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Olmos S, Blois S, Frecha C, Márquez G, Roux M. Cytokines Mediating Inflammation in a Model of Secondary Immunodeficiency in Wistar Rats: Immunomodulation Triggered by Thymomodulin. EUR J INFLAMM 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x0600400204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated in a rat model of immunodeficiency, an increase in the number of γδ T cells in the gut lamina propria and in the number of CD8αα+, CD25+, γδ+ subpopulations of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (iIEL). The increased percentage of CD8αα+ iIEL that express CD25 indicates inflammation. The present study confirms the existence of an inflammatory process in the immunodeficient animals (R21) that is not detectable at the histological level but is characterized by an increase of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IFN-γ. We have shown a direct relationship between TNF receptor II (TNF-RII) expression and the higher levels of the γδ+ iIEL expressing TNF-α (TCRγδ+/TNF-α+ cells) that could be indicating a differential T cell reactivity. The effects of the increased expression of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and INF-γ seem to be down regulated by the high levels of antigen specific TGF-β expression, which, we believe, is antigen specific and appears to maintain oral tolerance. Finally, in malnourished animals NF-κB remains principally in the cytosol and is unable to translocate to the nucleus, indicating the existence of alterations in the metabolic pathways leading to nuclear factor κB translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. The therapeutic action of the immunomodulator TmB was demonstrated by its capacity to return all the cytokines studied to control levels. Moreover, its effects allowed the transcription factor NF-κB to translocate to the nucleus from the cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S. Blois
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, IDEHU- Instituto de Estudios de Inmunidad Humoral, CONICET, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Li X, Yao Y, Wang X, Zhen Y, Thacker PA, Wang L, Shi M, Zhao J, Zong Y, Wang N, Xu Y. Chicken egg yolk antibodies (IgY) modulate the intestinal mucosal immune response in a mouse model of Salmonella typhimurium infection. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 36:305-314. [PMID: 27214338 PMCID: PMC7106048 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This study determined the effects of chicken egg yolk antibodies (IgY) on immune responses in the intestinal mucosal of mice infected with Salmonella typhimurium. Sixty, 28-day-old mice were divided into 4 groups and treated with streptomycin or sterile water for 2 days followed by 1 day without treatment. The control group was unchallenged whereas the mice in the other three groups were treated twice with 109 CFU mL− 1S. typhimurium. For the next 3 days, control mice continued to receive no treatment whereas the mice in the remaining three groups were orally administered with 20 mg mL− 1 of specific IgY, 20 mg mL− 1 of nonspecific IgY or PBS. S. typhimurium activated gut-associated lymphoid tissue, increasing the release of IFN-γ and TNF-α in the mucosa and increased the number of activated T-lymphocytes and cytotoxic T-γδ. Specific IgY attenuated the increase in IFN-γ and TNF-α and the decrease in IL-10. S. typhimurium induced mobilization of CD8+ and CD8+ TCRγδ T cells in the epithelium and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the lamina propria reflecting an inflammatory process that was attenuated by IgY. These results suggest that specific IgY modulates intestinal mucosal immune responses during a S. typhimurium infection. Specific IgY could effectively alleviate S. typhimurium-inflicted damage to the jejunum. Specific IgY attenuated an increase in the cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α in the mucosa. IgY attenuated changes in lymphocyte numbers in Peyer's patches, epithelium and lamina propria. Specific IgY has an important immune-modulatory role on the intestinal mucosal immune response. Specific IgY limits the consequences of intestinal inflammation induced by S. typhimurium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Li
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; Ministry of Education Center for Food Safety of Animal Origin, Dalian 116620, China
| | - Ying Yao
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xitao Wang
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yuhong Zhen
- Department of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Philip A Thacker
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan S7N5A8, Canada
| | - Lili Wang
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; Ministry of Education Center for Food Safety of Animal Origin, Dalian 116620, China
| | - Ming Shi
- College of Medical, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China
| | - Junjun Zhao
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Ying Zong
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Ni Wang
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yongping Xu
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; Ministry of Education Center for Food Safety of Animal Origin, Dalian 116620, China.
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Alcaide ML, Strbo N, Romero L, Jones DL, Rodriguez VJ, Arheart K, Martinez O, Bolivar H, Podack ER, Fischl MA. Bacterial Vaginosis Is Associated with Loss of Gamma Delta T Cells in the Female Reproductive Tract in Women in the Miami Women Interagency HIV Study (WIHS): A Cross Sectional Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153045. [PMID: 27078021 PMCID: PMC4831836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common female reproductive tract infection and is associated with an increased risk of acquiring and transmitting HIV by a mechanism that is not well understood. Gamma delta (GD) T cells are essential components of the adaptive and innate immune system, are present in the female reproductive tract, and play an important role in epithelial barrier protection. GD1 cells predominate in the mucosal tissue and are important in maintaining mucosal integrity. GD2 cells predominate in peripheral blood and play a role in humoral immunity and in the immune response to pathogens. HIV infection is associated with changes in GD T cells frequencies in the periphery and in the female reproductive tract. The objective of this study is to evaluate if changes in vaginal flora occurring with BV are associated with changes in endocervical GD T cell responses, which could account for increased susceptibility to HIV. Seventeen HIV-infected (HIV+) and 17 HIV-uninfected (HIV-) pre-menopausal women underwent collection of vaginal swabs and endocervical cytobrushes. Vaginal flora was assessed using the Nugent score. GD T cells were assessed in cytobrush samples by flow cytometry. Median Nugent score was 5.0 and 41% of women had abnormal vaginal flora. In HIV uninfected women there was a negative correlation between Nugent score and cervical GD1 T cells (b for interaction = - 0.176, p<0.01); cervical GD1 T cells were higher in women with normal vaginal flora than in those with abnormal flora (45.00% vs 9.95%, p = 0.005); and cervical GD2 T cells were higher in women with abnormal flora than in those with normal flora (1.70% vs 0.35%, p = 0.023). GD T cells in the genital tract are protective (GD1) and are targets for HIV entry (GD2). The decrease in cervical GD1 and increase in GD2 T cells among women with abnormal vaginal flora predisposes women with BV to HIV acquisition. We propose to use GD T cell as markers of female genital tract vulnerability to HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L. Alcaide
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Natasa Strbo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, United States of America
| | - Laura Romero
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, United States of America
| | - Deborah L. Jones
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, United States of America
| | - Violeta J. Rodriguez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, United States of America
| | - Kristopher Arheart
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, United States of America
| | - Octavio Martinez
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, United States of America, Hector Bolivar, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, United States of America
| | - Hector Bolivar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, United States of America
| | - Eckhard R. Podack
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, United States of America
| | - Margaret A. Fischl
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, United States of America
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Strbo N, Alcaide ML, Romero L, Bolivar H, Jones D, Podack ER, Fischl MA. Loss of Intra-Epithelial Endocervical Gamma Delta (GD) 1 T Cells in HIV-Infected Women. Am J Reprod Immunol 2015; 75:134-45. [PMID: 26666220 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Human gamma delta (GD) T cells play a well-documented role in epithelial barrier surveillance and protection. Two subsets of GD T cells, defined by the use of either the Vdelta2 (GD2) or Vdelta1 (GD1) TCR, predominate. We hypothesized that endocervical GD T cells play important role in lower genital tract anti-HIV immune responses. METHOD OF STUDY HIV-infected (n = 18) and HIV-uninfected (n = 19) pre-menopausal women participating in the WIHS cohort were recruited. Frequency and phenotype of GD T cells were determined in endocervical cytobrush samples and peripheral blood by multicolor flow cytometry. RESULTS We found depletion of GD2 cells in the blood of HIV-infected women as well as significant decrease in the frequency of endocervical GD1 cells compared to uninfected women. CONCLUSION We report for the first time, the GD1 cells are a predominant endocervical T-cell subset that is significantly decreased in HIV-infected women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasa Strbo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Maria L Alcaide
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Laura Romero
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Hector Bolivar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Deborah Jones
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Eckhard R Podack
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Margaret A Fischl
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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Invariant natural killer T cell deficiency leads to the development of spontaneous liver inflammation dependent on γδT cells in mice. J Gastroenterol 2015; 50:1124-33. [PMID: 25791517 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-015-1060-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune tolerance is maintained in the liver, and perturbation of tolerance can lead to immune-mediated liver diseases such as autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells and γδT cells have been shown to maintain immune homeostasis as regulatory cells and to play pathogenic roles in immune-mediated diseases as effector cells. We hypothesized that iNKT cells and γδT cells are involved in the maintenance of hepatic immune tolerance and immune-mediated liver disease. METHODS We measured liver inflammation and the cytokine profiles of liver mononuclear cells in BALB/c wild-type (WT) mice and BALB/c Jα18-deficient (KO) mice lacking iNKT cells. We also examined the role of γδT cells in AIH using liver tissue from AIH patients and control subjects. RESULTS Spontaneous liver inflammation, hepatocyte damage, and anti-nuclear-antibody production occurred in Jα18 KO mice but not in WT mice. Furthermore, liver mononuclear cells from Jα18 KO mice, but not those from WT mice, produced interleukin-17 (IL-17). γδT cells were the primary producers of the cytokine, and they were more abundant in the livers of Jα18 KO mice than in those of WT mice. In Jα18 KO mice, the administration of anti-γδT-cell-receptor antibody abolished liver inflammation, hepatocyte damage, and IL-17 production. γδT cells accumulated in the livers of AIH patients but not in those of the control subjects. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a protective role for iNKT cells, a pathologic role for γδT cells, and an association between these cells in the pathogenesis of AIH.
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Ho LJ, Luo SF, Lai JH. Biological effects of interleukin-6: Clinical applications in autoimmune diseases and cancers. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 97:16-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Beck BH, Kim H, O’Brien R, Jadus MR, Gillespie GY, Cloud GA, Hoa NT, Langford CP, Lopez RD, Harkins LE, Lamb Jr. LS. Dynamics of Circulating γδ T Cell Activity in an Immunocompetent Mouse Model of High-Grade Glioma. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122387. [PMID: 25955158 PMCID: PMC4425513 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human γδ T cells are potent effectors against glioma cell lines in vitro and in human/mouse xenograft models of glioblastoma, however, this effect has not been investigated in an immunocompetent mouse model. In this report, we established GL261 intracranial gliomas in syngeneic WT C57BL/6 mice and measured circulating γδ T cell count, phenotype, Vγ/Vδ repertoire, tumor histopathology, NKG2D ligands expression, and T cell invasion at day 10-12 post-injection and at end stage. Circulating γδ T cells transiently increased and upregulated Annexin V expression at post-tumor day 10-12 followed by a dramatic decline in γδ T cell count at end stage. T cell receptor repertoire showed no changes in Vγ1, Vγ4, Vγ7 or Vδ1 subsets from controls at post-tumor day 10-12 or at end stage except for an end-stage increase in the Vδ4 population. Approximately 12% of γδ T cells produced IFN-γ. IL-17 and IL-4 producing γδ T cells were not detected. Tumor progression was the same in TCRδ-/- C57BL/6 mice as that observed in WT mice, suggesting that γδ T cells exerted neither a regulatory nor a sustainable cytotoxic effect on the tumor. WT mice that received an intracranial injection of γδ T cells 15m following tumor placement showed evidence of local tumor growth inhibition but this was insufficient to confer a survival advantage over untreated controls. Taken together, our findings suggest that an early nonspecific proliferation of γδ T cells followed by their depletion occurs in mice implanted with syngeneic GL261 gliomas. The mechanism by which γδ T cell expansion occurs remains a subject for further investigation of the mechanisms responsible for this immune response in the setting of high-grade glioma.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Brain/immunology
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain Neoplasms/blood
- Brain Neoplasms/immunology
- Brain Neoplasms/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Disease Models, Animal
- Glioma/blood
- Glioma/immunology
- Glioma/pathology
- Humans
- Interleukin-17/immunology
- Interleukin-4/immunology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/blood
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin H. Beck
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, United States of America
| | - Hyunggoon Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, United States of America
| | - Rebecca O’Brien
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Martin R. Jadus
- Department of Pathology, University of California Irvine/Veterans Affairs Medical Center/Long Beach, Long Beach, California, 80206, United States of America
| | - G. Yancey Gillespie
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, United States of America
| | - Gretchen A. Cloud
- UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine; Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, United States of America
| | - Neil T. Hoa
- Department of Pathology, University of California Irvine/Veterans Affairs Medical Center/Long Beach, Long Beach, California, 80206, United States of America
| | - Catherine P. Langford
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, United States of America
| | - Richard D. Lopez
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, United States of America
| | - Lualhati E. Harkins
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, United States of America
| | - Lawrence S. Lamb Jr.
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Xie H, Chen D, Li L, Yu X, Wu C, Gu H, Tang X, Peng A, Huang J. Immune response of γδT cells in Schistosome japonicum-infected C57BL/6 mouse liver. Parasite Immunol 2015; 36:658-67. [PMID: 25130072 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Systematic evaluation of the role of γδT cells during the Schistosoma japonicum infection has not been reported, despite the fact that γδT cells contribute to many infectious diseases in innate immunity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to observe the properties of γδT cells in the liver of C57BL/6 mice infected by S. japonicum. In this report, using immuno-fluorescent histological analysis, γδT cells were found around hepatic granulomatous. Moreover, the flow cytometry results revealed that the percentage of hepatic γδT cells increased significantly after S. japonicum infection. More interestingly, a subset of CD3(-)γδTCR(+) cells were found and markedly increased after infection. Furthermore, expression of activation markers (CD25 and CD69) and cytokine profiles were detected in these hepatic CD3(+)γδTCR(+) and CD3(-)γδTCR(+) cells. The significantly higher level of CD69, IL-4 and IL-17 were observed in CD3(+)γδTCR(+) cells after infection, suggesting that CD3(+)γδTCR(+) cells instead of CD3(-)γδTCR(+) cells might play a predominant role during the infection. Finally, our results indicated that the expression of NKG2D on CD3(+)γδTCR(+) cells was higher than that on CD3(-)γδTCR(+) cells. Collectively, γδT cells could play an important role in the liver of C57BL/6 mouse during japonicum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Xie
- Functional Experiment Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Abstract
The therapeutic landscape of IBD has undergone a dramatic transformation since the advent of biologic therapies, especially TNF inhibitors. However, 30% of patients are primary nonresponders to biologic therapy and secondary failures are frequent. Due to substantial progress in our understanding of the biology of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and in the pathways of homing to the gastrointestinal tract, novel cell-based therapies for IBD have become possible. For example, although a reductionist view, one could envisage IBD as an imbalance between the proinflammatory effectors (such as Th17 cells) and the anti-inflammatory regulators (like Tregs). Here we focus on the development of ex vivo and in vivo approaches to enhance Tregs in the gastrointestinal tract. Specifically, herein we highlight a recently concluded phase 1/2a clinical trial that investigated the safety and efficacy of a single injection of escalating doses of autologous ovalbumin-specific Tregs in patients with active Crohn's disease refractory to conventional therapy. This therapy was well tolerated and demonstrated dose-related efficacy. We also discuss the potential of directing Tregs derived through intranasal as well as epicutaneous immunization to the gastrointestinal tract by enhancing their gut homing signature and their potential to decrease gastrointestinal inflammation. Finally, the strengths and pitfalls of these new therapeutic approaches are discussed as we move forward in this largely uncharted territory.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Dunkin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Institute of Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, N.Y., USA
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Hidalgo JV, Bronsert P, Orlowska-Volk M, Díaz LB, Stickeler E, Werner M, Schmitt-Graeff A, Kayser G, Malkovsky M, Fisch P. Histological Analysis of γδ T Lymphocytes Infiltrating Human Triple-Negative Breast Carcinomas. Front Immunol 2014; 5:632. [PMID: 25540645 PMCID: PMC4261817 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in women and the second most common cancer worldwide after lung cancer. The remarkable heterogeneity of breast cancers influences numerous diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic factors. Triple-negative breast carcinomas (TNBCs) lack expression of HER2 and the estrogen and progesterone receptors and often contain lymphocytic infiltrates. Most of TNBCs are invasive ductal carcinomas (IDCs) with poor prognosis, whereas prognostically more favorable subtypes such as medullary breast carcinomas (MBCs) are somewhat less frequent. Infiltrating T-cells have been associated with an improved clinical outcome in TNBCs. The prognostic role of γδ T-cells within CD3+ tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes remains unclear. We analyzed 26 TNBCs, 14 IDCs, and 12 MBCs, using immunohistochemistry for the quantity and patterns of γδ T-cell infiltrates within the tumor microenvironment. In both types of TNBCs, we found higher numbers of γδ T-cells in comparison with normal breast tissues and fibroadenomas. The numbers of infiltrating γδ T-cells were higher in MBCs than in IDCs. γδ T-cells in MBCs were frequently located in direct contact with tumor cells, within the tumor and at its invasive border. In contrast, most γδ T-cells in IDCs were found in clusters within the tumor stroma. These findings could be associated with the fact that the patient’s prognosis in MBCs is better than that in IDCs. Further studies to characterize these γδ T-cells at the molecular and functional level are in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Villacorta Hidalgo
- Department of Pathology, University of Freiburg Medical Center , Freiburg im Breisgau , Germany ; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg , Freiburg im Breisgau , Germany ; University Hospital "José de San Martin", University of Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Peter Bronsert
- Department of Pathology, University of Freiburg Medical Center , Freiburg im Breisgau , Germany ; Comprehensive Cancer Center , Freiburg im Breisgau , Germany
| | - Marzenna Orlowska-Volk
- Department of Pathology, University of Freiburg Medical Center , Freiburg im Breisgau , Germany
| | - Liliana B Díaz
- University Hospital "José de San Martin", University of Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Elmar Stickeler
- Comprehensive Cancer Center , Freiburg im Breisgau , Germany ; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Freiburg Medical Center , Freiburg im Breisgau , Germany
| | - Martin Werner
- Department of Pathology, University of Freiburg Medical Center , Freiburg im Breisgau , Germany ; Comprehensive Cancer Center , Freiburg im Breisgau , Germany
| | - Annette Schmitt-Graeff
- Department of Pathology, University of Freiburg Medical Center , Freiburg im Breisgau , Germany
| | - Gian Kayser
- Department of Pathology, University of Freiburg Medical Center , Freiburg im Breisgau , Germany
| | - Miroslav Malkovsky
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison, WI , USA
| | - Paul Fisch
- Department of Pathology, University of Freiburg Medical Center , Freiburg im Breisgau , Germany
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Witherden DA, Ramirez K, Havran WL. Multiple Receptor-Ligand Interactions Direct Tissue-Resident γδ T Cell Activation. Front Immunol 2014; 5:602. [PMID: 25505467 PMCID: PMC4241470 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells represent a major T cell population in epithelial tissues, such as skin, intestine, and lung, where they function in maintenance of the epithelium and provide a crucial first line defense against environmental and pathogenic insults. Despite their importance, the molecular mechanisms directing their activation and function have remained elusive. Epithelial-resident γδ T cells function through constant communication with neighboring cells, either via direct cell-to-cell contact or cell-to-matrix interactions. These intimate relationships allow γδ T cells to facilitate the maintenance of epithelial homeostasis, tissue repair following injury, inflammation, and protection from malignancy. Recent studies have identified a number of molecules involved in these complex interactions, under both homeostatic conditions, as well as following perturbation of these barrier tissues. These interactions are crucial to the timely production of cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and extracellular matrix proteins for restoration of homeostasis. In this review, we discuss recent advances in understanding the mechanisms directing epithelial-T cell crosstalk and the distinct roles played by individual receptor-ligand pairs of cell surface molecules in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Witherden
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, CA , USA
| | - Kevin Ramirez
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, CA , USA
| | - Wendy L Havran
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, CA , USA
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Poggi A, Zocchi MR. γδ T Lymphocytes as a First Line of Immune Defense: Old and New Ways of Antigen Recognition and Implications for Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2014; 5:575. [PMID: 25426121 PMCID: PMC4226920 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Among γδT cells, the Vδ1 subset, resident in epithelial tissues, is implied in the defense against viruses, fungi, and certain hematological malignancies, while the circulating Vδ2 subpopulation mainly respond to mycobacteria and solid tumors. Both subsets can be activated by stress-induced molecules (MIC-A, MIC-B, ULBPs) to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines and lytic enzymes and destroy bacteria or damaged cells. γδT lymphocytes can also recognize lipids, as those associated to M. tuberculosis, presented by the CD1 molecule, or phosphoantigens (P-Ag), either autologous, which accumulates in virus-infected cells, or microbial produced by prokaryotes and parasites. In cancer cells, P-Ag accumulate due to alterations in the mevalonate pathway; recently, butyrophilin 3A1 has been shown to be the presenting molecule for P-Ag. Of interest, aminobisphosphonates indirectly activate Vδ2 T cells inducing the accumulation of P-Ag. Based on these data, γδT lymphocytes are attractive effectors for cancer immunotherapy. However, the results obtained in clinical trials so far have been disappointing: this review will focus on the possible reasons of this failure as well as on suggestions for implementation of the therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Poggi
- Unit of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, IRCCS-AOU San Martino-IST , Genoa , Italy
| | - Maria Raffaella Zocchi
- Division of Immunology, Transplants and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele , Milan , Italy
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66
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Kong X, Sun R, Chen Y, Wei H, Tian Z. γδT Cells Drive Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cell–Mediated CD8+ T Cell Exhaustion in Hepatitis B Virus–Induced Immunotolerance. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:1645-53. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Hodara VL, Parodi LM, Chavez D, Smith LM, Lanford R, Giavedoni LD. Characterization of γδT cells in naïve and HIV-infected chimpanzees and their responses to T-cell activators in vitro. J Med Primatol 2014; 43:258-71. [PMID: 24660852 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND γδT cells are effector cells that eliminate cancer and virus-infected cells. Chimpanzees are an endangered species that can naturally and experimentally be infected with SIV and HIV, respectively, but no information about the functionality of γδT cells during chronic lentiviral infection is currently available. METHODS Healthy and HIV-infected chimpanzee γδT cells were characterized by flow cytometry. γδT subsets were studied after stimulation with T-cell activators, and the release of cytokines was analyzed by Luminex assay. RESULTS γδT-cell subsets, Vδ1 and Vδ2Vγ9, showed different patterns in the expression of CD4, CD195, CD159a, and CD159c. Stimulation of γδT cells resulted in increased levels of CD4 and HLA-DR, which is more pronounced in Vδ1 T cells. Distinct cytokine patterns were found between healthy and HIV-infected chimpanzees. CONCLUSIONS Analyses of major chimpanzee γδT subsets show similarities to human γδT cells and suggest different functionality and roles in their immune response against HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vida L Hodara
- Department of Virology & Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA; Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Abstract
: Crohn's disease (CD) is a lifelong inflammatory condition with underlying environmental and genetic components. CD affects multiple parts of the gastrointestinal tract, and it has a growing incidence in Western societies. IL-23 receptor variants have been identified as susceptibility or resistance factors for CD in genome-wide association studies. Accordingly, IL-23 is required for the development of experimental inflammatory bowel disease in many murine models. IL-23 receptor is expressed by both innate and adaptive immune cells, which include Th17, natural killer T, γδ T cells, and RORγt innate lymphoid cells all of which are capable of secreting IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-22, and interferon-γ upon IL-23 stimulation. During the past decade, pathogenic and protective roles have been described for these cytokines in the inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis. More recently, innate lymphoid cells have been implicated in disease development. In this review, we have summarized and discussed these findings with an emphasis not only on the contribution of Th17 but also on innate lymphoid cells to disease etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Eken
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Akhilesh K Singh
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Mohamed Oukka
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
- University of Washington, Department of Immunology, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
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TCRγδ(+)CD4(-)CD8(-) T cells suppress the CD8(+) T-cell response to hepatitis B virus peptides, and are associated with viral control in chronic hepatitis B. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88475. [PMID: 24551107 PMCID: PMC3925121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune mechanisms underlying failure to achieve hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) seroconversion associated with viral control in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) remain unclear. Here we investigated the role of CD4(-)CD8(-) T (double-negative T; DNT) cells including TCRαβ(+) DNT (αβ DNT) and TCRγδ(+) DNT (γδ DNT) cells. Frequencies of circulating DNT cell subsets were measured by flow cytometry in a retrospective cohort of 51 telbivudine-treated HBeAg-positive CHB patients, 25 immune tolerant carriers (IT), 33 inactive carriers (IC), and 37 healthy controls (HC). We found that γδ DNT cell frequencies did not significantly change during treatment, being lower at baseline (P = 0.019) in patients with HBeAg seroconversion after 52 weeks of antiviral therapy (n = 20) than in those without (n = 31), and higher in the total CHB and IT than IC and HC groups (P<0.001). αβ DNT cell frequencies were similar for all groups. In vitro, γδ DNT cells suppressed HBV core peptide-stimulated interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α production in TCRαβ(+)CD8(+) T cells, which may require cell-cell contact, and could be partially reversed by anti-NKG2A. These findings suggest that γδ DNT cells limit CD8(+) T cell response to HBV, and may impede HBeAg seroconversion in CHB.
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70
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Lee CN, Lew AM, Wu L. The potential role of dendritic cells in the therapy of Type 1 diabetes. Immunotherapy 2014; 5:591-606. [PMID: 23725283 DOI: 10.2217/imt.13.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is the result of T-cell mediated autoimmune destruction of pancreatic islet β-cells. The two current treatments for T1D are based on insulin or islet-cell replacement rather than the pathogenesis of T1D and remain problematic. Islet/pancreas transplantation does not cater for the majority of sufferers due to the lack of supply of organs and the need for continuous immunosuppression regimens. The mainstay treatment is insulin replacement, but this is disruptive to lifestyle and does not protect against severe long-term complications. An early vaccination and long-term restoration of immune tolerance to self-antigens in T1D patients (reversing the immunopathogenesis of the disease) would be preferable. Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent APCs and play an important role in inducing and maintaining immune tolerance. Targeting DCs through different DC surface molecules shows effective modulation of immune responses. Their feasibility for immunotherapy to prolong transplant survival and cancer immunotherapy has been demonstrated. Therefore, DCs could potentially be used in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. This review summarizes new insights into DCs as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Nien Lee
- Molecular Immunology Division, The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
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van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S. Cell-mediated immune responses induced by BHV-1: rational vaccine design. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 6:369-80. [PMID: 17542752 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.6.3.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) is one of the major respiratory pathogens in cattle worldwide. Although antibodies have been correlated with protection and recovery from BHV-1 infection, the cell-mediated immune response is also a critical defense mechanism because cell-to-cell spread occurs before hematogenous spread. Furthermore, induction of robust T-cell memory is critical for the long-term duration of immunity. Among current commercial vaccines, the attenuated conventional vaccines induce a balanced immune response and long-term memory but may result in viral shedding. By contrast, inactivated vaccines primarily elicit a humoral immune response and relative short-term memory. These vaccines do not allow differentiation of vaccinated from infected cattle. Recent efforts are focusing on the development of vaccines that induce a balanced immune response and long-term memory, as well as having differentiation markers. This includes well-defined genetically engineered gene-deleted, subunit and vectored vaccines.
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72
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Wencker M, Turchinovich G, Di Marco Barros R, Deban L, Jandke A, Cope A, Hayday AC. Innate-like T cells straddle innate and adaptive immunity by altering antigen-receptor responsiveness. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:80-7. [PMID: 24241693 PMCID: PMC6485477 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The subclassification of immunology into innate and adaptive immunity is challenged by innate-like T lymphocytes that use innate receptors to respond rapidly to stress despite expressing T cell antigen receptors (TCRs), a hallmark of adaptive immunity. In studies that explain how such cells can straddle innate and adaptive immunity, we found that signaling via antigen receptors, whose conventional role is to facilitate clonal T cell activation, was critical for the development of innate-like T cells but then was rapidly attenuated, which accommodated the cells' innate responsiveness. These findings permitted the identification of a previously unknown innate-like T cell subset and indicate that T cell hyporesponsiveness, a state traditionally linked to tolerance, may be fundamental to T cells entering the innate compartment and thereby providing lymphoid stress surveillance.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptive Immunity/immunology
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Cells, Cultured
- Flow Cytometry
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- Immunity, Innate/immunology
- Interleukin-17/immunology
- Interleukin-17/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/immunology
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- ZAP-70 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase/immunology
- ZAP-70 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Wencker
- London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, UK
- Peter Gorer Dept of Immunobiology, King’s College London, UK
| | - Gleb Turchinovich
- London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, UK
- Peter Gorer Dept of Immunobiology, King’s College London, UK
| | | | - Livija Deban
- London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, UK
| | - Anett Jandke
- London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, UK
| | - Andrew Cope
- Centre for the Molecular and Cell Biology of Inflammation, King’s College London, UK
| | - Adrian C Hayday
- London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, UK
- Peter Gorer Dept of Immunobiology, King’s College London, UK
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73
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Walker CR, Hautefort I, Dalton JE, Overweg K, Egan CE, Bongaerts RJ, Newton DJ, Cruickshank SM, Andrew EM, Carding SR. Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocyte-enterocyte crosstalk regulates production of bactericidal angiogenin 4 by Paneth cells upon microbial challenge. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84553. [PMID: 24358364 PMCID: PMC3866140 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial proteins influence intestinal microbial ecology and limit proliferation of pathogens, yet the regulation of their expression has only been partially elucidated. Here, we have identified a putative pathway involving epithelial cells and intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (iIELs) that leads to antimicrobial protein (AMP) production by Paneth cells. Mice lacking γδ iIELs (TCRδ(-/-)) express significantly reduced levels of the AMP angiogenin 4 (Ang4). These mice were also unable to up-regulate Ang4 production following oral challenge by Salmonella, leading to higher levels of mucosal invasion compared to their wild type counterparts during the first 2 hours post-challenge. The transfer of γδ iIELs from wild type (WT) mice to TCRδ(-/-) mice restored Ang4 production and Salmonella invasion levels were reduced to those obtained in WT mice. The ability to restore Ang4 production in TCRδ(-/-) mice was shown to be restricted to γδ iIELs expressing Vγ7-encoded TCRs. Using a novel intestinal crypt co-culture system we identified a putative pathway of Ang4 production initiated by exposure to Salmonella, intestinal commensals or microbial antigens that induced intestinal epithelial cells to produce cytokines including IL‑23 in a TLR-mediated manner. Exposure of TCR-Vγ7(+) γδ iIELs to IL-23 promoted IL‑22 production, which triggered Paneth cells to secrete Ang4. These findings identify a novel role for γδ iIELs in mucosal defence through sensing immediate epithelial cell cytokine responses and influencing AMP production. This in turn can contribute to the maintenance of intestinal microbial homeostasis and epithelial barrier function, and limit pathogen invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine R. Walker
- Gut Health and Food Safety, Institute of Food Research, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Isabelle Hautefort
- Gut Health and Food Safety, Institute of Food Research, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Jane E. Dalton
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Karin Overweg
- Gut Health and Food Safety, Institute of Food Research, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte E. Egan
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Roy J. Bongaerts
- Gut Health and Food Safety, Institute of Food Research, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Darren J. Newton
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Leeds Institute of Cancer & Pathology, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James’s University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Sheena M. Cruickshank
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth M. Andrew
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Simon R. Carding
- Gut Health and Food Safety, Institute of Food Research, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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Ye J, Ma C, Wang F, Hsueh EC, Toth K, Huang Y, Mo W, Liu S, Han B, Varvares MA, Hoft DF, Peng G. Specific recruitment of γδ regulatory T cells in human breast cancer. Cancer Res 2013; 73:6137-48. [PMID: 23959855 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-0348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the role of different subtypes of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) in the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment is essential for improving cancer treatment. Enriched γδ1 T-cell populations in TILs suppress T-cell responses and dendritic cell maturation in breast cancer, where their presence is correlated negatively with clinical outcomes. However, mechanism(s) that explain the increase in this class of regulatory T cells (γδ Treg) in patients with breast cancer have yet to be elucidated. In this study, we show that IP-10 secreted by breast cancer cells attracted γδ Tregs. Using neutralizing antibodies against chemokines secreted by breast cancer cells, we found that IP-10 was the only functional chemokine that causes γδ Tregs to migrate toward breast cancer cells. In a humanized NOD-scid IL-2Rγ(null) (NSG) mouse model, human breast cancer cells attracted γδ Tregs as revealed by a live cell imaging system. IP-10 neutralization in vivo inhibited migration and trafficking of γδ Tregs into breast tumor sites, enhancing tumor immunity mediated by tumor-specific T cells. Together, our studies show how γδ Tregs accumulate in breast tumors, providing a rationale for their immunologic targeting to relieve immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ye
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy & Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Departments of Surgery, Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, and Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shandong Medical College, Linyi; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
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75
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Knight A, Arnouk H, Britt W, Gillespie GY, Cloud GA, Harkins L, Su Y, Lowdell MW, Lamb LS. CMV-independent lysis of glioblastoma by ex vivo expanded/activated Vδ1+ γδ T cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68729. [PMID: 23950874 PMCID: PMC3737218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vδ2neg γδ T cells, of which Vδ1+ γδ T cells are by far the largest subset, are important effectors against CMV infection. Malignant gliomas often contain CMV genetic material and proteins, and evidence exists that CMV infection may be associated with initiation and/or progression of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). We sought to determine if Vδ1+ γδ T cells were cytotoxic to GBM and the extent to which their cytotoxicity was CMV dependent. We examined the cytotoxic effect of ex vivo expanded/activated Vδ1+ γδ T cells from healthy CMV seropositive and CMV seronegative donors on unmanipulated and CMV-infected established GBM cell lines and cell lines developed from short- term culture of primary tumors. Expanded/activated Vδ1+ T cells killed CMV-negative U251, U87, and U373 GBM cell lines and two primary tumor explants regardless of the serologic status of the donor. Experimental CMV infection did not increase Vδ1+ T cell - mediated cytotoxicity and in some cases the cell lines were more resistant to lysis when infected with CMV. Flow cytometry analysis of CMV-infected cell lines revealed down-regulation of the NKG2D ligands ULBP-2, and ULBP-3 as well as MICA/B in CMV-infected cells. These studies show that ex vivo expanded/activated Vδ1+ γδ T cells readily recognize and kill established GBM cell lines and primary tumor-derived GBM cells regardless of whether CMV infection is present, however, CMV may enhance the resistance GBM cell lines to innate recognition possibly contributing to the poor immunogenicity of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Knight
- The Department of Haematology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hilal Arnouk
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - William Britt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - G. Yancey Gillespie
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Gretchen A. Cloud
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Lualhati Harkins
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Yun Su
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Mark W. Lowdell
- The Department of Haematology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lawrence S. Lamb
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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76
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Augustin I, Gross J, Baumann D, Korn C, Kerr G, Grigoryan T, Mauch C, Birchmeier W, Boutros M. Loss of epidermal Evi/Wls results in a phenotype resembling psoriasiform dermatitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:1761-77. [PMID: 23918954 PMCID: PMC3754868 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20121871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Wnt cargo receptor Evi maintains normal skin homeostasis and barrier function via Wnt secretion in the epidermis. Cells of the epidermis renew constantly from germinal layer stem cells. Although epithelial cell differentiation has been studied in great detail and the role of Wnt signaling in this process is well described, the contribution of epidermal Wnt secretion in epithelial cell homeostasis remains poorly understood. To analyze the role of Wnt proteins in this process, we created a conditional knockout allele of the Wnt cargo receptor Evi/Gpr177/Wntless and studied mice that lacked Evi expression in the epidermis. We found that K14-Cre, Evi-LOF mice lost their hair during the first hair cycle, showing a reddish skin with impaired skin barrier function. Expression profiling of mutant and wild-type skin revealed up-regulation of inflammation-associated genes. Furthermore, we found that Evi expression in psoriatic skin biopsies is down-regulated, suggesting that Evi-deficient mice developed skin lesions that resemble human psoriasis. Immune cell infiltration was detected in Evi-LOF skin. Interestingly, an age-dependent depletion of dendritic epidermal T cells (DETCs) and an infiltration of γδlow T cells in Evi mutant epidermis was observed. Collectively, the described inflammatory skin phenotype in Evi-deficient mice revealed an essential role of Wnt secretion in maintaining normal skin homeostasis by enabling a balanced epidermal-dermal cross talk, which affects immune cell recruitment and DETC survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Augustin
- Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics and 2 Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
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77
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Roux A, Mourin G, Larsen M, Fastenackels S, Urrutia A, Gorochov G, Autran B, Donner C, Sidi D, Sibony-Prat J, Marchant A, Stern M, Sauce D, Appay V. Differential impact of age and cytomegalovirus infection on the γδ T cell compartment. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:1300-6. [PMID: 23817410 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells represent a subset of unconventional T lymphocytes that are known for their reactivity against different pathogens and considered as intermediate mediators between adaptive and innate immunity. We provide in this paper further insights underlying the changes that affect the γδ T cell compartment with advanced age in humans. We show that both aging and CMV infection impact independently on the γδ T cell compartment. Most γδ T cells are significantly affected by age and present a decreased frequency in the elderly. The decline of the γδ T cell pool appears to be independent from the activity of the thymus, arguing in favor of an extrathymic site of γδ T cell production in humans. Of note, CMV infection, which is directly associated with the activation of the pool of Vδ2(-) γδ T cells, promotes nonetheless the inflation of this compartment throughout life. CMV seropositivity accentuates further the accumulation of highly differentiated lymphocytes in Vδ2(-) γδ T cell subsets with time, in contrast to Vδ2(+) γδ T cells, which maintain a less differentiated phenotype. This is similar to the effect of CMV on αβ T cells and suggests that γδ T cells may vary in differentiation phenotype according to distinct stimuli or pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Roux
- INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche S945, Infections and Immunity, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France
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78
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Liang D, Zuo A, Shao H, Born WK, O'Brien RL, Kaplan HJ, Sun D. IL-23 receptor expression on γδ T cells correlates with their enhancing or suppressive effects on autoreactive T cells in experimental autoimmune uveitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:1118-25. [PMID: 23797670 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported that, depending on their activation status, mouse γδ T cells can either enhance or inhibit the activity of IL-17(+) autoreactive T cells in experimental autoimmune uveitis. In this study, we showed that γδ T cells in naive C57BL/6 (B6) mouse do not express the IL-23R, whereas in immunized mice, it is expressed on >50% of γδ T cells. In vitro studies showed that IL-23R expression on γδ T cells is modulated by their state of activation, as weakly activated γδ T cells expressed the IL-23R, but highly activated γδ T cells did not. Functional studies showed that IL-23R(+) γδ T cells had the strongest suppressive effect on IL-17(+) autoreactive T cells, and that this effect was inhibited when the IL-23R was blocked by anti-IL-23R Ab or in the presence of excessive amounts of exogenous IL-23. We conclude that the balance between the enhancing and inhibitory effects of γδ T cells is regulated by their level of IL-23R expression. The expression of variable IL-23R levels allows γδ T cells to have different regulatory effects on adaptive immune responses, conceivably as a result of αβ and γδ T cells competing for IL-23.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongchun Liang
- Doheny Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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79
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Safinia N, Leech J, Hernandez-Fuentes M, Lechler R, Lombardi G. Promoting transplantation tolerance; adoptive regulatory T cell therapy. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 172:158-68. [PMID: 23574313 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Transplantation is a successful treatment for end-stage organ failure. Despite improvements in short-term outcome, long-term survival remains suboptimal because of the morbidity and mortality associated with long-term use of immunosuppression. There is, therefore, a pressing need to devise protocols that induce tolerance in order to minimize or completely withdraw immunosuppression in transplant recipients. In this review we will discuss how regulatory T cells (T(regs)) came to be recognized as an attractive way to promote transplantation tolerance. We will summarize the preclinical data, supporting the importance of these cells in the induction and maintenance of immune tolerance and that provide the rationale for the isolation and expansion of these cells for cellular therapy. We will also describe the data from the first clinical trials, using T(regs) to inhibit graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation and will address both the challenges and opportunities in human T(reg) cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Safinia
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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80
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Identification of CD3+CD4-CD8- T cells as potential regulatory cells in an experimental murine model of graft-versus-host skin disease (GVHD). J Invest Dermatol 2013; 133:2538-2545. [PMID: 23648548 PMCID: PMC3795811 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We have developed K14-mOVA transgenic (Tg) mice that express membrane-associated ovalbumin (mOVA) under the control of a K14 promoter as well as double Tg mice by crossing them with OT-I mice that have a T cell receptor (TCR) recognizing OVA peptide. When injected with CD8+ OT-I cells, K14-mOVATg mice develop graft-vs-host disease (GvHD), whereas double Tg mice are protected. This suggests that, in double Tg mice, regulatory mechanisms may prevent infused OT-I cells from inducing GvHD. We demonstrated that, after adoptive transfer, TCRαβ+CD3+CD4-CD8-NK1.1- double negative (DN) T cells are increased in the peripheral lymphoid organs and skin of double Tg mice and exhibit a Vα2+Vβ5+TCR that is the same TCR specificity as OT-I cells. These DN T cells isolated from tolerant double Tg mice proliferated in response to OVA peptide and produced IFN-γ in the presence of IL-2. These cells could also suppress the proliferation of OT-I cells and were able to specifically kill activated OT-I cells through Fas/Fas ligand interaction. These findings suggest that DN T cells that accumulate in double Tg mice have regulatory functions and may play a role in the maintenance of peripheral tolerance in vivo.
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81
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Abstract
T cells employ a cell surface heterodimeric molecule, the T cell receptor (TCR), to recognize specific antigens (Ags) presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules and carry out adaptive immune responses. Most T cells possess a TCR with an α and a β chain. However, a TCR constituted by a γ and a δ chain has been described, defining a novel subset of T cells. γδ TCRs specific for a wide variety of ligands, including bacterial phosphoantigens, nonclassical MHC-I molecules and unprocessed proteins, have been found, greatly expanding the horizons of T cell immune recognition. This review aims to provide background in γδ T cell history and function in mouse and man, as well as to provide a critical view of some of the latest developments on this still enigmatic class of immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo M R Ferreira
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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82
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Roux A, Mourin G, Fastenackels S, Almeida JR, Iglesias MC, Boyd A, Gostick E, Larsen M, Price DA, Sacre K, Douek DC, Autran B, Picard C, Miranda SD, Sauce D, Stern M, Appay V. CMV driven CD8(+) T-cell activation is associated with acute rejection in lung transplantation. Clin Immunol 2013; 148:16-26. [PMID: 23644452 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2013.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Lung transplantation is the definitive treatment for terminal respiratory disease, but the associated mortality rate is high. Acute rejection of the transplanted lung is a key determinant of adverse prognosis. Furthermore, an epidemiological relationship has been established between the occurrence of acute lung rejection and cytomegalovirus infection. However, the reasons for this association remain unclear. Here, we performed a longitudinal characterization of CMV-specific T-cell responses and immune activation status in the peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of forty-four lung transplant patients. Acute rejection was associated with high levels of cellular activation in the periphery, reflecting strong CMV-specific CD8(+) T-cell activity post-transplant. Peripheral and lung CMV-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses were very similar, and related to the presence of CMV in the transplanted organ. These findings support that activated CMV-specific CD8(+) T-cells in the lung may play a role in promoting acute rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Roux
- INSERM UMR S 945, Infections and Immunity, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris6, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France.
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83
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Mann ER, McCarthy NE, Peake STC, Milestone AN, Al-Hassi HO, Bernardo D, Tee CT, Landy J, Pitcher MC, Cochrane SA, Hart AL, Stagg AJ, Knight SC. Skin- and gut-homing molecules on human circulating γδ T cells and their dysregulation in inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 170:122-30. [PMID: 23039882 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2012.04649.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in phenotype and function of γδ T cells have been reported in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Dysregulation of lymphocyte migration plays a key role in IBD pathogenesis; however, data on migratory properties of γδ T cells are scarce. Human circulating γδ T cells from healthy controls (n = 27), patients with active CD (n = 15), active UC (n = 14) or cutaneous manifestations of IBD (n = 2) were characterized by flow cytometry. Circulating γδ T cells in healthy controls were CD3(hi) and expressed CD45RO. They expressed gut-homing molecule β7 but not gut-homing molecule corresponding chemokine receptors (CCR)9, or skin-homing molecules cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen (CLA) and CCR4, despite conventional T cells containing populations expressing these molecules. CCR9 expression was increased on γδ T cells in CD and UC, while skin-homing CLA was expressed aberrantly on γδ T cells in patients with cutaneous manifestations of IBD. Lower levels of CD3 expression were found on γδ T cells in CD but not in UC, and a lower proportion of γδ T cells expressed CD45RO in CD and UC. Enhanced expression of gut-homing molecules on circulating γδ T cells in IBD and skin-homing molecules in cutaneous manifestations of IBD may be of clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Mann
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St Mark’s Campus, Level 7W, St Mark’s Hospital,Watford Road, Harrow HA1 3UJ, UK
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84
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El Malki K, Karbach SH, Huppert J, Zayoud M, Reissig S, Schüler R, Nikolaev A, Karram K, Münzel T, Kuhlmann CRW, Luhmann HJ, von Stebut E, Wörtge S, Kurschus FC, Waisman A. An alternative pathway of imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin inflammation in the absence of interleukin-17 receptor a signaling. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 133:441-51. [PMID: 22951726 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Topical application of imiquimod (IMQ) on the skin of mice induces inflammation with common features found in psoriatic skin. Recently, it was postulated that IL-17 has an important role both in psoriasis and in the IMQ model. To further investigate the impact of IL-17RA signaling in psoriasis, we generated IL-17 receptor A (IL-17RA)-deficient mice (IL-17RA(del)) and challenged these mice with IMQ. Interestingly, the disease was only partially reduced and delayed but not abolished when compared with controls. In the absence of IL-17RA, we found persisting signs of inflammation such as neutrophil and macrophage infiltration within the skin. Surprisingly, already in the naive state, the skin of IL-17RA(del) mice contained significantly elevated numbers of Th17- and IL-17-producing γδ T cells, assuming that IL-17RA signaling regulates the population size of Th17 and γδ T cells. Upon IMQ treatment of IL-17RA(del) mice, these cells secreted elevated amounts of tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-6, and IL-22, accompanied by increased levels of the chemokine CXCL2, suggesting an alternative pathway of neutrophil and macrophage skin infiltration. Hence, our findings have major implications in the potential long-term treatment of psoriasis by IL-17-targeting drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalifa El Malki
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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85
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Abstract
γδ T cells are a unique and conserved population of lymphocytes that have been the subject of a recent explosion of interest owing to their essential contributions to many types of immune response and immunopathology. But what does the integration of recent and long-established studies really tell us about these cells and their place in immunology? The time is ripe to consider the evidence for their unique and crucial functions. We conclude that whereas B cells and αβ T cells are commonly thought to contribute primarily to the antigen-specific effector and memory phases of immunity, γδ T cells are distinct in that they combine conventional adaptive features (inherent in their T cell receptors and pleiotropic effector functions) with rapid, innate-like responses that can place them in the initiation phase of immune reactions. This underpins a revised perspective on lymphocyte biology and the regulation of immunogenicity.
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86
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Ye J, Ma C, Hsueh EC, Eickhoff CS, Zhang Y, Varvares MA, Hoft DF, Peng G. Tumor-derived γδ regulatory T cells suppress innate and adaptive immunity through the induction of immunosenescence. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:2403-14. [PMID: 23355732 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fundamentally understanding the suppressive mechanisms used by different subsets of tumor-infiltrating regulatory T (Treg) cells is critical for the development of effective strategies for antitumor immunotherapy. γδ Treg cells have recently been identified in human diseases including cancer. However, the suppressive mechanisms and functional regulations of this new subset of unconventional Treg cells are largely unknown. In the current studies, we explored the suppressive mechanism(s) used by breast tumor-derived γδ Treg cells on innate and adaptive immunity. We found that γδ Treg cells induced immunosenescence in the targeted naive and effector T cells, as well as dendritic cells (DCs). Furthermore, senescent T cells and DCs induced by γδ Treg cells had altered phenotypes and impaired functions and developed potent suppressive activities, further amplifying the immunosuppression mediated by γδ Treg cells. In addition, we demonstrated that manipulation of TLR8 signaling in γδ Treg cells can block γδ Treg-induced conversion of T cells and DCs into senescent cells in vitro and in vivo. Our studies identify the novel suppressive mechanism mediated by tumor-derived γδ Treg cells on innate and adaptive immunity, which should be critical for the development of strong and innovative approaches to reverse the tumor-suppressive microenvironment and improve effects of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ye
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
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87
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Van Den Broeck T, Van Ammel E, Delforche M, Taveirne S, Kerre T, Vandekerckhove B, Taghon T, Plum J, Leclercq G. Differential Ly49e expression pathways in resting versus TCR-activated intraepithelial γδ T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:1982-90. [PMID: 23338239 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Ly49 NK receptor family in mice is composed of several members that recognize MHC class I (MHC-I) or MHC-I-related molecules. We and others have shown before that Ly49E is a unique member, with a different expression pattern on NK cells and being triggered by the non-MHC-I-related protein urokinase plasminogen activator. Among the entire Ly49 receptor family, Ly49E is the only Ly49 member expressed by epidermal-localized γδ T cells and their fetal thymic TCRγδ precursors, and it is the most abundantly expressed member on intestinal intraepithelial γδ T cell lymphocytes. In this study, we provide mechanistic insights into the regulation of Ly49e expression in γδ T cells. First, we demonstrate that TCR-mediated activation of intraepithelial γδ T cells significantly increases Ly49E expression. This results from de novo Ly49E expression and is highly selective, because no other Ly49 family members are induced. TCR-mediated Ly49E induction is a conserved feature of skin- and gut-residing intraepithelial-localized γδ T cell subsets, whereas it is not observed in spleen γδ T cells. By investigating Ly49e promoter activities and lymphotoxin (LT) αβ dependency in resting versus TCR-activated intraepithelial γδ T cells, we reveal two separate regulatory pathways for Ly49E expression, as follows: a LTαβ-dependent pathway leading to basal Ly49E expression in resting cells that is induced by Pro2-mediated Ly49e transcription, and a LTαβ-independent pathway leading to elevated, Pro3-driven Ly49E expression in TCR-stimulated cells.
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88
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Stübgen JP. A review of the use of biological agents for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. J Neurol Sci 2013; 326:1-9. [PMID: 23337197 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2012] [Revised: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) is a group of idiopathic, acquired, immune-mediated inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the peripheral nervous system. A majority of patients with CIDP respond to "first-line" treatment with IVIG, plasmapheresis and/or corticosteroids. There exists insufficient evidence to ascertain the benefit of treatment with "conventional" immunosuppressive drugs. The inconsistent efficacy, long-term financial burden and health risks of non-specific immune altering therapy have drawn recurrent attention to the possible usefulness of a variety of biological agents that target key aspects in the CIDP immunopathogenic pathways. This review aims to give an updated account of the scientific rationale and potential use of biological therapeutics in patients with CIDP. No specific treatment recommendations are given. The discovery, development and application of biological markers by modern molecular diagnostic techniques may help identify drug-naïve or treatment-resistant CIDP patients most likely to respond to targeted immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg-Patrick Stübgen
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College/New York Presbyterian Hospital, NY 10065-4885, USA.
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89
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Ribot JC, Silva-Santos B. Differentiation and activation of γδ T Lymphocytes: Focus on CD27 and CD28 costimulatory receptors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 785:95-105. [PMID: 23456842 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6217-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
γδ T lymphocytes are major providers of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-17 (IL-17) at early stages of (auto)immune responses. We and others have recently described the phenotype and differentiation requirements of two distinct murine γδ T cell subsets producing either IFN-γ or IL-17. Here we summarize our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms that control γδ T cell differentiation, which is programmed in the thymus, and peripheral activation upon infection. We focus on the costimulatory receptors CD27 and CD28, which play independent and non-redundant roles in the physiology of γδ T cells in mice and in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie C Ribot
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Faculdade de Medicinal, Institutor de Medicinal Molecular, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal.
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90
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Holderness J, Hedges JF, Ramstead A, Jutila MA. Comparative biology of γδ T cell function in humans, mice, and domestic animals. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2013; 1:99-124. [PMID: 25387013 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-031412-103639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells are a functionally heterogeneous population and contribute to many early immune responses. The majority of their activity is described in humans and mice, but the immune systems of all jawed vertebrates include the γδ T cell lineage. Although some aspects of γδ T cells vary between species, critical roles in early immune responses are often conserved. Common features of γδ T cells include innate receptor expression, antigen presentation, cytotoxicity, and cytokine production. Herein we compare studies describing these conserved γδ T cell functions and other, potentially unique, functions. γδ T cells are well documented for their potential immunotherapeutic properties; however, these proposed therapies are often focused on human diseases and the mouse models thereof. This review consolidates some of these studies with those in other animals to provide a consensus for the current understanding of γδ T cell function across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Holderness
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717; , , ,
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91
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Sakaguchi S, Wing K, Miyara M. Regulatory T cells. Clin Immunol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7234-3691-1.00013-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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92
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Intestinal intraepithelial TCRγδ+ T cells are activated by normal commensal bacteria. J Microbiol 2012; 50:837-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-012-2468-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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93
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Tam S, Maksaereekul S, Hyde DM, Godinez I, Beaman BL. IL-17 and γδ T-lymphocytes play a critical role in innate immunity against Nocardia asteroides GUH-2. Microbes Infect 2012; 14:1133-43. [PMID: 22634423 PMCID: PMC3483469 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The early host response during pulmonary nocardiosis is highly dependent on neutrophils and the successful clearance of bacteria in tissue. The data presented in this study showed that IL-17 mediated the neutrophil response following intranasal inoculation with Nocardia asteroides strain GUH-2. Flow cytometry revealed that neutrophil levels in C57BL/6 mice were increased by day 1 post inoculation and remained elevated until day 3, during which time the majority of bacterial clearance occurred. Intracellular cytokine staining for IL-17 showed a 3.5- to 5-fold increase in IL-17 producing T-lymphocytes that were predominately comprised by CD4(-)CD8(-) γδ T-lymphocytes. The importance of IL-17 and γδ T-cells was determined by the in vivo administration of antibody, capable of blocking IL-17 binding or TCR δ, respectively. Neutralization of either IL-17 or γδ T-cells in Nocardia treated mice resulted in attenuated neutrophil infiltration. Paralleling this impaired neutrophil recruitment, nearly a 10-fold increase in bacterial burden was observed in both anti-IL-17 and anti-TCR δ treated animals. Together, these data indicate a protective role for IL-17 and suggest that IL-17 producing γδ T-lymphocytes contribute to neutrophil infiltration during pulmonary nocardiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Tam
- Respiratory Disease Unit, California National Primate Research Center (CNPRC), University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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94
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Ma C, Zhang Q, Ye J, Wang F, Zhang Y, Wevers E, Schwartz T, Hunborg P, Varvares MA, Hoft DF, Hsueh EC, Peng G. Tumor-infiltrating γδ T lymphocytes predict clinical outcome in human breast cancer. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:5029-36. [PMID: 23034170 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Understanding and dissecting the role of different subsets of regulatory tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in the immunopathogenesis of individual cancer is a challenge for anti-tumor immunotherapy. High levels of γδ regulatory T cells have been discovered in breast TILs. However, the clinical relevance of these intratumoral γδ T cells is unknown. In this study, γδ T cell populations were analyzed by performing immunohistochemical staining in primary breast cancer tissues from patients with different stages of cancer progression. Retrospective multivariate analyses of the correlations between γδ T cell levels and other prognostic factors and clinical outcomes were completed. We found that γδ T cell infiltration and accumulation in breast tumor sites was a general feature in breast cancer patients. Intratumoral γδ T cell numbers were positively correlated with advanced tumor stages, HER2 expression status, and high lymph node metastasis but inversely correlated with relapse-free survival and overall survival of breast cancer patients. Multivariate and univariate analyses of tumor-infiltrating γδ T cells and other prognostic factors further suggested that intratumoral γδ T cells represented the most significant independent prognostic factor for assessing severity of breast cancer compared with the other known factors. Intratumoral γδ T cells were positively correlated with FOXP3(+) cells and CD4(+) T cells but negatively correlated with CD8(+) T cells in breast cancer tissues. These findings suggest that intratumoral γδ T cells may serve as a valuable and independent prognostic biomarker, as well as a potential therapeutic target for human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunling Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
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95
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Li J, Zhang Y, Lou J, Zhu J, He M, Deng X, Cai Z. Neutralisation of peritoneal IL-17A markedly improves the prognosis of severe septic mice by decreasing neutrophil infiltration and proinflammatory cytokines. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46506. [PMID: 23056325 PMCID: PMC3462769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The current study aimed to elucidate the role of peritoneal fluid IL-17A in septic mice, and the effects of intraperitoneal or intravenous blockade of the IL-17A pathway by anti-IL17A antibody on survival, plasma, and peritoneal cavity cytokine profile in a murine caecal ligation and puncture (CLP) sepsis model. The main source of peritoneal fluid IL-17A in septic mice was identified. Methods Male C57BL/6 mice that underwent severe CLP or sham surgery were intraperitoneally or intravenously administered anti-IL17A antibodies or isotype antibodies. The survival rates were observed. IL-17A, TNF-α, and IL-6 cytokine levels were measured by ELISA. Surface and intracellular IL-17A immunofluorescence stains were detected by flow cytometry to identify the IL-17A–producing cells. Results The IL-17A level was elevated much higher and earlier in peritoneal fluid than in the blood of the CLP mice. The intraperitoneal IL-17A blockade more significantly protects against CLP-induced mortality than intravenous blockade because of decreased TNF-α and IL-6 levels both in peritoneal fluid and blood, neutrophil infiltration in the peritoneal cavity, and lung injury. γδ T lymphocytes were identified to be the main source of IL-17A in the peritoneal fluid of septic mice. Conclusions The earlier and higher elevated IL-17A derived from γδ T cells in peritoneal fluid plays a critical role during polymicrobial severe sepsis and effect of intraperitoneal IL-17A antibody administration superior to intravenous administration on survival of severe CLP-induced septic mice. The intraperitoneal blockade of IL-17A decreases proinflammatory cytokine production, neutrophil infiltration, and lung injury, thereby improving septic mice survival, which provides a new potential therapy target for sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingsheng Lou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Jiali Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Miaoxia He
- Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoming Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (XD); (ZC)
| | - Zailong Cai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (XD); (ZC)
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96
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Protective function of an unconventional γδ T cell subset against malaria infection in apoptosis inhibitor deficient mice. Cell Immunol 2012; 279:151-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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97
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γδ T cells are increased in the peripheral blood of patients with gastric cancer. Clin Chim Acta 2012; 413:1495-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2012.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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98
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Effects of dietary nucleotide supplementation on growth performance and hormonal and immune responses of piglets. Animal 2012; 6:902-8. [PMID: 22558960 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731111002473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of dietary nucleotide supplementation from 9 days of age until the end of post-weaning on piglets hormonal and immune responses and on growth performance were investigated. During lactation (days 9 to 21) and post-weaning (days 22 to 55) 10 [HBI Fomeva11 × (Large White × Landrace)] litters (n = 108 piglets) had ad libitum access to two standard diets, both supplemented with 0% (T0 group) or 0.1% (T1 group) of yeast extract nucleotides. BW of piglets at days 21 (P < 0.10), 35 and 55 (P < 0.05) was greater in T1 compared with T0. Feed intake was not different between groups (P > 0.05). Cortisol content was lower in T1 than in T0 at days 28 and 35 (P < 0.05), whereas growth hormone was lower at day 35 (P < 0.05). Levels of IGF-1 were similar across groups (P > 0.05). Nucleotide-supplemented diets increased lymphocyte subpopulation CD4-CD8+high at days 21 and 35 (P < 0.05), whereas CD4+CD8- cells were higher in T1 than in T0 at day 21 (P < 0.05). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells cytokine expression was influenced by dietary nucleotide supplementation. At weaning, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β expression was lower (P < 0.05) in T1 compared with T0, whereas the expression of interferon (IFN)-γ and IL-10 was higher (P < 0.05). At day 28, piglets in T1 showed higher values of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α expression than T0 and lower values of IL-10 expression (P < 0.05). Dietary nucleotide supplementation had a suppressive effect on IL-6 and IL-10 expression (P < 0.05) at day 35. On the contrary, the expression of IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-1β was enhanced (P < 0.05). In conclusion, these results suggest that starting a dietary nucleotide supplementation before weaning can improve the adaptive capabilities of weaned piglets to the stressors, enhancing the growth performance.
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99
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Abstract
Murine γδ T cells develop as the first T-cell lineage within the fetal thymus and disproportionately localize in mucosal tissues such as lung, skin, uterus, and intestine of adult mice. These unique developmental features and distribution patterns of γδ T cells enable rapid functioning against various insults from pathogens. γδ T cells are also able to respond to local inflammation and consequently regulate the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders and development of tumors in mice and humans. Hence, it is clinically important to understand the mechanisms that regulate γδ T cell functions. Recent evidence has shown that generations of effector γδ T cell subsets producing IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17 are programmed in the murine thymus before their migration to peripheral tissues. This review outlines our current understanding of the development and function of γδ T cells as they influence both innate and acquired immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Shibata
- Division of Host Defense, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Kiss EA, Diefenbach A. Role of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in Controlling Maintenance and Functional Programs of RORγt(+) Innate Lymphoid Cells and Intraepithelial Lymphocytes. Front Immunol 2012; 3:124. [PMID: 22666222 PMCID: PMC3364460 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal retinoic receptor-related orphan receptor (ROR)γt-expressing innate lymphoid cells (ILC) play an important role in the defense against intestinal pathogens and in promoting epithelial homeostasis and adaptation, thereby effectively protecting the vertebrate host against intestinal inflammatory disorders. The functional activity of RORγt(+) ILC is under the control of environmental cues. However, the molecular sensors for such environmental signals are largely unknown. Recently, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) has emerged as a master regulator for the postnatal maintenance of intestinal RORγt(+) ILC and intraepithelial lymphocytes. AhR is a highly conserved transcription factor whose activity is regulated by environmental and dietary small molecule ligands. Here, we review the role of AhR signaling for the maintenance of intestinal immune cells and its impact on the immunological protection against intestinal infections and debilitating chronic inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina A Kiss
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Freiburg Freiburg, Germany
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