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Yin AQ, Wang F, Zhang X. Integrating endocannabinoid signaling in the regulation of anxiety and depression. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2019; 40:336-341. [PMID: 30002489 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-018-0051-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain endogenous cannabinoid (eCB) signaling seems to harmonize appropriate behavioral responses, which are essential for the organism's long-term viability and homeostasis. Dysregulation of eCB signaling contributes to negative emotional states and increased stress responses. An understanding of the underlying neural cell populations and neural circuit regulation will enable the development of therapeutic strategies to mitigate behavioral maladaptation and provide insight into the influence of eCB on the neural circuits involved in anxiety and depression. This review focuses on recent evidence that has added a new layer of complexity to the idea of targeting the eCB system for therapeutic benefits in neuropsychiatric disease and on the future research direction of neural circuit modulation.
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52
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Zhao JP, Yoshii A. Hyperexcitability of the local cortical circuit in mouse models of tuberous sclerosis complex. Mol Brain 2019; 12:6. [PMID: 30683131 PMCID: PMC6347813 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-019-0427-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a neurogenetic disorder associated with epilepsy, intellectual disabilities, and autistic behaviors. These neurological symptoms result from synaptic dysregulations, which shift a balance between excitation and inhibition. To decipher the synaptic substrate of hyperexcitability, we examined pan-neuronal Tsc1 knockout mouse and found a reduction in surface expression of a GABA receptor (GABAR) subunit but not AMPA receptor (AMPAR) subunit. Using electrophysiological recordings, we found a significant reduction in the frequency of GABAR-mediated miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (GABAR-mIPSCs) but not AMPAR-mediated miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (AMPAR-mEPSCs) in layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons. To determine a subpopulation of interneurons that are especially vulnerable to the absence of TSC1 function, we also analyzed two strains of conditional knockout mice targeting two of the prominent interneuron subtypes that express parvalbumin (PV) or somatostatin (SST). Unlike pan-neuronal knockout mice, both interneuron-specific Tsc-1 knockout mice did not develop spontaneous seizures and grew into adults. Further, the properties of AMPAR-mEPSCs and GABAR-mIPSCs were normal in both Pv-Cre and Sst-Cre x Tsc1fl/fl knockout mice. These results indicate that removal of TSC1 from all neurons in a local cortical circuit results in hyperexcitability while connections between pyramidal neurons and interneurons expressing PV and SST are preserved in the layer 2/3 visual cortex. Our study suggests that another inhibitory cell type or a combination of multiple subtypes may be accountable for hyperexcitability in TSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ping Zhao
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Akira Yoshii
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. .,Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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53
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García-Rincón D, Díaz-Alonso J, Paraíso-Luna J, Ortega Z, Aguareles J, de Salas-Quiroga A, Jou C, de Prada I, Martínez-Cerdeño V, Aronica E, Guzmán M, Pérez-Jiménez MÁ, Galve-Roperh I. Contribution of Altered Endocannabinoid System to Overactive mTORC1 Signaling in Focal Cortical Dysplasia. Front Pharmacol 2019; 9:1508. [PMID: 30687088 PMCID: PMC6334222 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations of the PI3K/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling pathway are causally involved in a subset of malformations of cortical development (MCDs) ranging from focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) to hemimegalencephaly and megalencephaly. These MCDs represent a frequent cause of refractory pediatric epilepsy. The endocannabinoid system -especially cannabinoid CB1 receptor- exerts a neurodevelopmental regulatory role at least in part via activation of mTORC1 signaling. Therefore, we sought to characterize the possible contribution of endocannabinoid system signaling to FCD. Confocal microscopy characterization of the CB1 receptor expression and mTORC1 activation was conducted in FCD Type II resection samples. FCD samples were subjected to single nucleotide polymorphism screening for endocannabinoid system elements, as well as CB1 receptor gene sequencing. Cannabinoid CB1 receptor levels were increased in FCD with overactive mTORC1 signaling. CB1 receptors were enriched in phospho-S6-positive cells including balloon cells (BCs) that co-express aberrant markers of undifferentiated cells and dysplastic neurons. Pharmacological regulation of CB1 receptors and the mTORC1 pathway was performed in fresh FCD-derived organotypic cultures. HU-210-evoked activation of CB1 receptors was unable to further activate mTORC1 signaling, whereas CB1 receptor blockade with rimonabant attenuated mTORC1 overactivation. Alterations of the endocannabinoid system may thus contribute to FCD pathological features, and blockade of cannabinoid signaling might be a new therapeutic intervention in FCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel García-Rincón
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Díaz-Alonso
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Paraíso-Luna
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Zaira Ortega
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Aguareles
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adán de Salas-Quiroga
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Jou
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Verónica Martínez-Cerdeño
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital for Children of Northern California and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede, Netherlands
| | - Manuel Guzmán
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ismael Galve-Roperh
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
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54
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Cannabinoid signalling in the immature brain: Encephalopathies and neurodevelopmental disorders. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 157:85-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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55
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Storozhuk MV, Zholos AV. TRP Channels as Novel Targets for Endogenous Ligands: Focus on Endocannabinoids and Nociceptive Signalling. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:137-150. [PMID: 28440188 PMCID: PMC5883376 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170424120802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Chronic pain is a significant clinical problem and a very complex pathophysiological phenomenon. There is growing evidence that targeting the endocannabinoid system may be a useful approach to pain alleviation. Classically, the system includes G protein-coupled receptors of the CB1 and CB2 subtypes and their endogenous ligands. More recently, several subtypes of the large superfamily of cation TRP channels have been coined as “ionotropic cannabinoid receptors”, thus highlighting their role in cannabinoid signalling. Thus, the aim of this review was to explore the intimate connection between several “painful” TRP channels, endocannabinoids and nociceptive signalling. Methods: Research literature on this topic was critically reviewed allowing us not only summarize the existing evidence in this area of research, but also propose several possible cellular mechanisms linking nociceptive and cannabinoid signaling with TRP channels. Results: We begin with an overview of physiology of the endocannabinoid system and its major components, namely CB1 and CB2 G protein-coupled receptors, their two most studied endogenous ligands, anandamide and 2-AG, and several enzymes involved in endocannabinoid biosynthesis and degradation. The role of different endocannabinoids in the regulation of synaptic transmission is then discussed in detail. The connection between the endocannabinoid system and several TRP channels, especially TRPV1-4, TRPA1 and TRPM8, is then explored, while highlighting the role of these same channels in pain signalling. Conclusion: There is increasing evidence implicating several TRP subtypes not only as an integral part of the endocannabinoid system, but also as promising molecular targets for pain alleviation with the use of endo- and phytocannabinoids, especially when the function of these channels is upregulated under inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksim V Storozhuk
- A.A. Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 4 Bogomoletz Street, Kiev 01024, Ukraine
| | - Alexander V Zholos
- A.A. Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 4 Bogomoletz Street, Kiev 01024, Ukraine.,Educational and Scientific Centre "Institute of Biology and Medicine", Taras Shevchenko Kiev National University, 2 Academician Glushkov Avenue, Kiev 03022, Ukraine
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56
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Augustin SM, Lovinger DM. Functional Relevance of Endocannabinoid-Dependent Synaptic Plasticity in the Central Nervous System. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:2146-2161. [PMID: 29400439 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid (eCB) signaling system plays a key role in short-term and long-term synaptic plasticity in brain regions involved in various neural functions ranging from action selection to appetite control. This review will explore the role of eCBs in shaping neural circuit function to regulate behaviors. In particular, we will discuss the behavioral consequences of eCB mediated long-term synaptic plasticity in different brain regions. This review brings together evidence from in vitro and ex vivo studies and points out the need for more in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shana M. Augustin
- Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - David M. Lovinger
- Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
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57
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Huizenga MN, Fureman BE, Soltesz I, Stella N. Proceedings of the Epilepsy Foundation's 2017 Cannabinoids in Epilepsy Therapy Workshop. Epilepsy Behav 2018; 85:237-242. [PMID: 29908905 PMCID: PMC6372237 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Megan N Huizenga
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States.
| | - Brandy E Fureman
- Research and New Therapies, Epilepsy Foundation of America, Landover, MD, United States
| | - Ivan Soltesz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Nephi Stella
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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58
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Sugaya Y, Kano M. Control of excessive neural circuit excitability and prevention of epileptic seizures by endocannabinoid signaling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:2793-2811. [PMID: 29737364 PMCID: PMC11105219 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2834-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Progress in research on endocannabinoid signaling has greatly advanced our understanding of how it controls neural circuit excitability in health and disease. In general, endocannabinoid signaling at excitatory synapses suppresses seizures by inhibiting glutamate release. In contrast, endocannabinoid signaling promotes seizures by inhibiting GABA release at inhibitory synapses. The physiological distribution of endocannabinoid signaling molecules becomes disrupted with the development of epileptic focus in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy and in animal models of experimentally induced epilepsy. Augmentation of endocannabinoid signaling can promote the development of epileptic focus at initial stages. However, at later stages, increased endocannabinoid signaling delays it and suppresses spontaneous seizures. Thus, the regulation of endocannabinoid signaling at specific synapses that cause hyperexcitability during particular stages of disease development may be effective for treating epilepsy and epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Sugaya
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study (UTIAS), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masanobu Kano
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study (UTIAS), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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59
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Fuss J, Bindila L, Wiedemann K, Auer MK, Briken P, Biedermann SV. Masturbation to Orgasm Stimulates the Release of the Endocannabinoid 2-Arachidonoylglycerol in Humans. J Sex Med 2018; 14:1372-1379. [PMID: 29110806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endocannabinoids are critical for rewarding behaviors such as eating, physical exercise, and social interaction. The role of endocannabinoids in mammalian sexual behavior has been suggested because of the influence of cannabinoid receptor agonists and antagonists on rodent sexual activity. However, the involvement of endocannabinoids in human sexual behavior has not been studied. AIM To investigate plasma endocannabinoid levels before and after masturbation in healthy male and female volunteers. OUTCOMES Plasma levels of the endocannabinoids 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), anandamide, the endocannabinoid-like lipids oleoyl ethanolamide and palmitoyl ethanolamide, arachidonic acid, and cortisol before and after masturbation to orgasm. METHODS In study 1, endocannabinoid and cortisol levels were measured before and after masturbation to orgasm. In study 2, masturbation to orgasm was compared with a control condition using a single-blinded, randomized, 2-session crossover design. RESULTS In study 1, masturbation to orgasm significantly increased plasma levels of the endocannabinoid 2-AG, whereas anandamide, oleoyl ethanolamide, palmitoyl ethanolamide, arachidonic acid, and cortisol levels were not altered. In study 2, only masturbation to orgasm, not the control condition, led to a significant increase in 2-AG levels. Interestingly, we also found a significant increase of oleoyl ethanolamide after masturbation to orgasm in study 2. CLINICAL TRANSLATION Endocannabinoids might play an important role in the sexual response cycle, leading to possible implications for the understanding and treatment of sexual dysfunctions. STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS We found an increase of 2-AG through masturbation to orgasm in 2 studies including a single-blinded randomized design. The exact role of endocannabinoid release as part of the sexual response cycle and the biological significance of the finding should be studied further. Cannabis and other drug use and the attainment of orgasm were self-reported in the present study. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that the endocannabinoid 2-AG is involved in the human sexual response cycle and we hypothesize that 2-AG release plays a role in the rewarding consequences of sexual arousal and orgasm. Fuss J, Bindila L, Wiedemann K, et al. Masturbation to Orgasm Stimulates the Release of the Endocannabinoid 2-Arachidonoylglycerol in Humans. J Sex Med 2017;14:1372-1379.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Fuss
- Human Behavior Laboratory, Institute for Sex Research and Forensic Psychiatry, Center of Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Laura Bindila
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus Wiedemann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center of Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthias K Auer
- Department of Clinical Neuroendocrinology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Peer Briken
- Human Behavior Laboratory, Institute for Sex Research and Forensic Psychiatry, Center of Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sarah V Biedermann
- Human Behavior Laboratory, Institute for Sex Research and Forensic Psychiatry, Center of Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center of Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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60
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Suraev A, Lintzeris N, Stuart J, Kevin RC, Blackburn R, Richards E, Arnold JC, Ireland C, Todd L, Allsop DJ, McGregor IS. Composition and Use of Cannabis Extracts for Childhood Epilepsy in the Australian Community. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10154. [PMID: 29977078 PMCID: PMC6033872 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28127-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent surveys suggest that many parents are using illicit cannabis extracts in the hope of managing seizures in their children with epilepsy. In the current Australian study we conducted semi-structured interviews with families of children with diverse forms of epilepsy to explore their attitudes towards and experiences with using cannabis extracts. This included current or previous users of cannabis extracts to treat their child's seizures (n = 41 families), and families who had never used (n = 24 families). For those using cannabis, extracts were analysed for cannabinoid content, with specific comparison of samples rated by families as "effective" versus those rated "ineffective". Results showed that children given cannabis extracts tended to have more severe epilepsy historically and had trialled more anticonvulsants than those who had never received cannabis extracts. There was high variability in the cannabinoid content and profile of cannabis extracts rated as "effective", with no clear differences between extracts perceived as "effective" and "ineffective". Contrary to family's expectations, most samples contained low concentrations of cannabidiol, while Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol was present in nearly every sample. These findings highlight profound variation in the illicit cannabis extracts being currently used in Australia and warrant further investigations into the therapeutic value of cannabinoids in epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Suraev
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2050, Australia
| | - N Lintzeris
- Addiction Medicine, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, Australia
- The Langton Centre, Drug and Alcohol Services, South East Sydney Local Health District, NSW Health, Surry Hills, 2010, Australia
| | - J Stuart
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2050, Australia
| | - R C Kevin
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2050, Australia
| | - R Blackburn
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2050, Australia
| | - E Richards
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2050, Australia
| | - J C Arnold
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2050, Australia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - C Ireland
- Epilepsy Action Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - L Todd
- Epilepsy Action Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - D J Allsop
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2050, Australia
| | - I S McGregor
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2050, Australia.
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61
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Wickert M, Hildick KL, Baillie GL, Jelinek R, Aparisi Rey A, Monory K, Schneider M, Ross RA, Henley JM, Lutz B. The F238L Point Mutation in the Cannabinoid Type 1 Receptor Enhances Basal Endocytosis via Lipid Rafts. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:230. [PMID: 30026687 PMCID: PMC6041392 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Defining functional domains and amino acid residues in G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent an important way to improve rational drug design for this major class of drug targets. The cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor is one of the most abundant GPCRs in the central nervous system and is involved in many physiological and pathophysiological processes. Interestingly, cannabinoid type 1 receptor with a phenylalanine 238 to leucine mutation (CB1F238L) has been already linked to a number of both in vitro and in vivo alterations. While CB1F238L causes significantly reduced presynaptic neurotransmitter release at the cellular level, behaviorally this mutation induces increased risk taking, social play behavior and reward sensitivity in rats. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these changes are not fully understood. In this study, we tested whether the F238L mutation affects trafficking and axonal/presynaptic polarization of the CB1 receptor in vitro. Steady state or ligand modulated surface expression and lipid raft association was analyzed in human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells stably expressing either wild-type cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1wt) or CB1F238L receptor. Axonal/presynaptic polarization of the CB1F238L receptor was assessed in transfected primary hippocampal neurons. We show that in vitro the CB1F238L receptor displays increased association with lipid rafts, which coincides with increased lipid raft mediated constitutive endocytosis, leading to a reduction in steady state surface expression of the CB1F238L receptor. Furthermore, the CB1F238L receptor showed increased axonal polarization in primary hippocampal neurons. These data demonstrate that endocytosis of the CB1 receptor is an important mediator of axonal/presynaptic polarization and that phenylalanine 238 plays a key role in CB1 receptor trafficking and axonal polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Wickert
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Keri L Hildick
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma L Baillie
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ruth Jelinek
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alejandro Aparisi Rey
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Krisztina Monory
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Miriam Schneider
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Psychology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ruth A Ross
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jeremy M Henley
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Beat Lutz
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.,German Resilience Center (DRZ), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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62
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Díaz-Alonso J, de Salas-Quiroga A, Paraíso-Luna J, García-Rincón D, Garcez PP, Parsons M, Andradas C, Sánchez C, Guillemot F, Guzmán M, Galve-Roperh I. Loss of Cannabinoid CB1 Receptors Induces Cortical Migration Malformations and Increases Seizure Susceptibility. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:5303-5317. [PMID: 28334226 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal migration is a fundamental process of brain development, and its disruption underlies devastating neurodevelopmental disorders. The transcriptional programs governing this process are relatively well characterized. However, how environmental cues instruct neuronal migration remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that the cannabinoid CB1 receptor is strictly required for appropriate pyramidal neuron migration in the developing cortex. Acute silencing of the CB1 receptor alters neuronal morphology and impairs radial migration. Consequently, CB1 siRNA-electroporated mice display cortical malformations mimicking subcortical band heterotopias and increased seizure susceptibility in adulthood. Importantly, rescuing the CB1 deficiency-induced radial migration arrest by knockdown of the GTPase protein RhoA restored the hyperexcitable neuronal network and seizure susceptibility. Our findings show that CB1 receptor/RhoA signaling regulates pyramidal neuron migration, and that deficient CB1 receptor signaling may contribute to cortical development malformations leading to refractory epilepsy independently of its canonical neuromodulatory role in the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Díaz-Alonso
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), and Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Adán de Salas-Quiroga
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), and Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Paraíso-Luna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), and Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel García-Rincón
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), and Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia P Garcez
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, London NW7 1AA, UK.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maddy Parsons
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Clara Andradas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), and Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Sánchez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), and Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - François Guillemot
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Manuel Guzmán
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), and Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ismael Galve-Roperh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), and Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Mardani P, Oryan S, Sarihi A, Alaei E, Komaki A, Mirnajafi-Zadeh J. Endocannabinoid CB1 receptors are involved in antiepileptogenic effect of low frequency electrical stimulation during perforant path kindling in rats. Epilepsy Res 2018; 144:71-81. [PMID: 29800824 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Administration of low-frequency electrical stimulation (LFS) at the kindling site has an antiepileptogenic effect. In the present study, we investigated the role of cannabinoid receptors type 1 (CB1) in mediating the inhibitory effects of LFS on the development of perforant path kindled seizures. METHODS For seizure generation, rats were kindled by electrical stimulation of perforant path in semi-rapid kindling manner (12 stimulations per day at 10 min intervals at afterdischarge threshold intensity).To determine the effect of LFS (0.1 ms pulse duration at 1 Hz, 800 pulses) on seizure generation, LFS was applied to the perforant path 5 min after the last kindling stimulation daily. AM281, a CB1 receptor antagonist, was microinjected into the lateral ventricle immediately after the last kindling stimulation (before LFS application) at the doses of 0.5 and 2 μg/μl during kindling procedure. The expression of cannabinoid receptors in the dentate gyrus was also investigated using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Application of LFS had inhibitory effect on development of kindled seizures (kindling rate). Microinjection of AM281 (0.5 μg/μl) immediately after the last kindling stimulation (before LFS application) reduced the inhibitory effect of LFS on the kindling rate and suppressed the effects of LFS on potentiation (increasing the magnitude) of both population spike amplitude and population excitatory postsynaptic potential slope during kindling acquisition. AM281 pretreatment also prevented the effects of LFS on kindling-induced increase in early and late paired pulse depression. The higher dose of AM281 (2 μg/μl) failed to exert the effects observed with its lower dose (0.5 μg/μl). In addition, there was a decreased CB1 receptors immunostaining in kindled animals compared to control. However, application of LFS following kindling stimulations led to overexpression of CB1 receptors in the dentate gyrus. CONCLUSION Obtained results showed that activation of overexpressed cannabinoid CB1 receptors by endogenous cannabinoids may have a role in mediating the inhibitory effect of LFS on perforant path kindled seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parastoo Mardani
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Biological Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Payame Noor University, Iran.
| | - Shahrbanoo Oryan
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Biological Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolrahman Sarihi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Elham Alaei
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Alireza Komaki
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Javad Mirnajafi-Zadeh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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64
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Cleeren E, Casteels C, Goffin K, Koole M, Van Laere K, Janssen P, Van Paesschen W. Positron emission tomography imaging of cerebral glucose metabolism and type 1 cannabinoid receptor availability during temporal lobe epileptogenesis in the amygdala kindling model in rhesus monkeys. Epilepsia 2018; 59:959-970. [DOI: 10.1111/epi.14059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Evy Cleeren
- Laboratory for Neuro‐ and Psychophysiology KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Laboratory for Epilepsy Research KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Cindy Casteels
- Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging Department of Imaging and Pathology KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Molecular Small Animal Imaging Center (MoSAIC) KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Karolien Goffin
- Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging Department of Imaging and Pathology KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Molecular Small Animal Imaging Center (MoSAIC) KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Michel Koole
- Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging Department of Imaging and Pathology KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Molecular Small Animal Imaging Center (MoSAIC) KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Koen Van Laere
- Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging Department of Imaging and Pathology KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Molecular Small Animal Imaging Center (MoSAIC) KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Peter Janssen
- Laboratory for Neuro‐ and Psychophysiology KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
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Ghosh S, Reuveni I, Zidan S, Lamprecht R, Barkai E. Learning-induced modulation of the effect of endocannabinoids on inhibitory synaptic transmission. J Neurophysiol 2018; 119:752-760. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00623.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids are key modulators that regulate central brain functions and behaviors, including learning and memory. At the cellular and molecular levels, endocannabinoids are potent modulators of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic function. Most effects of cannabinoids are thought to be mediated via G protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors. In particular, cannabinoids released from postsynaptic neurons are suggested to act as retrograde messengers, activating presynaptic type-1 cannabinoid receptors (CB1Rs), thereby inducing suppression of synaptic release. Another central mechanism of cannabinoid-induced action requires activation of astroglial CB1Rs. CB1Rs are also implicated in self-modulation of cortical neurons. Rats that are trained in a particularly difficult olfactory-discrimination task show a dramatic increased ability to acquire memories of new odors. The memory of the acquired high-skill acquisition, termed “rule learning” or “learning set,” lasts for many months. Using this behavioral paradigm, we show a novel function of action for CB1Rs, supporting long-term memory by maintaining persistent enhancement of inhibitory synaptic transmission. Long-lasting enhancement of inhibitory synaptic transmission is blocked by a CB1R inverse agonist. This effect is mediated by a novel purely postsynaptic mechanism, obtained by enhancing the single GABAA channel conductance that is PKA dependent. The significant role that CB1R has in maintaining learning-induced long-term strengthening of synaptic inhibition suggests that endocannabinoids have a key role in maintaining long-term memory by enhancing synaptic inhibition. NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this study we show a novel function and mechanism of action for cannabinoids in neurons, mediated by activation of type-1 cannabinoid receptors, supporting long-term memory by maintaining persistent enhancement of inhibitory synaptic transmission on excitatory neurons. This effect is mediated by a novel purely postsynaptic mechanism, obtained by enhancing the single GABAA channel conductance that is PKA dependent. Thus we report for the first time that endocannabinoids have a key role maintaining learning-induced synaptic modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Ghosh
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Iris Reuveni
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Samaa Zidan
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Raphael Lamprecht
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Edi Barkai
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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Jandial R, Hoshide R, Waters JD, Limoli CL. Space-brain: The negative effects of space exposure on the central nervous system. Surg Neurol Int 2018; 9:9. [PMID: 29416906 PMCID: PMC5791508 DOI: 10.4103/sni.sni_250_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Journey to Mars will be a large milestone for all humankind. Throughout history, we have learned lessons about the health dangers associated with exploratory voyages to expand our frontiers. Travelling through deep space, the final frontier, is planned for the 2030s by NASA. The lessons learned from the adverse health effects of space exposure have been encountered from previous, less-lengthy missions. Prolonged multiyear deep space travel to Mars could be encumbered by significant adverse health effects, which could critically affect the safety of the mission and its voyagers. In this review, we discuss the health effects of the central nervous system by space exposure. The negative effects from space radiation and microgravity have been detailed. Future aims and recommendations for the safety of the voyagers have been discussed. With proper planning and anticipation, the mission to Mars can be done safely and securely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Jandial
- Division of Neurosurgery, City of Hope, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Reid Hoshide
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California - San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | - J Dawn Waters
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, USA
| | - Charles L Limoli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California - Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
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67
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Capasso A. Do Cannabinoids Confer Neuroprotection Against Epilepsy? An Overview. Open Neurol J 2018; 11:61-73. [PMID: 29290836 PMCID: PMC5738750 DOI: 10.2174/1874205x01711010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Cannabinoid-based medications provide not only relief for specific symptoms, but also arrest or delay of disease progression in patients with pain, multiple sclerosis, and other conditions. Although they also seem to hold potential as anticonvulsant agents, evidence of their efficacy in epilepsy is supported by several evidences. Method: The data reviewed herein lend support to the notion that the endocannabinoid signalling system plays a key modulation role in the activities subserved by the hippocampus, which is directly or indirectly affected in epilepsy patients. Conclusion: The notion is supported by a variety of anatomical, electrophysiological, biochemical and pharmacological findings. These data suggest the need for developing novel treatments using compounds that selectively target individual elements of the endocannabinoid signalling system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Capasso
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084, Fisciano, Italy
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68
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Perucca E. Cannabinoids in the Treatment of Epilepsy: Hard Evidence at Last? J Epilepsy Res 2017; 7:61-76. [PMID: 29344464 PMCID: PMC5767492 DOI: 10.14581/jer.17012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The interest in cannabis-based products for the treatment of refractory epilepsy has skyrocketed in recent years. Marijuana and other cannabis products with high content in Δ(9) - tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), utilized primarily for recreational purposes, are generally unsuitable for this indication, primarily because THC is associated with many undesired effects. Compared with THC, cannabidiol (CBD) shows a better defined anticonvulsant profile in animal models and is largely devoid of adverse psychoactive effects and abuse liability. Over the years, this has led to an increasing use of CBD-enriched extracts in seizure disorders, particularly in children. Although improvement in seizure control and other benefits on sleep and behavior have been often reported, interpretation of the data is made difficult by the uncontrolled nature of these observations. Evidence concerning the potential anti-seizure efficacy of cannabinoids reached a turning point in the last 12 months, with the completion of three high-quality placebo-controlled adjunctive-therapy trials of a purified CBD product in patients with Dravet syndrome and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. In these studies, CBD was found to be superior to placebo in reducing the frequency of convulsive (tonic-clonic, tonic, clonic, and atonic) seizures in patients with Dravet syndrome, and the frequency of drop seizures in patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. For the first time, there is now class 1 evidence that adjunctive use of CBD improves seizure control in patients with specific epilepsy syndromes. Based on currently available information, however, it is unclear whether the improved seizure control described in these trials was related to a direct action of CBD, or was mediated by drug interactions with concomitant medications, particularly a marked increased in plasma levels of N-desmethylclobazam, the active metabolite of clobazam. Clarification of the relative contribution of CBD to improved seizure outcome requires re-assessment of trial data for the subgroup of patients not comedicated with clobazam, or the conduction of further studies controlling for the confounding effect of this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Perucca
- Division of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
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69
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Rowley S, Sun X, Lima IV, Tavenier A, de Oliveira ACP, Dey SK, Danzer SC. Cannabinoid receptor 1/2 double-knockout mice develop epilepsy. Epilepsia 2017; 58:e162-e166. [PMID: 29105060 DOI: 10.1111/epi.13930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system has gained attention as an important modulator of activity in the central nervous system. Initial studies focused on cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1), which is widely expressed in the brain, but recent work also implicates cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) in modulating neuronal activity. Both receptors are capable of reducing neuronal activity, generating interest in cannabinoid receptor agonists as potential anticonvulsants. CB1 (Cnr1) and CB2 (Cnr2) single-knockout mice have been generated, with the former showing heightened seizure sensitivity, but not overt seizures. Given overlapping and complementary functions of CB1 and CB2 receptors, we queried whether double-knockout mice would show an exacerbated neurological phenotype. Strikingly, 30% of double-knockout mice exhibited provoked behavioral seizures, and 80% were found to be epileptic following 24/7 video-electroencephalographic monitoring. Single-knockout animals did not exhibit seizures. These findings highlight the importance of the endocannabinoid system for maintaining network stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Rowley
- Department of Anesthesia, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Xiaofei Sun
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Isabel V Lima
- Department of Anesthesia, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A.,Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Alexandra Tavenier
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
| | | | - Sudhansu K Dey
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Steve C Danzer
- Department of Anesthesia, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A.,Departments of Anesthesia and Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
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Pelkey KA, Chittajallu R, Craig MT, Tricoire L, Wester JC, McBain CJ. Hippocampal GABAergic Inhibitory Interneurons. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:1619-1747. [PMID: 28954853 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00007.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 495] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the hippocampus GABAergic local circuit inhibitory interneurons represent only ~10-15% of the total neuronal population; however, their remarkable anatomical and physiological diversity allows them to regulate virtually all aspects of cellular and circuit function. Here we provide an overview of the current state of the field of interneuron research, focusing largely on the hippocampus. We discuss recent advances related to the various cell types, including their development and maturation, expression of subtype-specific voltage- and ligand-gated channels, and their roles in network oscillations. We also discuss recent technological advances and approaches that have permitted high-resolution, subtype-specific examination of their roles in numerous neural circuit disorders and the emerging therapeutic strategies to ameliorate such pathophysiological conditions. The ultimate goal of this review is not only to provide a touchstone for the current state of the field, but to help pave the way for future research by highlighting where gaps in our knowledge exist and how a complete appreciation of their roles will aid in future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Pelkey
- Porter Neuroscience Center, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Ramesh Chittajallu
- Porter Neuroscience Center, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Michael T Craig
- Porter Neuroscience Center, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Ludovic Tricoire
- Porter Neuroscience Center, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Jason C Wester
- Porter Neuroscience Center, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Chris J McBain
- Porter Neuroscience Center, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
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71
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Fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor URB597 may protect against kainic acid-induced damage to hippocampal neurons: Dependence on the degree of injury. Epilepsy Res 2017; 137:84-94. [PMID: 28963903 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2017.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Status epilepticus (SE) provokes changes, which lead to neuronal alterations. Endocannabinoids (eCBs) can affect the neuronal survival during excitotoxicity and brain damage. Using a kainic acid (KA)-induced experimental SE model, we investigated whether cellular changes entail damage to endoplasmic reticulum (ER), mitochondria, and nuclei in hippocampal cells (CA1 field), and whether these alterations can be diminished by treatment with URB597, an inhibitor of eCB enzymatic degradation. MATERIAL AND METHODS SE was induced in Wistar rats by the microinjection of KA into the lateral ventricle. URB597 or a vehicle (10% DMSO) were injected in the same way into the brain of animals 24h after the KA infusion and then daily for the next nine days. The behavior of animals was controlled visually and recorded with a video system. The intensity of SE significantly varied in different animals. Convulsive (stages 3-5 according to the Racine scale) and nonconvulsive seizures (mainly stages 1, 2 and rarely 3, 4) were recognized. RESULTS Two weeks after SE, a significant loss of hippocampal cells occurred in animals with KA injections. In survived cells, ultrastructural alterations in ER, mitochondria, and nuclei of hippocampal neurons were observed. The degree of cell injury depended on the severity of SE. Alterations evoked by moderate seizures were prevented or diminished by URB597, but strong seizures induced mostly irreversible damage. CONCLUSIONS The beneficial impact of the FAAH inhibitor URB597 can give impetus to the development of novel neuroprotective strategies.
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72
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Colangeli R, Pierucci M, Benigno A, Campiani G, Butini S, Di Giovanni G. The FAAH inhibitor URB597 suppresses hippocampal maximal dentate afterdischarges and restores seizure-induced impairment of short and long-term synaptic plasticity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11152. [PMID: 28894217 PMCID: PMC5593993 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11606-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids and phytocannabinoids have been shown to suppress seizures both in humans and experimental models of epilepsy. However, they generally have a detrimental effect on memory and memory-related processes. Here we compared the effect of the inhibition of the endocannabinoid (eCB) degradation versus synthetic CB agonist on limbic seizures induced by maximal dentate activation (MDA) acute kindling. Moreover, we investigated the dentate gyrus (DG) granule cell reactivity and synaptic plasticity in naïve and in MDA-kindled anaesthetised rats. We found that both the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor URB597 and the synthetic cannabinoid agonist WIN55,212-2 displayed AM251-sensitive anti-seizure effects. WIN55,212-2, dose-dependently (0.5-2 mg/kg, i.p.) impaired short-term plasticity (STP) and long-term potentiation (LTP) at perforant path-DG synapses in naïve rats. Strikingly, URB597 (1 mg/kg, i.p.) was devoid of any deleterious effects in normal conditions, while it prevented seizure-induced alterations of both STP and LTP. Our evidence indicates that boosting the eCB tone rather than general CB1 activation might represent a potential strategy for the development of a new class of drugs for treatment of both seizures and comorbid memory impairments associated with epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Colangeli
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta.
| | - Massimo Pierucci
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Arcangelo Benigno
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences (BIONEC), Human Physiology Section, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs) and Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Stefania Butini
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs) and Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Di Giovanni
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta. .,School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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73
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Obiorah IV, Muhammad H, Stafford K, Flaherty EK, Brennand KJ. THC Treatment Alters Glutamate Receptor Gene Expression in Human Stem Cell-Derived Neurons. MOLECULAR NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2017; 3:73-84. [PMID: 29230395 DOI: 10.1159/000477762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Given the cognitive and behavioral effects following in utero Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) exposure that have been reported in humans and rodents, it is critical to understand the precise consequences of THC on developing human neurons. Here, we utilize excitatory neurons derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), and report that in vitro THC exposure reduced expression of glutamate receptor subunit genes (GRIA1, GRIA2, GRIN2A, and GRIN2B). By expanding these studies across hiPSC-derived neurons from individuals with a variety of genotypes, we believe that a hiPSC-based model will facilitate studies of the interaction of THC exposure and the genetic risk factors underlying neuropsychiatric disease vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifeanyi V Obiorah
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hamza Muhammad
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Khalifa Stafford
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Erin K Flaherty
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kristen J Brennand
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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74
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Maccarrone M. Metabolism of the Endocannabinoid Anandamide: Open Questions after 25 Years. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:166. [PMID: 28611591 PMCID: PMC5447297 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis extracts have been used for centuries, but its main active principle ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) was identified about 50 years ago. Yet, it is only 25 years ago that the first endogenous ligand of the same receptors engaged by the cannabis agents was discovered. This “endocannabinoid (eCB)” was identified as N-arachidonoylethanolamine (or anandamide (AEA)), and was shown to have several receptors, metabolic enzymes and transporters that altogether drive its biological activity. Here I report on the latest advances about AEA metabolism, with the aim of focusing open questions still awaiting an answer for a deeper understanding of AEA activity, and for translating AEA-based drugs into novel therapeutics for human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Maccarrone
- Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of RomeRome, Italy.,European Center for Brain Research, IRCCS Santa Lucia FoundationRome, Italy
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75
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Suraev AS, Todd L, Bowen MT, Allsop DJ, McGregor IS, Ireland C, Lintzeris N. An Australian nationwide survey on medicinal cannabis use for epilepsy: History of antiepileptic drug treatment predicts medicinal cannabis use. Epilepsy Behav 2017; 70:334-340. [PMID: 28238865 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy Action Australia conducted an Australian nationwide online survey seeking opinions on and experiences with the use of cannabis-based products for the treatment of epilepsy. The survey was promoted via the Epilepsy Action Australia's main website, on their Facebook page, and by word of mouth. The survey consisted of 39 questions assessing demographics, clinical factors, including diagnosis and seizure types, and experiences with and opinions towards cannabis use in epilepsy. A total of 976 responses met the inclusion criteria. Results show that 15% of adults with epilepsy and 13% of parents/guardians of children with epilepsy were currently using, or had previously used, cannabis products to treat epilepsy. Of those with a history of cannabis product use, 90% of adults and 71% of parents reported success in reducing seizure frequency after commencing cannabis products. The main reasons for medicinal cannabis use were to manage treatment-resistant epilepsy and to obtain a more favorable side-effect profile compared to standard antiepileptic drugs. The number of past antiepileptic drugs tried was a significant predictor of medicinal cannabis use in both adults and children with epilepsy. Fifty-six percent of adults with epilepsy and 62% of parents/guardians of children with epilepsy expressed willingness to participate in clinical trials of cannabinoids. This survey provides insight into the use of cannabis products for epilepsy, in particular some of the likely factors influencing use, as well as novel insights into the experiences of and attitudes towards medicinal cannabis in people with epilepsy in the Australian community. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Cannabinoids and Epilepsy".
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia S Suraev
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Lisa Todd
- Epilepsy Action Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael T Bowen
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - David J Allsop
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Iain S McGregor
- The Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Nicholas Lintzeris
- Drug and Alcohol Services, South Eastern Sydney Local Health District New South Wales Ministry of Health, Sydney, Australia; Addiction Medicine, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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76
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Sugarcoated Perineuronal Nets Regulate “GABAergic” Transmission: Bittersweet Hypothesis in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Clin Neuropharmacol 2017; 40:120-130. [DOI: 10.1097/wnf.0000000000000209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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77
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Remmers F, Lange MD, Hamann M, Ruehle S, Pape HC, Lutz B. Addressing sufficiency of the CB1 receptor for endocannabinoid-mediated functions through conditional genetic rescue in forebrain GABAergic neurons. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 222:3431-3452. [PMID: 28393261 PMCID: PMC5676814 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1411-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Genetic inactivation of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor gene in different cell types in the brain has previously revealed necessary functions for distinct synaptic plasticity processes and behaviors. Here, we sought to identify CB1 receptor expression sites that are minimally required to reconstruct normal phenotypes. In a CB1-null background, we re-expressed endogenous CB1 receptors in forebrain GABAergic neurons, thereby assessing the sufficiency of CB1 receptors. Depolarization-induced suppression of inhibitory, but not excitatory, transmission was restored in hippocampal and amygdalar circuits. GABAergic CB1 receptors did not convey protection against chemically induced seizures, but prevented the spontaneous mortality observed in CB1 null mutants. Rescue of GABAergic CB1 receptors largely restored normal anxiety-like behavior but improved extinction of learned fear only marginally. This study illustrates that the approach of genetic reconstruction of complex behaviors is feasible. It also revealed distinct degrees of modulation for different emotional behaviors by the GABAergic population of CB1 receptors.
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MESH Headings
- Amygdala/metabolism
- Amygdala/physiology
- Animals
- Anxiety
- Behavior, Animal
- Extinction, Psychological
- Fear
- GABAergic Neurons/physiology
- Hippocampus/metabolism
- Hippocampus/physiology
- Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Prosencephalon/physiology
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/physiology
- Seizures/chemically induced
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Affiliation(s)
- Floortje Remmers
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Maren D Lange
- Institute of Physiology I, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Martina Hamann
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sabine Ruehle
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hans-Christian Pape
- Institute of Physiology I, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Beat Lutz
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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78
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Geiller T, Royer S, Choi JS. Segregated Cell Populations Enable Distinct Parallel Encoding within the Radial Axis of the CA1 Pyramidal Layer. Exp Neurobiol 2017; 26:1-10. [PMID: 28243162 PMCID: PMC5326710 DOI: 10.5607/en.2017.26.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have implicated the hippocampus in the encoding and storage of declarative and spatial memories. Several models have considered the hippocampus and its distinct subfields to contain homogeneous pyramidal cell populations. Yet, recent studies have led to a consensus that the dorso-ventral and proximo-distal axes have different connectivities and physiologies. The remaining deep-superficial axis of the pyramidal layer, however, remains relatively unexplored due to a lack of techniques that can record from neurons simultaneously at different depths. Recent advances in transgenic mice, two-photon imaging and dense multisite recording have revealed extensive disparities between the pyramidal cells located in the deep and the superficial layers. Here, we summarize differences between the two populations in terms of gene expression and connectivity with other intra-hippocampal subregions and local interneurons that underlie distinct learning processes and spatial representations. A unified picture will emerge to describe how such local segregations can increase the capacity of the hippocampus to compute and process numerous tasks in parallel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Geiller
- Department of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea.; Center for Functional Connectomics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Sebastien Royer
- Center for Functional Connectomics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - June-Seek Choi
- Department of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
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79
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Abstract
This paper reviews advances in epilepsy in recent years with an emphasis on therapeutics and underlying mechanisms, including status epilepticus, drug and surgical treatments. Lessons from rarer epilepsies regarding the relationship between epilepsy type, mechanisms and choice of antiepileptic drugs (AED) are explored and data regarding AED use in pregnancy are reviewed. Concepts evolving towards a move from treating seizures to treating epilepsy are discussed, both in terms of the mechanisms of epileptogenesis, and in terms of epilepsy's broader comorbidity, especially depression.
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80
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Kendall DA, Yudowski GA. Cannabinoid Receptors in the Central Nervous System: Their Signaling and Roles in Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 10:294. [PMID: 28101004 PMCID: PMC5209363 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification and cloning of the two major cannabinoid (CB1 and CB2) receptors together with the discovery of their endogenous ligands in the late 80s and early 90s, resulted in a major effort aimed at understanding the mechanisms and physiological roles of the endocannabinoid system (ECS). Due to its expression and localization in the central nervous system (CNS), the CB1 receptor together with its endogenous ligands (endocannabinoids (eCB)) and the enzymes involved in their synthesis and degradation, has been implicated in multiple pathophysiological events ranging from memory deficits to neurodegenerative disorders among others. In this review, we will provide a general overview of the ECS with emphasis on the CB1 receptor in health and disease. We will describe our current understanding of the complex aspects of receptor signaling and trafficking, including the non-canonical signaling pathways such as those mediated by β-arrestins within the context of functional selectivity and ligand bias. Finally, we will highlight some of the disorders in which CB1 receptors have been implicated. Significant knowledge has been achieved over the last 30 years. However, much more research is still needed to fully understand the complex roles of the ECS, particularly in vivo and to unlock its true potential as a source of therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra A Kendall
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Guillermo A Yudowski
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences CampusSan Juan, Puerto Rico; Institute of Neurobiology, University of Puerto RicoSan Juan, Puerto Rico
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81
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Cannabinoids as Regulators of Neural Development and Adult Neurogenesis. STEM CELL BIOLOGY AND REGENERATIVE MEDICINE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-49343-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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82
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Kantae V, Ogino S, Noga M, Harms AC, van Dongen RM, Onderwater GLJ, van den Maagdenberg AMJM, Terwindt GM, van der Stelt M, Ferrari MD, Hankemeier T. Quantitative profiling of endocannabinoids and related N-acylethanolamines in human CSF using nano LC-MS/MS. J Lipid Res 2016; 58:615-624. [PMID: 27999147 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d070433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids, a class of lipid messengers, have emerged as crucial regulators of synaptic communication in the CNS. Dysregulation of these compounds has been implicated in many brain disorders. Although some studies have identified and quantified a limited number of target compounds, a method that provides comprehensive quantitative information on endocannabinoids and related N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is currently lacking, as measurements are challenging due to low concentrations under normal physiological conditions. Here we developed and validated a high-throughput nano LC-ESI-MS/MS platform for the simultaneous quantification of endocannabinoids (anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol), ten related NAEs, and eight additional putatively annotated NAEs in human CSF. Requiring only 200 μl of CSF, our method has limits of detection from 0.28 to 61.2 pM with precisions of relative SD <15% for most compounds. We applied our method to CSF from 45 healthy humans and demonstrated potential age and gender effects on concentrations of endocannabinoids and NAEs. Notably, our results show that docosahexaenoylethanolamide concentrations increase with age in males. Our method may offer new opportunities to gain insight into regulatory functions of endocannabinoids in the context of (ab)normal brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasudev Kantae
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Shinji Ogino
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marek Noga
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Amy C Harms
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robin M van Dongen
- Departments of Neurology Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Arn M J M van den Maagdenberg
- Departments of Neurology Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gisela M Terwindt
- Departments of Neurology Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mario van der Stelt
- Department of Bioorganic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Michel D Ferrari
- Departments of Neurology Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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83
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Lee SH, Dudok B, Parihar VK, Jung KM, Zöldi M, Kang YJ, Maroso M, Alexander AL, Nelson GA, Piomelli D, Katona I, Limoli CL, Soltesz I. Neurophysiology of space travel: energetic solar particles cause cell type-specific plasticity of neurotransmission. Brain Struct Funct 2016; 222:2345-2357. [PMID: 27905022 PMCID: PMC5504243 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1345-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In the not too distant future, humankind will embark on one of its greatest adventures, the travel to distant planets. However, deep space travel is associated with an inevitable exposure to radiation fields. Space-relevant doses of protons elicit persistent disruptions in cognition and neuronal structure. However, whether space-relevant irradiation alters neurotransmission is unknown. Within the hippocampus, a brain region crucial for cognition, perisomatic inhibitory control of pyramidal cells (PCs) is supplied by two distinct cell types, the cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1)-expressing basket cells (CB1BCs) and parvalbumin (PV)-expressing interneurons (PVINs). Mice subjected to low-dose proton irradiation were analyzed using electrophysiological, biochemical and imaging techniques months after exposure. In irradiated mice, GABA release from CB1BCs onto PCs was dramatically increased. This effect was abolished by CB1 blockade, indicating that irradiation decreased CB1-dependent tonic inhibition of GABA release. These alterations in GABA release were accompanied by decreased levels of the major CB1 ligand 2-arachidonoylglycerol. In contrast, GABA release from PVINs was unchanged, and the excitatory connectivity from PCs to the interneurons also underwent cell type-specific alterations. These results demonstrate that energetic charged particles at space-relevant low doses elicit surprisingly selective long-term plasticity of synaptic microcircuits in the hippocampus. The magnitude and persistent nature of these alterations in synaptic function are consistent with the observed perturbations in cognitive performance after irradiation, while the high specificity of these changes indicates that it may be possible to develop targeted therapeutic interventions to decrease the risk of adverse events during interplanetary travel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hun Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA. .,Department of Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
| | - Barna Dudok
- Momentum Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1083, Budapest, Hungary.,School of Ph.D. Studies, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Vipan K Parihar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Kwang-Mook Jung
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Miklós Zöldi
- Momentum Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1083, Budapest, Hungary.,School of Ph.D. Studies, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Young-Jin Kang
- Department of Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Mattia Maroso
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, and Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Allyson L Alexander
- Department of Neurosurgery, and Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Gregory A Nelson
- Division of Radiation Research, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - István Katona
- Momentum Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1083, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Charles L Limoli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Ivan Soltesz
- Department of Neurosurgery, and Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 94305, USA
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84
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Deutsch SI, Burket JA, Urbano MR. Endocannabinoids and disrupted synchronous oscillations in autism spectrum disorders. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl-2016-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen I Deutsch
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 825 Fairfax Avenue, Suite 710, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
| | - Jessica A Burket
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 825 Fairfax Avenue, Suite 710, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
| | - Maria R Urbano
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 825 Fairfax Avenue, Suite 710, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
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85
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Levinthal DJ. The Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome Threshold: A Framework for Understanding Pathogenesis and Predicting Successful Treatments. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2016; 7:e198. [PMID: 27787513 PMCID: PMC5288589 DOI: 10.1038/ctg.2016.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS) is an uncommon, idiopathic disorder defined by recurrent, sudden-onset attacks of repetitive retching and vomiting that are separated by symptom-free intervals. CVS was long regarded as a disorder primarily experienced by children but is now known to present de novo in adulthood. Adult CVS has garnered more research attention over the past 20 years, and these efforts have identified some acute and prophylactic treatments for this disorder. However, CVS still lacks a unifying disease model, and this has hindered the development of new therapies. Here adult CVS is reframed as a neurogenic disorder, driven by various endophenotypic factors that shape patterns of activity within the neural circuits required for disease expression. The concept of the "CVS threshold" is put forth in parallel with exploring the remarkable similarity of adult CVS with features of chronic migraine, epilepsy, and panic disorder. Because of such shared neural mechanisms and overlapping endophenotypes, many therapies that have been developed for these other disorders could also be useful in managing CVS. This review seeks to achieve three primary aims: (1) to develop a comprehensive, explanatory framework for adult CVS pathogenesis, (2) to use this framework for identifying potentially novel therapies for CVS, and (3) to describe future research directions that are needed to move the field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Levinthal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, USA
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86
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Abstract
Cannabis has been widely used as a medicinal agent in Eastern medicine with earliest evidence in ancient Chinese practice dating back to 2700 BC. Over time, the use of medical cannabis has been increasingly adopted by Western medicine and is thus a rapidly emerging field that all pain physicians need to be aware of. Several randomized controlled trials have shown a significant and dose-dependent relationship between neuropathic pain relief and tetrahydrocannabinol – the principal psychoactive component of cannabis. Despite this, barriers exist to use from both the patient perspective (cost, addiction, social stigma, lack of understanding regarding safe administration) and the physician perspective (credibility, criminality, clinical evidence, patient addiction, and policy from the governing medical colleges). This review addresses these barriers and draws attention to key concerns in the Canadian medical system, providing updated treatment approaches to help clinicians work with their patients in achieving adequate pain control, reduced narcotic medication use, and enhanced quality of life. This review also includes case studies demonstrating the use of medical marijuana by patients with neuropathic low-back pain, neuropathic pain in fibromyalgia, and neuropathic pain in multiple sclerosis. While significant preclinical data have demonstrated the potential therapeutic benefits of cannabis for treating pain in osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, fibromyalgia, and cancer, further studies are needed with randomized controlled trials and larger study populations to identify the specific strains and concentrations that will work best with selected cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon D Ko
- Apollo Applied Research Inc.; Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto
| | | | - Sean Mindra
- University of Ottawa Medical School, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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87
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Mattheus T, Kukla K, Zimmermann T, Tenzer S, Lutz B. Cell Type-Specific Tandem Affinity Purification of the Mouse Hippocampal CB1 Receptor-Associated Proteome. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:3585-3601. [PMID: 27596989 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) exert their effects through multiprotein signaling complexes. The cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) is among the most abundant GPCRs in the mammalian brain and involved in a plethora of physiological functions. We used a combination of viral-mediated cell type-specific expression of a tagged CB1 fusion protein (CB1-SF), tandem affinity purification (TAP) and proteomics on hippocampal mouse tissue to analyze the composition and differences of CB1 protein complexes in glutamatergic neurons and in GABAergic interneurons. Purified proteins underwent tryptic digestion and were identified using deep-coverage data-independent acquisition with ion mobility separation-enhanced mass spectroscopy, leading to the identification of 951 proteins specifically enriched in glutamatergic and GABAergic CB1-SF TAP samples as compared to controls. Gene Ontology and protein network analyses showed an enrichment of single proteins and functional clusters of proteins involved in already well described domains of CB1 functions. Supported by this consistent data set we could confirm already known CB1 interactors, reveal new potentially interacting proteins and differences in cell type-specific signaling properties of CB1, thereby providing the foundation for further functional studies on differential CB1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Mattheus
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , Duesbergweg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Katharina Kukla
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , Duesbergweg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tina Zimmermann
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , Duesbergweg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Tenzer
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Beat Lutz
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , Duesbergweg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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88
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Lepeta K, Lourenco MV, Schweitzer BC, Martino Adami PV, Banerjee P, Catuara-Solarz S, de La Fuente Revenga M, Guillem AM, Haidar M, Ijomone OM, Nadorp B, Qi L, Perera ND, Refsgaard LK, Reid KM, Sabbar M, Sahoo A, Schaefer N, Sheean RK, Suska A, Verma R, Vicidomini C, Wright D, Zhang XD, Seidenbecher C. Synaptopathies: synaptic dysfunction in neurological disorders - A review from students to students. J Neurochem 2016; 138:785-805. [PMID: 27333343 PMCID: PMC5095804 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Synapses are essential components of neurons and allow information to travel coordinately throughout the nervous system to adjust behavior to environmental stimuli and to control body functions, memories, and emotions. Thus, optimal synaptic communication is required for proper brain physiology, and slight perturbations of synapse function can lead to brain disorders. In fact, increasing evidence has demonstrated the relevance of synapse dysfunction as a major determinant of many neurological diseases. This notion has led to the concept of synaptopathies as brain diseases with synapse defects as shared pathogenic features. In this review, which was initiated at the 13th International Society for Neurochemistry Advanced School, we discuss basic concepts of synapse structure and function, and provide a critical view of how aberrant synapse physiology may contribute to neurodevelopmental disorders (autism, Down syndrome, startle disease, and epilepsy) as well as neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimer and Parkinson disease). We finally discuss the appropriateness and potential implications of gathering synapse diseases under a single term. Understanding common causes and intrinsic differences in disease-associated synaptic dysfunction could offer novel clues toward synapse-based therapeutic intervention for neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. In this Review, which was initiated at the 13th International Society for Neurochemistry (ISN) Advanced School, we discuss basic concepts of synapse structure and function, and provide a critical view of how aberrant synapse physiology may contribute to neurodevelopmental (autism, Down syndrome, startle disease, and epilepsy) as well as neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases), gathered together under the term of synaptopathies. Read the Editorial Highlight for this article on page 783.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Lepeta
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mychael V Lourenco
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Barbara C Schweitzer
- Department for Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Pamela V Martino Adami
- Laboratory of Amyloidosis and Neurodegeneration, Fundación Instituto Leloir-IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Priyanjalee Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Silvina Catuara-Solarz
- Systems Biology Program, Cellular and Systems Neurobiology, Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario de La Fuente Revenga
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - Alain Marc Guillem
- Laboratorio de Neurotoxicología, Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México D.F. 07000, Mexico
| | - Mouna Haidar
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Omamuyovwi M Ijomone
- Department of Human Anatomy, Cross River University of Technology, Okuku Campus, Cross River, Nigeria
| | - Bettina Nadorp
- The Department of Biological Chemistry, The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Alexander Grass Center for Bioengineering, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lin Qi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Nirma D Perera
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louise K Refsgaard
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kimberley M Reid
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Mariam Sabbar
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Arghyadip Sahoo
- Department of Biochemistry, Midnapore Medical College, West Bengal University of Health Sciences, West Bengal, India
| | - Natascha Schaefer
- Institute for Clinical Neurobiology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Rebecca K Sheean
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anna Suska
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rajkumar Verma
- Department of Neurosciences Uconn Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States of America
| | | | - Dean Wright
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Xing-Ding Zhang
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Constanze Seidenbecher
- Department for Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany. .,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS) Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
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89
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Clark IA, Vissel B. Excess cerebral TNF causing glutamate excitotoxicity rationalizes treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and neurogenic pain by anti-TNF agents. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:236. [PMID: 27596607 PMCID: PMC5011997 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0708-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The basic mechanism of the major neurodegenerative diseases, including neurogenic pain, needs to be agreed upon before rational treatments can be determined, but this knowledge is still in a state of flux. Most have agreed for decades that these disease states, both infectious and non-infectious, share arguments incriminating excitotoxicity induced by excessive extracellular cerebral glutamate. Excess cerebral levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) are also documented in the same group of disease states. However, no agreement exists on overarching mechanism for the harmful effects of excess TNF, nor, indeed how extracellular cerebral glutamate reaches toxic levels in these conditions. Here, we link the two, collecting and arguing the evidence that, across the range of neurodegenerative diseases, excessive TNF harms the central nervous system largely through causing extracellular glutamate to accumulate to levels high enough to inhibit synaptic activity or kill neurons and therefore their associated synapses as well. TNF can be predicted from the broader literature to cause this glutamate accumulation not only by increasing glutamate production by enhancing glutaminase, but in addition simultaneously reducing glutamate clearance by inhibiting re-uptake proteins. We also discuss the effects of a TNF receptor biological fusion protein (etanercept) and the indirect anti-TNF agents dithio-thalidomides, nilotinab, and cannabinoids on these neurological conditions. The therapeutic effects of 6-diazo-5-oxo-norleucine, ceptriaxone, and riluzole, agents unrelated to TNF but which either inhibit glutaminase or enhance re-uptake proteins, but do not do both, as would anti-TNF agents, are also discussed in this context. By pointing to excess extracellular glutamate as the target, these arguments greatly strengthen the case, put now for many years, to test appropriately delivered ant-TNF agents to treat neurodegenerative diseases in randomly controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Clark
- Biomedical Sciences and Biochemistry, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Acton, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 0200, Australia.
| | - Bryce Vissel
- Neurodegeneration Research Group, Garvan Institute, 384 Victoria Street, Sydney, New South Wales, 2010, Australia
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90
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Cunha RA. How does adenosine control neuronal dysfunction and neurodegeneration? J Neurochem 2016; 139:1019-1055. [PMID: 27365148 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The adenosine modulation system mostly operates through inhibitory A1 (A1 R) and facilitatory A2A receptors (A2A R) in the brain. The activity-dependent release of adenosine acts as a brake of excitatory transmission through A1 R, which are enriched in glutamatergic terminals. Adenosine sharpens salience of information encoding in neuronal circuits: high-frequency stimulation triggers ATP release in the 'activated' synapse, which is locally converted by ecto-nucleotidases into adenosine to selectively activate A2A R; A2A R switch off A1 R and CB1 receptors, bolster glutamate release and NMDA receptors to assist increasing synaptic plasticity in the 'activated' synapse; the parallel engagement of the astrocytic syncytium releases adenosine further inhibiting neighboring synapses, thus sharpening the encoded plastic change. Brain insults trigger a large outflow of adenosine and ATP, as a danger signal. A1 R are a hurdle for damage initiation, but they desensitize upon prolonged activation. However, if the insult is near-threshold and/or of short-duration, A1 R trigger preconditioning, which may limit the spread of damage. Brain insults also up-regulate A2A R, probably to bolster adaptive changes, but this heightens brain damage since A2A R blockade affords neuroprotection in models of epilepsy, depression, Alzheimer's, or Parkinson's disease. This initially involves a control of synaptotoxicity by neuronal A2A R, whereas astrocytic and microglia A2A R might control the spread of damage. The A2A R signaling mechanisms are largely unknown since A2A R are pleiotropic, coupling to different G proteins and non-canonical pathways to control the viability of glutamatergic synapses, neuroinflammation, mitochondria function, and cytoskeleton dynamics. Thus, simultaneously bolstering A1 R preconditioning and preventing excessive A2A R function might afford maximal neuroprotection. The main physiological role of the adenosine modulation system is to sharp the salience of information encoding through a combined action of adenosine A2A receptors (A2A R) in the synapse undergoing an alteration of synaptic efficiency with an increased inhibitory action of A1 R in all surrounding synapses. Brain insults trigger an up-regulation of A2A R in an attempt to bolster adaptive plasticity together with adenosine release and A1 R desensitization; this favors synaptotocity (increased A2A R) and decreases the hurdle to undergo degeneration (decreased A1 R). Maximal neuroprotection is expected to result from a combined A2A R blockade and increased A1 R activation. This article is part of a mini review series: "Synaptic Function and Dysfunction in Brain Diseases".
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo A Cunha
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,FMUC-Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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91
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The cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN55.212 reduces consequences of status epilepticus in rats. Neuroscience 2016; 334:191-200. [PMID: 27520083 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
An acute brain insult can cause a spectrum of primary and secondary pathologies including increased risk for epilepsy, mortality and neurodegeneration. The endocannabinoid system, involved in protecting the brain against network hyperexcitability and excitotoxicity, is profoundly dysregulated by acute brain insults. We hypothesize that post-insult dysregulation of the endocannabinoid signaling may contribute to deleterious effects of an acute brain injury and potentiation of endocannabinoid transmission soon after an insult may reduce its pathological outcomes. Effects of an acute post-insult administration of the endocannabinoid receptor agonist WIN55,212-2 on early seizure occurrence, animal mortality and hippocampal cell loss were studied in the lithium-pilocarpine status model. A single dose of WIN55,212-2 (5mg/kg) administered four hours after the end of status epilepticus (SE) reduced the incidence of early seizures during the first two post-SE days though did not change their duration and latency. Brief 4-6-Hz spike-wave discharges appeared de novo in the latent post-SE period and the acute administration of WIN55,212-2 also reduced the incidence of the epileptiform events. A single dose of WIN55,212-2 administered soon after SE improved survival of animals and reduced cell loss in the dentate hilus but did not prevent appearance of spontaneous recurrent seizures in the chronic period. Thus, a brief pharmacological stimulation of the endocannabinoid system soon after a brain insult exerts beneficial effects on its pathological outcome though does not prevent epileptogenesis.
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92
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Sugaya Y, Yamazaki M, Uchigashima M, Kobayashi K, Watanabe M, Sakimura K, Kano M. Crucial Roles of the Endocannabinoid 2-Arachidonoylglycerol in the Suppression of Epileptic Seizures. Cell Rep 2016; 16:1405-1415. [PMID: 27452464 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.06.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoid signaling is considered to suppress excessive excitability of neural circuits and to protect the brain from seizures. However, the precise mechanisms of this effect are poorly understood. Here, we report that 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), one of the two major endocannabinoids, is crucial for suppressing seizures. We found that kainate-induced seizures in mice lacking the 2-AG synthesizing enzyme, diacylglycerol lipase α, were much more severe compared with those in cannabinoid CB1 receptor knockout mice and were comparable to those in mice lacking both CB1- and CB2-receptor-mediated signaling. In the dentate gyrus, 2-AG suppressed excitatory input around the inner and middle molecular layers through CB1 and presumably CB2 receptors, respectively. This 2-AG-mediated suppression contributed to decreased granule cell excitability and the dampening of seizures. Furthermore, lack of 2-AG signaling enhanced kindling epileptogenesis and spontaneous seizures after kainate-induced status epilepticus. These results highlight critical roles of 2-AG signaling in the suppression of epileptic seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Sugaya
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Maya Yamazaki
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Motokazu Uchigashima
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Kenta Kobayashi
- Section of Viral Vector Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Kenji Sakimura
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Masanobu Kano
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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93
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Alexander A, Maroso M, Soltesz I. Organization and control of epileptic circuits in temporal lobe epilepsy. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2016; 226:127-54. [PMID: 27323941 PMCID: PMC5140277 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
When studying the pathological mechanisms of epilepsy, there are a seemingly endless number of approaches from the ultrastructural level-receptor expression by EM-to the behavioral level-comorbid depression in behaving animals. Epilepsy is characterized as a disorder of recurrent seizures, which are defined as "a transient occurrence of signs and/or symptoms due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain" (Fisher et al., 2005). Such abnormal activity typically does not occur in a single isolated neuron; rather, it results from pathological activity in large groups-or circuits-of neurons. Here we choose to focus on two aspects of aberrant circuits in temporal lobe epilepsy: their organization and potential mechanisms to control these pathological circuits. We also look at two scales: microcircuits, ie, the relationship between individual neurons or small groups of similar neurons, and macrocircuits, ie, the organization of large-scale brain regions. We begin by summarizing the large body of literature that describes the stereotypical anatomical changes in the temporal lobe-ie, the anatomical basis of alterations in microcircuitry. We then offer a brief introduction to graph theory and describe how this type of mathematical analysis, in combination with computational neuroscience techniques and using parameters obtained from experimental data, can be used to postulate how microcircuit alterations may lead to seizures. We then zoom out and look at the changes which are seen over large whole-brain networks in patients and animal models, and finally we look to the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Alexander
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - M Maroso
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - I Soltesz
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.
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94
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Dlugos D, Worrell G, Davis K, Stacey W, Szaflarski J, Kanner A, Sunderam S, Rogawski M, Jackson-Ayotunde P, Loddenkemper T, Diehl B, Fureman B, Dingledine R. 2014 Epilepsy Benchmarks Area III: Improve Treatment Options for Controlling Seizures and Epilepsy-Related Conditions Without Side Effects. Epilepsy Curr 2016; 16:192-7. [PMID: 27330452 PMCID: PMC4913858 DOI: 10.5698/1535-7511-16.3.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Dlugos
- Professor of Neurology and Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Greg Worrell
- Associate Professor of Neurology, Mayo Systems Electrophysiology Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Kathryn Davis
- Assistant Professor, Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - William Stacey
- Assistant Professor of Neurology, Department of Neurology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan
| | - Jerzy Szaflarski
- Professor, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Department of Neurology and UAB Epilepsy Center, Birmingham, AL
| | - Andres Kanner
- Profressor of Clinical Neurology, Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Sridhar Sunderam
- Assistant Professor, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Mike Rogawski
- Professor, Center for Neurotherapeutics Discovery and Development and Department of Neurology, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA
| | - Patrice Jackson-Ayotunde
- Associate Professor, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD
| | - Tobias Loddenkemper
- Associate Professor, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Beate Diehl
- Clinical Neurophysiologist and Neurologist, Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Brandy Fureman
- Program Director, Channels Synapses and Circuits Cluster, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Ray Dingledine
- Professor and Chair, Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - for the Epilepsy Benchmark Stewards
- Professor of Neurology and Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Associate Professor of Neurology, Mayo Systems Electrophysiology Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
- Assistant Professor, Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Assistant Professor of Neurology, Department of Neurology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan
- Professor, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Department of Neurology and UAB Epilepsy Center, Birmingham, AL
- Profressor of Clinical Neurology, Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
- Assistant Professor, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Professor, Center for Neurotherapeutics Discovery and Development and Department of Neurology, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA
- Associate Professor, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD
- Associate Professor, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Clinical Neurophysiologist and Neurologist, Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- Program Director, Channels Synapses and Circuits Cluster, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- Professor and Chair, Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
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95
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Skosnik PD, Cortes-Briones JA, Hajós M. It's All in the Rhythm: The Role of Cannabinoids in Neural Oscillations and Psychosis. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 79:568-77. [PMID: 26850792 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Evidence has accumulated over the past several decades suggesting that both exocannabinoids and endocannabinoids play a role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. The current article presents evidence suggesting that one of the mechanisms whereby cannabinoids induce psychosis is through the alteration in synchronized neural oscillations. Neural oscillations, particularly in the gamma (30-80 Hz) and theta (4-7 Hz) ranges, are disrupted in schizophrenia and are involved in various areas of perceptual and cognitive function. Regarding cannabinoids, preclinical evidence from slice and local field potential recordings has shown that central cannabinoid receptor (cannabinoid receptor type 1) agonists decrease the power of neural oscillations, particularly in the gamma and theta bands. Further, the administration of cannabinoids during critical stages of neural development has been shown to disrupt the brain's ability to generate synchronized neural oscillations in adulthood. In humans, studies examining the effects of chronic cannabis use (utilizing electroencephalography) have shown abnormalities in neural oscillations in a pattern similar to those observed in schizophrenia. Finally, recent studies in humans have also shown disruptions in neural oscillations after the acute administration of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, the primary psychoactive constituent in cannabis. Taken together, these data suggest that both acute and chronic cannabinoids can disrupt the ability of the brain to generate synchronized oscillations at functionally relevant frequencies. Hence, this may represent one of the primary mechanisms whereby cannabinoids induce disruptions in attention, working memory, sensory-motor integration, and many other psychosis-related behavioral effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick D Skosnik
- Department of Psychiatry, Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
| | - Jose A Cortes-Briones
- Department of Psychiatry, Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Mihály Hajós
- Laboratory of Translational Neuropharmacology, Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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96
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Therapeutic Potential of Cannabinoids in Psychosis. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 79:604-12. [PMID: 26852073 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Over recent years, the interest in the endocannabinoid system (ECS) as a new target for the treatment of schizophrenia has evolved. The ECS represents one of the most relevant neurotransmitter systems in the brain and mainly fulfills a homeostatic role in terms of neurotransmission but also with respect to inflammatory processes. Two main approaches to the modulation of endocannabinoid functioning have been chosen so far. First, the selective blockade or inverse agonism of the type 1 cannabinoid receptor has been tested for the improvement of acute psychotic symptoms, as well as for the improvement of cognitive functions in schizophrenia. This was not effective in either case. Second, the modulation of endocannabinoid levels by use of the phytocannabinoid cannabidiol and selective fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitors has been proposed, and the antipsychotic properties of cannabidiol are currently being investigated in humans. Unfortunately, for most of these trials that have focused on psychopathological and cognitive effects of cannabidiol, no published data are available. However, there is first evidence that cannabidiol may ameliorate psychotic symptoms with a superior side-effect profile compared with established antipsychotics. In conclusion, several clinical trials targeting the ECS in acute schizophrenia have either been completed or are underway. Although publicly available results are currently limited, preliminary data indicate that selected compounds modulating the ECS may be effective in acute schizophrenia. Nevertheless, so far, sample sizes of patients investigated are not sufficient to come to a final judgment, and no maintenance studies are available to ensure long-term efficacy and safety.
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97
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98
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Plasticity of Hippocampal Excitatory-Inhibitory Balance: Missing the Synaptic Control in the Epileptic Brain. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:8607038. [PMID: 27006834 PMCID: PMC4783563 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8607038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity is the capacity generated by experience to modify the neural function and, thereby, adapt our behaviour. Long-term plasticity of glutamatergic and GABAergic transmission occurs in a concerted manner, finely adjusting the excitatory-inhibitory (E/I) balance. Imbalances of E/I function are related to several neurological diseases including epilepsy. Several evidences have demonstrated that astrocytes are able to control the synaptic plasticity, with astrocytes being active partners in synaptic physiology and E/I balance. Here, we revise molecular evidences showing the epileptic stage as an abnormal form of long-term brain plasticity and propose the possible participation of astrocytes to the abnormal increase of glutamatergic and decrease of GABAergic neurotransmission in epileptic networks.
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99
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Lutz B, Marsicano G, Maldonado R, Hillard CJ. The endocannabinoid system in guarding against fear, anxiety and stress. Nat Rev Neurosci 2016; 16:705-18. [PMID: 26585799 DOI: 10.1038/nrn4036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid (eCB) system has emerged as a central integrator linking the perception of external and internal stimuli to distinct neurophysiological and behavioural outcomes (such as fear reaction, anxiety and stress-coping), thus allowing an organism to adapt to its changing environment. eCB signalling seems to determine the value of fear-evoking stimuli and to tune appropriate behavioural responses, which are essential for the organism's long-term viability, homeostasis and stress resilience; and dysregulation of eCB signalling can lead to psychiatric disorders. An understanding of the underlying neural cell populations and cellular processes enables the development of therapeutic strategies to mitigate behavioural maladaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beat Lutz
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Giovanni Marsicano
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), U862 NeuroCentre Magendie, Group Endocannabinoids and Neuroadaptation, Bordeaux 33077, France.,University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux 33077, France
| | - Rafael Maldonado
- Laboratori de Neurofarmacologia, Facultat de Ciències de la Salut i de la Vida, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cecilia J Hillard
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
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100
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Verrotti A, Castagnino M, Maccarrone M, Fezza F. Plant-Derived and Endogenous Cannabinoids in Epilepsy. Clin Drug Investig 2016; 36:331-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s40261-016-0379-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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