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Roberts-West L, Vivekananda U, Baxendale S. Anhedonia in epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2023; 140:108966. [PMID: 36443164 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2022.108966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anhedonia, the impaired ability to experience pleasure, is a core feature of major depressive disorder, one of the most common comorbidities in epilepsy. It is also reported as a clinical feature independent of depression in a number of other neurological conditions. This study aimed to establish the prevalence of anhedonia in a sample of people with epilepsy, with and without a diagnosis of depression, and to examine the clinical and demographic characteristics of those who present with this symptom. METHODS A consecutive sample of 211 people (118 female, 93 male, mean age 38.09 years) completed the Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS) to determine the presence of anhedonia and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale to determine levels of anxiety and depression. The majority of patients had focal epilepsy (n = 165), and the remaining patients had generalized epilepsy (n = 22), or unclassified epilepsy (n = 24). Sixteen percent of the sample had a clinical diagnosis of depression at the time of the study. RESULTS Over one in three of the sample (35%) reported significant anhedonia on the SHAPS. While these patients were more likely to have a diagnosis of depression (p < 0.01), 30% of people without a diagnosis of depression also reported significant anhedonia. Difficulties gaining pleasure on 12 of the 14 items on the SHAPS were associated with cognitive difficulties, with those reporting an inability to feel pleasure on the item scoring significantly lower on tests of cognitive function than those who were able to gain pleasure. Of the three cognitive domains examined (overall intellectual ability, verbal memory, and processing speed), a poor memory had the strongest relationship; with lower memory function associated with an impaired ability to experience pleasure on 9 of the 14 items. CONCLUSION While anhedonia is well recognized as a feature of depression, our data suggests that it can be present in up to a third of people with epilepsy who do not have a diagnosis of depression. Cognitive difficulties, particularly impaired memory function may mediate some features of anhedonia. The implications of these findings for the clinical management of anhedonia in people with epilepsy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Umesh Vivekananda
- University College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Institute of Neurology, UCL, United Kingdom
| | - Sallie Baxendale
- University College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Institute of Neurology, UCL, United Kingdom.
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Varvel NH, Amaradhi R, Espinosa-Garcia C, Duddy S, Franklin R, Banik A, Alemán-Ruiz C, Blackmer-Raynolds L, Wang W, Honore T, Ganesh T, Dingledine R. Preclinical development of an EP2 antagonist for post-seizure cognitive deficits. Neuropharmacology 2023; 224:109356. [PMID: 36460083 PMCID: PMC9894535 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive comorbidities can substantially reduce quality of life in people with epilepsy. Inflammation is a component of all chronic diseases including epilepsy, as well as acute events like status epilepticus (SE). Neuroinflammation is the consequence of several broad signaling cascades including cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-associated pathways. Activation of the EP2 receptor for prostaglandin E2 appears responsible for blood-brain barrier leakage and much of the inflammatory reaction, neuronal injury and cognitive deficit that follows seizure-provoked COX-2 induction in brain. Here we show that brief exposure of mice to TG11-77, a potent, selective, orally available and brain permeant EP2 antagonist, eliminates the profound cognitive deficit in Y-maze performance after SE and reduces delayed mortality and microgliosis, with a minimum effective i.p. dose (as free base) of 8.8 mg/kg. All in vitro studies required to submit an investigational new drug (IND) application for TG11-77 have been completed, and non-GLP dose range-finding toxicology in the rat identified no overt, organ or histopathology signs of toxicity after 7 days of oral administration at 1000 mg/kg/day. Plasma exposure in the rat was dose-linear between 15 and 1000 mg/kg dosing. TG11-77 thus appears poised to continue development towards the initial clinical test of the hypothesis that EP2 receptor modulation after SE can provide the first preventive treatment for one of the chief comorbidities of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas H Varvel
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, Georgia
| | - Radhika Amaradhi
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, Georgia
| | - Claudia Espinosa-Garcia
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, Georgia
| | - Steven Duddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, Georgia
| | - Ronald Franklin
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, Georgia
| | - Avijit Banik
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, Georgia
| | - Carlos Alemán-Ruiz
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, Georgia
| | - Lisa Blackmer-Raynolds
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, Georgia
| | - Wenyi Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, Georgia
| | - Tage Honore
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, Georgia
| | - Thota Ganesh
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, Georgia.
| | - Raymond Dingledine
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, Georgia.
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Bertoncello KT, Bonan CD. The Effect of Adenosine Signaling on Memory Impairment Induced by Pentylenetetrazole in Zebrafish. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:1889-1899. [PMID: 36729312 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03867-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is characterized by the manifestation of spontaneous and recurrent seizures. The high prevalence of comorbidities associated with epilepsy, such as cognitive dysfunction, affects the patients quality of life. Adenosine signaling modulation might be an effective alternative to control seizures and epilepsy-associated comorbidities. This study aimed to verify the role of adenosine modulation on the seizure development and cognitive impairment induced by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) in zebrafish. At first, animals were submitted to a training session in the inhibitory avoidance test and, after 10 min, they received an intraperitoneal injection of valproate, adenosine A1 receptor agonist cyclopentyladenosine (CPA), adenosine A1 receptor antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX), adenosine A2A receptor antagonist ZM 241385, adenosine deaminase inhibitor erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nony1)-adenine hydrochloride (EHNA) or the nucleoside transporter inhibitor dipyridamole. Thirty min after the intraperitoneal injection, the animals were exposed to 7.5 mM PTZ for 10 min, where they were evaluated for latency to reach the seizure stages (I, II, and III). Finally, 24 h after the training session, the animals were submitted to the inhibitory avoidance test to verify their cognitive performance during the test session. Valproate, CPA, and EHNA showed antiseizure effects and prevented the memory impairment induced by PTZ exposure. DPCPX, ZM 241385, and dipyridamole pretreatments caused no changes in seizure development; however, these drugs prevented memory impairment without altering locomotion. Our results reinforce the antiseizure effects of adenosine signaling and support the idea that the involvement of adenosine in memory processes may be a target for preventive strategies against cognitive impairment associated with epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanandra Taisa Bertoncello
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carla Denise Bonan
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. .,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Escola de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Jia X, Wang Q, Ji J, Lu W, Liu Z, Tian H, Guo L, Wang Y. Mitochondrial transplantation ameliorates hippocampal damage following status epilepticus. Animal Model Exp Med 2023; 6:41-50. [PMID: 36734302 PMCID: PMC9986225 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hippocampal damage caused by status epilepticus (SE) can bring about cognitive decline and emotional disorders, which are common clinical comorbidities in patients with epilepsy. It is therefore imperative to develop a novel therapeutic strategy for protecting hippocampal damage after SE. Mitochondrial dysfunction is one of contributing factors in epilepsy. Given the therapeutic benefits of mitochondrial replenishment by exogenous mitochondria, we hypothesized that transplantation of mitochondria would be capable of ameliorating hippocampal damage following SE. METHODS Pilocarpine was used to induced SE in mice. SE-generated cognitive decline and emotional disorders were determined using novel object recognition, the tail suspension test, and the open field test. SE-induced hippocampal pathology was assessed by quantifying loss of neurons and activation of microglia and astrocytes. The metabolites underlying mitochondrial transplantation were determined using metabonomics. RESULTS The results showed that peripheral administration of isolated mitochondria could improve cognitive deficits and depressive and anxiety-like behaviors. Exogenous mitochondria blunted the production of reactive oxygen species, proliferation of microglia and astrocytes, and loss of neurons in the hippocampus. The metabonomic profiles showed that mitochondrial transplantation altered multiple metabolic pathways such as sphingolipid signaling pathway and carbon metabolism. Among potential affected metabolites, mitochondrial transplantation decreased levels of sphingolipid (d18:1/18:0) and methylmalonic acid, and elevated levels of D-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, these findings provide the first direct experimental evidence that artificial mitochondrial transplantation is capable of ameliorating hippocampal damage following SE. These new findings support mitochondrial transplantation as a promising therapeutic strategy for epilepsy-associated psychiatric and cognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Jia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Qinghua Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jianlun Ji
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Wenchun Lu
- Psychology Laboratory, School of Management, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zhidong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hao Tian
- Agro-Products Processing Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Lin Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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Villanueva V, Artal J, Cabeza-Alvarez CI, Campos D, Castillo A, Flórez G, Franco-Martin M, García-Portilla MP, Giráldez BG, Gotor F, Gutiérrez-Rojas L, Albanell AM, Paniagua G, Pintor L, Poza JJ, Rubio-Granero T, Toledo M, Tortosa-Conesa D, Rodríguez-Uranga J, Bobes J. Proposed Recommendations for the Management of Depression in Adults with Epilepsy: An Expert Consensus. Neurol Ther 2023; 12:479-503. [PMID: 36692706 PMCID: PMC10043101 DOI: 10.1007/s40120-023-00437-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Experts agree that there is a need for protocols to guide health professionals on how to best manage psychiatric comorbidities in patients with epilepsy (PWE). We aimed to develop practical recommendations for key issues in the management of depression in PWE. METHODS This was a qualitative study conducted in four steps: (1) development of a questionnaire on the management of depression in PWE to be answered; (2) literature review and, if evidence from guidelines/consensus or systematic reviews was available, drafting initial recommendations; (3) a nominal group methodology for reviewing initial recommendations and formulating new recommendations on those issues without available evidence; and (4) drafting and approving the final recommendations. A scientific committee (one neurologist and one psychiatrist) was responsible for the development of the project and its scientific integrity. The scientific committee selected a panel of experts (nine neurologists and nine psychiatrists with experience in this field) to be involved in the nominal group meetings and to formulate final recommendations. RESULTS Fifteen recommendations were formulated. Four on the screening and diagnosis: screening and diagnosis of depression, evaluation of the risk of suicide, and diagnosis of depression secondary to epilepsy; nine on the management of depression: referral to a psychiatrist, selection of the antiseizure medication, change of antiseizure medication, antidepressant treatment initiation, selection of antidepressant, use of antidepressants during pregnancy, use of psychotherapy, antidepressant treatment duration, and discontinuation of antidepressant treatment; two on the follow-up: duration of the follow-up under usual conditions, and follow-up of patients at risk of suicide. CONCLUSION We provide recommendations based on expert opinion consensus to help healthcare professionals assess depression in PWE. The detection and treatment of major depressive disorders are key factors in improving epilepsy outcomes and avoiding suicide risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Villanueva
- Refractory Epilepsy Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico la Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jesús Artal
- Psychiatry Department, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Av. de Valdecilla, 25, 39008, Santander, Spain.
| | | | - Dulce Campos
- Neurology Department, University Clinical Hospital of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Ascensión Castillo
- Neurology Department, Consorcio Hospital General Universitario Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gerardo Flórez
- Psychiatry Department, Addiction Treatment Unit, Orense, Spain
| | - Manuel Franco-Martin
- Psychiatry Department, Zamora Hospital (Complejo Asistencial de Zamora), Zamora, Spain
| | - María Paz García-Portilla
- Psychiatry Department, University of Oviedo, ISPA, CIBERSAM, INEUROPA, and Mental Health Services of Principality of Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Beatriz G Giráldez
- Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Gotor
- Psychiatry Department, School of Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, Seville, Spain
| | | | | | - Gonzalo Paniagua
- Psychiatry Department, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Mental Health Services of Principado de Asturias, SESPA, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Luis Pintor
- Psychiatry Department, Hospital Clínico of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan José Poza
- Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario Donostia, Donostia, Spain
| | - Teresa Rubio-Granero
- Psychiatry Department, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Manuel Toledo
- Epilepsy Unit, Vall D'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diego Tortosa-Conesa
- Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Julio Bobes
- Medicine-Psychiatry, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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Shen Z, Pu S, Cao X, Tang M, Wang S, Bai D, Jiang G. Bioinformatics and network pharmacology analysis of drug targets and mechanisms related to the comorbidity of epilepsy and migraine. Epilepsy Res 2023; 189:107066. [PMID: 36571905 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2022.107066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to explore the mechanisms underlying the comorbidity of epilepsy and migraine, identify potential common targets for drug intervention, and provide insight into new avenues for disease prevention and treatment using an integrated bioinformatic and network pharmacology approach. METHODS Disease targets in epilepsy and migraine were screened using the DisGeNET database to identify intersecting gene targets. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEEG) enrichment analyses were then performed using the WebGestalt database. Furthermore, the STRING database was used to construct a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, and Cytoscape software was used to analyze the protein molecular signals at the intersection of epilepsy and migraine. The Drugbank database was used to identify common targets for antiepileptic drugs in epilepsy and migraine to further analyze the disease-gene-target-drug interaction network. Finally, molecular docking simulations were performed to verify the hypothesis that migraine and epilepsy share common diseases and drug targets. RESULTS A total of 178 common targets for epilepsy and migraine were identified using the DisGeNET database, and the 24 genes most related to the diseases were screened using the Score_gda gene scoring system. GO enrichment analysis indicated that common targets were mainly enriched in biological processes and molecular functions, including membrane potential regulation, inorganic ion transmembrane transport, axonal signaling, and ion channel activity. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis indicated that the mechanism of action might be related to neuroactive ligand receptors, AGE-RAGE, cAMP, and VEGF signaling pathways. The PPI network construction and analysis results showed that the PPI grid had 23 central nodes and 24 connected edges, with an average node degree of 2.09 and an average clustering coefficient of 0.384. The 10 genes with potentially important roles in epilepsy and migraine were CACNA1A, KCNQ2, KCNA1, SCN1A, PRRT2, SCN8A, KCNQ3, SCN2A, GRIN2A, and GABRG2. Drugbank database results indicated that antiepileptic drugs, including lamotrigine, topiramate, valproic acid, carbamazepine, gabapentin, and perampanel, also had common targets with migraine. The three most important targets exhibited strong binding affinity with drugs in the molecular docking simulations. CONCLUSION Our systematic and comprehensive analyses of disease-gene-target-drug interaction networks identified several biological processes and molecular functions common to migraine and epilepsy, most of which were related to neuroactive ligand-receptor interactions. These data provide a new theoretical basis and reference for the clinical treatment of comorbid epilepsy and migraine and may aid in the development of novel pharmacological strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Shen
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College; Institute of Neurological Diseases, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, China
| | - Shengxiong Pu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College; Institute of Neurological Diseases, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, China
| | - Xing Cao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College; Institute of Neurological Diseases, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, China
| | - Ming Tang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College; Institute of Neurological Diseases, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, China
| | - Shenglin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College; Institute of Neurological Diseases, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, China
| | - Dazhang Bai
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College; Institute of Neurological Diseases, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, China.
| | - Guohui Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College; Institute of Neurological Diseases, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, China.
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Ahrens SM, Arredondo KH, Bagić AI, Bai S, Chapman KE, Ciliberto MA, Clarke DF, Eisner M, Fountain NB, Gavvala JR, Perry MS, Rossi KC, Wong-Kisiel LC, Herman ST, Ostendorf AP. Epilepsy center characteristics and geographic region influence presurgical testing in the United States. Epilepsia 2023; 64:127-138. [PMID: 36317952 PMCID: PMC10099541 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Persons with drug-resistant epilepsy may benefit from epilepsy surgery and should undergo presurgical testing to determine potential candidacy and appropriate intervention. Institutional expertise can influence use and availability of evaluations and epilepsy surgery candidacy. This census survey study aims to examine the influence of geographic region and other center characteristics on presurgical testing for medically intractable epilepsy. METHODS We analyzed annual report and supplemental survey data reported in 2020 from 206 adult epilepsy center directors and 136 pediatric epilepsy center directors in the United States. Test utilization data were compiled with annual center volumes, available resources, and US Census regional data. We used Wilcoxon rank-sum, Kruskal-Wallis, and chi-squared tests for univariate analysis of procedure utilization. Multivariable modeling was also performed to assign odds ratios (ORs) of significant variables. RESULTS The response rate was 100% with individual element missingness < 11% across 342 observations undergoing univariate analysis. A total of 278 complete observations were included in the multivariable models, and significant regional differences were present. For instance, compared to centers in the South, those in the Midwest used neuropsychological testing (OR = 2.87, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2-6.86; p = .018) and fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (OR = 2.74, 95% CI = = 1.14-6.61; p = .025) more commonly. For centers in the Northeast (OR = .46, 95% CI = .23-.93; p = .031) and West (OR = .41, 95% CI = .19-.87; p = .022), odds of performing single-photon emission computerized tomography were lower by nearly 50% compared to those in the South. Center accreditation level, demographics, volume, and resources were also associated with varying individual testing rates. SIGNIFICANCE Presurgical testing for drug-resistant epilepsy is influenced by US geographic region and other center characteristics. These findings have potential implications for comparing outcomes between US epilepsy centers and may inject disparities in access to surgical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Ahrens
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, Nationwide Children's Hospital and Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Kristen H Arredondo
- Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Anto I Bagić
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shasha Bai
- Pediatric Biostatistics Core, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kevin E Chapman
- Barrow Neurologic Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Michael A Ciliberto
- Department of Pediatrics, Stead Family Children's Hospital, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Dave F Clarke
- Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Mariah Eisner
- Biostatistics Resource at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Nathan B Fountain
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Jay R Gavvala
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - M Scott Perry
- Jane and John Justin Neurosciences Center, Cook Children's Medical Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Kyle C Rossi
- Department of Neurology, Division of Epilepsy, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Adam P Ostendorf
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, Nationwide Children's Hospital and Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Tallarico M, Pisano M, Leo A, Russo E, Citraro R, De Sarro G. Antidepressant Drugs for Seizures and Epilepsy: Where do we Stand? Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:1691-1713. [PMID: 35761500 PMCID: PMC10514547 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220627160048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
People with epilepsy (PWE) are more likely to develop depression and both these complex chronic diseases greatly affect health-related quality of life (QOL). This comorbidity contributes to the deterioration of the QOL further than increasing the severity of epilepsy worsening prognosis. Strong scientific evidence suggests the presence of shared pathogenic mechanisms. The correct identification and management of these factors are crucial in order to improve patients' QOL. This review article discusses recent original research on the most common pathogenic mechanisms of depression in PWE and highlights the effects of antidepressant drugs (ADs) against seizures in PWE and animal models of seizures and epilepsy. Newer ADs, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRRI) or serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRI), particularly sertraline, citalopram, mirtazapine, reboxetine, paroxetine, fluoxetine, escitalopram, fluvoxamine, venlafaxine, duloxetine may lead to improvements in epilepsy severity whereas the use of older tricyclic antidepressant (TCAs) can increase the occurrence of seizures. Most of the data demonstrate the acute effects of ADs in animal models of epilepsy while there is a limited number of studies about the chronic antidepressant effects in epilepsy and epileptogenesis or on clinical efficacy. Much longer treatments are needed in order to validate the effectiveness of these new alternatives in the treatment and the development of epilepsy, while further clinical studies with appropriate protocols are warranted in order to understand the real potential contribution of these drugs in the management of PWE (besides their effects on mood).
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Tallarico
- System and Applied Pharmacology, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Pisano
- System and Applied Pharmacology, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Leo
- System and Applied Pharmacology, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Emilio Russo
- System and Applied Pharmacology, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rita Citraro
- System and Applied Pharmacology, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giovambattista De Sarro
- System and Applied Pharmacology, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
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Charfi N, Abid S, Farhat N, Elleuch O, Daoud S, Dammak M, Omri S, Thabet JB, Bouali MM, Mhiri C, Maâlej M. Psychiatric comorbidities in epilepsy patients: results of a Tunisian study. PROGRESS IN NEUROLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pnp.778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nada Charfi
- Dr Charfi is a Professor of Psychiatry, Dr Elleuch is a Medical Resident of Psychiatry, Dr Omri is an Associate Professor of Psychiatry, Dr Ben Thabet is a Professor of Psychiatry, Dr Maâlej Bouali is an Associate Professor of Psychiatry and Dr Maâlej is a Professor of Psychiatry, all in the Psychiatry C Department in Hedi Chaker University Hospital of Sfax, Tunisia; Dr Farhat is an Associate Professor of Neurology, Dr Daoud is an Assistant of Neurology, Dr Dammark is a Professor of Neurology, Dr
| | - Salma Abid
- Dr Charfi is a Professor of Psychiatry, Dr Elleuch is a Medical Resident of Psychiatry, Dr Omri is an Associate Professor of Psychiatry, Dr Ben Thabet is a Professor of Psychiatry, Dr Maâlej Bouali is an Associate Professor of Psychiatry and Dr Maâlej is a Professor of Psychiatry, all in the Psychiatry C Department in Hedi Chaker University Hospital of Sfax, Tunisia; Dr Farhat is an Associate Professor of Neurology, Dr Daoud is an Assistant of Neurology, Dr Dammark is a Professor of Neurology, Dr
| | - Nouha Farhat
- Dr Charfi is a Professor of Psychiatry, Dr Elleuch is a Medical Resident of Psychiatry, Dr Omri is an Associate Professor of Psychiatry, Dr Ben Thabet is a Professor of Psychiatry, Dr Maâlej Bouali is an Associate Professor of Psychiatry and Dr Maâlej is a Professor of Psychiatry, all in the Psychiatry C Department in Hedi Chaker University Hospital of Sfax, Tunisia; Dr Farhat is an Associate Professor of Neurology, Dr Daoud is an Assistant of Neurology, Dr Dammark is a Professor of Neurology, Dr
| | - Oumayma Elleuch
- Dr Charfi is a Professor of Psychiatry, Dr Elleuch is a Medical Resident of Psychiatry, Dr Omri is an Associate Professor of Psychiatry, Dr Ben Thabet is a Professor of Psychiatry, Dr Maâlej Bouali is an Associate Professor of Psychiatry and Dr Maâlej is a Professor of Psychiatry, all in the Psychiatry C Department in Hedi Chaker University Hospital of Sfax, Tunisia; Dr Farhat is an Associate Professor of Neurology, Dr Daoud is an Assistant of Neurology, Dr Dammark is a Professor of Neurology, Dr
| | - Saoussen Daoud
- Dr Charfi is a Professor of Psychiatry, Dr Elleuch is a Medical Resident of Psychiatry, Dr Omri is an Associate Professor of Psychiatry, Dr Ben Thabet is a Professor of Psychiatry, Dr Maâlej Bouali is an Associate Professor of Psychiatry and Dr Maâlej is a Professor of Psychiatry, all in the Psychiatry C Department in Hedi Chaker University Hospital of Sfax, Tunisia; Dr Farhat is an Associate Professor of Neurology, Dr Daoud is an Assistant of Neurology, Dr Dammark is a Professor of Neurology, Dr
| | - Mariem Dammak
- Dr Charfi is a Professor of Psychiatry, Dr Elleuch is a Medical Resident of Psychiatry, Dr Omri is an Associate Professor of Psychiatry, Dr Ben Thabet is a Professor of Psychiatry, Dr Maâlej Bouali is an Associate Professor of Psychiatry and Dr Maâlej is a Professor of Psychiatry, all in the Psychiatry C Department in Hedi Chaker University Hospital of Sfax, Tunisia; Dr Farhat is an Associate Professor of Neurology, Dr Daoud is an Assistant of Neurology, Dr Dammark is a Professor of Neurology, Dr
| | - Sana Omri
- Dr Charfi is a Professor of Psychiatry, Dr Elleuch is a Medical Resident of Psychiatry, Dr Omri is an Associate Professor of Psychiatry, Dr Ben Thabet is a Professor of Psychiatry, Dr Maâlej Bouali is an Associate Professor of Psychiatry and Dr Maâlej is a Professor of Psychiatry, all in the Psychiatry C Department in Hedi Chaker University Hospital of Sfax, Tunisia; Dr Farhat is an Associate Professor of Neurology, Dr Daoud is an Assistant of Neurology, Dr Dammark is a Professor of Neurology, Dr
| | - Jihène Ben Thabet
- Dr Charfi is a Professor of Psychiatry, Dr Elleuch is a Medical Resident of Psychiatry, Dr Omri is an Associate Professor of Psychiatry, Dr Ben Thabet is a Professor of Psychiatry, Dr Maâlej Bouali is an Associate Professor of Psychiatry and Dr Maâlej is a Professor of Psychiatry, all in the Psychiatry C Department in Hedi Chaker University Hospital of Sfax, Tunisia; Dr Farhat is an Associate Professor of Neurology, Dr Daoud is an Assistant of Neurology, Dr Dammark is a Professor of Neurology, Dr
| | - Manel Maâlej Bouali
- Dr Charfi is a Professor of Psychiatry, Dr Elleuch is a Medical Resident of Psychiatry, Dr Omri is an Associate Professor of Psychiatry, Dr Ben Thabet is a Professor of Psychiatry, Dr Maâlej Bouali is an Associate Professor of Psychiatry and Dr Maâlej is a Professor of Psychiatry, all in the Psychiatry C Department in Hedi Chaker University Hospital of Sfax, Tunisia; Dr Farhat is an Associate Professor of Neurology, Dr Daoud is an Assistant of Neurology, Dr Dammark is a Professor of Neurology, Dr
| | - Chokri Mhiri
- Dr Charfi is a Professor of Psychiatry, Dr Elleuch is a Medical Resident of Psychiatry, Dr Omri is an Associate Professor of Psychiatry, Dr Ben Thabet is a Professor of Psychiatry, Dr Maâlej Bouali is an Associate Professor of Psychiatry and Dr Maâlej is a Professor of Psychiatry, all in the Psychiatry C Department in Hedi Chaker University Hospital of Sfax, Tunisia; Dr Farhat is an Associate Professor of Neurology, Dr Daoud is an Assistant of Neurology, Dr Dammark is a Professor of Neurology, Dr
| | - Mohamed Maâlej
- Dr Charfi is a Professor of Psychiatry, Dr Elleuch is a Medical Resident of Psychiatry, Dr Omri is an Associate Professor of Psychiatry, Dr Ben Thabet is a Professor of Psychiatry, Dr Maâlej Bouali is an Associate Professor of Psychiatry and Dr Maâlej is a Professor of Psychiatry, all in the Psychiatry C Department in Hedi Chaker University Hospital of Sfax, Tunisia; Dr Farhat is an Associate Professor of Neurology, Dr Daoud is an Assistant of Neurology, Dr Dammark is a Professor of Neurology, Dr
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Najand B, Christensen A, Martin M, Spelman M. Sleep-deprived electroencephalography, a forgotten investigation in psychiatry; a case series. Int J Psychiatry Med 2023; 58:69-80. [PMID: 35067085 DOI: 10.1177/00912174211068361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Many patients with psychiatric disorders may have epileptic disorders; however, clinical diagnosis without imaging investigation may result in misdiagnosis and thus resistance to treatment. We investigated electroencephalography (EEG) abnormalities in the patients with psychiatric disorders referred to us with treatment resistance. METHODS In this case series study, nine patients with mood and psychotic symptoms who were referred to us at Belmont Private Hospital, Australia, from August 2018 to July 2020, were evaluated. RESULTS Complete examination showed the presence of undiagnosed temporal lobe epilepsy. Notably, the seizure symptoms had been assumed as part of other psychiatric co-morbidities. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests the necessity of paying attention to the biological etiologies of mental illnesses in the initial assessments in psychiatric and neurological practice. Performing electroencephalogram and treating such patients with mood stabilizers, which have antiepileptic properties, can change the course of the mental illness decisively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Najand
- Senior Psychiatrist at Vian Clinic, Tehran, Iran, Diplomate and Certified Therapist from the Academy of Cognitive Behavior Therapy (A-CBT)1974
| | - Andrew Christensen
- Consultant Psychiatrist, Chair of the Faculty of Psychotherapy of 170472RANZCP, Queensland Branch, Australia
| | - Michael Martin
- Department of Psychiatry, 95050Belmont Private Hospital, Brisbane, QLd, Australia
| | - Mark Spelman
- Medical Director of Belmont Private Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, 95050Belmont Private Hospital, Brisbane, QLd, Australia
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Chauvière L. Early cognitive comorbidities before disease onset: A common symptom towards prevention of related brain diseases? Heliyon 2022; 8:e12259. [PMID: 36590531 PMCID: PMC9800323 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain diseases are very heterogeneous; however they also display multiple common risk factors and comorbidities. With a paucity of disease-modifying therapies, prevention became a health priority. Towards prevention, one strategy is to focus on similar symptoms of brain diseases occurring before disease onset. Cognitive deficits are a promising candidate as they occur across brain diseases before disease onset. Based on recent research, this review highlights the similarity of brain diseases and discusses how early cognitive deficits can be exploited to tackle disease prevention. After briefly introducing common risk factors, I review common comorbidities across brain diseases, with a focus on cognitive deficits before disease onset, reporting both experimental and clinical findings. Next, I describe network abnormalities associated with early cognitive deficits and discuss how these abnormalities can be targeted to prevent disease onset. A scenario on brain disease etiology with the idea that early cognitive deficits may constitute a common symptom of brain diseases is proposed.
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Morey N, Przybyla M, van der Hoven J, Ke YD, Delerue F, van Eersel J, Ittner LM. Treatment of epilepsy using a targeted p38γ kinase gene therapy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadd2577. [PMID: 36459557 PMCID: PMC10936047 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add2577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Hyperphosphorylated microtubule-associated protein tau has been implicated in dementia, epilepsy, and other neurological disorders. In contrast, site-specific phosphorylation of tau at threonine 205 (T205) by the kinase p38γ was shown to disengage tau from toxic pathways, serving a neuroprotective function in Alzheimer's disease. Using a viral-mediated gene delivery approach in different mouse models of epilepsy, we show that p38γ activity-enhancing treatment reduces seizure susceptibility, restores neuronal firing patterns, reduces behavioral deficits, and ameliorates epilepsy-induced deaths. Furthermore, we show that p38γ-mediated phosphorylation of tau at T205 is essential for this protection in epilepsy, as a lack of this critical interaction reinstates pathological features and accelerates epilepsy in vivo. Hence, our work provides a scope to harness p38γ as a future therapy applicable to acute neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolle Morey
- Dementia Research Centre, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Magdalena Przybyla
- Dementia Research Centre, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Julia van der Hoven
- Dementia Research Centre, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yazi D. Ke
- Dementia Research Centre, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Fabien Delerue
- Dementia Research Centre, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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Goel P, Singh G, Bansal V, Sharma S, Kumar P, Chaudhry R, Bansal N, Chaudhary A, Sharma S, Sander JW. Psychiatric comorbidities among people with epilepsy: A population-based assessment in disadvantaged communities. Epilepsy Behav 2022; 137:108965. [PMID: 36343531 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2022.108965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Psychiatric disorders are frequent among people with epilepsy but often under-recognized. The diagnosis and treatment of these disorders in low- and low-middle-income countries (LMICs) are challenging. METHODS This cross-sectional survey included people recruited during a community epilepsy screening program involving 59,509 individuals from poor communities in Ludhiana in Northwest India. Adults (age ≥18 years) with confirmed epilepsy on antiseizure medications were screened for depression and anxiety using the Neurological Disorders Depression Inventory for Epilepsy (NDDI-E) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) twice over two years of follow-up. They were later interviewed for symptoms using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, which was then confirmed by assessments by an experienced psychiatrist. RESULTS Of the 240 people with confirmed epilepsy, 167 (70%) were adults, of whom, 116 (70%) eventually participated in the study. The NDDI-E with a cut-off of 15 identified depression in 14 (12%) of 116 people after one year of follow-up and 17 (15%) at two years. The GAD-7 using a cut-off of 6 identified 22 (19%) at one year and 32 (28%) with anxiety at two years. The area under the curves for NDDI-E was estimated as 0.62 (95%CI, 0.51-0.73; SE: 0.06; p = 0.04) and for GAD-7 as 0.62 (95%CI, 0.46-0.78; SE: 0.08; p = 0.12). Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale identified 63 (54%) people with psychiatric symptoms, for whom, a psychiatric diagnosis was confirmed in 60 (52%). A psychiatric diagnosis was associated with education below high school [Odds Ratio (OR): 2.59, 95%CI, 1.12-5.1; p = 0.03], later age of seizure onset (OR, 1.05, 95%CI: 1.0-1.10; p = 0.04), seizure frequency of at least one/year at enrolment (OR, 2.36, 95%CI: 1.0-5.58; p = 0.05) and the use of clobazam (OR, 5.09, 95%CI, 1.40-18.42; p = 0.01). CONCLUSION Depression and anxiety are common in people with epilepsy. Our findings underscore the low yields of screening instruments, NDDI-E and GAD-7, and comparatively better professionally-administered diagnostic assessments in resource-limited settings in LMICs. Moreover, previously established cut-offs do not apply to the community studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parveen Goel
- Research & Development Unit, Dayanand Medical College, Ludhiana, India; Department of Neurology, Dayanand Medical College, Ludhiana, India
| | - Gagandeep Singh
- Research & Development Unit, Dayanand Medical College, Ludhiana, India; Department of Neurology, Dayanand Medical College, Ludhiana, India; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom.
| | - Vasu Bansal
- Department of Medicine, Dayanand Medical College, Ludhiana, India
| | - Suman Sharma
- Research & Development Unit, Dayanand Medical College, Ludhiana, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Department of Psychiatry, Dayanand Medical College, Ludhiana, India
| | - Rupesh Chaudhry
- Department of Psychiatry, Dayanand Medical College, Ludhiana, India
| | - Namita Bansal
- Research & Development Unit, Dayanand Medical College, Ludhiana, India
| | - Anurag Chaudhary
- Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, Dayanand Medical College, Ludhiana, India
| | - Sarit Sharma
- Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, Dayanand Medical College, Ludhiana, India
| | - Josemir W Sander
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Chalfont St Peter SL9 0RJ, United Kingdom; Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Heemstede 2103 SW, The Netherlands; Neurology Department, West of China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 61004, China.
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Zhong R, Chen Q, Li N, Zhang X, Lin W. Psychiatric symptoms predict drug-resistant epilepsy in newly treated patients. Seizure 2022; 103:86-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2022.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Altalib H, Grinnell T, Cantu D, Ikedo F, Vieira M, Zhang Y, Blum D. Psychiatric adverse events in three phase III trials of eslicarbazepine acetate for focal seizures. Epilepsia Open 2022; 7:616-632. [PMID: 35908275 PMCID: PMC9712463 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Eslicarbazepine acetate (ESL) is a once-daily (QD), oral anti-seizure medication for the treatment of focal (partial-onset) seizures. Here, we evaluate risk factors for the development of psychiatric treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) in clinical trials of adjunctive ESL in adults with focal seizures. METHODS This post-hoc analysis evaluated data pooled from three Phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials (BIA-2093-301, -302, -304). After an 8-week baseline period, patients were randomized equally to receive placebo, ESL 400 mg (not reported here), 800 mg, or 1200 mg QD (up to 2-week titration; 12-week maintenance; optional open-label extension [OLE]). Incidences of psychiatric TEAEs were evaluated according to three separate criteria: medical history of psychiatric disorders (yes/no); baseline use of psychotropic drugs (yes/no); Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) score at baseline (0-6: normal; 7-19: mild depression; 20-34: moderate depression). RESULTS The analysis populations comprised 1251 patients for the controlled study period and 1137 patients for the 1-year OLE. Psychiatric TEAE incidence was similar between patients taking ESL and placebo in the controlled and OLE study periods and was not related to ESL dose. Psychiatric TEAEs generally occurred more frequently in patients with a medical history of psychiatric disorders, using psychotropic drugs, or with depressive symptoms than in those without a history, not using psychotropic drugs, or with no depressive symptoms. Depression and anxiety were the most frequently reported psychiatric TEAEs. SIGNIFICANCE Overall, in clinical trials of ESL in adults with focal seizures, incidences of psychiatric events were not statistically different between patients taking ESL and placebo, were not related to ESL dose, and generally occurred more frequently in patients with baseline psychiatric symptoms or a history of psychiatric disorders. Long-term exposure to ESL was not associated with a marked increase in the incidence of psychiatric TEAEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamada Altalib
- Department of NeurologyYale School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Todd Grinnell
- Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc.MarlboroughMassachusettsUSA
| | - David Cantu
- Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc.Fort LeeNew JerseyUSA
| | - Fábio Ikedo
- Pharmacovigilance ComplianceBIAL – Portela & Cª, S.A.São Mamede do CoronadoPortugal
| | - Mariana Vieira
- Pharmacovigilance ComplianceBIAL – Portela & Cª, S.A.São Mamede do CoronadoPortugal
| | - Yi Zhang
- Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc.MarlboroughMassachusettsUSA
| | - David Blum
- Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc.MarlboroughMassachusettsUSA
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Guo L, Gao T, Jia X, Gao C, Tian H, Wei Y, Lu W, Liu Z, Wang Y. SKF83959 Attenuates Memory Impairment and Depressive-like Behavior during the Latent Period of Epilepsy via Allosteric Activation of the Sigma-1 Receptor. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:3198-3209. [PMID: 36331871 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory impairment and emotional disorder are two common clinical comorbidities in patients with epilepsy. It is imperative to develop a novel therapeutic agent or a strategy. 6-Chloro-7,8-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1-(3-methylphenyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine (SKF83959) is a dopamine-1 receptor agonist and sigma-1 receptor allosteric modulator, which displays the neuron-protective and anti-neuroinflammation activity. We examined the effect of SKF83959 on the memory impairment and emotional disorder in the latent period of epilepsy using the mice post-status epilepticus model. We found that SKF83959 ameliorated memory impairment and depressive-like mood, alleviated the neuron damage and the formation of gliosis in hippocampus, suppressed the rise of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β, and induced nitric oxide synthase in the latent period of epilepsy. Additionally, SKF83959 significantly inhibited the activity of calcineurin and glycogen synthase kinase-3β. All of these protective actions were reversed by BD1047 (a sigma-1 receptor antagonist). In addition, the intra-hippocampus injection of ketoconazole (a dehydroepiandrosterone synthesis inhibitor) also reversed the protective activity of SKF83959. Thus, we concluded that SKF83959 ameliorated the memory impairment and depressive-like mood in epilepsy via allosterically activating the sigma-1 receptor and subsequently inhibiting the calcineurin/glycogen synthase kinase-3β pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huai-hai Road, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tianyu Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaoxia Jia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ce Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hao Tian
- Agro-Products Processing Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2238 Beijing Road, Kunming 650000, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Yaqin Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wenchun Lu
- Psychology Laboratory School of Management, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhidong Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huai-hai Road, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu Province, China
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Min J, Chen Q, Wu W, Zhao J, Luo X. Identification of mRNA expression biomarkers associated with epilepsy and response to valproate with co-expression analysis. Front Neurol 2022; 13:1019121. [DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1019121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PurposeValproate (VPA) resistance was reported to be an important predictor of intractable epilepsy. We conducted this study to identify candidate biomarkers in peripheral blood correlated with VPA resistance.MethodsThe microarray dataset (GSE143272) was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was performed to construct co-expression modules and obtain the most prominent module associated with VPA resistance. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between VPA-responsive and VPA-resistant patients were obtained using the “Limma” package in R. The intersections between the most prominent module and DEGs were identified as target genes. Metascape was performed to discover the possible involved pathways of the target genes. GeneCards database was used to know the function of each target gene.ResultsAll genes in the GSE143272 were divided into 24 different modules. Among these modules, the darkred module showed a pivotal correlation with VPA resistance. A total of 70 DEGs between VPA-responsive and VPA-resistant patients were identified. After taking the intersection, 25 target genes were obtained. The 25 target genes were significantly enriched in T cell receptor recognition, T cell receptor signaling pathway, regulation of T cell activation, cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction, and in utero embryonic development. Half of the target genes (CD3D, CD3G, CXCR3, CXCR6, GATA3, GZMK, IL7R, LIME1, SIRPG, THEMIS, TRAT1, and ZNF683) were directly involved in the T cell development, migration, and activation signaling pathway.ConclusionWe identified 25 target genes prominently associated with VPA resistance, which could be potential candidate biomarkers for epilepsy resistance in peripheral blood. The peripheral blood T cells may play a crucial role in VPA resistance. Those genes and pathways might become therapeutic targets with clinical usefulness in the future.
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Sánchez-Villalobos JM, Aledo-Serrano Á, Villegas-Martínez I, Shaikh MF, Alcaraz M. Epilepsy treatment in neuro-oncology: A rationale for drug choice in common clinical scenarios. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:991244. [PMID: 36278161 PMCID: PMC9583251 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.991244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy represents a challenge in the management of patients with brain tumors. Epileptic seizures are one of the most frequent comorbidities in neuro-oncology and may be the debut symptom of a brain tumor or a complication during its evolution. Epileptogenic mechanisms of brain tumors are not yet fully elucidated, although new factors related to the underlying pathophysiological process with possible treatment implications have been described. In recent years, the development of new anti-seizure medications (ASM), with better pharmacokinetic profiles and fewer side effects, has become a paradigm shift in many clinical scenarios in neuro-oncology, being able, for instance, to adapt epilepsy treatment to specific features of each patient. This is crucial in several situations, such as patients with cognitive/psychiatric comorbidity, pregnancy, or advanced age, among others. In this narrative review, we provide a rationale for decision-making in ASM choice for neuro-oncologic patients, highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of each drug. In addition, according to current literature evidence, we try to answer some of the most frequent questions that arise in daily clinical practice in patients with epilepsy related to brain tumors, such as, which patients are the best candidates for ASM and when to start it, what is the best treatment option for each patient, and what are the major pitfalls to be aware of during follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Sánchez-Villalobos
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Complex of Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence, “Campus Mare Nostrum”, IMIB-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ángel Aledo-Serrano
- Epilepsy Program, Department of Neurology, Ruber International Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Ángel Aledo-Serrano,
| | | | - Mohd Farooq Shaikh
- Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Miguel Alcaraz
- Department of Radiology and Physical Medicine, School of Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence, “Campus Mare Nostrum”, IMIB-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Abstract
The fundamental commonality across pharmacotherapies for the epilepsies
is the modulation of neuronal excitability. This poses a clear
challenge—patterned neuronal excitation is essential to normal
function, thus disrupting this activity leads to side effects.
Moreover, the efficacy of current pharmacotherapy remains incomplete
despite decades of drug development. Approaches that allow for the
selective targeting of critical populations of cells and particular
pathways in the brain have the potential to both avoid side effects
and improve efficacy. Chemogenetic methods, which combine the
selective expression of designer receptors with designer drugs, have
rapidly grown in use in the neurosciences, including in epilepsy. This
review will briefly highlight the history of chemogenetics, their
applications to date in epilepsy, and the potential (and potential
hurdles to overcome) for future translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A. Forcelli
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
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Li X, Qiu W, Deng L, Lin J, Huang W, Xu Y, Zhang M, Jones NC, Lin R, Xu H, Lin L, Li P, Wang X. 11β-HSD1 participates in epileptogenesis and the associated cognitive impairment by inhibiting apoptosis in mice. J Transl Med 2022; 20:406. [PMID: 36064418 PMCID: PMC9446697 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03618-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glucocorticoid signalling is closely related to both epilepsy and associated cognitive impairment, possibly through mechanisms involving neuronal apoptosis. As a critical enzyme for glucocorticoid action, the role of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11β-HSD1) in epileptogenesis and associated cognitive impairment has not previously been studied. Methods We first investigated the expression of 11β-HSD1 in the pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) kindling mouse model of epilepsy. We then observed the effect of overexpressing 11β-HSD1 on the excitability of primary cultured neurons in vitro using whole-cell patch clamp recordings. Further, we assessed the effects of adeno-associated virus (AAV)-induced hippocampal 11β-HSD1 knockdown in the PTZ model, conducting behavioural observations of seizures, assessment of spatial learning and memory using the Morris water maze, and biochemical and histopathological analyses. Results We found that 11β-HSD1 was primarily expressed in neurons but not astrocytes, and its expression was significantly (p < 0.05) increased in the hippocampus of PTZ epilepsy mice compared to sham controls. Whole-cell patch clamp recordings showed that overexpression of 11β-HSD1 significantly decreased the threshold voltage while increasing the frequency of action potential firing in cultured hippocampal neurons. Hippocampal knockdown of 11β-HSD1 significantly reduced the severity score of PTZ seizures and increased the latent period required to reach the fully kindled state compared to control knockdown. Knockdown of 11β-HSD1 also significantly mitigated the impairment of spatial learning and memory, attenuated hippocampal neuronal damage and increased the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax, while decreasing the expression of cleaved caspase-3. Conclusions 11β-HSD1 participates in the pathogenesis of both epilepsy and the associated cognitive impairment by elevating neuronal excitability and contributing to apoptosis and subsequent hippocampal neuronal damage. Inhibition of 11β-HSD1, therefore, represents a promising strategy to treat epilepsy and cognitive comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Shangcai Village, Ouhai District, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanhua Qiu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Deng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Lin
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenting Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Shangcai Village, Ouhai District, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuchen Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Shangcai Village, Ouhai District, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Mulan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Shangcai Village, Ouhai District, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Nigel C Jones
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 2004, Australia.,Department of Neurology, The Alfred Hospital, Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Runxuan Lin
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 2004, Australia
| | - Huiqin Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Shangcai Village, Ouhai District, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Peijun Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xinshi Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Shangcai Village, Ouhai District, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Aging, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.
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Lee SA, Im K, Choi EJ. Felt stigma may potentiate the relationship between perceived stress and depressive symptoms in persons with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2022; 134:108765. [PMID: 35908417 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2022.108765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study assessed the strengths of association among perceived stress, felt stigma, and depression in adults with epilepsy, and evaluated whether felt stigma altered the association between perceived stress and depression. METHODS This multicenter, cross-sectional study included adults with epilepsy. Depression was assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and perceived stress was evaluated using the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale. Felt stigma was determined using the three-item Stigma Scale for Epilepsy, with individuals categorized as positive for felt stigma if they answered "yes" to at least one of these items. A hierarchical linear regression analysis and an analysis of covariance with interaction terms were performed. RESULTS The 316 adults with epilepsy included 171 men and 145 women; of these, 109 (34.5%) reported felt stigma. A hierarchical linear regression analysis showed that perceived stress was the most important correlate of depressive symptoms, followed by felt stigma, being unemployed, recurrence of generalized or focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures, and being married. The model explained 54.0% of the variance of BDI scores. Significant interactions between felt stigma and perceived stress on BDI scores was identified in both crude and adjusted models (p < 0.05 each). Specifically, in an adjusted model, BDI scores were more strongly associated with perceived stress in persons with (p < 0.001, partial eta2 = 0.225) than without (p < 0.001, partial eta2 = 0.205) felt stigma. CONCLUSIONS Perceived stress was the most significant correlate of depressive symptoms in adults with epilepsy, followed by felt stigma. The interaction between perceived stress and felt stigma on depressive symptoms was significant. These findings may help in developing cognitive behavioral therapy for stigma and stress management in persons with epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Ahm Lee
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kayeong Im
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ju Choi
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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72
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Hohmann L, Berger J, Kastell SU, Holtkamp M. Perceived epilepsy-related stigma is linked to the socioeconomic status of the residence. Front Public Health 2022; 10:952585. [PMID: 36091545 PMCID: PMC9459334 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.952585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders with high costs for the healthcare systems and great suffering for patients. Beyond seizures, psychosocial comorbidities can have detrimental effects on the well-being of people with epilepsy. One source of social stress and reduced quality of life is epilepsy-related stigma that often occurs, e.g., due to public misconceptions or myths. Stigma has individual biological, psychological and social correlates. Moreover, environmental factors like living in remote areas are associated with stigma. However, little is known about the link between the social structure of the residence and stigma in epilepsy. Thus, we investigated the association between the structural socioeconomic status (SES) and perceived stigma in an urban epilepsy population. Methods This prospective, cross-sectional study examined 226 adult in-patients with epilepsy from Berlin. Multiple regression analyses were performed to check the relationship between structural SES and stigma controlling for individual-level demographic, clinical, psychological and social factors. Continuous social indices (SI) of the districts and neighborhoods ("SI district" and "SI neighborhood") of Berlin were used to measure different levels of structural SES. Non-linear relationships are tested by grouping the SI in quartiles. Results Both indicators of structural SES were independently linked to stigma (p = 0.002). For "SI district", we identified a non-linear relationship with patients from the most deprived quartile feeling less stigmatized compared to those in the second (p < 0.001) or least deprived quartile (p = 0.009). Furthermore, more restrictions of daily life (p < 0.001), unfavorable income (p = 0.009) and seizure freedom in the past 6 months (p = 0.05) were related to increased stigma. A lower "SI neighborhood" was associated with higher stigma (p = 0.002). Conclusion Strategies to reduce epilepsy-related stigma need to consider the sociostructural living environment on different regional levels. Unfavorable relations with the immediate living environment may be directly targeted in patient-centered interventions. Non-linear associations with the structural SES of broader regional levels should be considered in public education programs. Further research is needed to examine possible underlying mechanisms and gain insight into the generalizability of our findings to other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa Hohmann
- Epilepsy-Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Institute for Diagnostics of Epilepsy, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge, Berlin, Germany,Epilepsy-Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Department of Neurology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany,*Correspondence: Louisa Hohmann
| | - Justus Berger
- Epilepsy-Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Institute for Diagnostics of Epilepsy, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge, Berlin, Germany
| | - Shirley-Uloma Kastell
- Epilepsy-Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Institute for Diagnostics of Epilepsy, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Holtkamp
- Epilepsy-Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Institute for Diagnostics of Epilepsy, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge, Berlin, Germany,Epilepsy-Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Department of Neurology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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73
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Negative effects of brain regulatory T cells depletion on epilepsy. Prog Neurobiol 2022; 217:102335. [PMID: 35931355 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The infiltration of immune cells is observed in the epileptogenic zone; however, the relationship between epilepsy and regulatory T cells (Tregs) remains only partially understood. We aimed to investigate brain-infiltrating Tregs to reveal their underlying role in epilepsy. We analyzed the infiltration of Tregs in the epileptogenic zones from patients with epilepsy and a pilocarpine-induced temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) model. Next, we evaluated the effects of brain Treg depletion on neuroinflammation, neuronal loss, oxidative stress, seizure activity and behavioral changes in the pilocarpine model. We also explored the impact of Treg expansion in the brain on seizure activity. There were a large number of Tregs in the epileptogenic zones of human and experimental epilepsy. The number of brain Tregs was negatively correlated with the frequency of seizures in patients with epilepsy. Our further findings demonstrated that brain Treg depletion promoted astrocytosis, microgliosis, inflammatory cytokine production, oxidative stress, and neuronal loss in the hippocampus after status epilepticus (SE). Moreover, brain Treg depletion increased seizure activity and contributed to behavioral impairments in experimental chronic TLE. Interestingly, intracerebroventricular injection of CCL20 amplified Tregs in brain tissue, thereby inhibiting seizure activity. Taken together, our study highlights the therapeutic potential of regulating Tregs in epileptic brain tissue.
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74
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Servilha-Menezes G, Garcia-Cairasco N. A complex systems view on the current hypotheses of epilepsy pharmacoresistance. Epilepsia Open 2022; 7 Suppl 1:S8-S22. [PMID: 35253410 PMCID: PMC9340300 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-resistant epilepsy remains to this day as a highly prevalent condition affecting around one-third of patients with epilepsy, despite all the research and the development of several new antiseizure medications (ASMs) over the last decades. Epilepsies are multifactorial complex diseases, commonly associated with psychiatric, neurological, and somatic comorbidities. Thus, to solve the puzzling problem of pharmacoresistance, the diagnosis and modeling of epilepsy and comorbidities need to change toward a complex system approach. In this review, we have summarized the sequence of events for the definition of epilepsies and comorbidities, the search for mechanisms, and the major hypotheses of pharmacoresistance, drawing attention to some of the many converging aspects between the proposed mechanisms, their supporting evidence, and comorbidities-related alterations. The use of systems biology applied to epileptology may lead to the discovery of new targets and the development of new ASMs, as may advance our understanding of the epilepsies and their comorbidities, providing much deeper insight on multidrug pharmacoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Servilha-Menezes
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (FMRP-SP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Norberto Garcia-Cairasco
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (FMRP-SP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (FMRP-SP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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75
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Medel‐Matus JS, Orozco‐Suárez S, Escalante RG. Factors not considered in the study of drug-resistant epilepsy: Psychiatric comorbidities, age, and gender. Epilepsia Open 2022; 7 Suppl 1:S81-S93. [PMID: 34967149 PMCID: PMC9340311 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In basic research and clinical practice, the control of seizures has been the most important goal, but it should not be the only one. There are factors that remain poorly understood in the study of refractory epilepsy such as the age and gender of patients and the presence of psychiatric comorbidities. It is known that in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE), the comorbidities contribute to the deterioration of the quality of life, increase the severity, and worsen the prognosis of epilepsy. Some studies have demonstrated that patients diagnosed with a co-occurrence of epilepsy and psychiatric disorders are more likely to present refractory seizures and the probability of seizure remission after pharmacotherapy is reduced. The evidence of this association suggests the presence of shared pathogenic mechanisms that may include endocrine disorders, neuroinflammatory processes, disturbances of neurotransmitters, and mechanisms triggered by stress. Additionally, significant demographic, clinical, and electrographic differences have been observed between women and men with epilepsy. Epilepsy affects the female gender in a greater proportion, although there are no studies that report whether refractoriness affects more females. The reasons behind these sex differences are unclear; however, it is likely that sex hormones and sex brain differences related to chromosomal genes play an important role. On the other hand, it has been shown in industrialized countries that prevalence of DRE is higher in the elderly when compared to youngsters. Conversely, this phenomenon is not observed in developing regions, where more cases are found in children and young adults. The correct identification and management of these factors is crucial in order to improve the quality of life of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Servando Medel‐Matus
- Department of PediatricsNeurology DivisionDavid Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Sandra Orozco‐Suárez
- Unit of Medical Research in Neurological DiseasesSpecialty Hospital “Dr. Bernardo Sepúlveda”National Medical Center S.XXIMexico CityMexico
| | - Ruby G. Escalante
- Department of PediatricsNeurology DivisionDavid Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
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76
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Zhong R, Li Z, Chen Q, Zhang H, Zhang X, Lin W. Effects of insomnia and levels of depression and anxiety symptoms on quality of life in people with epilepsy. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:497. [PMID: 35879686 PMCID: PMC9317410 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-04154-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The association between insomnia and quality of life (QOL) in epilepsy is poorly understood and may involve interactive variables. We aimed to investigate whether and how insomnia, levels of depression and anxiety symptoms interact to influence QOL in people with epilepsy (PWE). METHODS A consecutive cohort of 179 PWE was enrolled. We collected data on insomnia, levels of depression and anxiety symptoms, and QOL. The Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), Depression Inventory for Epilepsy (NDDI-E), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), and QOL in Epilepsy Inventory (QOLIE-31) were used. The direct, indirect, and total effects of insomnia on QOL were estimated based on a moderated mediation model. RESULTS Depression symptom levels mediated the association between insomnia and QOL (B = 0.09 SE = 0.03, p = 0.01). Depression symptom levels accounted for 34.7% of the total effect of insomnia on QOL. The mediating effect of depression symptom levels was positively moderated by anxiety symptom levels (B = 0.09, SE = 0.03, p = 0.01). CONCLUSION The effect of insomnia on QOL can be partially explained by the mediation of depression symptom levels. Additionally, improving anxiety symptoms may attenuate the indirect effect of insomnia on QOL through depression symptom levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhong
- grid.430605.40000 0004 1758 4110Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhuan Li
- Department of Emergency, Linyi Central Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Qingling Chen
- grid.265021.20000 0000 9792 1228Department of Hepatology, Second People’s Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hanyu Zhang
- grid.430605.40000 0004 1758 4110Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- grid.430605.40000 0004 1758 4110Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Weihong Lin
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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The Zebrafish, an Outstanding Model for Biomedical Research in the Field of Melatonin and Human Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137438. [PMID: 35806441 PMCID: PMC9267299 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish has become an excellent model for the study of human diseases because it offers many advantages over other vertebrate animal models. The pineal gland, as well as the biological clock and circadian rhythms, are highly conserved in zebrafish, and melatonin is produced in the pineal gland and in most organs and tissues of the body. Zebrafish have several copies of the clock genes and of aanat and asmt genes, the latter involved in melatonin synthesis. As in mammals, melatonin can act through its membrane receptors, as with zebrafish, and through mechanisms that are independent of receptors. Pineal melatonin regulates peripheral clocks and the circadian rhythms of the body, such as the sleep/wake rhythm, among others. Extrapineal melatonin functions include antioxidant activity, inducing the endogenous antioxidants enzymes, scavenging activity, removing free radicals, anti-inflammatory activity through the regulation of the NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway, and a homeostatic role in mitochondria. In this review, we introduce the utility of zebrafish to analyze the mechanisms of action of melatonin. The data here presented showed that the zebrafish is a useful model to study human diseases and that melatonin exerts beneficial effects on many pathophysiological processes involved in these diseases.
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78
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Mercier MR, Dubarry AS, Tadel F, Avanzini P, Axmacher N, Cellier D, Vecchio MD, Hamilton LS, Hermes D, Kahana MJ, Knight RT, Llorens A, Megevand P, Melloni L, Miller KJ, Piai V, Puce A, Ramsey NF, Schwiedrzik CM, Smith SE, Stolk A, Swann NC, Vansteensel MJ, Voytek B, Wang L, Lachaux JP, Oostenveld R. Advances in human intracranial electroencephalography research, guidelines and good practices. Neuroimage 2022; 260:119438. [PMID: 35792291 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the second-half of the twentieth century, intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG), including both electrocorticography (ECoG) and stereo-electroencephalography (sEEG), has provided an intimate view into the human brain. At the interface between fundamental research and the clinic, iEEG provides both high temporal resolution and high spatial specificity but comes with constraints, such as the individual's tailored sparsity of electrode sampling. Over the years, researchers in neuroscience developed their practices to make the most of the iEEG approach. Here we offer a critical review of iEEG research practices in a didactic framework for newcomers, as well addressing issues encountered by proficient researchers. The scope is threefold: (i) review common practices in iEEG research, (ii) suggest potential guidelines for working with iEEG data and answer frequently asked questions based on the most widespread practices, and (iii) based on current neurophysiological knowledge and methodologies, pave the way to good practice standards in iEEG research. The organization of this paper follows the steps of iEEG data processing. The first section contextualizes iEEG data collection. The second section focuses on localization of intracranial electrodes. The third section highlights the main pre-processing steps. The fourth section presents iEEG signal analysis methods. The fifth section discusses statistical approaches. The sixth section draws some unique perspectives on iEEG research. Finally, to ensure a consistent nomenclature throughout the manuscript and to align with other guidelines, e.g., Brain Imaging Data Structure (BIDS) and the OHBM Committee on Best Practices in Data Analysis and Sharing (COBIDAS), we provide a glossary to disambiguate terms related to iEEG research.
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79
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Zhu H, Deng X, Feng L, Lian Y, Han X, Guo Z, Gou Y, Du Y, Xie L, Yao D, Liu Y, Wu Q, Lan S, Liu K, Zhan P, Wang X, Dang J, Hou Y, Chen K, Zhu Y, Shi Y, Yu Y, Xiao B, Zhu S, Meng H. Efficacy comparison of oxcarbazepine and levetiracetam monotherapy among patients with newly diagnosed focal epilepsy in China: A multicenter, open-label, randomized study. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 28:1072-1080. [PMID: 35429132 PMCID: PMC9160445 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims This multicenter, open‐label, randomized study (Registration No. ChiCTR‐OCH‐14004528) aimed to compare the efficacy and effects of oxcarbazepine (OXC) with levetiracetam (LEV) as monotherapies on patient quality of life and mental health for patients with newly diagnosed focal epilepsy from China. Methods Patients with newly diagnosed focal epilepsy who had experienced 2 or more unprovoked seizures at greater than a 24‐h interval during the previous year were recruited. Participants were randomly assigned to the OXC group or LEV group. Efficacy, safety, quality of life, and mental health were evaluated over 12‐week and 24‐week periods. Results In total, we recruited 271 newly diagnosed patients from 23 centers. Forty‐four patients were excluded before treatment for reasons. The rate of seizure freedom of OXC was significantly superior to that of LEV at 12 weeks and 24 weeks (p < 0.05). The quality of life (except for the seizure worry subsection) and anxiety scale scores also showed significant differences from before to after treatment in the OXC and LEV groups. Conclusions OXC monotherapy may be more effective than LEV monotherapy in patients with newly diagnosed focal epilepsy. Both OXC and LEV could improve the quality of life and anxiety state in adult patients with focal epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyue Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xuejun Deng
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Feng
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yajun Lian
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiong Han
- Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhenli Guo
- Department of Neurology, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Yulan Gou
- Department of Neurology, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanmin Du
- Department of Neurology, Wuhan General Hospital of the YANGTZE River Shipping, Wuhan, China
| | - Longshan Xie
- Department of Functional Neuroscience, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Dongai Yao
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yonghong Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qiang Wu
- Department of Neurology, Wuhan General Hospital of PLA, Wuhan, China
| | - Song Lan
- Department of Internal Medicine-Neurology, Maoming People's Hospital of Guangdong Province, Maoming, China
| | - Kaisheng Liu
- Department of Neurology, Taihe Hospital, Shiyan, China
| | - Peiyan Zhan
- Department of Neurology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiahong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou Second Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jingxia Dang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yunqi Hou
- Department of Neurology, Shunde First Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shunde, China
| | - Keqiang Chen
- Department of Neurology, Central Hospital of Jiangmen, Jiangmen, China
| | - Yulan Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuliang Shi
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Meizhou, Meizhou, China
| | - Yunli Yu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Suiqiang Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongmei Meng
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Zheng Y, Liu X, Ju M. A case of antipsychotic-induced psychomotor seizure. Gen Psychiatr 2022; 35:e100616. [PMID: 35866001 PMCID: PMC9240898 DOI: 10.1136/gpsych-2021-100616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A seizure is one of the most uncommon severe adverse side effects of antipsychotics. Clinical recognition rates for it are low, especially for psychomotor seizures. The authors present a case of psychomotor seizure caused by amisulpride to treat schizophrenia. A 60-year-old male patient in our hospital experienced a recent onset of repetitive, stereotyped involuntary and unconscious movements that began with amisulpride use. All of the symptoms disappeared following amisulpride withdrawal. His Naranjo Adverse Drug Reactions Probability Scale Score was 5 points. The case sheds light on the clinical risk of seizures related to antipsychotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqun Zheng
- Department of Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingliang Ju
- Department of Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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81
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Chen Y, Wang Q, Xu Y, Wu D, Xu L, Zhu G, Wu X. Comparison of Lamotrigine and Oxcarbazepine Monotherapy Among Chinese Adult Patients With Newly-Diagnosed Focal-Onset Epilepsy: A Prospective Observational Study. Front Neurol 2022; 13:855498. [PMID: 35756921 PMCID: PMC9226306 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.855498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We performed a prospective cohort study to compare the efficacy, safety, effect on mood, and quality of life between lamotrigine (LTG) and oxcarbazepine (OXC) monotherapy among Chinese adult patients with newly-diagnosed focal-onset epilepsy (FOE) with or without secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Methods We enrolled 106 adult patients with new-onset FOE, of whom 56 were in the OXC group and 50 in the LTG group. Their clinical characteristics were detailly recorded especially basic seizure frequency, seizure types, and drug-related adverse events. Efficacy was evaluated as seizure-free (no seizure for 6 months), effective (seizure reduction by more than 50%), and ineffective (seizure reduction by less than 50%). Both intention-to-treat and per-protocol analyses were performed. We also assessed their mood state with the Zung Self-rating Scale for anxiety (Z-SAS) and Zung Self-rating Scale for Depression (Z-SDS) and quality of life (QOL) with Quality of Life in Epilepsy (QOLIE-31) at their baseline visit, 3-month visits, and 6-month visit. Intra-group comparisons in each group and inter-group comparisons between the two groups were made. Correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis were also conducted. Results Except for gender, the two groups were well matched in any other characteristics such as primary seizure frequency and seizure types. In terms of efficacy, 33 patients in the OXC group were evaluated as seizure-free and 15 as effective, while in the LTG group, 31 were seizure-free, and nine were effective. No significant differences could be observed in efficacy between the two groups (P = 0.429). Through multiple logistic regression analysis, we found that OXC monotherapy was more likely to predict a seizure-free state (OR = 1.76) than LTG, but the difference didn't reach statistical significance (P = 0.322) after correcting for other clinical variables. Both groups had adverse events such as fatigue, drowsiness, dizziness, rash, and gastrointestinal discomfort, most of which were mild and transient. In the OXC group, the scores of SAS (P = 0.067) and SDS (P = 0.004) reduced at the 6-month visit, while the score of QOLIE-31 significantly increased (P = 0.001). In the LTG group, a significant decrease in SAS and SDS scores and an increase in QOLIE-31 scores could be witnessed (All P < 0.001). The inter-group comparison showed that improvement of SAS and SDS in the LTG group was more evident than that in the OXC group, which was of statistical significance. Correlational analysis indicated that the improvement of mood and life quality scales in both groups was independent of baseline seizure frequency and treatment efficacy. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that LTG monotherapy was the only independent factor that could predict a better SAS (P = 0.01) and SDS (P = 0.019) outcome. Conclusions OXC and LTG are effective as monotherapy and can be considered first-line selection among adult patients with new-onset FOE. Most adverse events are mild, transient, and tolerable. The two drugs improve the mood state of patients, though LTG is superior to OXC in this respect. OXC and LTG have great power in enhancing patients' quality of life. The positive effect on the psychosocial well-being of epilepsy patients may be one of the intrinsic pharmacological properties of LTG and OXC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuncan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinyue Wang
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye Xu
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongyan Wu
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Xu
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoxing Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - Xunyi Wu
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
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82
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Abstract
Epilepsy is a common neurological disease in both humans and domestic dogs, making dogs an ideal translational model of epilepsy. In both species, epilepsy is a complex brain disease characterized by an enduring predisposition to generate spontaneous recurrent epileptic seizures. Furthermore, as in humans, status epilepticus is one of the more common neurological emergencies in dogs with epilepsy. In both species, epilepsy is not a single disease but a group of disorders characterized by a broad array of clinical signs, age of onset, and underlying causes. Brain imaging suggests that the limbic system, including the hippocampus and cingulate gyrus, is often affected in canine epilepsy, which could explain the high incidence of comorbid behavioral problems such as anxiety and cognitive alterations. Resistance to antiseizure medications is a significant problem in both canine and human epilepsy, so dogs can be used to study mechanisms of drug resistance and develop novel therapeutic strategies to benefit both species. Importantly, dogs are large enough to accommodate intracranial EEG and responsive neurostimulation devices designed for humans. Studies in epileptic dogs with such devices have reported ictal and interictal events that are remarkably similar to those occurring in human epilepsy. Continuous (24/7) EEG recordings in a select group of epileptic dogs for >1 year have provided a rich dataset of unprecedented length for studying seizure periodicities and developing new methods for seizure forecasting. The data presented in this review substantiate that canine epilepsy is an excellent translational model for several facets of epilepsy research. Furthermore, several techniques of inducing seizures in laboratory dogs are discussed as related to therapeutic advances. Importantly, the development of vagus nerve stimulation as a novel therapy for drug-resistant epilepsy in people was based on a series of studies in dogs with induced seizures. Dogs with naturally occurring or induced seizures provide excellent large-animal models to bridge the translational gap between rodents and humans in the development of novel therapies. Furthermore, because the dog is not only a preclinical species for human medicine but also a potential patient and pet, research on this species serves both veterinary and human medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
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83
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Bertoncello KT, Zanandrea R, Bonan CD. Pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures cause impairment of memory acquisition and consolidation in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Behav Brain Res 2022; 432:113974. [PMID: 35738339 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is characterized by the occurrence seizures, and the high prevalence of epilepsy-associated comorbidities affects the quality of patients' life. We investigated the effects of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) exposure in zebrafish cognitive performance on inhibitory avoidance test. The animals were exposed to the 7.5mM PTZ for 10minutes, in the acquisition (before training) and in the consolidation memory phases (after training). In the acquisition phase, the animals were submitted to PTZ-induced seizures and trained in periods of 1, 24, or 48hours after exposure, and 24hours after training were tested. In the consolidation phase, animals were trained and exposed to PTZ 10minutes after training and were tested 24hours later. Control groups in periods of 1, 24, or 48hours before or 10minutes after training showed a significantly increased latency to enter the dark compartment. The latencies between training and test sessions did not differ in PTZ groups of animals exposed and trained 1 and 24hours or exposed to PTZ 10minutes after training. At 48hours, animals exposed to PTZ showed an increased latency to enter the dark compartment. Animals exposed to PTZ and trained 1h after increased the traveled distance, when compared to the control group. Traveled distance did not differ in animals that were exposed to PTZ and trained 24 and 48hours, or 10minutes after training. Our findings indicate that PTZ causes a cognitive deficit in the pre-and post-training phase, allowing us to explore the influence of seizures at different memory phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanandra Taisa Bertoncello
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Zanandrea
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Escola de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carla Denise Bonan
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Escola de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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84
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Ruggiero RN, Peixoto-Santos JE, Bueno-Junior LS, Valente KD, Leite JP. Editorial: Psychiatric Comorbidities in the Epilepsies: Extensive Mechanisms and Broad Questions. Front Integr Neurosci 2022; 16:951170. [PMID: 35784497 PMCID: PMC9249385 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2022.951170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Naime Ruggiero
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Rafael Naime Ruggiero
| | - Jose Eduardo Peixoto-Santos
- Neuroscience Sector, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Kette D. Valente
- Institute and Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the University of São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joao Pereira Leite
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
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85
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Kanner AM. Suicidality in Patients With Epilepsy: Why Should Neurologists Care? Front Integr Neurosci 2022; 16:898547. [PMID: 35712347 PMCID: PMC9196893 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2022.898547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Suicidality is a relatively common comorbidity in patients with epilepsy (PWE). Population-based studies have revealed lifetime prevalence rates of 25% of suicidal ideation (SI). In addition, PWE without comorbid psychiatric disorders has two to three higher risk of committing suicide and this risk increases by 12- to 32-fold in the presence of various psychiatric disorders. Risk factors are multiple and include socio-demographic, genetic, age and gender, and psychiatric comorbidities. Among the latter, mood, anxiety, and psychotic disorders have been found to be common risk factors for suicidality in PWE, but iatrogenic causes resulting from pharmacotherapy with antiseizure drugs or epilepsy surgery can also cause SI and behavior. Suicidality and epilepsy have a complex bidirectional relation, whereas PWE are at increased risk of suicidality and vice-versa. Common pathogenic mechanisms operant in both conditions may explain this bidirectional relation. SI can be easily identified in outpatient epilepsy clinics with screening instruments and can be treated and thus prevent its escalation to suicidal attempts and completed suicide. The aim of this manuscript is to review these data in detail.
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86
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Cao Y, Sun C, Huang J, Sun P, Wang L, He S, Liao J, Lu Z, Lu Y, Zhong C. Dysfunction of the Hippocampal-Lateral Septal Circuit Impairs Risk Assessment in Epileptic Mice. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:828891. [PMID: 35571372 PMCID: PMC9103201 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.828891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy, a chronic disease of the brain characterized by degeneration of the hippocampus, has impaired risk assessment. Risk assessment is vital for survival in complex environments with potential threats. However, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. The intricate balance of gene regulation and expression across different brain regions is related to the structure and function of specific neuron subtypes. In particular, excitation/inhibition imbalance caused by hyperexcitability of glutamatergic neurons and/or dysfunction of GABAergic neurons, have been implicated in epilepsy. First, we estimated the risk assessment (RA) by evaluating the behavior of mice in the center of the elevated plus maze, and found that the kainic acid-induced temporal lobe epilepsy mice were specifically impaired their RA. This experiment evaluated approach-RA, with a forthcoming approach to the open arm, and avoid-RA, with forthcoming avoidance of the open arm. Next, results from free-moving electrophysiological recordings showed that in the hippocampus, ∼7% of putative glutamatergic neurons and ∼15% of putative GABAergic neurons were preferentially responsive to either approach-risk assessment or avoid-risk assessment, respectively. In addition, ∼12% and ∼8% of dorsal lateral septum GABAergic neurons were preferentially responsive to approach-risk assessment and avoid-risk assessment, respectively. Notably, during the impaired approach-risk assessment, the favorably activated dorsal dentate gyrus and CA3 glutamatergic neurons increased (∼9%) and dorsal dentate gyrus and CA3 GABAergic neurons decreased (∼7%) in the temporal lobe epilepsy mice. Then, we used RNA sequencing and immunohistochemical staining to investigate which subtype of GABAergic neuron loss may contribute to excitation/inhibition imbalance. The results show that temporal lobe epilepsy mice exhibit significant neuronal loss and reorganization of neural networks. In particular, the dorsal dentate gyrus and CA3 somatostatin-positive neurons and dorsal lateral septum cholecystokinin-positive neurons are selectively vulnerable to damage after temporal lobe epilepsy. Optogenetic activation of the hippocampal glutamatergic neurons or chemogenetic inhibition of the hippocampal somatostatin neurons directly disrupts RA, suggesting that an excitation/inhibition imbalance in the dHPC dorsal lateral septum circuit results in the impairment of RA behavior. Taken together, this study provides insight into epilepsy and its comorbidity at different levels, including molecular, cell, neural circuit, and behavior, which are expected to decrease injury and premature mortality in patients with epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Chongyang Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianyu Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Lulu Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuyu He
- Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, China Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianxiang Liao
- Epilepsy Center, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhonghua Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
| | - Cheng Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
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87
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Streltzov NA, Schmidt S, Schommer L, Zhao W, Tosteson T, Mazanec M, Kiriakopoulos E, Chu F, Henninger H, Nagle K, Roth R, Jobst B. Effectiveness of a Self-Management Program to Improve Cognition and Quality of Life in Epilepsy: A Pragmatic, Randomized, Multicenter Trial. Neurology 2022; 98:e2174-e2184. [PMID: 35387855 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000200346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effectiveness of HOBSCOTCH (Home-based self-management and cognitive training changes lives) in a real-world setting, and to assess feasibility of a virtual intervention, we conducted a multi-site, pragmatic replication trial at four New England epilepsy centers. METHODS HOBSCOTCH is an 8-session intervention addressing cognitive impairment and quality of life (QOL) for people with epilepsy (PWE). Participants were recruited from epilepsy centers in four states and block-randomized into the following groups: in-person HOBSCOTCH (H-IP), virtual HOBSCOTCH (H-V), and waitlist control. Outcome measures were assessed for all groups at baseline, 3-months, and 6-months; intervention groups received long-term follow-up at 9- and 12-months. RESULTS A total of 108 participants were recruited, of which 85 were included in this analysis (age at baseline 47.5 ± 11.5 years; 68% female). Participants completing the in-person intervention (H-IP) had a 12.4-point improvement in QOL score compared to controls (p < 0.001). Pairwise comparisons found a 6.2-point treatment effect for subjective cognition in the H-IP group (p < 0.001). There were no meaningful group differences in objective cognition or healthcare utilization at any timepoints, and the treatment effect for QOL diminished by 6-months. The virtual intervention demonstrated feasibility, but did not significantly improve outcomes compared to controls. Within-group analysis found improvements in QOL for both H-V and H-IP. CONCLUSIONS This study replicated the effectiveness of the HOBSCOTCH program in improving QOL for PWE. The study was conducted prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, but the distance-delivered intervention may be particularly well-suited for the current environment. Future research will explore modifications designed to improve the efficacy of H-V and the sustainability of HOBSCOTCH's treatment effect. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class III evidence that in-person HOBSCOTCH delivery improved subjective measures of cognition in persons with epilepsy.The study was registered and listed on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02394509).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samantha Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Lindsay Schommer
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire.,Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Wenyan Zhao
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Tor Tosteson
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Morgan Mazanec
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Elaine Kiriakopoulos
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire.,Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Felicia Chu
- Department of Neurology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Heidi Henninger
- Department of Neurology, Maine Medical Center, Scarborough, Maine; Department of Neurology
| | - Keith Nagle
- University of Vermont Medical Center, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Robert Roth
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire.,Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Barbara Jobst
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire.,Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
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88
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Hopp JL. Beyond Seizures: Can Persons With Epilepsy Play HOBSCOTCH to Take Control? Neurology 2022; 98:873-874. [PMID: 35387854 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000200106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Hopp
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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89
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE Epilepsy affects approximately 65 million people worldwide. Persistent seizures are associated with a 20% to 40% risk of bodily injuries (eg, fractures, burns, concussions) over 12-month follow-up. The primary goal of epilepsy treatment is to eliminate seizures while minimizing adverse effects of antiseizure drugs (ASDs). OBSERVATIONS An epileptic seizure is defined as a sudden occurrence of transient signs and symptoms caused by abnormal and excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain. Focal and generalized epilepsy are the 2 most frequent types of epilepsy; diagnosis is based on the type of seizures. There are 26 US Food and Drug Administration-approved medications for epilepsy, of which 24 have similar antiseizure efficacy for focal epilepsy and 9 have similar efficacy for generalized epilepsy. The decision to initiate an ASD should be individualized, but should be strongly considered after 2 unprovoked seizures or after 1 unprovoked seizure that occurred during sleep and/or in the presence of epileptiform activity on an electroencephalogram and/or in the presence of a structural lesion on the brain magnetic resonance imaging. The ASDs must be selected based on the seizure and epilepsy types, the epilepsy syndrome, and the adverse effects associated with the drug. For focal epilepsy, oxcarbazepine and lamotrigine are first-line therapy, while levetiracetam can be also considered if there is no history of psychiatric disorder. For generalized epilepsy, the selection of the ASD is based on the type of epilepsy syndrome and the patient's sex, age, and psychiatric history. Seizure freedom is achieved in approximately 60% to 70% of all patients. A total of 25% to 50% of patients also experience neurologic, psychiatric, cognitive, or medical disorders, such as mood, anxiety, and attention deficit disorders and migraines. For these patients, selecting an ASD should consider the presence of these disorders and concomitant use of medications to treat them. ASDs with cytochrome P450 enzyme-inducing properties (eg, carbamazepine, phenytoin) may worsen comorbid coronary and cerebrovascular disease by causing hyperlipidemia and accelerating the metabolism of concomitant drugs used for their treatment. They can also facilitate the development of osteopenia and osteoporosis. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Epilepsy affects approximately 65 million people worldwide and is associated with increased rates of bodily injuries and mortality when not optimally treated. For focal and generalized epilepsy, selection of ASDs should consider the seizure and epilepsy types and epilepsy syndrome, as well as the patient's age and sex, comorbidities, and potential drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres M Kanner
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center and Epilepsy Division, Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Manuel Melo Bicchi
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center and Epilepsy Division, Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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90
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Comorbidities are a common feature in epilepsy, but neither the entire spectrum nor the significance of such comorbidities has been fully explored. We review comorbidities associated with epilepsy and their associated burden, provide an overview of relationships, and discuss a new conceptualization of the comorbidities. RECENT FINDINGS The epidemiology of the comorbidities of epilepsy and effects on health outcomes, healthcare use, and healthcare expenditures have been partly delineated. Distinct mechanisms of the associations have been suggested but not entirely ascertained. Movement from conceptualizing epilepsy as a condition to a symptom-complex has occurred. SUMMARY Comorbidities are common among people with epilepsy and are associated with poorer clinical outcomes and quality of life, greater use of health resources, and increased expenditure. Becoming aware of the associated mechanisms and their uncertainty is central to understanding the relationships between epilepsy and comorbid health conditions, which have implications for diagnosis and screening, medical management, and surgical management. Conceptualizing comorbidities of epilepsy as precipitating factors and epilepsy as the symptom will improve the understanding of epilepsy and catalyze research and improvements in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Shlobin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Josemir W Sander
- NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG & Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Chalfont St Peter, UK
- Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Heemstede 2103SW, The Netherlands
- Neurology Department, West of China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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91
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João RB, Nogueira MH, Morita-Sherman ME, Alvim MKM, Johnny S, Pereira H, Pinheiro HP, Cendes F, Yasuda CL. The Relationship Between Depression and Anxiety Symptoms of Adult PWE and Caregivers in a Tertiary Center. Front Neurol 2022; 13:766009. [PMID: 35356450 PMCID: PMC8959587 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.766009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although several studies have emphasized the association between epilepsy and psychiatric disorders, fewer have investigated the impact of epilepsy on caregivers' emotional status, mainly in adult people with epilepsy (PWE). Here we investigated depressive symptoms, suicidal ideation, and anxiety symptoms in a large group of adult PWE and their caregivers. Methods We analyzed symptoms of depression [with the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II)], suicidal ideation (with BDI-II item 9), and anxiety symptoms (with the Beck Anxiety Inventory) in a large group of adult PWE [N = 548 (60% women; median age 41)] and caregivers [N = 191 (72% women; median age 47)] from a Brazilian tertiary center, considering sociodemographic and clinical aspects. We also applied the Liverpool Adverse Events Profile to assess anti-seizure drugs adverse events. Results While the presence (p = 0.026) (and intensity, p = 0.007) of depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation (p = 0.02) were higher in PWE compared to caregivers, the proportion of clinical anxiety symptoms (p = 0.32) (and the intensity, p = 0.13) was similar in both groups. Although the rates of suicidal ideation were higher in focal epilepsy (20%), both generalized genetic epilepsy and caregivers also presented elevated frequencies (11%) of suicidal ideation. The analyses of 120 patient-caregiver dyads revealed that the intensity of depressive symptoms in PWE (but not anxiety) correlated with the intensity of depressive (r = 0.35; p < 0.001) and anxiety (r = 0.25; p = 0.01) symptoms in their caregivers. In the multivariate analyses of PWE, focal epilepsy (compared to GGE) was associated with clinical depressive symptoms (odds ratio, OR 2.1) and suicidal ideation (OR 3.2), while recurrent seizures (compared to the seizure-free group) were associated with suicidal ideation (OR 2.6) and anxiety symptoms (OR 2.1). Also, caregivers with anxiety symptoms were 8 times more likely to exhibit depressive symptoms, and those with depressive symptoms were 8 times more likely to present anxiety symptoms. Conclusion Our study suggests that specific attention for the caregivers' mental health is as essential as PWE. There is an urgent need for more studies involving caregivers to identify their emotional distress and provide adequate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Batista João
- Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- The Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Mateus Henrique Nogueira
- Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- The Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Márcia Elisabete Morita-Sherman
- Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- The Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Marina Koutsodontis Machado Alvim
- Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- The Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Steven Johnny
- Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- The Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Haryton Pereira
- Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- The Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Hildete Prisco Pinheiro
- Institute of Mathematics, Statistics and Scientific Computing, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Fernando Cendes
- Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- The Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Clarissa Lin Yasuda
- Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- The Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Clarissa Lin Yasuda
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92
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Mammì A, Ferlazzo E, Gasparini S, Bova V, Neri S, Labate A, Mastroianni G, Bianco CL, Cianci V, Aguglia U. Psychiatric and Behavioural Side Effects Associated With Perampanel in Patients With Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. A Real-World Experience. Front Neurol 2022; 13:839985. [PMID: 35321512 PMCID: PMC8936072 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.839985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychiatric and behavioural side effects are common, undesirable effects associated with antiseizure medication use. Temporal lobe epilepsy is the most common focal epilepsy in adults and it is frequently associated with drug resistance. Patients with intractable epilepsy are more likely to have psychiatric and behavioural side effects when taking antiseizure medications and seem to be at higher risk for psychiatric comorbidities. Perampanel is a novel anti-seizure medication approved for focal and generalised epilepsies as add-on therapy. This is a 12-week short-term observational prospective study on people with focal epilepsy consecutively recruited from an Italian tertiary epilepsy centre, aimed to compare incidence and severity of psychiatric and behavioural side effects associated with perampanel use in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy as compared to other focal epilepsies. All patients received add-on perampanel according to indication and clinical judgement. Incidence and severity of psychiatric and behavioural side effects were rated by Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire. All patients enrolled answered the questionnaire before starting perampanel and after 12 weeks of treatment. We found no significant difference in terms of incidence and severity of psychiatric and behavioural side effects associated with perampanel in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy as compared to other focal epilepsies. In line with the literature, the most common adverse effects were “irritability” for both groups and “aggression” for patients with other focal epilepsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mammì
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
- Regional Epilepsy Centre, Great Metropolitan Hospital BMM, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Edoardo Ferlazzo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
- Regional Epilepsy Centre, Great Metropolitan Hospital BMM, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Sara Gasparini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
- Regional Epilepsy Centre, Great Metropolitan Hospital BMM, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Valentina Bova
- Regional Epilepsy Centre, Great Metropolitan Hospital BMM, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Sabrina Neri
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
- Regional Epilepsy Centre, Great Metropolitan Hospital BMM, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Angelo Labate
- Neurology Unit, Department of BIOMORF, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Mastroianni
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
- Regional Epilepsy Centre, Great Metropolitan Hospital BMM, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Concetta Lo Bianco
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
- Regional Epilepsy Centre, Great Metropolitan Hospital BMM, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Vittoria Cianci
- Regional Epilepsy Centre, Great Metropolitan Hospital BMM, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Umberto Aguglia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
- Regional Epilepsy Centre, Great Metropolitan Hospital BMM, Reggio Calabria, Italy
- *Correspondence: Umberto Aguglia
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93
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Halder T, Michl P, Flanagin V, Schenk T. Impaired Emotion Processing and Panic Disorder After Left Anterior Temporal Lobectomy: A Case Report of Successful Psychotherapeutic Intervention. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-022-10301-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Over the last decades, brain surgery became a more frequently applied treatment for temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Despite its success, several studies found de-novo post-operative psychiatric symptoms in TLE surgery patients. Cognitive behavioural therapy is effective to treat brain healthy psychiatric patients but might not be translatable to patients with resections in emotion regulating networks as these areas seem to be essentially involved in successful psychotherapeutic treatment.
Methods
Here we report the case of a female patient with medically refractory medial temporal lobe epilepsy resulting in left anterior temporal lobectomy at age 35. Post operation she did not show adequate fearful response but at the same time manifested symptoms of a severe panic disorder. We investigated if this patient, despite lesions in emotion-behaviour brain circuits, can benefit from cognitive behavioural therapy.
Results
The intervention, customized to the specific resources and difficulties of the patient, was effective in stopping panic attacks and improving social functioning.
Conclusions
This case shows that MTL brain surgery patients may benefit from CBT and demonstrates the important and if yet still somewhat mysterious role of the amygdala in emotion regulation processes.
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94
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Kedare JS, Baliga SP. Management of Psychiatric Disorders in Patients of Epilepsy. Indian J Psychiatry 2022; 64:S319-S329. [PMID: 35602355 PMCID: PMC9122168 DOI: 10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_17_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders co-occur very frequently with epilepsy. This guideline covers the etiopathogenesis, presentation, evaluation and management of various psychiatric disorders in epilepsy such as mood, anxiety, psychotic and substance use disorders. It also provides an approach to important special issues in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahnavi S Kedare
- Department of Psychiatry, T. N. Medical College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sachin P Baliga
- Department of Psychiatry, T. N. Medical College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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95
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Lopez MR, Kanner AM. Neuropsychiatric Treatments for Epilepsy: Nonpharmacological Approaches. Semin Neurol 2022; 42:182-191. [PMID: 35213901 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1742582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric conditions are frequently found in patients with epilepsy (PWE). These entities can be as disabling as epilepsy resulting in a significant negative impact on the quality of life of this population if not addressed and treated appropriately. In this article, we provide an overview of non-pharmacological treatments currently available to these patients-and review their effect on mood and anxiety disorders as well as epilepsy. These treatment strategies will allow the practitioner to optimize clinical care during the initial evaluation, which begins with the recognition of the neuropsychiatric condition followed by the appropriate individualized psychotherapeutic approach and/or neuromodulation therapy. To plan a comprehensive treatment for PWE, practitioners must be familiar with these therapeutic tools. Additional clinical research is needed to further create a multidisciplinary team in the assessment and management of neuropsychiatric disorders in PWE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Raquel Lopez
- Division of Epilepsy and Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.,Department of Neurology. Division of Epilepsy, Epilepsy Center of Excellence, Miami VA Medical Center, Miami, Florida
| | - Andres M Kanner
- Division of Epilepsy and Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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96
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Lazarini-Lopes W, Silva-Cardoso GK, Leite-Panissi CRA, Garcia-Cairasco N. Increased TRPV1 Channels and FosB Protein Expression Are Associated with Chronic Epileptic Seizures and Anxiogenic-like Behaviors in a Preclinical Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020416. [PMID: 35203625 PMCID: PMC8962263 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsies are neurological disorders characterized by chronic seizures and their related neuropsychiatric comorbidities, such as anxiety. The Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid type-1 (TRPV1) channel has been implicated in the modulation of seizures and anxiety-like behaviors in preclinical models. Here, we investigated the impact of chronic epileptic seizures in anxiety-like behavior and TRPV1 channels expression in a genetic model of epilepsy, the Wistar Audiogenic Rat (WAR) strain. WARs were submitted to audiogenic kindling (AK), a preclinical model of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and behavioral tests were performed in the open-field (OF), and light-dark box (LDB) tests 24 h after AK. WARs displayed increased anxiety-like behavior and TRPV1R expression in the hippocampal CA1 area and basolateral amygdala nucleus (BLA) when compared to control Wistar rats. Chronic seizures increased anxiety-like behaviors and TRPV1 and FosB expression in limbic and brainstem structures involved with epilepsy and anxiety comorbidity, such as the hippocampus, superior colliculus, and periaqueductal gray matter. Therefore, these results highlight previously unrecognized alterations in TRPV1 expression in brain structures involved with TLE and anxiogenic-like behaviors in a genetic model of epilepsy, the WAR strain, supporting an important role of TRPV1 in the modulation of neurological disorders and associated neuropsychiatric comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willian Lazarini-Lopes
- Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences Department, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, Brazil;
| | - Gleice Kelli Silva-Cardoso
- Psychology Department, Faculty of Philosophy, Science, and Letters, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, Brazil; (G.K.S.-C.); (C.R.A.L.-P.)
| | - Christie Ramos Andrade Leite-Panissi
- Psychology Department, Faculty of Philosophy, Science, and Letters, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, Brazil; (G.K.S.-C.); (C.R.A.L.-P.)
| | - Norberto Garcia-Cairasco
- Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences Department, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, Brazil;
- Physiology Department, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine and Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences Department, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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97
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Shlobin NA, Campbell JM, Rosenow JM, Rolston JD. Ethical considerations in the surgical and neuromodulatory treatment of epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2022; 127:108524. [PMID: 34998267 PMCID: PMC10184316 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.108524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Surgical resection and neuromodulation are well-established treatments for those with medically refractory epilepsy. These treatments entail important ethical considerations beyond those which extend to the treatment of epilepsy generally. In this paper, the authors explore these unique considerations through a framework that relates foundational principles of bioethics to features of resective epilepsy surgery and neuromodulation. The authors conducted a literature review to identify ethical considerations for a variety of epilepsy surgery procedures and to examine how foundational principles in bioethics may inform treatment decisions. Healthcare providers should be cognizant of how an increased prevalence of somatic and psychiatric comorbidities, the dynamic nature of symptom burden over time, the individual and systemic barriers to treatment, and variable sociocultural contexts constitute important ethical considerations regarding the use of surgery or neuromodulation for the treatment of epilepsy. Moreover, careful attention should be paid to how resective epilepsy surgery and neuromodulation relate to notions of patient autonomy, safety and privacy, and the shared responsibility for device management and maintenance. A three-tiered approach-(1) gathering information and assessing the risks and benefits of different treatment options, (2) clear communication with patient or proxy with awareness of patient values and barriers to treatment, and (3) long-term decision maintenance through continued identification of gaps in understanding and provision of information-allows for optimal treatment of the individual person with epilepsy while minimizing disparities in epilepsy care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Shlobin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Justin M Campbell
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Joshua M Rosenow
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - John D Rolston
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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98
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Hobbs SL, Blackwell EJ, Wetz KE, Packer RMA. Owner reported management of interictal anxiety behaviours in canine epilepsy. Vet Rec 2022; 190:e1321. [PMID: 35064975 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.1321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic epilepsy (IE) is the most common chronic neurological condition in dogs, and can be associated with interictal (between seizure) anxiety (IIA). It is unclear how owners manage their pet's IIA, including how much veterinary support they receive for it. METHODS An international online questionnaire collected data on IIA prevalence, management of IIA and perceived levels of veterinary support for IIA from owners of dogs diagnosed with IE. RESULTS Valid responses were available from n = 220 owners. IIA was reported by 83.6% of owners. Common management strategies were behavioural or training techniques, reported by 90.4% of owners, whilst 34.4% reported use of behavioural products. Only 28.5% of owners felt fully supported by their vet in managing IIA. Owners who felt unsupported were less likely to have received advice on behavioural management or training from their vet (p = 0.003). CONCLUSION Access to veterinary support for the management of IIA is needed for owners of dogs with IE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Katy Emma Wetz
- Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
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99
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Bidirectional Relations Among Depression, Migraine, and Epilepsy: Do They Have an Impact on Their Response to Treatment? Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2021; 55:251-265. [PMID: 34964936 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2021_286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The evaluation and treatment of patients with epilepsy is not limited to the type of epilepsy, but it must incorporate the common comorbid neurologic, psychiatric, and medical disorders, as the latter can bare an impact on the course and response to treatment of the seizure disorder and vice versa. In this article we review the bidirectional relations among epilepsy and two of its most common comorbidities, mood disorders and migraine and examine the implications of these relations on the selection of therapies of these three disorders and their response to treatment. We also review the most salient common pathogenic mechanisms that may explain such relations.
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100
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Antonazzo IC, Fornari C, Maumus-Robert S, Cei E, Paoletti O, Conti S, Cortesi PA, Mantovani LG, Gini R, Mazzaglia G. Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown, during the Two Waves, on Drug Use and Emergency Department Access in People with Epilepsy: An Interrupted Time-Series Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182413253. [PMID: 34948862 PMCID: PMC8701966 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182413253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Italy implemented two national lockdowns aimed at reducing virus transmission. We assessed whether these lockdowns affected anti-seizure medication (ASM) use and epilepsy-related access to emergency departments (ED) in the general population. METHODS We performed a population-based study using the healthcare administrative database of Tuscany. We defined the weekly time series of prevalence and incidence of ASM, along with the incidence of epilepsy-related ED access from 1 January 2018 to 27 December 2020 in the general population. An interrupted time-series analysis was used to assess the effect of lockdowns on the observed outcomes. RESULTS Compared to pre-lockdown, we observed a relevant reduction of ASM incidence (0.65; 95% Confidence Intervals: 0.59-0.72) and ED access (0.72; 0.64-0.82), and a slight decrease of ASM prevalence (0.95; 0.94-0.96). During the post-lockdown the ASM incidence reported higher values compared to pre-lockdown, whereas ASM prevalence and ED access remained lower. Results also indicate a lower impact of the second lockdown for both ASM prevalence (0.97; 0.96-0.98) and incidence (0.89; 0.80-0.99). CONCLUSION The lockdowns implemented during the COVID-19 outbreaks significantly affected ASM use and epilepsy-related ED access. The potential consequences of these phenomenon are still unknown, although an increased incidence of epilepsy-related symptoms after the first lockdown has been observed. These findings emphasize the need of ensuring continuous care of epileptic patients in stressful conditions such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ippazio Cosimo Antonazzo
- Research Centre on Public Health (CESP), University of Milan-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (I.C.A.); (E.C.); (S.C.); (P.A.C.); (L.G.M.); (G.M.)
| | - Carla Fornari
- Research Centre on Public Health (CESP), University of Milan-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (I.C.A.); (E.C.); (S.C.); (P.A.C.); (L.G.M.); (G.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Sandy Maumus-Robert
- Team Pharmacoepidemiology, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Inserm U1219, University of Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France;
| | - Eleonora Cei
- Research Centre on Public Health (CESP), University of Milan-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (I.C.A.); (E.C.); (S.C.); (P.A.C.); (L.G.M.); (G.M.)
| | - Olga Paoletti
- Epidemiology Unit, Regional Agency for Healthcare Services of Tuscany, 50141 Florence, Italy; (O.P.); (R.G.)
| | - Sara Conti
- Research Centre on Public Health (CESP), University of Milan-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (I.C.A.); (E.C.); (S.C.); (P.A.C.); (L.G.M.); (G.M.)
| | - Paolo Angelo Cortesi
- Research Centre on Public Health (CESP), University of Milan-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (I.C.A.); (E.C.); (S.C.); (P.A.C.); (L.G.M.); (G.M.)
- Value-Based Healthcare Unit, IRCCS MultiMedica, 20099 Sesto San Giovanni, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Giovanni Mantovani
- Research Centre on Public Health (CESP), University of Milan-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (I.C.A.); (E.C.); (S.C.); (P.A.C.); (L.G.M.); (G.M.)
- Value-Based Healthcare Unit, IRCCS MultiMedica, 20099 Sesto San Giovanni, Italy
| | - Rosa Gini
- Epidemiology Unit, Regional Agency for Healthcare Services of Tuscany, 50141 Florence, Italy; (O.P.); (R.G.)
| | - Giampiero Mazzaglia
- Research Centre on Public Health (CESP), University of Milan-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (I.C.A.); (E.C.); (S.C.); (P.A.C.); (L.G.M.); (G.M.)
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