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Mazzola LT, Kelly-Cirino C. Diagnostics for Lassa fever virus: a genetically diverse pathogen found in low-resource settings. BMJ Glob Health 2019; 4:e001116. [PMID: 30899575 PMCID: PMC6407561 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lassa fever virus (LASV) causes acute viral haemorrhagic fever with symptoms similar to those seen with Ebola virus infections. LASV is endemic to West Africa and is transmitted through contact with excretions of infected Mastomys natalensis rodents and other rodent species. Due to a high fatality rate, lack of treatment options and difficulties with prevention and control, LASV is one of the high-priority pathogens included in the WHO R&D Blueprint. The WHO LASV vaccine strategy relies on availability of effective diagnostic tests. Current diagnostics for LASV include in-house and commercial (primarily research-only) laboratory-based serological and nucleic acid amplification tests. There are two commercially available (for research use only) rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), and a number of multiplex panels for differential detection of LASV infection from other endemic diseases with similar symptoms have been evaluated. However, a number of diagnostic gaps remain. Lineage detection is a challenge due to the genomic diversity of LASV, as pan-lineage sensitivity for both molecular and immunological detection is necessary for surveillance and outbreak response. While pan-lineage ELISA and RDTs are commercially available (for research use only), validation and external quality assessment (EQA) is needed to confirm detection sensitivity for all known or relevant strains. Variable sensitivity of LASV PCR tests also highlights the need for improved validation and EQA. Given that LASV outbreaks typically occur in low-resource settings, more options for point-of-care testing would be valuable. These requirements should be taken into account in target product profiles for improved LASV diagnostics.
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Emperador DM, Yimer SA, Mazzola LT, Norheim G, Kelly-Cirino C. Diagnostic applications for Lassa fever in limited-resource settings. BMJ Glob Health 2019; 4:e001119. [PMID: 30899576 PMCID: PMC6407552 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Lassa fever, caused by arenavirus Lassa virus (LASV), is an acute viral haemorrhagic disease that affects up to an estimated 300 000 individuals and causes up to 5000 deaths per year in West Africa. Currently available LASV diagnostic methods are difficult to operationalise in low-resource health centres and may be less sensitive to detecting all known or emerging LASV strains. To prioritise diagnostic development for LASV, we assessed the diagnostic applications for case detection, clinical management, surveillance, outbreak response, and therapeutic and vaccine development at various healthcare levels. Diagnostic development should prioritise point-of-care and near-patient diagnostics, especially those with the ability to detect all lineages of LASV, as they would allow for rapid detection in resource-limited health facilities closer to the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devy M Emperador
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Emerging Threats Programme, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Solomon A Yimer
- Department of Vaccine Science, Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovation (CEPI), Oslo, Norway
| | - Laura T Mazzola
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Emerging Threats Programme, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gunnstein Norheim
- Department of Vaccine Science, Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovation (CEPI), Oslo, Norway
| | - Cassandra Kelly-Cirino
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Emerging Threats Programme, Geneva, Switzerland
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53
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Sharma A, Lal SK. Is tetherin a true antiviral: The influenza a virus controversy. Rev Med Virol 2019; 29:e2036. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anshika Sharma
- School of ScienceMonash University, Sunway Campus Bandar Sunway Malaysia
| | - Sunil K. Lal
- School of ScienceMonash University, Sunway Campus Bandar Sunway Malaysia
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Lukashevich IS, Paessler S, de la Torre JC. Lassa virus diversity and feasibility for universal prophylactic vaccine. F1000Res 2019; 8. [PMID: 30774934 PMCID: PMC6357994 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.16989.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lassa virus (LASV) is a highly prevalent mammarenavirus in West Africa and is maintained in nature in a persistently infected rodent host, Mastomys natalensis, which is widely spread in sub-Saharan Africa. LASV infection of humans can cause Lassa fever (LF), a disease associated with high morbidity and significant mortality. Recent evidence indicates an LASV expansion outside its traditional endemic areas. In 2017, the World Health Organization (WHO) included LASV in top-priority pathogens and released a Target Product Profile (TPP) for vaccine development. Likewise, in 2018, the US Food and Drug Administration added LF to a priority review voucher program to encourage the development of preventive and therapeutics measures. In this article, we review recent progress in LASV vaccine research and development with a focus on the impact of LASV genetic and biological diversity on the design and development of vaccine candidates meeting the WHO's TPP for an LASV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor S Lukashevich
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Slobodan Paessler
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Juan Carlos de la Torre
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology IMM-6, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
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Wauquier N, Petitdemange C, Tarantino N, Maucourant C, Coomber M, Lungay V, Bangura J, Debré P, Vieillard V. HLA-C-restricted viral epitopes are associated with an escape mechanism from KIR2DL2 + NK cells in Lassa virus infection. EBioMedicine 2019; 40:605-613. [PMID: 30711514 PMCID: PMC6413685 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lassa virus (LASV) is the etiologic agent of an acute hemorrhagic fever endemic in West Africa. Natural killer (NK) cells control viral infections in part through the interaction between killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) and their ligands. LASV infection is associated with defective immune responses, including inhibition of NK cell activity in the presence of MHC-class 1+-infected target cells. Methods We compared individual KIR and HLA-class 1 genotypes of 68 healthy volunteers to 51 patients infected with LASV in Sierra Leone, including 37 survivors and 14 fatalities. Next, potential HLA-C1, HLA-C2, and HLA-Bw4 binding epitopes were in silico screened among LASV nucleoprotein (NP) and envelope glycoprotein (GP). Selected 10-mer peptides were then tested in peptide-HLA stabilization, KIR binding and polyfunction assays. Findings LASV-infected patients were similar to healthy controls, except for the inhibitory KIR2DL2 gene. We found a specific increase in the HLA-C1:KIR2DL2 interaction in fatalities (10/11) as compared to survivors (12/19) and controls (19/29). We also identified that strong of NP and GP viral epitopes was only observed with HLA-C molecules, and associated with strong inhibition of degranulation in the presence of KIR2DL+ NK cells. This inhibitory effect significantly increased in the presence of the vGP420 variant, detected in 28.1% of LASV sequences. Interpretation Our finding suggests that presentation of specific LASV epitopes by HLA-C alleles to the inhibitory KIR2DL2 receptor on NK cells could potentially prevent the killing of infected cells and provides insights into the mechanisms by which LASV can escape NK-cell-mediated immune pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Wauquier
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France; Metabiota, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Caroline Petitdemange
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
| | - Nadine Tarantino
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
| | - Christopher Maucourant
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Patrice Debré
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
| | - Vincent Vieillard
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France.
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Attenuated Replication of Lassa Virus Vaccine Candidate ML29 in STAT-1 -/- Mice. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8010009. [PMID: 30650607 PMCID: PMC6470856 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lassa virus (LASV), a highly prevalent mammalian arenavirus endemic in West Africa, can cause Lassa fever (LF), which is responsible for thousands of deaths annually. LASV is transmitted to humans from naturally infected rodents. At present, there is not an effective vaccine nor treatment. The genetic diversity of LASV is the greatest challenge for vaccine development. The reassortant ML29 carrying the L segment from the nonpathogenic Mopeia virus (MOPV) and the S segment from LASV is a vaccine candidate under current development. ML29 demonstrated complete protection in validated animal models against a Nigerian strain from clade II, which was responsible for the worst outbreak on record in 2018. This study demonstrated that ML29 was more attenuated than MOPV in STAT1-/- mice, a small animal model of human LF and its sequelae. ML29 infection of these mice resulted in more than a thousand-fold reduction in viremia and viral load in tissues and strong LASV-specific adaptive T cell responses compared to MOPV-infected mice. Persistent infection of Vero cells with ML29 resulted in generation of interfering particles (IPs), which strongly interfered with the replication of LASV, MOPV and LCMV, the prototype of the Arenaviridae. ML29 IPs induced potent cell-mediated immunity and were fully attenuated in STAT1-/- mice. Formulation of ML29 with IPs will improve the breadth of the host’s immune responses and further contribute to development of a pan-LASV vaccine with full coverage meeting the WHO requirements.
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Identification of Residues in Lassa Virus Glycoprotein Subunit 2 That Are Critical for Protein Function. Pathogens 2018; 8:pathogens8010001. [PMID: 30587764 PMCID: PMC6471855 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lassa virus (LASV) is an Old World arenavirus, endemic to West Africa, capable of causing hemorrhagic fever. Currently, there are no approved vaccines or effective antivirals for LASV. However, thorough understanding of the LASV glycoprotein and entry into host cells could accelerate therapeutic design. LASV entry is a two-step process involving the viral glycoprotein (GP). First, the GP subunit 1 (GP1) binds to the cell surface receptor and the viral particle is engulfed into an endosome. Next, the drop in pH triggers GP rearrangements, which ultimately leads to the GP subunit 2 (GP2) forming a six-helix-bundle (6HB). The process of GP2 forming 6HB fuses the lysosomal membrane with the LASV envelope, allowing the LASV genome to enter the host cell. The aim of this study was to identify residues in GP2 that are crucial for LASV entry. To achieve this, we performed alanine scanning mutagenesis on GP2 residues. We tested these mutant GPs for efficient GP1-GP2 cleavage, cell-to-cell membrane fusion, and transduction into cells expressing α-dystroglycan and secondary LASV receptors. In total, we identified seven GP2 mutants that were cleaved efficiently but were unable to effectively transduce cells: GP-L280A, GP-L285A/I286A, GP-I323A, GP-L394A, GP-I403A, GP-L415A, and GP-R422A. Therefore, the data suggest these residues are critical for GP2 function in LASV entry.
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58
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Madelain V, Baize S, Jacquot F, Reynard S, Fizet A, Barron S, Solas C, Lacarelle B, Carbonnelle C, Mentré F, Raoul H, de Lamballerie X, Guedj J. Ebola viral dynamics in nonhuman primates provides insights into virus immuno-pathogenesis and antiviral strategies. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4013. [PMID: 30275474 PMCID: PMC6167368 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06215-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite several clinical trials implemented, no antiviral drug could demonstrate efficacy against Ebola virus. In non-human primates, early initiation of polymerase inhibitors favipiravir and remdesivir improves survival, but whether they could be effective in patients is unknown. Here we analyze the impact of antiviral therapy by using a mathematical model that integrates virological and immunological data of 44 cynomolgus macaques, left untreated or treated with favipiravir. We estimate that favipiravir has a ~50% efficacy in blocking viral production, which results in reducing virus growth and cytokine storm while IFNα reduces cell susceptibility to infection. Simulating the effect of delayed initiations of treatment, our model predicts survival rates of 60% for favipiravir and 100% for remdesivir when treatment is initiated within 3 and 4 days post infection, respectively. These results improve the understanding of Ebola immuno-pathogenesis and can help optimize antiviral evaluation in future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Madelain
- IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris, 75018, Paris, France.
| | - Sylvain Baize
- UBIVE, Institut Pasteur, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, 69007, Lyon, France
| | - Frédéric Jacquot
- Laboratoire P4 Inserm-Jean Mérieux, US003 Inserm, 69365, Lyon, France
| | - Stéphanie Reynard
- UBIVE, Institut Pasteur, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, 69007, Lyon, France
| | - Alexandra Fizet
- UBIVE, Institut Pasteur, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, 69007, Lyon, France
| | - Stephane Barron
- Laboratoire P4 Inserm-Jean Mérieux, US003 Inserm, 69365, Lyon, France
| | - Caroline Solas
- Aix-Marseille Univ U105, APHM, SMARTc CRCM Inserm UMR1068 CNRS UMR7258, Hôpital La Timone, Laboratoire de Pharmacocinétique et Toxicologie, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Bruno Lacarelle
- Aix-Marseille Univ U105, APHM, SMARTc CRCM Inserm UMR1068 CNRS UMR7258, Hôpital La Timone, Laboratoire de Pharmacocinétique et Toxicologie, 13005, Marseille, France
| | | | - France Mentré
- IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Raoul
- Laboratoire P4 Inserm-Jean Mérieux, US003 Inserm, 69365, Lyon, France
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- UMR "Emergence des Pathologies Virales" (EPV: Aix-Marseille university - IRD 190 - Inserm 1207 - EHESP) - Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - Jérémie Guedj
- IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris, 75018, Paris, France
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59
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Abstract
The West African Ebola virus (EBOV) epidemic has fast-tracked countermeasures for this rare, emerging zoonotic pathogen. Until 2013-2014, most EBOV vaccine candidates were stalled between the preclinical and clinical milestones on the path to licensure, because of funding problems, lack of interest from pharmaceutical companies, and competing priorities in public health. The unprecedented and devastating epidemic propelled vaccine candidates toward clinical trials that were initiated near the end of the active response to the outbreak. Those trials did not have a major impact on the epidemic but provided invaluable data on vaccine safety, immunogenicity, and, to a limited degree, even efficacy in humans. There are plenty of lessons to learn from these trials, some of which are addressed in this review. Better preparation is essential to executing an effective response to EBOV in the future; yet, the first indications of waning interest are already noticeable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana 59840, USA;
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba 93E 0J9, Canada
| | - Friederike Feldmann
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana 59840, USA
| | - Andrea Marzi
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana 59840, USA;
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60
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Chery J, Petri A, Wagschal A, Lim SY, Cunningham J, Vasudevan S, Kauppinen S, Näär AM. Development of Locked Nucleic Acid Antisense Oligonucleotides Targeting Ebola Viral Proteins and Host Factor Niemann-Pick C1. Nucleic Acid Ther 2018; 28:273-284. [PMID: 30133337 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2018.0722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ebola virus is a zoonotic pathogen that can cause severe hemorrhagic fever in humans, with up to 90% lethality. The deadly 2014 Ebola outbreak quickly made an unprecedented impact on human lives. While several vaccines and therapeutics are under development, current approaches contain several limitations, such as virus mutational escape, need for formulation or refrigeration, poor scalability, long lead-time, and high cost. To address these challenges, we developed locked nucleic acid (LNA)-modified antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) to target critical Ebola viral proteins and the human intracellular host protein Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1), required for viral entry into infected cells. We generated noninfectious viral luciferase reporter assays to identify LNA ASOs that inhibit translation of Ebola viral proteins in vitro and in human cells. We demonstrated specific inhibition of key Ebola genes VP24 and nucleoprotein, which inhibit a proper immune response and promote Ebola virus replication, respectively. We also identified LNA ASOs targeting human host factor NPC1 and demonstrated reduced infection by chimeric vesicular stomatitis virus harboring the Ebola glycoprotein, which directly binds to NPC1 for viral infection. These results support further in vivo testing of LNA ASOs in infectious Ebola virus disease animal models as potential therapeutic modalities for treatment of Ebola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Chery
- 1 Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center , Charlestown, Massachusetts.,2 Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andreas Petri
- 3 Department of Clinical Medicine, Center for RNA Medicine, Aalborg University , Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Alexandre Wagschal
- 1 Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center , Charlestown, Massachusetts.,2 Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sun-Young Lim
- 4 Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts.,5 Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - James Cunningham
- 4 Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts.,5 Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shobha Vasudevan
- 1 Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center , Charlestown, Massachusetts.,6 Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sakari Kauppinen
- 3 Department of Clinical Medicine, Center for RNA Medicine, Aalborg University , Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Anders M Näär
- 1 Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center , Charlestown, Massachusetts.,2 Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
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61
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Öhlund P, García-Arriaza J, Zusinaite E, Szurgot I, Männik A, Kraus A, Ustav M, Merits A, Esteban M, Liljeström P, Ljungberg K. DNA-launched RNA replicon vaccines induce potent anti-Ebolavirus immune responses that can be further improved by a recombinant MVA boost. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12459. [PMID: 30127450 PMCID: PMC6102224 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There are currently no licensed therapeutic treatment or preventive vaccines against Ebolavirus disease, and the 2013-2016 West African outbreak of Ebolavirus disease spread rapidly and resulted in almost 30,000 cases and more than 11,000 deaths. However, the devastating outbreak has spurred the development of novel Ebolavirus vaccines. Here, we demonstrate that alphavirus-based DNA-launched self-replicating RNA replicon vaccines (DREP) encoding either the glycoprotein (GP) gene or co-expressing the GP and VP40 genes of Sudan or Zaire Ebolavirus are immunogenic in mice inducing both binding and neutralizing antibodies as well as CD8 T cell responses. In addition, antibodies were cross-reactive against another Ebolavirus, although the specificity was higher for the vaccination antigen. DREP vaccines were more immunogenic than recombinant MVA vaccines expressing the same Ebolavirus antigens. However, a DREP prime followed by an MVA boost immunization regimen improved vaccine immunogenicity as compared to DREP and MVA homologous prime-boost immunizations. Moreover, we show that a bivalent approach targeting both Sudan and Zaire Ebolavirus can be employed without significant loss of immunity. This opens for further investigation of a pan-Ebolavirus or even a pan-filovirus vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pontus Öhlund
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical Science and Veterinary Public Health, Virology Unit, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Juan García-Arriaza
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Zusinaite
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Inga Szurgot
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andres Männik
- Icosagen Cell Factory OÜ, Ülenurme vald, Tartumaa, Estonia
| | - Annette Kraus
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
| | - Mart Ustav
- Icosagen Cell Factory OÜ, Ülenurme vald, Tartumaa, Estonia
| | - Andres Merits
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mariano Esteban
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Peter Liljeström
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl Ljungberg
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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62
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Warner BM, Safronetz D, Stein DR. Current research for a vaccine against Lassa hemorrhagic fever virus. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2018; 12:2519-2527. [PMID: 30147299 PMCID: PMC6097522 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s147276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lassa virus (LASV) is a rodent-borne arenavirus endemic to several West African countries that causes Lassa fever (LF). LF is typically mild but it can cause severe disease characterized by hemorrhagic fever and multi-organ failure. A current outbreak of LASV in Nigeria has seen greater than 300 cases with a case fatality rate of 22%. Currently, there are limited treatment options and no vaccine candidates are approved to prevent LASV infection. The Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations has identified LASV as an emerging pathogen of high consequence and this has resulted in a push for several preclinical vaccine candidates to be advanced toward clinical trials. Here, we discuss several important aspects of LASV infection including immunobiology, immune evasion, and correlates of protection against LF, which have been identified through animal models and human infections. In addition, we discuss several vaccine candidates that have shown efficacy in animal models that could be advanced toward clinical trials. The increased fatality rate seen in the recent LASV outbreak in Nigeria highlights the importance of developing effective treatment and prevention strategies against LF. The spike in LASV cases seen in West Africa has the potential for increased mortality and human-to-human transmission, making the development and testing of effective vaccines for LASV critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce M Warner
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - David Safronetz
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada,
| | - Derek R Stein
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada,
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63
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Rogers KJ, Maury W. The role of mononuclear phagocytes in Ebola virus infection. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:717-727. [PMID: 30095866 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4ri0518-183r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The filovirus, Zaire Ebolavirus (EBOV), infects tissue macrophages (Mϕs) and dendritic cells (DCs) early during infection. Viral infection of both cells types is highly productive, leading to increased viral load. However, virus infection of these two cell types results in different consequences for cellular function. Infection of Mϕs stimulates the production of proinflammatory and immunomodulatory cytokines and chemokines, leading to the production of a cytokine storm, while simultaneously increasing tissue factor production and thus facilitating disseminated intravascular coagulation. In contrast, EBOV infection of DCs blocks DC maturation and antigen presentation rendering these cells unable to communicate with adaptive immune response elements. Details of the known interactions of these cells with EBOV are reviewed here. We also identify a number of unanswered questions that remain about interactions of filoviruses with these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai J Rogers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Wendy Maury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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64
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Nguyen VK, Mikolajczyk R, Hernandez-Vargas EA. High-resolution epidemic simulation using within-host infection and contact data. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:886. [PMID: 30016958 PMCID: PMC6050668 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5709-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent epidemics have entailed global discussions on revamping epidemic control and prevention approaches. A general consensus is that all sources of data should be embraced to improve epidemic preparedness. As a disease transmission is inherently governed by individual-level responses, pathogen dynamics within infected hosts posit high potentials to inform population-level phenomena. We propose a multiscale approach showing that individual dynamics were able to reproduce population-level observations. METHODS Using experimental data, we formulated mathematical models of pathogen infection dynamics from which we simulated mechanistically its transmission parameters. The models were then embedded in our implementation of an age-specific contact network that allows to express individual differences relevant to the transmission processes. This approach is illustrated with an example of Ebola virus (EBOV). RESULTS The results showed that a within-host infection model can reproduce EBOV's transmission parameters obtained from population data. At the same time, population age-structure, contact distribution and patterns can be expressed using network generating algorithm. This framework opens a vast opportunity to investigate individual roles of factors involved in the epidemic processes. Estimating EBOV's reproduction number revealed a heterogeneous pattern among age-groups, prompting cautions on estimates unadjusted for contact pattern. Assessments of mass vaccination strategies showed that vaccination conducted in a time window from five months before to one week after the start of an epidemic appeared to strongly reduce epidemic size. Noticeably, compared to a non-intervention scenario, a low critical vaccination coverage of 33% cannot ensure epidemic extinction but could reduce the number of cases by ten to hundred times as well as lessen the case-fatality rate. CONCLUSIONS Experimental data on the within-host infection have been able to capture upfront key transmission parameters of a pathogen; the applications of this approach will give us more time to prepare for potential epidemics. The population of interest in epidemic assessments could be modelled with an age-specific contact network without exhaustive amount of data. Further assessments and adaptations for different pathogens and scenarios to explore multilevel aspects in infectious diseases epidemics are underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Kinh Nguyen
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Ruth-Moufang-Str. 1, Frankfurt am Main, 60438 Germany
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffen Str. 7, Braunschweig, 38124 Germany
| | - Rafael Mikolajczyk
- German Centre for Infection Research, Site Braunschweig-Hannover, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Esteban Abelardo Hernandez-Vargas
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Ruth-Moufang-Str. 1, Frankfurt am Main, 60438 Germany
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffen Str. 7, Braunschweig, 38124 Germany
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Lee HJ, Georgiadou A, Walther M, Nwakanma D, Stewart LB, Levin M, Otto TD, Conway DJ, Coin LJ, Cunnington AJ. Integrated pathogen load and dual transcriptome analysis of systemic host-pathogen interactions in severe malaria. Sci Transl Med 2018; 10:eaar3619. [PMID: 29950443 PMCID: PMC6326353 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aar3619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of infectious diseases depends on the interaction of host and pathogen. In Plasmodium falciparum malaria, host and parasite processes can be assessed by dual RNA sequencing of blood from infected patients. We performed dual transcriptome analyses on samples from 46 malaria-infected Gambian children to reveal mechanisms driving the systemic pathophysiology of severe malaria. Integrating these transcriptomic data with estimates of parasite load and detailed clinical information allowed consideration of potentially confounding effects due to differing leukocyte proportions in blood, parasite developmental stage, and whole-body pathogen load. We report hundreds of human and parasite genes differentially expressed between severe and uncomplicated malaria, with distinct profiles associated with coma, hyperlactatemia, and thrombocytopenia. High expression of neutrophil granule-related genes was consistently associated with all severe malaria phenotypes. We observed severity-associated variation in the expression of parasite genes, which determine cytoadhesion to vascular endothelium, rigidity of infected erythrocytes, and parasite growth rate. Up to 99% of human differential gene expression in severe malaria was driven by differences in parasite load, whereas parasite gene expression showed little association with parasite load. Coexpression analyses revealed interactions between human and P. falciparum, with prominent co-regulation of translation genes in severe malaria between host and parasite. Multivariate analyses suggested that increased expression of granulopoiesis and interferon-γ-related genes, together with inadequate suppression of type 1 interferon signaling, best explained severity of infection. These findings provide a framework for understanding the contributions of host and parasite to the pathogenesis of severe malaria and identifying new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jae Lee
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | | | - Michael Walther
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, P.O. Box 273, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Davis Nwakanma
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, P.O. Box 273, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Lindsay B Stewart
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Michael Levin
- Section of Paediatrics, Imperial College, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Thomas D Otto
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Centre, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - David J Conway
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Lachlan J Coin
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Mateer EJ, Huang C, Shehu NY, Paessler S. Lassa fever-induced sensorineural hearing loss: A neglected public health and social burden. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006187. [PMID: 29470486 PMCID: PMC5823363 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although an association between Lassa fever (LF) and sudden-onset sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) was confirmed clinically in 1990, the prevalence of LF-induced SNHL in endemic countries is still underestimated. LF, a viral hemorrhagic fever disease caused by Lassa virus (LASV), is endemic in West Africa, causing an estimated 500,000 cases and 5,000 deaths per year. Sudden-onset SNHL, one complication of LF, occurs in approximately one-third of survivors and constitutes a neglected public health and social burden. In the endemic countries, where access to hearing aids is limited, SNHL results in a decline of the quality of life for those affected. In addition, hearing loss costs Nigeria approximately 43 million dollars per year. The epidemiology of LF-induced SNHL has not been characterized well. The complication of LF induced by SNHL is also an important consideration for vaccine development and treatments. However, research into the mechanism has been hindered by the lack of autopsy samples and relevant small animal models. Recently, the first animal model that mimics the symptoms of SNHL associated with LF was developed. Preliminary data from the new animal model as well as the clinical case studies support the mechanism of immune-mediated injury that causes SNHL in LF patients. This article summarizes clinical findings of hearing loss in LF patients highlighting the association between LASV infection and SNHL as well as the potential mechanism(s) for LF-induced SNHL. Further research is necessary to identify the mechanism and the epidemiology of LF-induced SNHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J. Mateer
- Department of Pathology and Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Cheng Huang
- Department of Pathology and Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nathan Y. Shehu
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Unit, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Slobodan Paessler
- Department of Pathology and Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Wang M, Jokinen J, Tretyakova I, Pushko P, Lukashevich IS. Alphavirus vector-based replicon particles expressing multivalent cross-protective Lassa virus glycoproteins. Vaccine 2018; 36:683-690. [PMID: 29287681 PMCID: PMC5806529 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Lassa virus (LASV) is the most prevalent rodent-borne arenavirus circulated in West Africa. With population at risk from Senegal to Nigeria, LASV causes Lassa fever and is responsible for thousands of deaths annually. High genetic diversity of LASV is one of the challenges for vaccine R&D. We developed multivalent virus-like particle vectors (VLPVs) derived from the human Venezuelan equine encephalitis TC-83 IND vaccine (VEEV) as the next generation of alphavirus-based bicistronic RNA replicon particles. The genes encoding VEEV structural proteins were replaced with LASV glycoproteins (GPC) from distantly related clades I and IV with individual 26S promoters. Bicistronic RNA replicons encoding wild-type LASV GPC (GPCwt) and C-terminally deleted, non-cleavable modified glycoprotein (ΔGPfib), were encapsidated into VLPV particles using VEEV capsid and glycoproteins provided in trans. In transduced cells, VLPVs induced simultaneous expression of LASV GPCwt and ΔGPfib from 26S alphavirus promoters. LASV ΔGPfib was predominantly expressed as trimers, accumulated in the endoplasmic reticulum, induced ER stress and apoptosis promoting antigen cross-priming. VLPV vaccines were immunogenic and protective in mice and upregulated CD11c+/CD8+ dendritic cells playing the major role in cross-presentation. Notably, VLPV vaccination resulted in induction of cross-reactive multifunctional T cell responses after stimulation of immune splenocytes with peptide cocktails derived from LASV from clades I-IV. Multivalent RNA replicon-based LASV vaccines can be applicable for first responders, international travelers visiting endemic areas, military and lab personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, NIH Regional Bio-containment Laboratory, University of Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jenny Jokinen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, NIH Regional Bio-containment Laboratory, University of Louisville, KY, USA
| | | | | | - Igor S Lukashevich
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, NIH Regional Bio-containment Laboratory, University of Louisville, KY, USA.
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Böttcher-Friebertshäuser E, Garten W, Klenk HD. Cleavage of the Glycoprotein of Arenaviruses. ACTIVATION OF VIRUSES BY HOST PROTEASES 2018. [PMCID: PMC7121819 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-75474-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The arenaviruses are a large family of emerging negative-stranded RNA viruses that include several severe human pathogens causing hemorrhagic fevers with high mortality. During the arenavirus life cycle, processing of the viral envelope glycoprotein precursor (GPC) by the cellular subtilisin kexin isozyme-1 (SKI-1)/site-1 protease (S1P) is crucial for productive infection. The ability of newly emerging arenaviruses to hijack human SKI-1/S1P is a key factor for zoonotic transmission and human disease potential. Apart from being an essential host factor for arenavirus infection, SKI-1/S1P is involved in the regulation of important physiological processes and linked to major human diseases. This chapter provides an overview of the mechanisms of arenavirus GPC processing by SKI-1/S1P including recent findings. We will highlight to what extent the molecular mechanisms of SKI-1/S1P cleavage of viral GPC differ from processing of SKI-1/S1P’s cellular substrates and discuss the implications for virus-host interaction and coevolution. Moreover, we will show how the use of the viral GPC as a “molecular probe” uncovered novel and unusual aspects of SKI-1/S1P biosynthesis and maturation. The crucial role of SKI-1/S1P in arenavirus infection and other major human diseases combined with its nature as an enzyme makes SKI-1/S1P further an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. In the last part, we will therefore cover past and present efforts to identify specific SKI-1/S1P inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wolfgang Garten
- Institut für Virologie, Philipps Universität, Marburg, Germany
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Dutta M, Robertson SJ, Okumura A, Scott DP, Chang J, Weiss JM, Sturdevant GL, Feldmann F, Haddock E, Chiramel AI, Ponia SS, Dougherty JD, Katze MG, Rasmussen AL, Best SM. A Systems Approach Reveals MAVS Signaling in Myeloid Cells as Critical for Resistance to Ebola Virus in Murine Models of Infection. Cell Rep 2017; 18:816-829. [PMID: 28099857 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.12.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The unprecedented 2013-2016 outbreak of Ebola virus (EBOV) resulted in over 11,300 human deaths. Host resistance to RNA viruses requires RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) signaling through the adaptor protein, mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS), but the role of RLR-MAVS in orchestrating anti-EBOV responses in vivo is not known. Here we apply a systems approach to MAVS-/- mice infected with either wild-type or mouse-adapted EBOV. MAVS controlled EBOV replication through the expression of IFNα, regulation of inflammatory responses in the spleen, and prevention of cell death in the liver, with macrophages implicated as a major cell type influencing host resistance. A dominant role for RLR signaling in macrophages was confirmed following conditional MAVS deletion in LysM+ myeloid cells. These findings reveal tissue-specific MAVS-dependent transcriptional pathways associated with resistance to EBOV, and they demonstrate that EBOV adaptation to cause disease in mice involves changes in two distinct events, RLR-MAVS antagonism and suppression of RLR-independent IFN-I responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukta Dutta
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 59105, USA
| | - Shelly J Robertson
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Atsushi Okumura
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 59105, USA; Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA; Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Dana P Scott
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Jean Chang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 59105, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Weiss
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 59105, USA
| | - Gail L Sturdevant
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Friederike Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Elaine Haddock
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Abhilash I Chiramel
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Sanket S Ponia
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Jonathan D Dougherty
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Michael G Katze
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 59105, USA
| | - Angela L Rasmussen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 59105, USA; Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sonja M Best
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA.
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Ewer K, Sebastian S, Spencer AJ, Gilbert S, Hill AVS, Lambe T. Chimpanzee adenoviral vectors as vaccines for outbreak pathogens. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:3020-3032. [PMID: 29083948 PMCID: PMC5718829 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1383575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2014-15 Ebola outbreak in West Africa highlighted the potential for large disease outbreaks caused by emerging pathogens and has generated considerable focus on preparedness for future epidemics. Here we discuss drivers, strategies and practical considerations for developing vaccines against outbreak pathogens. Chimpanzee adenoviral (ChAd) vectors have been developed as vaccine candidates for multiple infectious diseases and prostate cancer. ChAd vectors are safe and induce antigen-specific cellular and humoral immunity in all age groups, as well as circumventing the problem of pre-existing immunity encountered with human Ad vectors. For these reasons, such viral vectors provide an attractive platform for stockpiling vaccines for emergency deployment in response to a threatened outbreak of an emerging pathogen. Work is already underway to develop vaccines against a number of other outbreak pathogens and we will also review progress on these approaches here, particularly for Lassa fever, Nipah and MERS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Ewer
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah Sebastian
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexandra J. Spencer
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah Gilbert
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Adrian V. S. Hill
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Teresa Lambe
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Headington, Oxford, UK
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Ebola virus disease: an update on post-exposure prophylaxis. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2017; 18:e183-e192. [PMID: 29153266 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(17)30677-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The massive outbreak of Ebola virus disease in west Africa between 2013 and 2016 resulted in intense efforts to evaluate the efficacy of several specific countermeasures developed through years of preclinical work, including the first clinical trials for therapeutics and vaccines. In this Review, we discuss how the experience and data generated from that outbreak have helped to advance the understanding of the use of these countermeasures for post-exposure prophylaxis against Ebola virus infection. In future outbreaks, post-exposure prophylaxis could play an important part in reducing community transmission of Ebola virus by providing more immediate protection than does immunisation as well as providing additional protection for health-care workers who are inadvertently exposed over the course of their work. We propose provisional guidance for use of post-exposure prophylaxis in Ebola virus disease and identify the priorities for future preparedness and further research.
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Banerjee A, Pal A, Pal D, Mitra P. Ebolavirus interferon antagonists—protein interaction perspectives to combat pathogenesis. Brief Funct Genomics 2017; 17:392-401. [DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elx034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Galan-Navarro C, Rincon-Restrepo M, Zimmer G, Ollmann Saphire E, Hubbell JA, Hirosue S, Swartz MA, Kunz S. Oxidation-sensitive polymersomes as vaccine nanocarriers enhance humoral responses against Lassa virus envelope glycoprotein. Virology 2017; 512:161-171. [PMID: 28963882 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Lassa virus (LASV) causes severe hemorrhagic fever with high mortality, yet no vaccine currently exists. Antibodies targeting viral attachment proteins are crucial for protection against many viral infections. However, the envelope glycoprotein (GP)-1 of LASV elicits weak antibody responses due to extensive glycan shielding. Here, we explored a novel vaccine strategy to enhance humoral immunity against LASV GP1. Using structural information, we designed a recombinant GP1 immunogen, and then encapsulated it into oxidation-sensitive polymersomes (PS) as nanocarriers that promote intracellular MHCII loading. Mice immunized with adjuvanted PS (LASV GP1) showed superior humoral responses than free LASV GP1, including antibodies with higher binding affinity to virion GP1, increased levels of polyfunctional anti-viral CD4 T cells, and IgG-secreting B cells. PS (LASV GP1) elicited a more diverse epitope repertoire of anti-viral IgG. Together, these data demonstrate the potential of our nanocarrier vaccine platform for generating virus-specific antibodies against weakly immunogenic viral antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Galan-Navarro
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital. Lausanne, Switzerland; Laboratory of Lymphatic and Cancer Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Féderal de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marcela Rincon-Restrepo
- Laboratory of Lymphatic and Cancer Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Féderal de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gert Zimmer
- Division of Virology, Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States; Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Jeffrey A Hubbell
- Laboratory of Lymphatic and Cancer Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Féderal de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Institute for Molecular Engineering and Ben May Department of Cancer Research, University of Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Sachiko Hirosue
- Laboratory of Lymphatic and Cancer Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Féderal de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Melody A Swartz
- Laboratory of Lymphatic and Cancer Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Féderal de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Institute for Molecular Engineering and Ben May Department of Cancer Research, University of Chicago, IL, United States.
| | - Stefan Kunz
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital. Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Schönrich G, Raftery MJ. Exploring the Immunopathogenesis of Viral Hemorrhagic Fever in Mice with a Humanized Immune System. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1202. [PMID: 29018450 PMCID: PMC5622932 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) as a disease entity was first codified in the 1930s by soviet scientists investigating patients suffering from hantavirus infection. The group of hemorrhagic fever viruses (HFVs) has since expanded to include members from at least four different virus families: Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Filoviridae, and Flaviviridae, all enveloped single-stranded RNA viruses. After infection, the natural hosts of HFVs do not develop symptoms, whereas humans can be severely affected. This observation and other evidence from experimental data suggest that the human immune system plays a crucial role in VHF pathogenesis. For this reason mice with a human immune system, referred to here as humanized mice (humice), are valuable tools that provide insight into disease mechanisms and allow for preclinical testing of novel vaccinations approaches as well as antiviral agents. In this article, we review the impact of humice in VHF research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günther Schönrich
- Institute of Medical Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin J Raftery
- Institute of Medical Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Windows of opportunity for Ebola virus infection treatment and vaccination. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8975. [PMID: 28827623 PMCID: PMC5567060 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08884-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) infection causes a high death toll, killing a high proportion of EBOV-infected patients within 7 days. Comprehensive data on EBOV infection are fragmented, hampering efforts in developing therapeutics and vaccines against EBOV. Under this circumstance, mathematical models become valuable resources to explore potential controlling strategies. In this paper, we employed experimental data of EBOV-infected nonhuman primates (NHPs) to construct a mathematical framework for determining windows of opportunity for treatment and vaccination. Considering a prophylactic vaccine based on recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus expressing the EBOV glycoprotein (rVSV-EBOV), vaccination could be protective if a subject is vaccinated during a period from one week to four months before infection. For the case of a therapeutic vaccine based on monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), a single dose might resolve the invasive EBOV replication even if it was administrated as late as four days after infection. Our mathematical models can be used as building blocks for evaluating therapeutic and vaccine modalities as well as for evaluating public health intervention strategies in outbreaks. Future laboratory experiments will help to validate and refine the estimates of the windows of opportunity proposed here.
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Spengler JR, Prescott J, Feldmann H, Spiropoulou CF. Human immune system mouse models of Ebola virus infection. Curr Opin Virol 2017; 25:90-96. [PMID: 28810165 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human immune system (HIS) mice, immunodeficient mice engrafted with human cells (with or without donor-matched tissue), offer a unique opportunity to study pathogens that cause disease predominantly or exclusively in humans. Several HIS mouse models have recently been used to study Ebola virus (EBOV) infection and disease. The results of these studies are encouraging and support further development and use of these models in Ebola research. HIS mice provide a small animal model to study EBOV isolates, investigate early viral interactions with human immune cells, screen vaccines and therapeutics that modulate the immune system, and investigate sequelae in survivors. Here we review existing models, discuss their use in pathogenesis studies and therapeutic screening, and highlight considerations for study design and analysis. Finally, we point out caveats to current models, and recommend future efforts for modeling EBOV infection in HIS mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Spengler
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | - Joseph Prescott
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Christina F Spiropoulou
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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Aquino de Carvalho N, Stachler EN, Cimabue N, Bibby K. Evaluation of Phi6 Persistence and Suitability as an Enveloped Virus Surrogate. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:8692-8700. [PMID: 28657725 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b01296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Recent outbreaks involving enveloped viruses, such as Ebola virus, have raised questions regarding the persistence of enveloped viruses in the water environment. Efforts have been made to find enveloped virus surrogates due to challenges investigating viruses that require biosafety-level 3 or 4 handling. In this study, the enveloped bacteriophage Phi6 was evaluated as a surrogate for enveloped waterborne viruses. The persistence of Phi6 was tested in aqueous conditions chosen based on previously published viral persistence studies. Our results demonstrated that the predicted T90 (time for 90% inactivation) of Phi6 under the 12 evaluated conditions varied from 24 min to 117 days depending on temperature, biological activity, and aqueous media composition. Phi6 persistence was then compared with persistence values from other enveloped viruses reported in the literature. The apparent suitability of Phi6 as an enveloped virus surrogate was dependent on the temperature and composition of the media tested. Of evaluated viruses, 33%, including all conditions considered, had T90 values greater than the 95% confidence interval for Phi6. Ultimately, these results highlight the variability of enveloped virus persistence in the environment and the value of working with the virus of interest for environmental persistence studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Aquino de Carvalho
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and ‡Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Elyse N Stachler
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and ‡Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Nicole Cimabue
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and ‡Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Kyle Bibby
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and ‡Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
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