRUK & MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology , University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | - Rosemary Finnon
- a Cancer Mechanisms and Biomarkers group, Biological Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards , Public Health England , Didcot , UK
| | - Tatsuhiko Imaoka
- c Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences , National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology , Chiba , Japan
| | - Anna A Friedl
- d Department of Radiation Oncology , University Hospital, LMU Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - Christophe Badie
- a Cancer Mechanisms and Biomarkers group, Biological Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards , Public Health England , Didcot , UK
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91
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Abstract
Sex differences in the brain are prominent features across the animal kingdom. Understanding the anatomical and regulatory mechanisms behind these differences is critical for both explaining sexually dimorphic behaviors and developing sex-targeted treatments for neurological disorders. Clinical studies considering sex biases and basic research on animal models have provided much evidence for the existence of sex differences in the brain and, in a larger sense, sexual dimorphisms in the nervous system. However, due to the complexity of structure and dimorphic behaviors, it is yet unclear precisely how neuronal sexual dimorphisms are regulated on a molecular or cellular level. This commentary reviews available tools for investigating sexual dimorphisms using a simple model organism, the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans ( C. elegans), which enables one to study gene regulation at single-cell resolution with a number of cutting-edge molecular and genetic technologies. I highlight the doublesex/mab-3 family of transcription factors, first discovered in invertebrates, and their roles in a potentially universal regulatory mechanism underlying neuronal sexual dimorphisms. Studies of these transcription factors using C. elegans, fruit flies, and vertebrates will promote our understanding of fundamental mechanisms behind sex differences in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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92
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Zemp N, Widmer A, Charlesworth D. Has adaptation occurred in males and females since separate sexes evolved in the plant Silene latifolia? Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:rspb.2017.2824. [PMID: 30051860 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.2824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of separate sexes may involve changed expression of many genes, as each sex adapts to its new state. Evidence is accumulating for sex differences in expression even in organisms that have recently evolved separate sexes from hermaphrodite or monoecious (cosexual) ancestors, such as some dioecious flowering plants. We describe evidence that a dioecious plant species with recently evolved dioecy, Silene latifolia, has undergone adaptive changes that improve functioning in females, in addition to changes that are probably pleiotropic effects of male sterility. The results suggest pervasive adaptations as soon as males and females evolve from their cosexual ancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklaus Zemp
- Institute of Integrative Biology, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.,Genetic Diversity Centre (GDC), ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alex Widmer
- Institute of Integrative Biology, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Deborah Charlesworth
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, Midlothian, Scotland
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93
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Montgomery EM, Ferguson-Roberts JM, Gianasi BL, Hamel JF, Kremenetskaia A, Mercier A. Functional significance and characterization of sexual dimorphism in holothuroids. INVERTEBR REPROD DEV 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/07924259.2018.1491898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. M. Montgomery
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, Portugal Cove-St. Philips, Canada
| | | | - B. L. Gianasi
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, Portugal Cove-St. Philips, Canada
| | - J.-F. Hamel
- Society for Exploration and Valuing of the Environment (SEVE), Canada
| | - A. Kremenetskaia
- Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - A. Mercier
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, Portugal Cove-St. Philips, Canada
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94
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Catalán A, Macias-Muñoz A, Briscoe AD. Evolution of Sex-Biased Gene Expression and Dosage Compensation in the Eye and Brain of Heliconius Butterflies. Mol Biol Evol 2018; 35:2120-2134. [DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msy111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Catalán
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA
- Section of Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biology II, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Aide Macias-Muñoz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA
| | - Adriana D Briscoe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA
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95
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Huang P, Xiong S, Kang J, Mei J, Gui JF. Stat5b Regulates Sexually Dimorphic Gene Expression in Zebrafish Liver. Front Physiol 2018; 9:676. [PMID: 29904357 PMCID: PMC5990605 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual size dimorphism is an interesting phenomenon occurred in many fish species. Wildtype zebrafish exhibits a significant sexual dimorphism in body size at the adult stage. Previous studies indicated that sexual size dimorphism was eliminated in stat5b-mutated zebrafish. Herein, the comparative transcriptome analysis was conducted to observe the genes and pathways involved in sexual size dimorphism. The number of male-biased and female-biased genes was much less in the liver of stat5b mutant zebrafish than in wildtype. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis indicated that multiple pathways related to metabolism were affected upon loss of stat5b function. qRT-PCR results also validated that sexually dimorphic expression of a set of genes was lost when stat5b was mutated. Furthermore, the weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) detected many candidate genes related to the growth traits and stat5b function, such as greb1, lepr, and igf2b. Our data suggest that stat5b should regulate the sexually dimorphic gene expression in zebrafish liver and add in understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying sexual size dimorphism in fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuting Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingliang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Mei
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian-Fang Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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96
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Kodama M, Hard JJ, Naish KA. Mapping of quantitative trait loci for temporal growth and age at maturity in coho salmon: Evidence for genotype-by-sex interactions. Mar Genomics 2018; 38:33-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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97
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Camelier P, Dagosta FCP, Marinho MMF. New remarkable sexually dimorphic miniature species of Hyphessobrycon (Characiformes: Characidae) from the upper Rio Tapajós basin. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2018; 92:1149-1162. [PMID: 29498044 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A new miniature species of Hyphessobrycon is described from an affluent of the Rio Papagaio, tributary of the Rio Juruena, upper Rio Tapajós basin, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. The new species can be distinguished from its congeners by having a remarkable secondary sexual dimorphism in its live colouration (males are red and females yellow), well-defined and relatively narrow dark midlateral stripe extending from tip of snout to tip of middle caudal-fin rays, absence of humeral blotch, 15-18 branched anal-fin rays and five or six branched pelvic-fin rays. The sexually dimorphic colouration of the new species is briefly discussed regarding its temporal variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Camelier
- Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, Seção de Peixes, Caixa Postal 42494, 04218-970, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - F C P Dagosta
- Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, Seção de Peixes, Caixa Postal 42494, 04218-970, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - M M F Marinho
- Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, Seção de Peixes, Caixa Postal 42494, 04218-970, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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98
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Zinna RA, Gotoh H, Kojima T, Niimi T. Recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of sexually dimorphic plasticity: insights from beetle weapons and future directions. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 25:35-41. [PMID: 29602360 PMCID: PMC5880310 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Many traits that are sexually dimorphic, appearing either differently or uniquely in one sex, are also sensitive to an organism's condition. This phenomenon seems to have evolved to limit genetic conflict between traits that are under different selective pressures in each sex. Recent work has shed light on the molecular and developmental mechanisms that govern this condition sensitive growth, and this work has now expanded to encompass both sexual dimorphism as well as conditionally plastic growth, as it seems the two phenomena are linked on a molecular level. In all cases studied the gene doublesex, a conserved regulator of sex differentiation, controls both sexual dimorphism as well as the condition-dependent plastic responses common to these traits. However, the advent of next-generation -omics technologies has allowed researchers to decipher the common and diverged mechanisms of sexually dimorphic plasticity and expand investigations beyond the foundation laid by studies utilizing beetle weapons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Zinna
- Center for Insect Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0106, United States.
| | - Hiroki Gotoh
- Lab of Sericulture and Entomoresources, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takaaki Kojima
- Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Teruyuki Niimi
- Division of Evolutionary Developmental Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585 Aichi, Japan
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99
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Zhang J, Ma W, He Y, Dawar FU, Xiong S, Mei J. Potential Contributions of miR-200a/-200b and Their Target Gene-Leptin to the Sexual Size Dimorphism in Yellow Catfish. Front Physiol 2017; 8:970. [PMID: 29249979 PMCID: PMC5714929 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual size dimorphism is the consequence of differential expression of sex-biased genes related to feeding and growth. Leptin is known to regulate energy balance by regulating food intake. In order to investigate the molecular mechanism of sexual size dimorphism in yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco), the expression of leptin (lep) and its functional receptor (lepr) were detected during larval development. Both lep and lepr have lower expression in males than in females during 1–4 weeks post hatching. 17a-Methyltestosterone (MT) treatment resulted in decreased expression of lep and lepr in both male and female larval fish. Interestingly, the mRNA levels of lep and lepr in juvenile male were significantly decreased compared with juvenile female during short-term fasting periods. Lep was predicted to be a potential target of miR-200a and miR-200b that had an opposite expression pattern to lep in male and female larvas. The results of luciferase reporter assay suggested that lep is a target of miR-200a/-200b. Subsequently, male hormone and fasting treatment have opposite effects on the expression of miR-200a/-200b and lep between males and females. In summary, our results suggest that sexual size dimorphism in fish species is probably caused by the sexually dimorphic expression of leptin, which could be negatively regulated by miR-200a/-200b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, College of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenge Ma
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, College of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan He
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, College of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Farman U Dawar
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, College of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Shuting Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, College of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Mei
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, College of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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100
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Portman DS. Sexual modulation of sex-shared neurons and circuits in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Neurosci Res 2017; 95:527-538. [PMID: 27870393 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Studies using the nematode C. elegans have provided unique insights into the development and function of sex differences in the nervous system. Enabled by the relative simplicity of this species, comprehensive studies have solved the complete cellular neuroanatomy of both sexes as well as the complete neural connectomes of the entire adult hermaphrodite and the adult male tail. This work, together with detailed behavioral studies, has revealed three aspects of sex differences in the nervous system: sex-specific neurons and circuits; circuits with sexually dimorphic synaptic connectivity; and sex differences in the physiology and functions of shared neurons and circuits. At all of these levels, biological sex influences neural development and function through the activity of a well-defined genetic hierarchy that acts throughout the body to translate chromosomal sex into the state of a master autosomal regulator of sexual differentiation, the transcription factor TRA-1A. This Review focuses on the role of genetic sex in implementing sex differences in shared neurons and circuits, with an emphasis on linking the sexual modulation of specific neural properties to the specification and optimization of sexually divergent and dimorphic behaviors. An important and unexpected finding from these studies is that chemosensory neurons are a primary focus of sexual modulation, with genetic sex adaptively shaping chemosensory repertoire to guide behavioral choice. Importantly, hormone-independent functions of genetic sex are the principal drivers of all of these sex differences, making nematodes an excellent model for understanding similar but poorly understood mechanisms that likely act throughout the animal kingdom. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas S Portman
- Center for Neural Development and Disease, Department of Biomedical Genetics, Neuroscience, and Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
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