51
|
A systematic review of microbiome composition in osteoarthritis subjects. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2022; 30:786-801. [PMID: 34958936 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Osteoarthritis (OA) started to be associated to shifted microbiota composition recently. This systematic review aims to elucidate if there is a common microbiota composition linked with OA between different studies. METHODS We screened PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Cochrane databases up to July 26th 2021 to identify original studies in which microbiome was assessed from OA individuals, both in human and laboratory animals' studies. Bacteria associated with OA were summarized to find common patterns between the studies. RESULTS We identified 37 original studies where the microbiota composition was assessed in OA subjects. We identified some bacteria (Clostridium, Streptococcus, Bacteroides and Firmicutes) that were reported to be upregulated in OA subjects, whereas Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium longum were associated with improved OA outcomes. The heterogeneity of sampling and analysis methods, different taxonomical levels reported and the lack of healthy controls in several studies made it difficult to compare the studies and reach conclusions about a potential causal link. CONCLUSIONS The current study demonstrated that some bacteria were identified as regulators of OA. Future works following standardized methodologies with more proper controls are needed to elucidate our understanding of the role of the microbiota in OA pathogenesis and progress towards new treatments.
Collapse
|
52
|
Fecal microbiota transplantation from patients with rheumatoid arthritis causes depression-like behaviors in mice through abnormal T cells activation. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:223. [PMID: 35650202 PMCID: PMC9160267 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-01993-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is common in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA); however, the precise mechanisms underlying a link between depression and RA remain unclear. Accumulating evidence suggests the role of gut-microbiota-brain axis in depression. In this study, we investigated whether collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice produce depression-like behaviors and abnormal composition of gut microbiota. Furthermore, we investigated whether fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from RA patients causes depression-like phenotypes in antibiotic cocktail (ABX)-treated mice. CIA mice displayed depression-like behaviors, increased blood levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6), decreased expression of synaptic proteins in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), and abnormal composition of gut microbiota. Furthermore, FMT from RA patients caused depression-like phenotypes, alterations of gut microbiota composition, increased levels of IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and downregulation of synaptic proteins in the PFC compared to FMT from healthy controls. There were correlations between relative abundance of microbiota and plasma cytokines, expression of synaptic proteins in the PFC or depression-like behaviors. Interestingly, FMT from RA patients induced T cells differentiation in Peyer's patches and spleen. Reduced percentage of Treg cells with an increase of Th1/Th2 index was observed in the mice after FMT from RA patients. These findings suggest that CIA mice exhibit depression-like behaviors, systemic inflammation, and abnormal composition of gut microbiota, and that FMT from RA patients produces depression-like behaviors in ABX-treated mice via T cells differentiation. Therefore, abnormalities in gut microbiota in RA patients may contribute to depression via gut-microbiota-brain axis.
Collapse
|
53
|
Johnson SD, Fox HS, Buch S, Byrareddy SN. Chronic Opioid Administration is Associated with Prevotella-dominated Dysbiosis in SIVmac251 Infected, cART-treated Macaques. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2022; 17:3-14. [PMID: 33788119 PMCID: PMC9969301 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-021-09993-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
People living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have an elevated risk of opioid misuse due to both prescriptions for HIV-associated chronic pain and because injection drug use remains a primary mode of HIV transmission. HIV pathogenesis is characterized by chronic immune activation and microbial dysbiosis, and translocation across the gut barrier exacerbating inflammation. Despite the high rate of co-occurrence, little is known about the microbiome during chronic opioid use in the context of HIV and combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). We recently demonstrated the reduction of the CD4 + T-cell reservoir in lymphoid tissues but increased in microglia/macrophage reservoirs in CNS by using morphine-treated, simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus macaques with viremia suppressed by cART. To understand whether morphine may perturb the gut-brain axis, fecal samples were collected at necropsy, DNA isolated, and 16S rRNA sequenced and changes of the microbiome analyzed. We found that morphine treatment led to dysbiosis, primarily characterized by expansion of Bacteroidetes, particularly Prevotellaceae, at the expense of Firmicutes and other members of healthy microbial communities resulting in a lower α-diversity. Of the many genera in Prevotellaceae, the differences between the saline and morphine group were primarily due to a higher relative abundance of Prevotella_9, the taxa most similar to Prevotella copri, an inflammatory pathobiont in the human microbiome. These findings reinforce previous research showing that opioid abuse is associated with dysbiosis, therefore, warranting additional future research to elucidate the complex interaction between the host and opioid abuse during HIV and SIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D Johnson
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Howard S Fox
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Shilpa Buch
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Siddappa N Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Guzmán-Guzmán IP, Nogueda-Torres B, Zaragoza-García O, Navarro-Zarza JE, Briceño O, Pérez-Rubio G, Falfán-Valencia R, Gutiérrez-Pérez IA, Parra-Rojas I. The Infection, Coinfection, and Abundance of Intestinal Protozoa Increase the Serum Levels of IFABP2 and TNF-α in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:846934. [PMID: 35492365 PMCID: PMC9039364 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.846934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protozoa, nematodes, and platyhelminths are of clinical interest due to their role on the modulation of the immune responses. To determine the frequency of infection by intestinal parasites as well as the status of single or mixed infection (coinfection) and its relation with inflammation and intestinal permeability markers in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a cross-sectional study was conducted in 18 women diagnosed with RA. A fecal sample of each participant was analyzed for parasitic identification. The DAS28-erythrocyte sedimentation rate score, as well as the serum levels of TNF-α, IL-10, IL-17A, and the intestinal fatty-acid binding protein 2 (IFABP2), was determined through the ELISA technique. The T CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes' proportions were determined by flow cytometry. In this study, 50% (n = 9) of the total sample tested were positive to the presence of intestinal protozoa (27% by single infection and 22.2% by coinfection). Blastocystis sp. and Endolimax nana were the most frequently identified protozoa. The serum levels of IFABP2 were increased in patients with infection by protozoa, mainly in those individuals with coinfection and a larger abundance of Blastocystis sp. We found that coinfection by protozoa was related to higher levels of TNF-α and higher frequency of T CD4+ lymphocytes, mainly in patients under antirheumatic treatment. Infection by intestinal protozoa is associated with increased intestinal permeability in patients with RA; thus, infection, coinfection, and abundance of intestinal protozoa should be clinically screened because they could be an associated factor to the clinical variability of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamín Nogueda-Torres
- Department of Parasitology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Oscar Zaragoza-García
- Faculty of Chemical-Biological Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Mexico
| | | | - Olivia Briceño
- Center for Research in Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gloria Pérez-Rubio
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ramcés Falfán-Valencia
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Isela Parra-Rojas
- Faculty of Chemical-Biological Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Yao Y, Cai X, Zheng Y, Zhang M, Fei W, Sun D, Zhao M, Ye Y, Zheng C. Short-chain fatty acids regulate B cells differentiation via FFAR2 to alleviate rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Pharmacol 2022; 179:4315-4329. [PMID: 35393660 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are metabolites of gut microbes involved in the host's inflammatory response and immunity. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of SCFAs in RA and the possible mechanisms. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Gut microbiota diversity in mice was analysed by 16S rDNA sequencing. SCFAs levels were analysed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. T cells and B cells were analysed by flow cytometry. Bone damage was analysed by micro-CT and x-ray. Histopathological status was analysed by HE staining. The protein in tissues were analysed by immunohistochemistry and PCR. Mice with CD19+ B cells specifically deficient in FFAR2 were used to explore the molecular mechanisms involved. KEY RESULTS Levels of acetate, propionate, butyrate, and valerate were decreased in RA patients, and the first three levels correlated positively with the frequency of Bregs in peripheral blood but not with Tregs. Administration of the three SCFAs prior to the onset of collagen-induced arthritis in mice improved arthritic symptoms, increased the Bregs frequency, and decreased transitional B cells and follicular B cells frequency. However, the preceding phenomena could not be observed in mice with CD19+ B cells deficient in FFAR2. The effects of the three SCFAs in RA were dependent on FFAR2 while were independent of the other five B cell receptors (FFAR3, GPR109A, PPARγ, Olfr-78, and AhR). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS SCFAs regulate B cells differentiation via FFAR2 to alleviate RA. This will provide new insights into the treatment of RA from an immunological and microbiological perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yao
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Cai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Cancer Center, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongquan Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weidong Fei
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dongli Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengdan Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiqing Ye
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Caihong Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Kim HW, Yoon EJ, Jeong SH, Park MC. Distinct Gut Microbiota in Patients with Asymptomatic Hyperuricemia: A Potential Protector against Gout Development. Yonsei Med J 2022; 63:241-251. [PMID: 35184426 PMCID: PMC8860935 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2022.63.3.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Here, we aimed to elucidate the differences in microbiota composition between patients with gout and those with asymptomatic hyperuricemia (asHU) and determine the effect of uric acid-lowering therapy (ULT) on the gut microbiome. MATERIALS AND METHODS Stool samples from patients with asHU (n=8) and three groups of gout patients, i.e., acute gout patients before ULT (0ULT, n=14), the same acute gout patients after 30-day ULT (30ULT, n=9), and chronic gout patients after ≥6-month ULT (cULT, n=18) were collected and analyzed using 16S rRNA gene-based pyrosequencing. The composition of microbial taxonomy and communities, species diversity, and relationships among microbial communities were elucidated by bioinformatic analysis. RESULTS Gout patients showed less diverse gut microbiota than asHU patients. The microbiota of the asHU group exhibited a higher Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio and lower Prevotella-to-Bacteroides (P/B) ratio than the gout group; significantly, the F/B ratio increased in gout patients after ULT. Moreover, a balanced enterotype populated asHU patients compared to gout patients. Notably, the gut microbiota in asHU patients had a higher proportion of taxa with potentially anti-inflammatory effects compared to the gut microbiota in gout patients. CONCLUSION We found that microbial composition differs between asHU and gout patients. The differential gut microbiota in asHU patients may protect against gout development, whereas that in gout patients may have a role in gout provocation. ULT in gout patients altered the gut microbiota, and may help alleviate gout pathology and mitigate gout progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye Won Kim
- Department of Medicine, The Graduate School, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Hospital Medicine Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Eun-Jeong Yoon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Research Institute of Bacterial Resistance, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seok Hoon Jeong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Research Institute of Bacterial Resistance, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Chan Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Wang Q, Zhang SX, Chang MJ, Qiao J, Wang CH, Li XF, Yu Q, He PF. Characteristics of the Gut Microbiome and Its Relationship With Peripheral CD4+ T Cell Subpopulations and Cytokines in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:799602. [PMID: 35185845 PMCID: PMC8851473 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.799602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the association between intestinal microbiota abundance and diversity and cluster of differentiation (CD)4+ T cell subpopulations, cytokine levels, and disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis RA. A total of 108 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and 99 healthy control (HC) subjects were recruited. PICRUSt2 was used for functional metagenomic predictions. Absolute counts of peripheral CD4+ T cell subpopulations and cytokine levels were detected by flow cytometry and with a cytokine bead array, respectively. Correlations were analyzed with the Spearman rank correlation test. The results showed that the diversity of intestinal microbiota was decreased in RA patients compared to HCs. At the phylum level, the abundance of Firmicutes, Fusobacteriota, and Bacteroidota was decreased while that of Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria was increased and at the genus level, the abundance of Faecalibacterium, Blautia, and Escherichia-Shigella was increased while that of Bacteroides and Coprococcus was decreased in RA patients compared to HC subjects. The linear discriminant analysis effect size indicated that Bifidobacterium was the most significant genus in RA. The most highly enriched Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway in RA patients was amino acid metabolism. The relative abundance of Megamonas, Monoglobus, and Prevotella was positively correlated with CD4+ T cell counts and cytokine levels; and the relative numbers of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and T helper (Th17)/Treg ratio were negatively correlated with disease activity in RA. These results suggest that dysbiosis of certain bacterial lineages and alterations in gut microbiota metabolism lead to changes in the host immune profile that contribute to RA pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology at Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Big Data for Clinical Decision Research, Taiyuan, China
| | - Sheng-Xiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology at Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Min-Jing Chang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Big Data for Clinical Decision Research, Taiyuan, China
- School of Management, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jun Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology at Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Cai-Hong Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Li
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology at Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Qi Yu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Big Data for Clinical Decision Research, Taiyuan, China
- School of Management, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- *Correspondence: Qi Yu,
| | - Pei-Feng He
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Big Data for Clinical Decision Research, Taiyuan, China
- School of Management, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Pei-Feng He,
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Parantainen J, Barreto G, Koivuniemi R, Kautiainen H, Nordström D, Moilanen E, Hämäläinen M, Leirisalo-Repo M, Nurmi K, Eklund KK. The biological activity of serum bacterial lipopolysaccharides associates with disease activity and likelihood of achieving remission in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2022; 24:256. [PMID: 36411473 PMCID: PMC9677706 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-022-02946-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysbiotic intestinal and oral microbiota have been implicated in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but the mechanisms how microbiota could impact disease activity have remained elusive. The aim of this study was to assess the association of the biological activity of serum lipopolysaccharides (LPS) with disease activity and likelihood of achieving remission in RA patients. METHODS We measured Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4-stimulating activity of sera of 58 RA patients with a reporter cell line engineered to produce secreted alkaline phosphatase in response to TLR4 stimulation. Levels of LPS-binding protein, CD14, and CD163 were determined by ELISA assays. RESULTS The patient serum-induced TLR4 activation (biological activity of LPS) was significantly associated with inflammatory parameters and body mass index at baseline and at 12 months and with disease activity (DAS28-CRP, p<0.001) at 12 months. Importantly, baseline LPS bioactivity correlated with disease activity (p=0.031) and, in 28 early RA patients, the likelihood of achieving remission at 12 months (p=0.009). The level of LPS bioactivity was similar at baseline and 12-month visits, suggesting that LPS bioactivity is an independent patient-related factor. Neutralization of LPS in serum by polymyxin B abrogated the TLR4 signaling, suggesting that LPS was the major contributor to TLR4 activation. CONCLUSION We describe a novel approach to study the biological activity of serum LPS and their impact in diseases. The results suggest that LPS contribute to the inflammatory burden and disease activity on patients with RA and that serum-induced TLR4 activation assays can serve as an independent prognostic factor. A graphical summary of the conclusions of the study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. Parantainen
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, PL 4 (Yliopistonkatu 3), 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - G. Barreto
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, PL 4 (Yliopistonkatu 3), 00014 Helsinki, Finland ,Orton Orthopedic Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - R. Koivuniemi
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Rheumatology, Inflammation Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland ,grid.413739.b0000 0004 0628 3152Kanta-Häme Central Hospital, Riihimäki, Finland
| | - H. Kautiainen
- grid.410705.70000 0004 0628 207XFolkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland; Unit of Primary Health Care, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - D. Nordström
- grid.15485.3d0000 0000 9950 5666Department of Internal medicine and rehabilitation, Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - E. Moilanen
- grid.502801.e0000 0001 2314 6254The Immunopharmacology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - M. Hämäläinen
- grid.502801.e0000 0001 2314 6254The Immunopharmacology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - M. Leirisalo-Repo
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Rheumatology, Inflammation Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - K. Nurmi
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, PL 4 (Yliopistonkatu 3), 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - K. K. Eklund
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, PL 4 (Yliopistonkatu 3), 00014 Helsinki, Finland ,Orton Orthopedic Hospital, Helsinki, Finland ,grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Rheumatology, Inflammation Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Schupack DA, Mars RAT, Voelker DH, Abeykoon JP, Kashyap PC. The promise of the gut microbiome as part of individualized treatment strategies. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 19:7-25. [PMID: 34453142 PMCID: PMC8712374 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-021-00499-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Variability in disease presentation, progression and treatment response has been a central challenge in medicine. Although variability in host factors and genetics are important, it has become evident that the gut microbiome, with its vast genetic and metabolic diversity, must be considered in moving towards individualized treatment. In this Review, we discuss six broad disease groups: infectious disease, cancer, metabolic disease, cardiovascular disease, autoimmune or inflammatory disease, and allergic and atopic diseases. We highlight current knowledge on the gut microbiome in disease pathogenesis and prognosis, efficacy, and treatment-related adverse events and its promise for stratifying existing treatments and as a source of novel therapies. The Review is not meant to be comprehensive for each disease state but rather highlights the potential implications of the microbiome as a tool to individualize treatment strategies in clinical practice. Although early, the outlook is optimistic but challenges need to be overcome before clinical implementation, including improved understanding of underlying mechanisms, longitudinal studies with multiple data layers reflecting gut microbiome and host response, standardized approaches to testing and reporting, and validation in larger cohorts. Given progress in the microbiome field with concurrent basic and clinical studies, the microbiome will likely become an integral part of clinical care within the next decade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Schupack
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ruben A T Mars
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Dayne H Voelker
- Division of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jithma P Abeykoon
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Purna C Kashyap
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Treg-associated monogenic autoimmune disorders and gut microbial dysbiosis. Pediatr Res 2022; 91:35-43. [PMID: 33731809 PMCID: PMC8446091 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01445-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDs) caused by a single-gene defect generally are referred to as monogenic autoimmune disorders. For example, mutations in the transcription factor autoimmune regulator (AIRE) result in a condition called autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy; while mutations in forkhead box P3 lead to regulatory T cell (Treg)-deficiency-induced multiorgan inflammation, which in humans is called "immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy with X-linked inheritance" (or IPEX syndrome). Previous studies concluded that monogenic diseases are insensitive to commensal microbial regulation because they develop even in germ-free (GF) animals, a conclusion that has limited the number of studies determining the role of microbiota in monogenic PIDs. However, emerging evidence shows that although the onset of the disease is independent of the microbiota, several monogenic PIDs vary in severity in association with the microbiome. In this review, we focus on monogenic PIDs associated with Treg deficiency/dysfunction, summarizing the gut microbial dysbiosis that has been shown to be linked to these diseases. From limited studies, we have gleaned several mechanistic insights that may prove to be of therapeutic importance in the early stages of life. IMPACT: This review paper serves to refute the concept that monogenic PIDs are not linked to the microbiome. The onset of monogenic PIDs is independent of microbiota; single-gene mutations such as AIRE or Foxp3 that affect central or peripheral immune tolerance produce monogenic diseases even in a GF environment. However, the severity and outcome of PIDs are markedly impacted by the microbial composition. We suggest that future research for these conditions may focus on targeting the microbiome.
Collapse
|
61
|
Intestinal Models for Personalized Medicine: from Conventional Models to Microfluidic Primary Intestine-on-a-chip. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2022; 18:2137-2151. [PMID: 34181185 PMCID: PMC8237043 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10205-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal dysfunction is frequently driven by abnormalities of specific genes, microbiota, or microenvironmental factors, which usually differ across individuals, as do intestinal physiology and pathology. Therefore, it's necessary to develop personalized therapeutic strategies, which are currently limited by the lack of a simulated intestine model. The mature human intestinal mucosa is covered by a single layer of columnar epithelial cells that are derived from intestinal stem cells (ISCs). The complexity of the organ dramatically increases the difficulty of faithfully mimicking in vivo microenvironments. However, a simulated intestine model will serve as an indispensable foundation for personalized drug screening. In this article, we review the advantages and disadvantages of conventional 2-dimensional models, intestinal organoid models, and current microfluidic intestine-on-a-chip (IOAC) models. The main technological strategies are summarized, and an advanced microfluidic primary IOAC model is proposed for personalized intestinal medicine. In this model, primary ISCs and the microbiome are isolated from individuals and co-cultured in a multi-channel microfluidic chip to establish a microengineered intestine device. The device can faithfully simulate in vivo fluidic flow, peristalsis-like motions, host-microbe crosstalk, and multi-cell type interactions. Moreover, the ISCs can be genetically edited before seeding, and monitoring sensors and post-analysis abilities can also be incorporated into the device to achieve high-throughput and rapid pharmaceutical studies. We also discuss the potential future applications and challenges of the microfluidic platform. The development of cell biology, biomaterials, and tissue engineering will drive the advancement of the simulated intestine, making a significant contribution to personalized medicine in the future. Graphical abstract The intestine is a primary organ for digestion, absorption, and metabolism, as well as a major site for the host-commensal microbiota interaction and mucosal immunity. The complexity of the organ dramatically increases the difficulty of faithfully mimicking in vivo microenvironments, though physiological 3-dimensional of the native small intestinal epithelial tissue has been well documented. An intestinal stem cells-based microfluidic intestine-on-a-chip model that faithfully simulate in vivo fluidic flow, peristalsis-like motions, host-microbe crosstalk, and multi-cell type interactions will make a significant contribution.
Collapse
|
62
|
Onyango SO, Juma J, De Paepe K, Van de Wiele T. Oral and Gut Microbial Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes Landscape in Health and Disease. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:653448. [PMID: 34956106 PMCID: PMC8702856 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.653448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inter-individual variability in the microbial gene complement encoding for carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) can profoundly regulate how the host interacts with diverse carbohydrate sources thereby influencing host health. CAZy-typing, characterizing the microbiota-associated CAZyme-coding genes within a host individual, can be a useful tool to predict carbohydrate pools that the host can metabolize, or identify which CAZyme families are underrepresented requiring supplementation via microbiota transplantation or probiotics. CAZy-typing, moreover, provides a novel framework to search for disease biomarkers. As a proof of concept, we used publicly available metagenomes (935) representing 310 type strain bacterial genomes to establish the link between disease status and CAZymes in the oral and gut microbial ecosystem. The abundance and distribution of 220 recovered CAZyme families in saliva and stool samples from patients with colorectal cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and type 1 diabetes were compared with healthy subjects. Based on the multivariate discriminant analysis, the disease phenotype did not alter the CAZyme profile suggesting a functional conservation in carbohydrate metabolism in a disease state. When disease and healthy CAZyme profiles were contrasted in differential analysis, CAZyme markers that were underrepresented in type 1 diabetes (15), colorectal cancer (12), and rheumatoid arthritis (5) were identified. Of interest, are the glycosyltransferase which can catalyze the synthesis of glycoconjugates including lipopolysaccharides with the potential to trigger inflammation, a common feature in many diseases. Our analysis has also confirmed the expansive carbohydrate metabolism in the gut as evidenced by the overrepresentation of CAZyme families in the gut compared to the oral site. Nevertheless, each site exhibited specific CAZyme markers. Taken together, our analysis provides an insight into the CAZyme landscape in health and disease and has demonstrated the diversity in carbohydrate metabolism in host-microbiota which can be a sound basis for optimizing the selection of pre, pro, and syn-biotic candidate products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stanley O Onyango
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - John Juma
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Kim De Paepe
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Van de Wiele
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
García-Mena J, Corona-Cervantes K, Cuervo-Zanatta D, Benitez-Guerrero T, Vélez-Ixta JM, Zavala-Torres NG, Villalobos-Flores LE, Hernández-Quiroz F, Perez-Cruz C, Murugesan S, Bastida-González FG, Zárate-Segura PB. Gut microbiota in a population highly affected by obesity and type 2 diabetes and susceptibility to COVID-19. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:7065-7079. [PMID: 34887628 PMCID: PMC8613652 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i41.7065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a disease produced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and it is currently causing a catastrophic pandemic affecting humans worldwide. This disease has been lethal for approximately 3.12 million people around the world since January 2020. Globally, among the most affected countries, Mexico ranks third in deaths after the United States of America and Brazil. Although the high number of deceased people might also be explained by social aspects and lifestyle customs in Mexico, there is a relationship between this high proportion of deaths and comorbidities such as high blood pressure (HBP), type 2 diabetes, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. The official epidemiological figures reported by the Mexican government have indicated that 18.4% of the population suffers from HBP, close to 10.3% of adults suffer from type 2 diabetes, and approximately 36.1% of the population suffers from obesity. Disbalances in the gut microbiota (GM) have been associated with these diseases and with COVID-19 severity, presumably due to inflammatory dysfunction. Recent data about the association between GM dysbiosis and metabolic diseases could suggest that the high levels of susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 morbidity in the Mexican population are primarily due to the prevalence of type 2 diabetes, obesity, and metabolic syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime García-Mena
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07360, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Karina Corona-Cervantes
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07360, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Daniel Cuervo-Zanatta
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular and Departamento de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07360, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Tizziani Benitez-Guerrero
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07360, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Juan Manuel Vélez-Ixta
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07360, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Norma Gabriela Zavala-Torres
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07360, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Loan Edel Villalobos-Flores
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07360, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Fernando Hernández-Quiroz
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07360, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Claudia Perez-Cruz
- Departamento de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07360, CDMX, Mexico
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
64
|
Barelli C, Donati C, Albanese D, Pafčo B, Modrý D, Rovero F, Hauffe HC. Interactions between parasitic helminths and gut microbiota in wild tropical primates from intact and fragmented habitats. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21569. [PMID: 34732823 PMCID: PMC8566450 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01145-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian gastrointestinal tract harbours a highly complex ecosystem composed of a variety of micro- (bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoans) and macro-organisms (helminths). Although most microbiota research focuses on the variation of single gut components, the crosstalk between components is still poorly characterized, especially in hosts living under natural conditions. We investigated the gut micro-biodiversity (bacteria, fungi and helminths) of 158 individuals of two wild non-human primates, the Udzungwa red colobus (Procolobus gordonorum) and the yellow baboon (Papio cynocephalus). These species have contrasting diets and lifestyles, but live sympatrically in both human-impacted and pristine forests in the Udzungwa Mountains of Tanzania. Using non-invasive faecal pellets, helminths were identified using standard microscopy while bacteria and fungi were characterized by sequencing the V1–V3 variable region of the 16S rRNA gene for bacteria and the ITS1–ITS2 fragment for fungi. Our results show that both diversity and composition of bacteria and fungi are associated with variation in helminth presence. Although interactions differed by habitat type, in both primates we found that Strongyloides was negatively associated and Trichuris was positively associated with bacterial and fungal richness. To our knowledge, this is one of the few studies demonstrating an interaction between helminth and gut microbiota communities in wild non-human primates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Barelli
- Conservation Genetic Research Unit, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, S. Michele All'Adige, Italy. .,Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - Claudio Donati
- Computational Biology Research Unit, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, S. Michele All'Adige, Italy
| | - Davide Albanese
- Computational Biology Research Unit, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, S. Michele All'Adige, Italy
| | - Barbora Pafčo
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David Modrý
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.,Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Francesco Rovero
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Heidi C Hauffe
- Conservation Genetic Research Unit, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, S. Michele All'Adige, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Radu AF, Bungau SG. Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis: An Overview. Cells 2021; 10:2857. [PMID: 34831081 PMCID: PMC8616326 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a multifactorial autoimmune disease of unknown etiology, primarily affecting the joints, then extra-articular manifestations can occur. Due to its complexity, which is based on an incompletely elucidated pathophysiological mechanism, good RA management requires a multidisciplinary approach. The clinical status of RA patients has improved in recent years due to medical advances in diagnosis and treatment, that have made it possible to reduce disease activity and prevent systemic complications. The most promising results were obtained by developing disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), the class to which conventional synthetic, biologic, and targeted synthetic drugs belong. Furthermore, ongoing drug development has led to obtaining molecules with improved efficacy and safety profiles, but further research is needed until RA turns into a curable pathology. In the present work, we offer a comprehensive perspective on the management of RA, by centralizing the existing data provided by significant literature, emphasizing the importance of an early and accurate diagnosis associated with optimal personalized treatment in order to achieve better outcomes for RA patients. In addition, this study suggests future research perspectives in the treatment of RA that could lead to higher efficacy and safety profiles and lower financial costs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrei-Flavius Radu
- Doctoral School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania
| | - Simona Gabriela Bungau
- Doctoral School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Li J, Gálvez EJC, Amend L, Almási É, Iljazovic A, Lesker TR, Bielecka AA, Schorr EM, Strowig T. A versatile genetic toolbox for Prevotella copri enables studying polysaccharide utilization systems. EMBO J 2021; 40:e108287. [PMID: 34676563 PMCID: PMC8634118 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021108287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Prevotella copri is a prevalent inhabitant of the human gut and has been associated with plant‐rich diet consumption and diverse health states. The underlying genetic basis of these associations remains enigmatic due to the lack of genetic tools. Here, we developed a novel versatile genetic toolbox for rapid and efficient genetic insertion and allelic exchange applicable to P. copri strains from multiple clades. Enabled by the genetic platform, we systematically investigated the specificity of polysaccharide utilization loci (PULs) and identified four highly conserved PULs for utilizing arabinan, pectic galactan, arabinoxylan, and inulin, respectively. Further genetic and functional analysis of arabinan utilization systems illustrate that P. copri has evolved two distinct types of arabinan‐processing PULs (PULAra) and that the type‐II PULAra is significantly enriched in individuals consuming a vegan diet compared to other diets. In summary, this genetic toolbox will enable functional genetic studies for P. copri in future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Microbial Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Eric J C Gálvez
- Department of Microbial Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lena Amend
- Department of Microbial Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Éva Almási
- Department of Microbial Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Aida Iljazovic
- Department of Microbial Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Till R Lesker
- Department of Microbial Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Agata A Bielecka
- Department of Microbial Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Eva-Magdalena Schorr
- Department of Microbial Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Till Strowig
- Department of Microbial Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Centre for Individualized Infection Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Dysbiosis, gut-blood barrier rupture and autoimmune response in rheumatoid arthritis and schizophrenia. Reumatologia 2021; 59:180-187. [PMID: 34538945 PMCID: PMC8436801 DOI: 10.5114/reum.2021.107588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cause of chronic autoimmune diseases is elusive both in somatic medicine and psychiatry. Examples of such conditions are rheumatoid arthritis and schizophrenic disorders. Immune disturbances occur in both diseases, but it is difficult to combine them into a meaningful pathogenetic model. The immunological hypothesis of schizophrenia is based on non-specific changes in the cytokine system and exponents of chronic inflammation in some patients. In rheumatoid arthritis the cytokine network is much better known than in schizophrenia, and interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor or Janus kinases became a target of treatment. Microbiome dysbiosis and disturbances of the blood–gut barrier may be a new hypothesis of the pathogenesis of somatic and psychiatric diseases. The purpose of this narrative review was to show, using the example of two chronic diseases – rheumatoid arthritis and schizophrenic disorders – that disturbances in the blood barrier of the intestine can be a common mechanism of somatic and mental disorders. The paper presents the current state of knowledge on the hypothetical relationship between microbiome dysbiosis and the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and rheumatoid arthritis. In conclusion, in the light of discoveries regarding the microbiome–gut–brain axis the immunological model of rheumatoid arthritis and schizophrenia formation may gain importance and contribute to the creation of new strategies for causal treatment of these still incurable diseases.
Collapse
|
68
|
Gupta VK, Cunningham KY, Hur B, Bakshi U, Huang H, Warrington KJ, Taneja V, Myasoedova E, Davis JM, Sung J. Gut microbial determinants of clinically important improvement in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Genome Med 2021; 13:149. [PMID: 34517888 PMCID: PMC8439035 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-021-00957-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapid advances in the past decade have shown that dysbiosis of the gut microbiome is a key hallmark of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Yet, the relationship between the gut microbiome and clinical improvement in RA disease activity remains unclear. In this study, we explored the gut microbiome of patients with RA to identify features that are associated with, as well as predictive of, minimum clinically important improvement (MCII) in disease activity. METHODS We conducted a retrospective, observational cohort study on patients diagnosed with RA between 1988 and 2014. Whole metagenome shotgun sequencing was performed on 64 stool samples, which were collected from 32 patients with RA at two separate time-points approximately 6-12 months apart. The Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) of each patient was measured at both time-points to assess achievement of MCII; depending on this clinical status, patients were distinguished into two groups: MCII+ (who achieved MCII; n = 12) and MCII- (who did not achieve MCII; n = 20). Multiple linear regression models were used to identify microbial taxa and biochemical pathways associated with MCII while controlling for potentially confounding factors. Lastly, a deep-learning neural network was trained upon gut microbiome, clinical, and demographic data at baseline to classify patients according to MCII status, thereby enabling the prediction of whether a patient will achieve MCII at follow-up. RESULTS We found age to be the largest determinant of the overall compositional variance in the gut microbiome (R2 = 7.7%, P = 0.001, PERMANOVA). Interestingly, the next factor identified to explain the most variance in the gut microbiome was MCII status (R2 = 3.8%, P = 0.005). Additionally, by looking at patients' baseline gut microbiome profiles, we observed significantly different microbiome traits between patients who eventually showed MCII and those who did not. Taxonomic features include alpha- and beta-diversity measures, as well as several microbial taxa, such as Coprococcus, Bilophila sp. 4_1_30, and Eubacterium sp. 3_1_31. Notably, patients who achieved clinical improvement had higher alpha-diversity in their gut microbiomes at both baseline and follow-up visits. Functional profiling identified fifteen biochemical pathways, most of which were involved in the biosynthesis of L-arginine, L-methionine, and tetrahydrofolate, to be differentially abundant between the MCII patient groups. Moreover, MCII+ and MCII- groups showed significantly different fold-changes (from baseline to follow-up) in eight microbial taxa and in seven biochemical pathways. These results could suggest that, depending on the clinical course, gut microbiomes not only start at different ecological states, but also are on separate trajectories. Finally, the neural network proved to be highly effective in predicting which patients will achieve MCII (balanced accuracy = 90.0%, leave-one-out cross-validation), demonstrating potential clinical utility of gut microbiome profiles. CONCLUSIONS Our findings confirm the presence of taxonomic and functional signatures of the gut microbiome associated with MCII in RA patients. Ultimately, modifying the gut microbiome to enhance clinical outcome may hold promise as a future treatment for RA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinod K Gupta
- Microbiome Program, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Division of Surgery Research, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kevin Y Cunningham
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Benjamin Hur
- Microbiome Program, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Division of Surgery Research, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Utpal Bakshi
- Microbiome Program, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Division of Surgery Research, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Harvey Huang
- Mayo Clinic Medical Scientist Training Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kenneth J Warrington
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Veena Taneja
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Elena Myasoedova
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Division of Epidemiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - John M Davis
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jaeyun Sung
- Microbiome Program, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Division of Surgery Research, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Beutgen VM, Schmelter C, Pfeiffer N, Grus FH. Contribution of the Commensal Microflora to the Immunological Homeostasis and the Importance of Immune-Related Drug Development for Clinical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8896. [PMID: 34445599 PMCID: PMC8396286 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Not long ago, self-reactive immune activity was considered as pathological trait. A paradigm shift has now led to the recognition of autoimmune processes as part of natural maintenance of molecular homeostasis. The immune system is assigned further roles beneath the defense against pathogenic organisms. Regarding the humoral immune system, the investigation of natural autoantibodies that are frequently found in healthy individuals has led to further hypotheses involving natural autoimmunity in other processes as the clearing of cellular debris or decrease in inflammatory processes. However, their role and origin have not been entirely clarified, but accumulating evidence links their formation to immune reactions against the gut microbiome. Antibodies targeting highly conserved proteins of the commensal microflora are suggested to show self-reactive properties, following the paradigm of the molecular mimicry. Here, we discuss recent findings, which demonstrate potential links of the commensal microflora to the immunological homeostasis and highlight the possible implications for various diseases. Furthermore, specific components of the immune system, especially antibodies, have become a focus of attention for the medical management of various diseases and provide attractive treatment options in the future. Nevertheless, the development and optimization of such macromolecules still represents a very time-consuming task, shifting the need to more medical agents with simple structural properties and low manufacturing costs. Synthesizing only the biologically active sites of antibodies has become of great interest for the pharmaceutical industry and offers a wide range of therapeutic application areas as it will be discussed in the present review article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Franz H. Grus
- Experimental and Translational Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (V.M.B.); (C.S.); (N.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Luo X, Cui J, Long X, Chen Z. TLRs Play Crucial Roles in Regulating RA Synoviocyte. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2021; 20:1156-1165. [PMID: 32338225 DOI: 10.2174/1871530320666200427115225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease comparing the inflammation of synovium. Macrophage-like synoviocytes and fibroblast-like synoviocytes (synoviocytes) are crucial ingredients of synovium. Therein, a lot of research has focused on synoviocytes. Researches demonstrated that TLR1, TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6 TLR7 and TLR9 are expressed in synoviocyte. Additionally, the expression of TLR2, TLR3, TLR4 and TLR5 is increased in RA synoviocyte. In this paper, we review the exact role of TLR2, TLR3, TLR4 and TLR5 participate in regulating the production of inflammatory factors in RA synoviocyte. Furthermore, we discuss the role of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), MicroRNA, Monome of Chinese herb and other cells (Monocyte and T cell) influence the function of synoviocyte by regulating TLRs. The activation of toll-like receptors (TLRs) in synoviocyte leads to the aggravation of arthritis, comparing with angiogenesis and bone destruction. Above all, TLRs are promising targets for managing RA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuling Luo
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Juncheng Cui
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Xin Long
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Vetrano DL, Triolo F, Maggi S, Malley R, Jackson TA, Poscia A, Bernabei R, Ferrucci L, Fratiglioni L. Fostering healthy aging: The interdependency of infections, immunity and frailty. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 69:101351. [PMID: 33971332 PMCID: PMC9588151 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Untangling the interdependency of infections, immunity and frailty may help to clarify their roles in the maintenance of health in aging individuals, and the recent COVID-19 pandemic has further highlighted such priority. In this scoping review we aimed to systematically collect the evidence on 1) the impact of common infections such as influenza, pneumonia and varicella zoster on frailty development, and 2) the role played by frailty in the response to immunization of older adults. Findings are discussed under a unifying framework to identify knowledge gaps and outline their clinical and public health implications to foster a healthier aging. Twenty-nine studies (113,863 participants) selected to answer the first question provided a moderately strong evidence of an association between infections and physical as well as cognitive decline - two essential dimensions of frailty. Thirteen studies (34,520 participants) investigating the second aim, showed that frailty was associated with an impaired immune response in older ages, likely due to immunosenescence. However, the paucity of studies, the absence of tools to predict vaccine efficacy, and the lack of studies investigating the efficacy of newer vaccines in presence of frailty, strongly limit the formulation of more personalized immunization strategies for older adults. The current evidence suggests that infections and frailty repeatedly cross each other pathophysiological paths and accelerate the aging process in a vicious circle. Such evidence opens to several considerations. First, the prevention of both conditions pass through a life course approach, which includes several individual and societal aspects. Second, the maintenance of a well-functioning immune system may be accomplished by preventing frailty, and vice versa. Third, increasing the adherence to immunization may delay the onset of frailty and maintain the immune system homeostasis, beyond preventing infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davide L Vetrano
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Medicina dell'Invecchiamento, Fondazione Policlinico "A- Gemelli" IRCCS and Catholic University of Rome, Italy.
| | - Federico Triolo
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefania Maggi
- National Research Council, Neuroscience Institute, Padua, Italy
| | - Richard Malley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas A Jackson
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Department of Geriatrics, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Roberto Bernabei
- Centro Medicina dell'Invecchiamento, Fondazione Policlinico "A- Gemelli" IRCCS and Catholic University of Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Laura Fratiglioni
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Stockholm Gerontology Research Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize recent evidence regarding the presence and potential role of the microbiome in systemic vasculitides. RECENT FINDINGS Microbiomic descriptions are now available in patients with small, medium and large vessel vasculitis. The majority of studies have evaluated gastrointestinal inhabitants, with a smaller number of studies describing the nasal, pulmonary or vascular microbiomes. Most published studies are observational and cross-sectional. Dysbiosis is seen frequently in vasculitis patients with reduced microbial diversity observed in nasal, fecal and vascular samples compared with disease and/or healthy controls. Predominant bacteria vary, but overall, patients with vasculitis tend to have more pathogenic and less commensal bacteria in active disease. In the few longitudinal studies available, improvement or resolution of dysbiosis has been observed following vasculitis treatment and improved disease activity. SUMMARY Dysbiosis and reduced microbial diversity has been identified in patients with small, medium and large vessel vasculitis. Although limited data suggests microbiomes may 'normalize' following immunosuppression, cause or effect cannot be determined. It is hypothesized that microbial disruption in a genetically susceptible individual may trigger excessive host immune activation and vasculitis; however, larger studies with longitudinal and translational design are needed to further our current understanding.
Collapse
|
73
|
Horta-Baas G, Sandoval-Cabrera A, Romero-Figueroa MDS. Modification of Gut Microbiota in Inflammatory Arthritis: Highlights and Future Challenges. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2021; 23:67. [PMID: 34218340 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-021-01031-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This Review evaluates the available information on the modification of the microbiota by diet, prebiotics, probiotics, or drugs and its association with the severity of arthritis in animals and humans and highlights how this modulation could have therapeutic applications in RA. RECENT FINDINGS The gut microbiota and microbiota-derived metabolites play a role in developing rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in animals and humans, making the intestinal microbiota an exciting novel approach to suppress autoimmunity. Studies in animal models of RA show that it is possible to modify the intestinal microbiota with drugs, natural products, diet, probiotics, and prebiotics. Furthermore, these changes showed beneficial effects on symptom relief in animal models of RA and that these effects were associated with modulation of the immune response. Therapies that modify the gut microbiota would significantly impact the preclinical stage of arthritis, based on the fact that dysbiosis occurs before clinical arthritis. The effects of interventions to modulate the microbiota could not reverse arthritis. Furthermore, the therapies modulating therapies in controlling symptoms were limited once arthritis developed. The results obtained in the study of acarbose, probiotics, and prebiotics suggest that these interventions may decrease the disease's incidence rather than treat or cure it.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Horta-Baas
- Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital General Regional número 1, Delegación Yucatán, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Calle 41 No. 439 x 34. Colonia Industrial, 97150, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - Antonio Sandoval-Cabrera
- Laboratorio de alta especialidad en Hemato-Oncología, Hospital para el Niño, IMIEM, Toluca, Mexico.,Facultad de Medicina, Campus Universitario Siglo XXl, Zinacantepec, State of Mexico, Mexico
| | - María Del Socorro Romero-Figueroa
- Facultad de Medicina, Campus Universitario Siglo XXl, Zinacantepec, State of Mexico, Mexico.,Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud, Campus Norte Huixquilucan, Universidad Anáhuac México, Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Mining the capacity of human-associated microorganisms to trigger rheumatoid arthritis-A systematic immunoinformatics analysis of T cell epitopes. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253918. [PMID: 34185818 PMCID: PMC8241107 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases, often triggered by infection, affect ~5% of the worldwide population. Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)–a painful condition characterized by the chronic inflammation of joints—comprises up to 20% of known autoimmune pathologies, with the tendency of increasing prevalence. Molecular mimicry is recognized as the leading mechanism underlying infection-mediated autoimmunity, which assumes sequence similarity between microbial and self-peptides driving the activation of autoreactive lymphocytes. T lymphocytes are leading immune cells in the RA-development. Therefore, deeper understanding of the capacity of microorganisms (both pathogens and commensals) to trigger autoreactive T cells is needed, calling for more systematic approaches. In the present study, we address this problem through a comprehensive immunoinformatics analysis of experimentally determined RA-related T cell epitopes against the proteomes of Bacteria, Fungi, and Viruses, to identify the scope of organisms providing homologous antigenic peptide determinants. By this, initial homology screening was complemented with de novo T cell epitope prediction and another round of homology search, to enable: i) the confirmation of homologous microbial peptides as T cell epitopes based on the predicted binding affinity to RA-related HLA polymorphisms; ii) sequence similarity inference for top de novo T cell epitope predictions to the RA-related autoantigens to reveal the robustness of RA-triggering capacity for identified (micro/myco)organisms. Our study reveals a much larger repertoire of candidate RA-triggering organisms, than previously recognized, providing insights into the underestimated role of Fungi in autoimmunity and the possibility of a more direct involvement of bacterial commensals in RA-pathology. Finally, our study pinpoints Endoplasmic reticulum chaperone BiP as the most potent (most likely mimicked) RA-related autoantigen, opening an avenue for identifying the most potent autoantigens in a variety of different autoimmune pathologies, with possible implications in the design of next-generation therapeutics aiming to induce self-tolerance by affecting highly reactive autoantigens.
Collapse
|
75
|
Exploring the signature gut and oral microbiome in individuals of specific Ayurveda prakriti. J Biosci 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-021-00182-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
76
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW The human gut harbors a complex community of microbes that influence many processes regulating musculoskeletal development and homeostasis. This review gives an update on the current knowledge surrounding the impact of the gut microbiota on musculoskeletal health, with an emphasis on research conducted over the last three years. RECENT FINDINGS The gut microbiota and their metabolites are associated with sarcopenia, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis. The field is moving fast from describing simple correlations to pursue establishing causation through clinical trials. The gut microbiota and their microbial-synthesized metabolites hold promise for offering new potential alternatives for the prevention and treatment of musculoskeletal diseases given its malleability and response to environmental stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C G Boer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L Oei
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Carolina Medina-Gomez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Dietary Derived Propionate Regulates Pathogenic Fibroblast Function and Ameliorates Experimental Arthritis and Inflammatory Tissue Priming. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051643. [PMID: 34068191 PMCID: PMC8152983 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids are gut-bacteria-derived metabolites that execute important regulatory functions on adaptive immune responses, yet their influence on inflammation driven by innate immunity remains understudied. Here, we show that propionate treatment in drinking water or upon local application into the joint reduced experimental arthritis and lowered inflammatory tissue priming mediated by synovial fibroblasts. On a cellular level, incubation of synovial fibroblasts with propionate or a physiological mixture of short-chain fatty acids interfered with production of inflammatory mediators and migration and induced immune-regulatory fibroblast senescence. Our study suggests that propionate mediates its alleviating effect on arthritis by direct abrogation of local arthritogenic fibroblast function.
Collapse
|
78
|
Kroese JM, Brandt BW, Buijs MJ, Crielaard W, Lobbezoo F, Loos BG, van Boheemen L, van Schaardenburg D, Zaura E, Volgenant CMC. The oral microbiome in early rheumatoid arthritis patients and individuals at risk differs from healthy controls. Arthritis Rheumatol 2021; 73:1986-1993. [PMID: 33949151 PMCID: PMC8596438 DOI: 10.1002/art.41780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It has been suggested that rheumatoid arthritis (RA) may originate at the oral mucosa. Our aim was to assess the oral microbiome and the periodontal condition in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (ERA) and individuals at risk of RA. METHODS Three groups were recruited (50 participants each): (1) ERA patients (2010 ACR/EULAR criteria), (2) at-risk individuals (arthralgia and autoantibodies), and (3) healthy controls. A periodontal examination resulted in scores for bleeding on probing (BOP), pocket probing depth (PPD), and periodontal inflamed surface area (PISA). The microbial composition of subgingival dental plaque, saliva, and tongue coating was assessed using 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing, and compared between groups with permutational multivariate analyses of variance (PERMANOVA). RESULTS There was no difference between the groups on the periodontal variables (BOP p=0.70; PPD p=0.30; PISA p=0.56). PERMANOVA showed a difference between the groups in the microbial composition of saliva (F=2.08, p<0.001) and tongue coating (F=2.04, p=0.008), but not plaque (p=0.51). Post-hoc tests showed no difference between the ERA group and at-risk group (saliva F=1.12, p=0.28; tongue coating F=0.834, p=0.59). Discriminative zero-radius operational taxonomic units (zOTUs) were identified: in ERA patients and at-risk individuals, Prevotella in saliva and Veillonella in saliva and tongue coating were at higher relative abundance compared to healthy controls. CONCLUSION The results show similarities in the oral microbiome between ERA patients and at-risk individuals, both presenting with increased relative abundance of potentially pro-inflammatory species compared to healthy controls, suggesting a possible association between the oral microbiome and RA onset.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M Kroese
- Department of Orofacial Pain and Dysfunction, Academic Centre for Dentistry of Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry of Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry of Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bernd W Brandt
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry of Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark J Buijs
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry of Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Crielaard
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry of Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Lobbezoo
- Department of Orofacial Pain and Dysfunction, Academic Centre for Dentistry of Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno G Loos
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry of Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laurette van Boheemen
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, locations Reade and Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dirkjan van Schaardenburg
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, locations Reade and Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Egija Zaura
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry of Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Catherine M C Volgenant
- Department of Orofacial Pain and Dysfunction, Academic Centre for Dentistry of Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry of Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Hart AP, Laufer TM. A review of signaling and transcriptional control in T follicular helper cell differentiation. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 111:173-195. [PMID: 33866600 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1ri0121-066r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are a critical component of adaptive immunity and assist in optimal Ab-mediated defense. Multiple effector functions of Tfh support germinal center B cell survival, Ab class switching, and plasma cell maturation. In the past 2 decades, the phenotype and functional characteristics of GC Tfh have been clarified allowing for robust studies of the Th subset including activation signals and environmental cues controlling Tfh differentiation and migration during an immune response. A unique, 2-step differentiation process of Tfh has been proposed but the mechanisms underlying transition between unstable Tfh precursors and functional mature Tfh remain elusive. Likewise, newly identified transcriptional regulators of Tfh development have not yet been incorporated into our understanding of how these cells might function in disease. Here, we review the signals and downstream transcription factors that shape Tfh differentiation including what is known about the epigenetic processes that maintain Tfh identity. It is proposed that further evaluation of the stepwise differentiation pattern of Tfh will yield greater insights into how these cells become dysregulated in autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Hart
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Terri M Laufer
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Corporal Michael C. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Wang H, Ong E, Kao JY, Sun D, He Y. Reverse Microbiomics: A New Reverse Dysbiosis Analysis Strategy and Its Usage in Prediction of Autoantigens and Virulent Factors in Dysbiotic Gut Microbiomes From Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:633732. [PMID: 33717026 PMCID: PMC7947680 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.633732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the gut microbiome have been associated with various human diseases. Most existing gut microbiome studies stopped at the stage of identifying microbial alterations between diseased or healthy conditions. As inspired by reverse vaccinology (RV), we developed a new strategy called Reverse Microbiomics (RM) that turns this process around: based on the identified microbial alternations, reverse-predicting the molecular mechanisms underlying the disease and microbial alternations. Our RM methodology starts by identifying significantly altered microbiota profiles, performing bioinformatics analysis on the proteomes of the microbiota identified, and finally predicting potential virulence or protective factors relevant to a microbiome-associated disease. As a use case study, this reverse methodology was applied to study the molecular pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a common autoimmune and inflammatory disease. Those bacteria differentially associated with RA were first identified and annotated from published data and then modeled and classified using the Ontology of Host-Microbiome Interactions (OHMI). Our study identified 14 species increased and 9 species depleted in the gut microbiota of RA patients. Vaxign was used to comparatively analyze 15 genome sequences of the two pairs of species: Gram-negative Prevotella copri (increased) and Prevotella histicola (depleted), as well as Gram-positive Bifidobacterium dentium (increased) and Bifidobacterium bifidum (depleted). In total, 21 auto-antigens were predicted to be related to RA, and five of them were previously reported to be associated with RA with experimental evidence. Furthermore, we identified 94 potential adhesive virulence factors including 24 microbial ABC transporters. While eukaryotic ABC transporters are key RA diagnosis markers and drug targets, we identified, for the first-time, RA-associated microbial ABC transporters and provided a novel hypothesis of RA pathogenesis. Our study showed that RM, by broadening the scope of RV, is a novel and effective strategy to study from bacterial level to molecular level factors and gain further insight into how these factors possibly contribute to the development of microbial alterations under specific diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haihe Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing, China.,Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Edison Ong
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - John Y Kao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Duxin Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Yongqun He
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Center of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Cassotta M, Forbes-Hernandez TY, Cianciosi D, Elexpuru Zabaleta M, Sumalla Cano S, Dominguez I, Bullon B, Regolo L, Alvarez-Suarez JM, Giampieri F, Battino M. Nutrition and Rheumatoid Arthritis in the 'Omics' Era. Nutrients 2021; 13:763. [PMID: 33652915 PMCID: PMC7996781 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern high-throughput 'omics' science tools (including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and microbiomics) are currently being applied to nutritional sciences to unravel the fundamental processes of health effects ascribed to particular nutrients in humans and to contribute to more precise nutritional advice. Diet and food components are key environmental factors that interact with the genome, transcriptome, proteome, metabolome and the microbiota, and this life-long interplay defines health and diseases state of the individual. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease featured by a systemic immune-inflammatory response, in genetically susceptible individuals exposed to environmental triggers, including diet. In recent years increasing evidences suggested that nutritional factors and gut microbiome have a central role in RA risk and progression. The aim of this review is to summarize the main and most recent applications of 'omics' technologies in human nutrition and in RA research, examining the possible influences of some nutrients and nutritional patterns on RA pathogenesis, following a nutrigenomics approach. The opportunities and challenges of novel 'omics technologies' in the exploration of new avenues in RA and nutritional research to prevent and manage RA will be also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Cassotta
- Research Group on Foods, Nutritional Biochemistry and Health, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, 39011 Santander, Spain; (M.C.); (M.E.Z.); (S.S.C.); (I.D.)
| | - Tamara Y. Forbes-Hernandez
- Nutrition and Food Science Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, CITACA, CACTI, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain;
| | - Danila Cianciosi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (D.C.); (L.R.)
| | - Maria Elexpuru Zabaleta
- Research Group on Foods, Nutritional Biochemistry and Health, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, 39011 Santander, Spain; (M.C.); (M.E.Z.); (S.S.C.); (I.D.)
| | - Sandra Sumalla Cano
- Research Group on Foods, Nutritional Biochemistry and Health, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, 39011 Santander, Spain; (M.C.); (M.E.Z.); (S.S.C.); (I.D.)
| | - Irma Dominguez
- Research Group on Foods, Nutritional Biochemistry and Health, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, 39011 Santander, Spain; (M.C.); (M.E.Z.); (S.S.C.); (I.D.)
| | - Beatriz Bullon
- Department of Periodontology, Dental School, University of Sevilla, 41004 Sevilla, Spain;
| | - Lucia Regolo
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (D.C.); (L.R.)
| | - Josè Miguel Alvarez-Suarez
- AgroScience & Food Research Group, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito 170125, Ecuador;
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jedda 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Francesca Giampieri
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (D.C.); (L.R.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maurizio Battino
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (D.C.); (L.R.)
- International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Gebru YA, Choi MR, Raja G, Gupta H, Sharma SP, Choi YR, Kim HS, Yoon SJ, Kim DJ, Suk KT. Pathophysiological Roles of Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells in the Context of Gut Microbiota-Liver Axis. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020296. [PMID: 33535703 PMCID: PMC7912788 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a subset of T lymphocytes expressing a semi-invariant T-cell receptor (TCR) present as TCR Vα7.2-Jα33 in humans and TCR Vα19-Jα33 in mice. They are activated by ligands produced during microbial biosynthesis of riboflavin that is presented by major histocompatibility complex class I-related (MR1) molecules on antigen-presenting cells. MAIT cells also possess interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-18 receptors and can be activated by the respective cytokines released from microbially stimulated antigen-presenting cells. Therefore, MAIT cells can be involved in bacterial and viral defenses and are a significant part of the human immune system. They are particularly abundant in the liver, an organ serving as the second firewall of gut microbes next to the intestinal barrier. Therefore, the immune functions of MAIT cells are greatly impacted by changes in the gut-microbiota and play important roles in the gut-liver pathogenesis axis. In this review, we discuss the nature and mechanisms of MAIT cell activation and their dynamics during different types of liver pathogenesis conditions. We also share our perspectives on important aspects that should be explored further to reveal the exact roles that MAIT cells play in liver pathogenesis in the context of the gut microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ki Tae Suk
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-10-5365-5700; Fax: +82-033-248-5826
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Zeng J, Peng L, Zheng W, Huang F, Zhang N, Wu D, Yang Y. Fecal microbiota transplantation for rheumatoid arthritis: A case report. Clin Case Rep 2021; 9:906-909. [PMID: 33598269 PMCID: PMC7869316 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.3677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
No previous case of using fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been reported. We report a case of a patient with refractory RA successfully treated with FMT indicating that FMT may have a good therapeutic effect on RA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Zeng
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyThe First Medical CenterChinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
- Medical College of Nankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Lihua Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyThe First Medical CenterChinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Wei Zheng
- Department of NephrologyThe First Medical CenterChinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Feng Huang
- Department of RheumatologyThe First Medical CenterChinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Nana Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyThe First Medical CenterChinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Di Wu
- Department of NephrologyThe First Medical CenterChinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Yunsheng Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyThe First Medical CenterChinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
|
85
|
Li JJ, Yi S, Wei L. Ocular Microbiota and Intraocular Inflammation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:609765. [PMID: 33424865 PMCID: PMC7786018 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.609765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The term ocular microbiota refers to all types of commensal and pathogenic microorganisms present on or in the eye. The ocular surface is continuously exposed to the environment and harbors various commensals. Commensal microbes have been demonstrated to regulate host metabolism, development of immune system, and host defense against pathogen invasion. An unbalanced microbiota could lead to pathogenic microbial overgrowth and cause local or systemic inflammation. The specific antigens that irritate the deleterious immune responses in various inflammatory eye diseases remain obscure, while recent evidence implies a microbial etiology of these illnesses. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the literature on ocular microbiota and the role of commensal microbes in several eye diseases. In addition, this review will also discuss the interaction between microbial pathogens and host factors involved in intraocular inflammation, and evaluate therapeutic potential of targeting ocular microbiota to treat intraocular inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sanjun Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lai Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Hsieh WC, Svensson MN, Zoccheddu M, Tremblay ML, Sakaguchi S, Stanford SM, Bottini N. PTPN2 links colonic and joint inflammation in experimental autoimmune arthritis. JCI Insight 2020; 5:141868. [PMID: 33055428 PMCID: PMC7605542 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.141868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function variants of protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 2 (PTPN2) enhance risk of inflammatory bowel disease and rheumatoid arthritis; however, whether the association between PTPN2 and autoimmune arthritis depends on gut inflammation is unknown. Here we demonstrate that induction of subclinical intestinal inflammation exacerbates development of autoimmune arthritis in SKG mice. Ptpn2-haploinsufficient SKG mice — modeling human carriers of disease-associated variants of PTPN2 — displayed enhanced colitis-induced arthritis and joint accumulation of Tregs expressing RAR-related orphan receptor γT (RORγt) — a gut-enriched Treg subset that can undergo conversion into FoxP3–IL-17+ arthritogenic exTregs. SKG colonic Tregs underwent higher conversion into arthritogenic exTregs when compared with peripheral Tregs, which was exacerbated by haploinsufficiency of Ptpn2. Ptpn2 haploinsufficiency led to selective joint accumulation of RORγt-expressing Tregs expressing the colonic marker G protein–coupled receptor 15 (GPR15) in arthritic mice and selectively enhanced conversion of GPR15+ Tregs into exTregs in vitro and in vivo. Inducible Treg-specific haploinsufficiency of Ptpn2 enhanced colitis-induced SKG arthritis and led to specific joint accumulation of GPR15+ exTregs. Our data validate the SKG model for studies at the interface between intestinal and joint inflammation and suggest that arthritogenic variants of PTPN2 amplify the link between gut inflammation and arthritis through conversion of colonic Tregs into exTregs. Loss of protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 2 amplifies the link between gut and joint inflammation through conversion of colonic Tregs into arthritogenic exTregs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Chen Hsieh
- Department of Medicine, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Mattias Nd Svensson
- Department of Medicine, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martina Zoccheddu
- Department of Medicine, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Michael L Tremblay
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre.,Department of Biochemistry, and.,Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Shimon Sakaguchi
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Nunzio Bottini
- Department of Medicine, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Prevotella in Pigs: The Positive and Negative Associations with Production and Health. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8101584. [PMID: 33066697 PMCID: PMC7602465 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A diverse and dynamic microbial community (known as microbiota) resides within the pig gastrointestinal tract (GIT). The microbiota contributes to host health and performance by mediating nutrient metabolism, stimulating the immune system, and providing colonization resistance against pathogens. Manipulation of gut microbiota to enhance growth performance and disease resilience in pigs has recently become an active area of research in an era defined by increasing scrutiny of antimicrobial use in swine production. In order to develop microbiota-targeted strategies, or to identify potential next-generation probiotic strains originating from the endogenous members of GIT microbiota in pigs, it is necessary to understand the role of key commensal members in host health. Many, though not all, correlative studies have associated members of the genus Prevotella with positive outcomes in pig production, including growth performance and immune response; therefore, a comprehensive review of the genus in the context of pig production is needed. In the present review, we summarize the current state of knowledge about the genus Prevotella in the intestinal microbial community of pigs, including relevant information from other animal species that provide mechanistic insights, and identify gaps in knowledge that must be addressed before development of Prevotella species as next-generation probiotics can be supported.
Collapse
|
88
|
Interactions between Gut Microbiota and Immunomodulatory Cells in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:1430605. [PMID: 32963490 PMCID: PMC7499318 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1430605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the most common autoimmune diseases caused by abnormal immune activation and immune tolerance. Immunomodulatory cells (ICs) play a critical role in the maintenance and homeostasis of normal immune function and in the pathogenesis of RA. The human gastrointestinal tract is inhabited by trillions of commensal microbiota on the mucosal surface that play a fundamental role in the induction, maintenance, and function of the host immune system. Gut microbiota dysbiosis can impact both the local and systemic immune systems and further contribute to various diseases, such as RA. The neighbouring intestinal ICs located in distinct intestinal mucosa may be the most likely intermediary by which the gut microbiota can affect the occurrence and development of RA. However, the reciprocal interaction between the components of the gut microbiota and their microbial metabolites with distinct ICs and how this interaction may impact the development of RA are not well studied. Therefore, a better understanding of the gut microbiota, ICs, and their interactions might improve our knowledge of the mechanisms by which the gut microbiota contribute to RA and facilitate the further development of novel therapeutic approaches. In this review, we have summarized the roles of the gut microbiota in the immunopathogenesis of RA, especially the interactions between the gut microbiota and ICs, and further discussed the strategies for treating RA by targeting/regulating the gut microbiota.
Collapse
|
89
|
Amino Acid Metabolism in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Friend or Foe? Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10091280. [PMID: 32899743 PMCID: PMC7563518 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammals, amino acid metabolism has evolved to act as a critical regulator of innate and adaptive immune responses. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common form of inflammatory arthropathy sustained by autoimmune responses. We examine here the current knowledge of tryptophan and arginine metabolisms and the main immunoregulatory pathways in amino acid catabolism, in both RA patients and experimental models of arthritis. We found that l-tryptophan (Trp) metabolism and, in particular, the kynurenine pathway would exert protective effects in all experimental models and in some, but not all, RA patients, possibly due to single nucleotide polymorphisms in the gene coding for indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1; the enzyme catalyzing the rate-limiting step of the kynurenine pathway). The function, i.e., either protective or pathogenetic, of the l-arginine (Arg) metabolism in RA was less clear. In fact, although immunoregulatory arginase 1 (ARG1) was highly induced at the synovial level in RA patients, its true functional role is still unknown, possibly because of few available preclinical data. Therefore, our analysis would indicate that amino acid metabolism represents a fruitful area of research for new drug targets for a more effective and safe therapy of RA and that further studies are demanding to pursue such an important objective.
Collapse
|
90
|
Gambari L, Grassi F, Roseti L, Grigolo B, Desando G. Learning from Monocyte-Macrophage Fusion and Multinucleation: Potential Therapeutic Targets for Osteoporosis and Rheumatoid Arthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176001. [PMID: 32825443 PMCID: PMC7504439 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive bone resorption by osteoclasts (OCs) covers an essential role in developing bone diseases, such as osteoporosis (OP) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Monocytes or macrophages fusion and multinucleation (M-FM) are key processes for generating multinucleated mature cells with essential roles in bone remodelling. Depending on the phenotypic heterogeneity of monocyte/macrophage precursors and the extracellular milieu, two distinct morphological and functional cell types can arise mature OCs and giant cells (GCs). Despite their biological relevance in several physiological and pathological responses, many gaps exist in our understanding of their formation and role in bone, including the molecular determinants of cell fusion and multinucleation. Here, we outline fusogenic molecules during M-FM involved in OCs and GCs formation in healthy conditions and during OP and RA. Moreover, we discuss the impact of the inflammatory milieu on modulating macrophages phenotype and their differentiation towards mature cells. Methodological approach envisaged searches on Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, and EMBASE databases to select relevant studies on M-FM, osteoclastogenesis, inflammation, OP, and RA. This review intends to give a state-of-the-art description of mechanisms beyond osteoclastogenesis and M-FM, with a focus on OP and RA, and to highlight potential biological therapeutic targets to prevent extreme bone loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Livia Roseti
- Correspondence: (L.R.); (B.G.); Tel.: +39-051-6366090 (B.G.)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
91
|
Keirns BH, Lucas EA, Smith BJ. Phytochemicals affect T helper 17 and T regulatory cells and gut integrity: implications on the gut-bone axis. Nutr Res 2020; 83:30-48. [PMID: 33010588 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The pathology of osteoporosis is multifactorial, but a growing body of evidence supports an important role of the gut-bone axis, especially in bone loss associated with menopause, rheumatoid arthritis, and periodontal disease. Aberrant T cell responses favoring an increase in the ratio of T helper 17 cells to T regulatory cells play a critical role in the underlying etiology of this bone loss. Many of the dietary phytochemicals known to have osteoprotective activity such as flavonoids, organosulfur compounds, phenolic acids, as well as the oligosaccharides also improve gut barrier function and affect T cell differentiation and activation within gut-associated lymphoid tissues and at distal sites. Here, we examine the potential of these phytochemicals to act as prebiotics and immunomodulating agents, in part targeting the gut to mediate their effects on bone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryant H Keirns
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078.
| | - Edralin A Lucas
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078.
| | - Brenda J Smith
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078.
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Health Impact and Therapeutic Manipulation of the Gut Microbiome. High Throughput 2020; 9:ht9030017. [PMID: 32751130 PMCID: PMC7564083 DOI: 10.3390/ht9030017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in microbiome studies have revealed much information about how the gut virome, mycobiome, and gut bacteria influence health and disease. Over the years, many studies have reported associations between the gut microflora under different pathological conditions. However, information about the role of gut metabolites and the mechanisms by which the gut microbiota affect health and disease does not provide enough evidence. Recent advances in next-generation sequencing and metabolomics coupled with large, randomized clinical trials are helping scientists to understand whether gut dysbiosis precedes pathology or gut dysbiosis is secondary to pathology. In this review, we discuss our current knowledge on the impact of gut bacteria, virome, and mycobiome interactions with the host and how they could be manipulated to promote health.
Collapse
|
93
|
Fujimoto K, Uematsu S. Vaccine therapy for dysbiosis-related diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:2758-2767. [PMID: 32550752 PMCID: PMC7284185 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i21.2758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Progress in genomic analysis has resulted in the proposal that the intestinal microbiota is a crucial environmental factor in the development of multifactorial diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel diseases represented by Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Dysregulated gut microbiome contributes to the pathogenesis of such disorders; however, there are few effective treatments for controlling only disease-mediating bacteria. Here, we review current knowledge about the intestinal microbiome in health and disease, and discuss a regulatory strategy using a parenteral vaccine with emulsified curdlan and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides, which we have recently developed. Unlike other conventional injectable immunizations, our vaccine contributes to the induction of antigen-specific systemic and mucosal immunity. This vaccine strategy can prevent infectious diseases such as Streptococcus pneumoniae infection, and control metabolic symptoms mediated by intestinal bacteria (e.g. Clostridium ramosum) by induction of high titers of antigen-specific IgA at target mucosal sites. In the future, our vaccination approach could be an effective therapy for common infectious diseases and dysbiosis-related disorders that have been difficult to control so far.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Administration, Mucosal
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/microbiology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/therapy
- Bacterial Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Bacterial Vaccines/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/microbiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/therapy
- Dysbiosis/complications
- Dysbiosis/immunology
- Dysbiosis/microbiology
- Dysbiosis/therapy
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Mucosal
- Immunization Schedule
- Immunization, Secondary
- Immunoglobulin A/immunology
- Immunoglobulin A/metabolism
- Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/immunology
- Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/microbiology
- Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/therapy
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
- Intestinal Mucosa/microbiology
- Obesity/immunology
- Obesity/microbiology
- Obesity/therapy
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/administration & dosage
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/immunology
- Polysaccharides, Bacterial/administration & dosage
- Polysaccharides, Bacterial/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- beta-Glucans/administration & dosage
- beta-Glucans/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Fujimoto
- Department of Immunology and Genomics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
- Division of Innate Immune Regulation, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
- Division of Metagenome Medicine, Human Genome Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Satoshi Uematsu
- Department of Immunology and Genomics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
- Division of Innate Immune Regulation, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
- Division of Metagenome Medicine, Human Genome Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
- Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Zheng D, Liwinski T, Elinav E. Interaction between microbiota and immunity in health and disease. Cell Res 2020; 30:492-506. [PMID: 32433595 PMCID: PMC7264227 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-020-0332-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1519] [Impact Index Per Article: 379.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The interplay between the commensal microbiota and the mammalian immune system development and function includes multifold interactions in homeostasis and disease. The microbiome plays critical roles in the training and development of major components of the host's innate and adaptive immune system, while the immune system orchestrates the maintenance of key features of host-microbe symbiosis. In a genetically susceptible host, imbalances in microbiota-immunity interactions under defined environmental contexts are believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of a multitude of immune-mediated disorders. Here, we review features of microbiome-immunity crosstalk and their roles in health and disease, while providing examples of molecular mechanisms orchestrating these interactions in the intestine and extra-intestinal organs. We highlight aspects of the current knowledge, challenges and limitations in achieving causal understanding of host immune-microbiome interactions, as well as their impact on immune-mediated diseases, and discuss how these insights may translate towards future development of microbiome-targeted therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danping Zheng
- Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel.,Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Timur Liwinski
- Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel.,1st Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eran Elinav
- Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel. .,Cancer-Microbiome Division, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Abstract
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a severe, chronic autoimmune disease that affects 1% of the world's population. Familial risk contributes 50% of the risk of seropositive RA, with strongest risks seen in first-degree relatives. Smoking increases the risk of developing anti-citrullinated peptide antibody (ACPA)+ RA, particularly in individuals with high-risk RA-susceptibility alleles. Other contributory environmental risks including particulate exposure, periodontal disease, bronchiectasis, diet, obesity and the oral contraceptive impact respiratory, oral, intestinal and genital tract mucosal sites. Furthermore, the first signs of autoimmunity may appear at mucosal sites e.g. sputum ACPA-IgA and IgG. While oral and faecal dysbiosis are well described, there is no consistent single bacterial species that appears to drive RA. Animal and human data suggest a model in which multiple environmental influences impact mucosal immune function through the host genetics through enhanced mucosal permeability and the traffic of pro-inflammatory PAMPs and the amplification of autoimmune responses. In some cases, autoimmunity may be driven by cross-reactivity, or mimicry, to pathogen-specific antigens, particularly where the host immune system fails to support their rapid control and elimination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Bergot
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, 4102, QLD, Australia
| | - Rabina Giri
- Mater Research Institute-UQ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4102, QLD, Australia
| | - Ranjeny Thomas
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, 4102, QLD, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|