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Guo Y, Li Z, An N, Guo Y, Wang Y, Yuan Y, Zhang H, Tan T, Wu C, Peng B, Soavi G, Rao Y, Yao B. A Monolithic Graphene-Functionalized Microlaser for Multispecies Gas Detection. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2207777. [PMID: 36210725 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202207777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Optical-microcavity-enhanced light-matter interaction offers a powerful tool to develop fast and precise sensing techniques, spurring applications in the detection of biochemical targets ranging from cells, nanoparticles, and large molecules. However, the intrinsic inertness of such pristine microresonators limits their spread in new fields such as gas detection. Here, a functionalized microlaser sensor is realized by depositing graphene in an erbium-doped over-modal microsphere. By using a 980 nm pump, multiple laser lines excited in different mode families of the microresonator are co-generated in a single device. The interference between these splitting mode lasers produce beat notes in the electrical domain (0.2-1.1 MHz) with sub-kHz accuracy, thanks to the graphene-induced intracavity backward scattering. This allows for lab-free multispecies gas identification from a mixture, and ultrasensitive gas detection down to individual molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Optical Fibre Sensing and Communications (Education Ministry of China), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Zhaoyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Optical Fibre Sensing and Communications (Education Ministry of China), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Ning An
- Key Laboratory of Optical Fibre Sensing and Communications (Education Ministry of China), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Yongzheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Yuchen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optical Fibre Sensing and Communications (Education Ministry of China), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Yusen Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Optical Fibre Sensing and Communications (Education Ministry of China), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Hao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optical Fibre Sensing and Communications (Education Ministry of China), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Teng Tan
- Key Laboratory of Optical Fibre Sensing and Communications (Education Ministry of China), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Caihao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Optical Fibre Sensing and Communications (Education Ministry of China), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Bo Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Giancarlo Soavi
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Yunjiang Rao
- Key Laboratory of Optical Fibre Sensing and Communications (Education Ministry of China), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
- Research Centre for Optical Fiber Sensing, Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Baicheng Yao
- Key Laboratory of Optical Fibre Sensing and Communications (Education Ministry of China), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
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Ristić D, Zhivotkov D, Thekke Thalakkal S, Romanova E, Ivanda M. Theoretical Analysis of the Refractometric Sensitivity of a Coated Whispering Gallery Mode Resonator for Gas Sensing Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:9155. [PMID: 36501857 PMCID: PMC9740994 DOI: 10.3390/s22239155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We present a theoretical analysis of the refractometric sensitivity of a spherical microresonator coated with a porous sensing layer performed for different whispering gallery modes. The effective refractive index of the modes is also calculated. The calculations are also made for a system which has an additional high-refractive index layer sandwiched between the microsphere and the porous sensing layer. The results of the calculation are discussed in regards to the applicability of the studied systems for gas sensor construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davor Ristić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Daniil Zhivotkov
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Institute of Physics, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Ulitsa, 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia
| | | | - Elena Romanova
- Institute of Physics, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Ulitsa, 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia
| | - Mile Ivanda
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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53
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Wang Y, Ren Y, Luo X, Li B, Chen Z, Liu Z, Liu F, Cai Y, Zhang Y, Liu J, Li F. Manipulating cavity photon dynamics by topologically curved space. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:308. [PMID: 36280661 PMCID: PMC9592597 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-01009-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric microcavities supporting Whispering-gallery modes (WGMs) are of great significance for on-chip optical information processing. We establish asymmetric microcavities on topologically curved surfaces, where the geodesic light trajectories completely reconstruct the cavity mode features. The curvature-mediated photon-lifetime engineering enables the enhancement of the quality factors of periodic island modes by up to 200 times. Strong and weak coupling between modes of very different origins occurs when the space curvature brings them into resonance, leading to fine tailoring of the cavity photon energy and lifetime and the observation of non-Hermitian exceptional point (EP). At large space curvatures, the role of the WGMs is replaced by high-Q periodic modes protected by the high stability of island-like light trajectory. Our work demonstrates interesting physical mechanisms at the crosspoint of optical chaotic dynamics, non-Hermitian physics, and geodesic optical devices, and would initiate the novel area of geodesic microcavity photonics.
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Grants
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)
- National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFA0306101 and 2021YFA1400800), National Natural Science Foundation of China (12074303, 11804267, 11904279, 62035017, 11874437, 12074442 and 91836303), Shaanxi Key Science and Technology Innovation Team Project (2021TD-56)
- National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFA0306101 and 2021YFA1400800), National Natural Science Foundation of China (12074303, 11804267, 11904279, 62035017, 11874437, 12074442 and 91836303), Shaanxi Key Science and Technology Innovation Team Project (2021TD-56).
- Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province (2018B030329001), the Guangdong Special Support Program (2019JC05X397), the Local Innovative and Research Teams Project of the Guangdong Pearl River Talents Program (2017BT01X121) and the National Super-Computer Center in Guangzhou.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Wang
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education & Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yuhao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Luo
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education & Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Bo Li
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education & Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Zaoyu Chen
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education & Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Zhenzhi Liu
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education & Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Fu Liu
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education & Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yin Cai
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education & Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yanpeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education & Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Jin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Li
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education & Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
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54
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Rong J, Chi H, Jia T, Li J, Xing T, Yue J, Xing E, Sun F, Tang J, Liu J. Large-scale flexible-resonators with temperature insensitivity employing superoleophobic substrates. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:40897-40905. [PMID: 36299014 DOI: 10.1364/oe.471275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Whispering gallery mode polymer resonators are becoming competitive with devices made of other materials, however, the inherent thermal sensitivity of the materials and the small size limit their applications, such as high-precision optical gyroscope. Here, a method is proposed for fabricating large-scale NOA65 resonators with quality factors greater than 105 on a chip employing superoleophobic. The sandwich structure as the core layer of resonator is used to present the flexible remodeling characteristics, the surface roughness remains below 1 nm when the diameter changes by more than 25%. Importantly, theoretical and experimental results show that under the tuning action of external pressure, the equivalent thermal expansion coefficient of the resonator gradually approaches the glass sheet on both sides with the variation of 2 × 10-4 /°C∼0.9 × 10-4 /°C, and the corresponding temperature response range of 0.12 nm/°C∼-0.056 nm/°C shows the promise of temperature insensitivity resonators on a chip.
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55
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Sarbadhikary P, George BP, Abrahamse H. Paradigm shift in future biophotonics for imaging and therapy: Miniature living lasers to cellular scale optoelectronics. Theranostics 2022; 12:7335-7350. [PMID: 36438477 PMCID: PMC9691355 DOI: 10.7150/thno.75905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Advancements in light technology, devices and its applications have tremendously changed the facets of biomedical science and engineering to provide powerful diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities ranging from basic research to clinics. Recent novel innovations and concepts in the field of material science, biomedical optics, processing technology and nanotechnology have enabled increasingly sophisticated technologies such as cellular scale, wireless, remotely controlled micro device for in vivo integrations. This review deals with such futuristic applications of biophotonics like miniature living lasers, wireless remotely controlled implantable and cellular optoelectronics for novel imaging, diagnostic and therapeutic applications. We begin with an overview of the competency and progress in biophotonics as one of the most active frontiers in advanced analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic modalities. This is further followed by comprehensive discussion on recent advances, importance and applications, towards miniaturization size of laser to integrate into live cells as biological lasers, and wearable and implantable optoelectronic devices. Such applications form a novel biocompatible platform for intracellular sensing, cytometry and imaging devices. Further, the opportunities and possible challenges for future research directions to transform this basic research to clinical applications are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paromita Sarbadhikary
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
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56
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Wang D, Hermes M, Najmr S, Tasios N, Grau-Carbonell A, Liu Y, Bals S, Dijkstra M, Murray CB, van Blaaderen A. Structural diversity in three-dimensional self-assembly of nanoplatelets by spherical confinement. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6001. [PMID: 36224188 PMCID: PMC9556815 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33616-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoplatelets offer many possibilities to construct advanced materials due to new properties associated with their (semi)two-dimensional shapes. However, precise control of both positional and orientational order of the nanoplatelets in three dimensions, which is required to achieve emerging and collective properties, is challenging to realize. Here, we combine experiments, advanced electron tomography and computer simulations to explore the structure of supraparticles self-assembled from nanoplatelets in slowly drying emulsion droplets. We demonstrate that the rich phase behaviour of nanoplatelets, and its sensitivity to subtle changes in shape and interaction potential can be used to guide the self-assembly into a wide range of different structures, offering precise control over both orientation and position order of the nanoplatelets. Our research is expected to shed light on the design of hierarchically structured metamaterials with distinct shape- and orientation- dependent properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Wang
- Soft Condensed Matter, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Michiel Hermes
- Soft Condensed Matter, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stan Najmr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Nikos Tasios
- Soft Condensed Matter, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Grau-Carbonell
- Soft Condensed Matter, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yang Liu
- Soft Condensed Matter, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Budapestlaan 4, 3584 CD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Monash Centre for Electron Microscopy, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Sara Bals
- Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marjolein Dijkstra
- Soft Condensed Matter, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher B Murray
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Alfons van Blaaderen
- Soft Condensed Matter, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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57
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Zhang W, Wan L, Wei Y, Jia S, Gao S, Feng T, Liu W, Li Z. Defect-assisted, spray-printed colloidal quantum dot microlasers for biosensing. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:4917-4920. [PMID: 36181150 DOI: 10.1364/ol.470684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study successfully implements spectrally distinguishable CdSe-ZnS core-shell colloidal quantum dot (CQD) microlasers by a simple, efficient spray printing technique and demonstrates its potential in biosensing. We have systematically characterized the optical properties of printed microring lasers with diameters less than 60 µm. The smallest structure that can be excited has a diameter as small as 30 µm, which is much smaller than the counterparts prepared by piezoelectric ink-jet printing. The detection sensitivity of 4.54 nm/min/refractive index unit is verified in glucose sensing using a printed CQD microlaser. Biosensing of diverse glucose and bovine serum albumin solutions using printed microlasers with the assistance of defects demonstrates a new, to the best of our knowledge, prototype for the development of high-performance, low-cost on-chip microcavity sensors.
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58
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Yeng MSM, Ayop SK, Sasaki K. Optical Manipulation of a Liquid Crystal (LC) Microdroplet by Optical Force. CRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/crat.202200080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhamad Safuan Mat Yeng
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Mathematics Sultan Idris Education University Tanjong Malim Perak 35900 Malaysia
| | - Shahrul Kadri Ayop
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Mathematics Sultan Idris Education University Tanjong Malim Perak 35900 Malaysia
| | - Keiji Sasaki
- Research Institute for Electronic Science Hokkaido University Sapporo 0010020 Japan
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59
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Dong Y, Sun P, Zeng X, Wang J, Li Y, Wang M, Wang H. Displacement sensing in a multimode SNAP microcavity by an artificial neural network. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:27015-27027. [PMID: 36236882 DOI: 10.1364/oe.459420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Benefiting from the coupling between the Surface Nanoscale Axial Photonics (SNAP) microcavity and the waveguide, i.e., influenced by their abrupt field overlap, multiple axial modes in the transmission spectrum form a functional relationship with the coupling position, thus enabling displacement sensing. However, this functional relationship is complex and nonlinear, which is difficult to be fitted using analytical methods. We introduce a back-propagation neural network (BPNN) to model this functional relationship. The numerical results show that the multimode sensing scheme has great potential for practical large-range, high-precision displacement sensing platforms compared with the single-mode sensing based on the whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonators.
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60
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Zhao S, Li G, Peng X, Ma J, Yin Z, Zhao Q. Ultralow-threshold green fluorescent protein laser based on high Q microbubble resonators. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:23439-23447. [PMID: 36225023 DOI: 10.1364/oe.460985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Biological lasers have attracted vast attention because of their potential medical application prospects, especially the low threshold biological laser that can be used for ultrasensitive biological detection while leaving the luminous gain medium undamaged by the pump light. By coupling the low concentration green fluorescent protein (GFP) solution with a high Q whispering gallery mode microbubble resonator, we managed to fabricate a miniature GFP laser with the lowest threshold and highest Q value compared to any known type of the GFP laser. The threshold energy is as low as 380 fJ, two orders of magnitude lower than any type of GFP laser at present. The Q value of the optical cavity in this biological laser is 5.3 × 107, two orders higher than the highest Q value of GFP lasers. We further confirmed the long-term stability of the working characteristics of GFP laser. It can work well nearly a month in temperature 3-4°C. Finally, we measured the effects of different concentrations of fluorescent protein on laser threshold. The data show that this biological laser can be used for highly sensitive detection of GFP concentration, which is particularly useful when the GFP is used as tracers.
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61
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Guo C, Wang C, Ma T, Zhang L, Wang F. Integrated refractive index sensor based on an AlN-PSiO 2 hybrid plasmonic microdisk resonator. APPLIED OPTICS 2022; 61:4980-4985. [PMID: 36256173 DOI: 10.1364/ao.458340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a microdisk resonator (MDR) based on an AlN-PSiO2 hybrid plasmonic waveguide (HPW) and its refractive index (RI) sensing characteristics are investigated. The plasmonic characteristics of the MDR based on the AlN-PSiO2 HPW (APHPW-MDR) in near-infrared wavelengths are studied by using the finite element method. Through the structure parameter optimizations, the propagation length (Lprop) of the APHPW-MDR is ∼165µm, which is ∼2.5 times as long as that of the MDR based on the AlN HPW (AHPW-MDR). The simulation results show that the quality factor (Q) and extinction rate (ER) of the APHPW-MDR are ∼621.3 and ∼30dB, respectively. The RI sensing sensitivity (S) of the RI sensor based on the APHPW-MDR is ∼276.6nm/RIU. The RI sensor based on the APHPW-MDR has wide application prospects in high-performance biochemical sensing, and it can also be used in integrated optical filters, modulators, switches, routers, and delay circuits.
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62
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Yan Y, He J, Wang M, Yang L, Jiang Y. Microsphere Photonic Superlens for a Highly Emissive Flexible Upconversion-Nanoparticle-Embedded Film. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:24636-24647. [PMID: 35580230 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c05144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Increasing upconversion luminescence (UCL) to overcome the intrinsically low conversion efficiency of upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) poses a fundamental challenge. Photonic nanostructures are the efficient approaches for UCL enhancement by tailoring the local electromagnetic fields. Unfortunately, such nanostructures are sensitive to environmental conditions, and the regulation strength is varied in flexible applications. Here, we report giant UCL enhancement from a flexible UCNP-embedded film coupled with a microsphere photonic superlens (MPS), by which the enhancement ratio of UCL is over 104-fold under 808 nm excitation down to 0.72 mW. The enhancement pathways of MPS-enhanced UCL are attributed to Mie-resonant nanofocusing for high excitation-photon density, optical whispering-gallery modes (WGMs) for fast radiative decay, and the directional antenna effect for far-field emission confinement. The contribution of optical resonance in the MPS to suppressing the phonon-induced nonradiative transition and thermal quenching is experimentally validated. The UCL quantum yield is therefore improved by 3-fold to 4.20% under 120 mW/cm2 near-infrared excitation, consistent with the enhancement ratio via the Purcell effect of WGMs. Furthermore, the MPS demonstrates the robust optical regulation capability toward flexible applications, opening up new opportunities for facilitating multiphoton upconversion in wearable optoelectrical devices for nanoimaging, biosensing, and energy conversion in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinzhou Yan
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
- Key Laboratory of Trans-scale Laser Manufacturing Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100124, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laser Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Jing He
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Mengyuan Wang
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Lixue Yang
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yijian Jiang
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
- Key Laboratory of Trans-scale Laser Manufacturing Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100124, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laser Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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63
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Riesen N, Peterkovic ZQ, Guan B, François A, Lancaster DG, Priest C. Caged-Sphere Optofluidic Sensors: Whispering Gallery Resonators in Wicking Microfluidics. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22114135. [PMID: 35684755 PMCID: PMC9185560 DOI: 10.3390/s22114135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The rapid development of optofluidic technologies in recent years has seen the need for sensing platforms with ease-of-use, simple sample manipulation, and high performance and sensitivity. Herein, an integrated optofluidic sensor consisting of a pillar array-based open microfluidic chip and caged dye-doped whispering gallery mode microspheres is demonstrated and shown to have potential for simple real-time monitoring of liquids. The open microfluidic chip allows for the wicking of a thin film of liquid across an open surface with subsequent evaporation-driven flow enabling continuous passive flow for sampling. The active dye-doped whispering gallery mode microspheres placed between pillars, avoid the use of cumbersome fibre tapers to couple light to the resonators as is required for passive microspheres. The performance of this integrated sensor is demonstrated using glucose solutions (0.05–0.3 g/mL) and the sensor response is shown to be dynamic and reversible. The sensor achieves a refractive index sensitivity of ~40 nm/RIU, with Q-factors of ~5 × 103 indicating a detection limit of ~3 × 10−3 RIU (~20 mg/mL glucose). Further enhancement of the detection limit is expected by increasing the microsphere Q-factor using high-index materials for the resonators, or alternatively, inducing lasing. The integrated sensors are expected to have significant potential for a host of downstream applications, particularly relating to point-of-care diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Riesen
- Future Industries Institute, STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia; (Z.Q.P.); (B.G.); (A.F.); (D.G.L.); (C.P.)
- ARC Research Hub for Integrated Devices for End-User Analysis at Low-Levels (IDEAL), Future Industries Institute, STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Zane Q. Peterkovic
- Future Industries Institute, STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia; (Z.Q.P.); (B.G.); (A.F.); (D.G.L.); (C.P.)
| | - Bin Guan
- Future Industries Institute, STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia; (Z.Q.P.); (B.G.); (A.F.); (D.G.L.); (C.P.)
- ARC Research Hub for Integrated Devices for End-User Analysis at Low-Levels (IDEAL), Future Industries Institute, STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Alexandre François
- Future Industries Institute, STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia; (Z.Q.P.); (B.G.); (A.F.); (D.G.L.); (C.P.)
| | - David G. Lancaster
- Future Industries Institute, STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia; (Z.Q.P.); (B.G.); (A.F.); (D.G.L.); (C.P.)
- ARC Research Hub for Integrated Devices for End-User Analysis at Low-Levels (IDEAL), Future Industries Institute, STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Craig Priest
- Future Industries Institute, STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia; (Z.Q.P.); (B.G.); (A.F.); (D.G.L.); (C.P.)
- ARC Research Hub for Integrated Devices for End-User Analysis at Low-Levels (IDEAL), Future Industries Institute, STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
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64
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Romano G, Insero G, Marrugat SN, Fusi F. Innovative light sources for phototherapy. Biomol Concepts 2022; 13:256-271. [DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2022-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The use of light for therapeutic purposes dates back to ancient Egypt, where the sun itself was an innovative source, probably used for the first time to heal skin diseases. Since then, technical innovation and advancement in medical sciences have produced newer and more sophisticated solutions for light-emitting sources and their applications in medicine. Starting from a brief historical introduction, the concept of innovation in light sources is discussed and analysed, first from a technical point of view and then in the light of their fitness to improve existing therapeutic protocols or propose new ones. If it is true that a “pure” technical advancement is a good reason for innovation, only a sub-system of those advancements is innovative for phototherapy. To illustrate this concept, the most representative examples of innovative light sources are presented and discussed, both from a technical point of view and from the perspective of their diffusion and applications in the clinical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Romano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence , Viale G. Pieraccini 6 , 50139 Florence , Italy
| | - Giacomo Insero
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence , Viale G. Pieraccini 6 , 50139 Florence , Italy
- National Research Council, National Institute of Optics (CNR-INO) , Via Carrara 1 , 50019 Sesto Fiorentino , FI , Italy
| | - Santi Nonell Marrugat
- Institut Quimic de Sarria, Universidad Ramon Llull , Via Augusta 390 , 08017 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Franco Fusi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence , Viale G. Pieraccini 6 , 50139 Florence , Italy
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65
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Zhou X, Jiang M, Wu J, Liu M, Kan C, Shi D. Electrically driven whispering-gallery-mode microlasers in an n-MgO@ZnO:Ga microwire/p-GaN heterojunction. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:18273-18286. [PMID: 36221632 DOI: 10.1364/oe.457575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In emerging miniaturized applications, semiconductor micro/nanostructures laser devices have drawn great public attentions of late years. The device performances of micro/nanostructured microlasers are highly restricted to the different reflective conditions at various side surfaces of microresonators and junction interface quality. In this study, an electrically driven whispering-gallery-mode (WGM) microlaser composed of a Ga-doped ZnO microwire covered by a MgO layer (MgO@ZnO:Ga MW) and a p-type GaN substrate is illustrated experimentally. Incorporating a MgO layer on the side surfaces of ZnO:Ga MWs can be used to reduce light leakage along the sharp edges and the ZnO:Ga/GaN interface. This buffer layer incorporation also enables engineering the energy band alignment of n-ZnO:Ga/p-GaN heterojunction and manipulating the current transport properties. The as-constructed n-MgO@ZnO:Ga MW/p-GaN heterojunction device can emit at an ultraviolet wavelength of 375.5 nm and a linewidth of about 25.5 nm, achieving the excitonic-related recombination in the ZnO:Ga MW. The broadband spectrum collapsed into a series of sharp peaks upon continuous-wave (CW) operation of electrical pumping, especially for operating current above 15.2 mA. The dominant emission line was centered at 378.5 nm, and the line width narrowed to approximately 0.95 nm. These sharp peaks emerged from the spontaneous emission spectrum and had an average spacing of approximately 5.5 nm, following the WGM cavity modes. The results highlight the significance of interfacial engineering for optimizing the performance of low-dimensional heterostructured devices and shed light on developing future miniaturized microlasers.
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66
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Niu B, Shi X, Ge K, Ruan J, Xu Z, Zhang S, Guo D, Zhai T. An all-optical tunable polymer WGM laser pumped by a laser diode. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:2153-2158. [PMID: 36133452 PMCID: PMC9417825 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00025c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
An all-optical tunable whispering gallery mode (WGM) laser pumped by a laser diode is proposed. The laser is fabricated by filling a silica capillary with a light-emitting conjugated polymer solution. Based on the thermo-optic effect of the hydroxyl groups in the polymer and capillary, the effective refractive index of the WGM cavity changes by the auxiliary irradiation of the laser, and the wavelength of the WGM mode shifts correspondingly. The emission wavelength was continuously tuned over 13 nm with the irradiation power intensity changing from 0 to 22.41 W cm-2, showing a corresponding tuning rate of 0.58 nm W-1 cm-2. The wavelength tuning process has a fast response time that is within 2.8 s. It shows strong stability, with the output intensity showing no obvious attenuation after 100 minutes of operation. The proposed laser exhibits good repeatability, stability and high tuning efficiency, and could be applied as a light source for on-chip devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Niu
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 China
| | - Xiaoyu Shi
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 China
| | - Kun Ge
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 China
| | - Jun Ruan
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 China
| | - Zhiyang Xu
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 China
| | - Dan Guo
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 China
| | - Tianrui Zhai
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 China
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67
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Andrianov AV, Anashkina EA. Thermo-optical control of L-band lasing in Er-doped tellurite glass microsphere with blue laser diode. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:2182-2185. [PMID: 35486755 DOI: 10.1364/ol.455468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Miniature lasers based on rare-earth ion-doped tellurite microsphere resonators with whispering gallery modes (WGMs) are promising devices for basic research and applications. However, the excitation of WGMs using an external pump is not a simple task requiring passive or active control. We propose and demonstrate the implementation of thermo-optical control of the L-band laser generation in an Er-doped in-band pumped tellurite glass microsphere using a cheap low-power blue laser diode and a constant-wavelength telecom laser as a pump. The proposed scheme ensures simplification and cost reduction of microlasers.
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68
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Boost the sensitivity of optical sensors with interface modes. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2022; 67:777-778. [PMID: 36546228 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2022.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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69
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Azmi AN, Wan Ismail WZ, Abu Hassan H, Halim MM, Zainal N, Muskens OL, Wan Ahmad Kamil WM. Review of Open Cavity Random Lasers as Laser-Based Sensors. ACS Sens 2022; 7:914-928. [PMID: 35377613 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c02749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In this review, the concept of open cavity lasing for ultrasensitive sensing is explored, specifically in driving important innovations as laser-based biosensors─a field mostly dominated by fluorescence-based sensing. Laser-based sensing exhibits higher signal amplification and lower signal-to-noise ratio due to narrow emission lines as well as high sensitivity due to nonlinear components. The versatility of open cavity random lasers for probing analytes directly which is ultrasensitive to small changes in chemical composition and temperature fluctuations paves the path of utilizing narrow emission lines for advanced sensing. The concept of random lasing is first explained followed by a comparison of the different lasing threshold that has been reported. This is followed by a survey of reports on laser-based sensing and more specifically as biosensors. Finally, a perspective on the way forward for open cavity laser-based sensing is put forth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wan Zakiah Wan Ismail
- Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, 71800, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Haslan Abu Hassan
- School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Mahadi Halim
- School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Norzaini Zainal
- Institute of Nano Optoelectronics Research and Technology (INOR), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Otto L. Muskens
- Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Physical Sciences and Engineering, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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70
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Optical Whispering-Gallery-Mode Microbubble Sensors. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13040592. [PMID: 35457896 PMCID: PMC9026417 DOI: 10.3390/mi13040592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Whispering-gallery-mode (WGM) microbubble resonators are ideal optical sensors due to their high quality factor, small mode volume, high optical energy density, and geometry/design/structure (i.e., hollow microfluidic channels). When used in combination with microfluidic technologies, WGM microbubble resonators can be applied in chemical and biological sensing due to strong light–matter interactions. The detection of ultra-low concentrations over a large dynamic range is possible due to their high sensitivity, which has significance for environmental monitoring and applications in life-science. Furthermore, WGM microbubble resonators have also been widely used for physical sensing, such as to detect changes in temperature, stress, pressure, flow rate, magnetic field and ultrasound. In this article, we systematically review and summarize the sensing mechanisms, fabrication and packing methods, and various applications of optofluidic WGM microbubble resonators. The challenges of rapid production and practical applications of WGM microbubble resonators are also discussed.
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71
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Duan R, Zhang Z, Xiao L, Zhao X, Thung YT, Ding L, Liu Z, Yang J, Ta VD, Sun H. Ultralow-Threshold and High-Quality Whispering-Gallery-Mode Lasing from Colloidal Core/Hybrid-Shell Quantum Wells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2108884. [PMID: 34997633 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202108884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The realization of efficient on-chip microlasers with scalable fabrication, ultralow threshold, and stable single-frequency operation is always desired for a wide range of miniaturized photonic systems. Herein, an effective way to fabricate nanostructures- whispering-gallery-mode (WGM) lasers by drop-casting CdSe/CdS@Cd1- x Znx S core/buffer-shell@graded-shell nanoplatelets (NPLs) dispersion onto silica microspheres is presented. Benefiting from the excellent gain properties from the interface engineered core/hybrid shell NPLs and high-quality factor WGM resonator from excellent optical field confinement, the proposed room-temperature NPLs-WGM microlasers show a record-low lasing threshold of 3.26 µJ cm-2 under nanosecond laser pumping among all colloidal NPLs-based lasing demonstrations. The presence of sharp discrete transverse electric- and magnetic-mode spikes, the inversely proportional dependence of the free spectra range on microsphere sizes and the polarization anisotropy of laser output represent the first direct experimental evidence for NPLs-WGM lasing nature, which is verified theoretically by the computed electric-field distribution inside the microcavity. Remarkably, a stable single-mode lasing output with an ultralow lasing threshold of 3.84 µJ cm-2 is achieved by the Vernier effect through evanescent field coupling. The results highlight the significance of interface engineering on the optimization of gain properties of heterostructured nanomaterials and shed light on developing future miniaturized tunable coherent light sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Duan
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Zitong Zhang
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Lian Xiao
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Xiaoxu Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yi Tian Thung
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Lu Ding
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science Technology and Research), Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Zheng Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- CINTRA CNRS/NTU/THALES, UMI 3288, Singapore, 637553, Singapore
| | - Jun Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Information Photonics Technology, College of Information Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Van Duong Ta
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- Department of Optical Devices, Le Quy Don Technical University, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Handong Sun
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
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72
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Titze VM, Caixeiro S, Di Falco A, Schubert M, Gather MC. Red-Shifted Excitation and Two-Photon Pumping of Biointegrated GaInP/AlGaInP Quantum Well Microlasers. ACS PHOTONICS 2022; 9:952-960. [PMID: 35434182 PMCID: PMC9007562 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.1c01807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Biointegrated intracellular microlasers have emerged as an attractive and versatile tool in biophotonics. Different inorganic semiconductor materials have been used for the fabrication of such biocompatible microlasers but often operate at visible wavelengths ill-suited for imaging through tissue. Here, we report on whispering gallery mode microdisk lasers made from a range of GaInP/AlGaInP multi-quantum well structures with compositions tailored to red-shifted excitation and emission. The selected semiconductor alloys show minimal toxicity and allow the fabrication of lasers with stable single-mode emission in the NIR (675-720 nm) and sub-pJ thresholds. The microlasers operate in the first therapeutic window under direct excitation by a conventional diode laser and can also be pumped in the second therapeutic window using two-photon excitation at pulse energies compatible with standard multiphoton microscopy. Stable performance is observed under cell culturing conditions for 5 days without any device encapsulation. With their bio-optimized spectral characteristics, low lasing threshold, and compatibility with two-photon pumping, AlGaInP-based microlasers are ideally suited for novel cell tagging and in vivo sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera M. Titze
- SUPA,
School of Physics and Astronomy, University
of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - Soraya Caixeiro
- SUPA,
School of Physics and Astronomy, University
of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Di Falco
- SUPA,
School of Physics and Astronomy, University
of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - Marcel Schubert
- SUPA,
School of Physics and Astronomy, University
of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
- Humboldt
Centre for Nano- and Biophotonics, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstr. 4-6, D-50939 Cologne, Germany
| | - Malte C. Gather
- SUPA,
School of Physics and Astronomy, University
of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
- Humboldt
Centre for Nano- and Biophotonics, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstr. 4-6, D-50939 Cologne, Germany
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73
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Ismail WZW, Dawes JM. Synthesis and Characterization of Silver-Gold Bimetallic Nanoparticles for Random Lasing. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12040607. [PMID: 35214936 PMCID: PMC8879745 DOI: 10.3390/nano12040607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We developed rough silver-gold bimetallic nanoparticles for random lasing. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized based on a citrate-reduction method and the gold (III) chloride trihydrate was added to produce bimetallic nanoparticles. Gold atoms were deposited on the surface of the silver (Ag) through galvanic replacement reactions after the solution was stored at room temperature. Sample characterization and a spectrometry experiment were performed where bimetallic nanoparticles with nanogaps and the extinction of the nanoparticles were observed. The aim of this research is to synthesize nanoparticles for random dye laser in a weakly scattering regime. The novel bimetallic nanoparticles were added to Rhodamine 640 solution to produce random lasing. We found that random dye laser with bimetallic nanoparticles produced spectral narrowing and lasing threshold compared to random dye laser with silver nanoparticles. We attribute that to the localized surface plasmon effects which increase local electromagnetic field to provide sufficient optical gain for random lasing. The rough surface of bimetallic nanoparticles also contributes to the properties of random lasing. Thus, we suggest that the rough bimetallic nanoparticles can be used to develop random lasers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Zakiah Wan Ismail
- Advanced Devices and System, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Nilai 71800, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
| | - Judith M. Dawes
- MQ Photonics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, Australia;
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74
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Yu XC, Tang SJ, Liu W, Xu Y, Gong Q, Chen YL, Xiao YF. Single-molecule optofluidic microsensor with interface whispering gallery modes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2108678119. [PMID: 35115398 PMCID: PMC8832994 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2108678119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Label-free sensors are highly desirable for biological analysis and early-stage disease diagnosis. Optical evanescent sensors have shown extraordinary ability in label-free detection, but their potentials have not been fully exploited because of the weak evanescent field tails at the sensing surfaces. Here, we report an ultrasensitive optofluidic biosensor with interface whispering gallery modes in a microbubble cavity. The interface modes feature both the peak of electromagnetic-field intensity at the sensing surface and high-Q factors even in a small-sized cavity, enabling a detection limit as low as 0.3 pg/cm2 The sample consumption can be pushed down to 10 pL due to the intrinsically integrated microfluidic channel. Furthermore, detection of single DNA with 8 kDa molecular weight is realized by the plasmonic-enhanced interface mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Chong Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Department of Physics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Applied Optics Beijing Area Major Laboratory, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Shui-Jing Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yinglun Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qihuang Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - You-Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Yun-Feng Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
- Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Peking University, Nantong 226010, China
- National Biomedical Imaging Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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75
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Qin FF, Zhu GY, Yang JB, Wei L, Cui QN, Wang YJ. Unidirectional single-mode lasing realization and temperature-induced mode switching in asymmetric GaN coupled cavities. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:1921-1928. [PMID: 35048943 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr07203j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Effective lasing mode control and unidirectional coupling of semiconductor microlasers are vital to boost their applications in optical interconnects, on-chip communication, and bio-sensors. In this study, symmetric and asymmetric GaN floating microdisks and coupled cavities are designed based on the Vernier effect and then fabricated via electron beam lithography, dry-etching of GaN, and isotropic wet-etching of silicon (Si) support. The lasing properties, including model number, threshold, radiation direction, and mode switching method, are studied. Compared to its symmetrical structure, both experimental and simulated optical field distributions indicate that the lasing outgoing direction can be controlled with a vertebral angle on the disk. The whispering gallery mode (WGM) lasing of the structures, with a quasi-single-mode lasing at 374.36 nm, a dual-mode lasing at 372.36 nm, and 373.64 nm at coupled cavities, are obtained statically. More interestingly, a switching between dual-mode and single-mode can be achieved dynamically via a thermal-induced mode shifting.
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Affiliation(s)
- F F Qin
- Peter Grünberg Research Centre, College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210003, China.
| | - G Y Zhu
- Peter Grünberg Research Centre, College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210003, China.
| | - J B Yang
- College of Arts & Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410003, China.
| | - L Wei
- Peter Grünberg Research Centre, College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210003, China.
| | - Q N Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Y J Wang
- Peter Grünberg Research Centre, College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210003, China.
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76
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Awerkamp PA, Fish D, King M, Hill D, Nordin GP, Camacho RM. 3D printed mounts for microdroplet resonators. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:1599-1606. [PMID: 35209316 PMCID: PMC8970699 DOI: 10.1364/oe.447776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Liquid microdroplet resonators provide an excellent tool for optical studies due to their innate smoothness and high quality factors, but precise control over their geometries can be difficult. In contrast, three dimensional (3D) printed components are highly customizable but suffer from roughness and pixelation. We present 3D printed structures which leverage the versatility of 3D printing with the smoothness of microdroplets. Our devices enable the reliable creation of microdroplet resonators of varying shapes and sizes in an ambient environment, and our coupling scheme allows for high control over droplet position.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Davin Fish
- Brigham Young University (BYU), A-209 ASB Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Madison King
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011, USA
| | - David Hill
- Brigham Young University (BYU), A-209 ASB Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | | | - Ryan M. Camacho
- Brigham Young University (BYU), A-209 ASB Provo, UT 84602, USA
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77
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Qiao Z, Xu H, Zhang N, Gong X, Gong C, Yang G, Chew SY, Huang C, Chen Y. Cellular Features Revealed by Transverse Laser Modes in Frequency Domain. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2103550. [PMID: 34841743 PMCID: PMC8728842 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202103550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Biological lasers which utilize Fabry-Pérot (FP) cavities have attracted tremendous interest due to their potential in amplifying subtle biological changes. Transverse laser modes generated from cells serve as distinct fingerprints of individual cells; however, most lasing signals lack the ability to provide key information about the cell due to high complexity of transverse modes. The missing key, therefore, hinders it from practical applications in biomedicine. This study reveals the key mechanism governing the frequency distributions of transverse modes in cellular lasers. Spatial information of cells including curvature can be interpreted through spectral information of transverse modes by means of hyperspectral imaging. Theoretical studies are conducted to explore the correlation between the cross-sectional morphology of a cell and lasing frequencies of transverse modes. Experimentally, the spectral characteristics of transverse modes are investigated in live and fixed cells with different morphological features. By extracting laser modes in frequency domain, the proposed concept is applied for studying cell adhesion process and cell classification from rat cortices. This study expands a new analytical dimension of cell lasers, opening an avenue for subcellular analysis in biophotonic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Qiao
- School of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringNanyang Technological University50 Nanyang Ave.Singapore639798Singapore
| | - Hongmei Xu
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringNanyang Technological University50 Nanyang Ave.Singapore639798Singapore
| | - Na Zhang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University62 Nanyang DriveSingapore637459Singapore
| | - Xuerui Gong
- School of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringNanyang Technological University50 Nanyang Ave.Singapore639798Singapore
| | - Chaoyang Gong
- School of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringNanyang Technological University50 Nanyang Ave.Singapore639798Singapore
| | - Guang Yang
- School of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringNanyang Technological University50 Nanyang Ave.Singapore639798Singapore
| | - Sing Yian Chew
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University62 Nanyang DriveSingapore637459Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine11 Mandalay RoadSingapore308232Singapore
| | - Changjin Huang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringNanyang Technological University50 Nanyang Ave.Singapore639798Singapore
| | - Yu‐Cheng Chen
- School of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringNanyang Technological University50 Nanyang Ave.Singapore639798Singapore
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University62 Nanyang DriveSingapore637459Singapore
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78
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Yang X, Zhang Z, Su M, Song Y. Research Progress on Nano Photonics Technology-based SARS-CoV-2 Detection※. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/a21100469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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79
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Chen HX, Qian MD, Yu K, Liu YF. Low Threshold Microlasers Based on Organic-Conjugated Polymers. Front Chem 2021; 9:807605. [PMID: 34966724 PMCID: PMC8710511 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.807605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjugated polymers have emerged as ideal organic laser materials for the excellent optoelectrical properties and facile processability. During a typical lasing process, resonator configurations with specific geometry are essential to provide optical feedback and then amplified light. Herein, we summarized the geometry and working mechanism of several typical resonator configurations formed with conjugated polymers. Meanwhile, recent advances in fabrication techniques and lasing performance are also discussed to provide new ideas for the design and optimization of microcavity geometries. Followed by the advances of practical applications in fields of laser sensing, bioimaging, and laser illumination/display, we make a summary of the existing bottlenecks and future perspectives of electrically driven organic lasers toward laser display and illumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xu Chen
- Henan Key Laboratory of Infrared Materials and Spectrum Measures and Applications, School of Physics, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China.,School of Artificial Intelligence, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Meng-Dan Qian
- Henan Key Laboratory of Infrared Materials and Spectrum Measures and Applications, School of Physics, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Kun Yu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Infrared Materials and Spectrum Measures and Applications, School of Physics, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yu-Fang Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Infrared Materials and Spectrum Measures and Applications, School of Physics, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
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80
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Polarization Angle Dependence of Optical Gain in a Hybrid Structure of Alexa-Flour 488/M13 Bacteriophage. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11123309. [PMID: 34947657 PMCID: PMC8707841 DOI: 10.3390/nano11123309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We measured optical modal gain of a dye–virus hybrid structure using a variable stripe length method, where Alexa-fluor-488 dye was coated on a virus assembly of M13 bacteriophage. Inspired by the structural periodicity of the wrinkle-like virus assembly, the edge emission of amplified spontaneous emission was measured for increasing excited optical stripe length, which was aligned to be either parallel or perpendicular to the wrinkle alignment. We found that the edge emission showed a strong optical anisotropy, and a spectral etalon also appeared in the gain spectrum. These results can be attributed to the corrugated structure, which causes a similar effect to a DFB laser, and we also estimated effective cavity lengths.
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81
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Zhou Y, Wang Z, Fang Z, Liu Z, Zhang H, Yin D, Liang Y, Zhang Z, Liu J, Huang T, Bao R, Wu R, Lin J, Wang M, Cheng Y. On-chip microdisk laser on Yb 3+-doped thin-film lithium niobate. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:5651-5654. [PMID: 34780428 DOI: 10.1364/ol.440379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate an on-chip Yb3+-doped lithium niobate (LN) microdisk laser. The intrinsic quality factors of the fabricated Yb3+-doped LN microdisk resonator are measured up to 3.79×105 at a 976 nm wavelength and 1.1×106 at a 1514 nm wavelength. The multi-mode laser emissions are obtained in a band from 1020 to 1070 nm pumped by a 984 nm laser and with the low threshold of 103µW, resulting in a slope efficiency of 0.53% at room temperature. Furthermore, both the second-harmonic frequency of pump light and the sum frequency of the pump light and laser emissions are generated in the on-chip Yb3+-doped LN microdisk, benefiting from the strong χ(2) nonlinearity of LN. These microdisk lasers are expected to contribute to the high-density integration of a lithium niobate on insulator-based photonic chip.
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82
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Su D, Zhai T, Ge K, Zhang S, Xu Z, Tong J, Li H, Sun S, Zhang Y, Wang X. WGM lasing in irregular cavities with arbitrary boundaries. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:18349-18355. [PMID: 34729576 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr03938e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Because of its limited light field mode and high Q value, the whispering-gallery-mode (WGM) cavity has been widely studied. In this study, we propose a simple, rapid, low-cost and no-manufacturing technology method that we call the drip-coating method to obtain an irregular cavity with arbitrary boundaries. By using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution doped with rhodamine 6G, the irregular cavity with arbitrary boundaries was drip-coated on a high-reflection mirror, forming a WGM laser. The sample was pumped with a 532 nm pulsed laser, and the single-mode WGM and multi-WGM lasing were obtained. All WGMs are the vertical oscillation modes, which originate from both the total internal reflection of the PVA/air interface and vertical reflection of the PVA/mirror interface. The other boundaries of the cavity were not involved in the reflection and could have any shape. The mechanism of producing single-mode lasing is due to the action of the loss-gain cavity. Multi-WGM lasing is attributed to at least two groups of different WGMs existing in an irregular cavity. This can be confirmed by using a microsphere model and intensity correlation method. These results may provide an alternative for the design of WGM lasers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Su
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Beijing Polytechnic, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Tianrui Zhai
- Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Kun Ge
- Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Zhiyang Xu
- Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Junhua Tong
- Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Hongzhao Li
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Beijing Polytechnic, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Shiju Sun
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Beijing Polytechnic, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Beijing Polytechnic, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
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83
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Capocefalo A, Quintiero E, Conti C, Ghofraniha N, Viola I. Droplet Lasers for Smart Photonic Labels. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:51485-51494. [PMID: 34666483 PMCID: PMC9296018 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c14972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Microscopic lasers represent a promising tool for the development of cutting-edge photonic devices thanks to their ability to enhance light-matter interaction at the microscale. In this work, we realize liquid microlasers with tunable emission by exploiting the self-formation of three-dimensional liquid droplets into a polymeric matrix driven by viscoelastic dewetting. We design a flexible device to be used as a smart photonic label which is detachable and reusable on various types of substrates such as paper or fabric. The innovative lasing emission mechanism proposed here is based on whispering gallery mode emission coupled to random lasing, the latter prompted by the inclusion of dielectric compounds into the active gain medium. The wide possibility of modulating the emission wavelength of the microlasers by acting on different parameters, such as the cavity size, type and volume fraction of the dielectrics, and gain medium, offers a multitude of spectroscopic encoding schemes for the realization of photonic barcodes and labels to be employed in anticounterfeiting applications and multiplexed bioassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Capocefalo
- CNR
ISC, Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, c/o Università Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - E. Quintiero
- CNR
NANOTEC, Istituto di Nanotecnologia, c/o Università Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - C. Conti
- CNR
ISC, Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, c/o Università Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - N. Ghofraniha
- CNR
ISC, Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, c/o Università Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - I. Viola
- CNR
NANOTEC, Istituto di Nanotecnologia, c/o Università Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
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84
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Dispersion Tailoring and Four-Wave Mixing in Silica Microspheres with Germanosilicate Coating. PHOTONICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics8110473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Optical whispering gallery mode microresonators with controllable parameters in the telecommunication range are demanded for diverse applications. Controlling group velocity dispersion (GVD) in microresonators is an important problem, as near-zero GVD in a broad wavelength range could contribute to the development of new microresonator-based light sources. We demonstrated theoretically near-zero dispersion tailoring in the SCL-band in combination with free-spectral range (FSR) optimization for FSR = 200 GHz and 300 GHz in silica glass microspheres with micron-scale germanosilicate coating. As an illustration of a possible application of such a GVD, we also performed a theoretical study of degenerate four-wave mixing (FWM) processes in the proposed microresonators for pumping in the SCL-band. We found that in some cases the generation of two or even three pairs of waves–satellites in a FWM process is possible in principle due to the specific GVD features. We also determined optimal microresonator configurations for achieving gradual change in the satellite frequency shift for the pump wavelengths in the SCL-, S-, CL-, C-, and L-bands. The maximum obtained FWM satellite tunability span was ~78 THz for a pump wavelength change of ~30 nm, which greatly exceeds the results for a regular silica microsphere without coating.
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85
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Hanczyc P, Fita P. Laser Emission of Thioflavin T Uncovers Protein Aggregation in Amyloid Nucleation Phase. ACS PHOTONICS 2021; 8:2598-2609. [PMID: 34557567 PMCID: PMC8451393 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.1c00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
There is currently no definitive test for early detection of neurodegeneration which is linked with protein aggregation. Finding methods capable of detecting intermediate states of protein aggregates, named oligomers, is critical for the early stage diagnosis of over 30 neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's or Parkinson's. Currently, fluorescence-based imaging using Thioflavin T (ThT) dye is the gold standard for detecting protein aggregation. It is used to detect aggregation in vitro and in various tissues, including the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), whereby the disease-related protein recombinant is seeded with the patient's fluid. The major drawback of ThT is its lack of sensitivity to oligomeric forms of protein aggregates. Here, we overcome this limitation by transferring a ThT-oligomer mixture into solid state thin films and detecting fluorescence of ThT amplified in the process of stimulated emission. By monitoring the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) we achieved a remarkable recognition sensitivity to prefibrillar oligomeric forms of insulin and lysozyme aggregates in vitro, to Aβ42 oligomers in the human protein recombinants seeded with CSF and to Aβ42 oligomers doped into brain tissue. Seeding with Alzheimer patient's CSF containing Aβ42 and Tau aggregates revealed that only Aβ42 oligomers allowed generating ASE. Thus, we demonstrated that, in contrast to the current state-of-the-art, ASE of ThT, a commonly used histological dye, can be used to detect and differentiate amyloid oligomers and evaluate the risk levels of neurodegenerative diseases to potential patients before the clinical symptoms occur.
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86
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Liu L, Zhang X, Zhu Q, Li K, Lu Y, Zhou X, Guo T. Ultrasensitive detection of endocrine disruptors via superfine plasmonic spectral combs. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:181. [PMID: 34493704 PMCID: PMC8423748 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00618-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The apparent increase in hormone-induced cancers and disorders of the reproductive tract has led to a growing demand for new technologies capable of detecting endocrine disruptors. However, a long-lasting challenge unaddressed is how to achieve ultrahigh sensitive, continuous, and in situ measurement with a portable device for in-field and remote environmental monitoring. Here we demonstrate a simple-to-implement plasmonic optical fiber biosensing platform to achieve an improved light-matter interaction and advanced surface chemistry for ultrasensitive detection of endocrine disruptors. Our platform is based on a gold-coated highly tilted fiber Bragg grating that excites high-density narrow cladding mode spectral combs that overlap with the broad absorption of the surface plasmon for high accuracy interrogation, hence enabling the ultrasensitive monitoring of refractive index changes at the fiber surface. Through the use of estrogen receptors as the model, we design an estradiol-streptavidin conjugate with the assistance of molecular dynamics, converting the specific recognition of environmental estrogens (EEs) by estrogen receptor into surface-based affinity bioassay for protein. The ultrasensitive platform with conjugate-induced amplification biosensing approach enables the subsequent detection for EEs down to 1.5 × 10-3 ng ml-1 estradiol equivalent concentration level, which is one order lower than the defined maximal E2 level in drinking water set by the Japanese government. The capability to detect EEs down to nanogram per liter level is the lowest limit of detection for any estrogen receptor-based detection reported thus far. Its compact size, flexible shape, and remote operation capability open the way for detecting other endocrine disruptors with ultrahigh sensitivity and in various hard-to-reach spaces, thereby having the potential to revolutionize environment and health monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanhua Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xuejun Zhang
- Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Qian Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Kaiwei Li
- Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yun Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhou
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Tuan Guo
- Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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87
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Liu Y, Zhang J, Li S, Xia H. Photopolymerization strategy for the preparation of small-diameter artificial blood vessels with micro-nano structures on the inner wall. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:5844-5854. [PMID: 34692219 PMCID: PMC8515966 DOI: 10.1364/boe.432441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although large diameter vessels made of polyurethane materials have been widely used in clinical practice, the biocompatibility and long-term patency of small diameter artificial vessels have not been well addressed. Any technological innovation and advancement in small-diameter artificial blood vessels is of great interest to the biomedical field. Here a novel technique is used to produce artificial blood vessels with a caliber of less than 6 mm and a wall thickness of less than 0.5 mm by rotational exposure, and to form a bionic inner wall with a periodically micro-nano structure inside the tube by laser double-beam interference. The polyethylene glycol diacrylate used is a widely recognized versatile biomaterial with good hydrophilicity, biocompatibility and low cytotoxicity. The effect of the bionic structure on the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells was investigated, and it was demonstrated that the prepared vessels with the bionic structure could largely promote the endothelialization process of the cells inside them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghao Liu
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Oilfield Applied Chemistry and Technology, School of Mechatronics Engineering, Daqing Normal University, Daqing 163712, China
| | - Jiawei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Shunxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Hong Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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88
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Optical Frequency Combs Generated in Silica Microspheres in the Telecommunication C-, U-, and E-Bands. PHOTONICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics8090345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Optical frequency combs (OFCs) generated in microresonators with whispering gallery modes are demanded for different applications including telecommunications. Extending operating spectral ranges is an important problem for wavelength-division multiplexing systems based on microresonators. We demonstrate experimentally three spectrally separated OFCs in the C-, U-, and E-bands in silica microspheres which, in principle, can be used for telecommunication applications. For qualitative explanation of the OFC generation in the sidebands, we calculated gain coefficients and gain bandwidths for degenerate four-wave mixing (FWM) processes. We also attained a regime when the pump frequency was in the normal dispersion range and only two OFCs were generated. The first OFC was near the pump frequency and the second Raman-assisted OFC with a soliton-like spectrum was in the U-band. Numerical simulation based on the Lugiato–Lefever equation was performed to support this result and demonstrate that the Raman-assisted OFC may be a soliton.
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89
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Yan Z, Lu X, Du W, Lv Z, Tang C, Cai P, Gu P, Chen J, Yu Z. Ultraviolet graphene ultranarrow absorption engineered by lattice plasmon resonance. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:465202. [PMID: 34352738 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac1af9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We numerically demonstrate an ultraviolet graphene ultranarrow absorption in a hybrid graphene-metal structure. The full-width at half maximum of the absorption band being 9 nm in ultraviolet range is achieved based on the coupling of lattice plasmon resonances of the metallic nanostructure to the optical dissipation of graphene. The position, absorbance and linewidth of the hybridized narrow resonant mode tuned by controlling geometrical parameters and materials are systematically investigated. The proposed structure possesses high refractive index sensitivity of 288 nm/RIU and figure of merit of 72, and can also be used to detect small molecules layer of sub-nanometer thickness and refractive index with small changes, providing promising applications in ultra-compact efficient biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhendong Yan
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Lu
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Du
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
- College of Physics Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongquan Lv
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaojun Tang
- Center for Optics and Optoelectronics Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Information Technology in Biological and Medical Physics, College of Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, People's Republic of China
| | - Pinggen Cai
- Center for Optics and Optoelectronics Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Information Technology in Biological and Medical Physics, College of Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Gu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Microelectronics, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Chen
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Microelectronics, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi Yu
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
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90
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Liu S, Wei Y, Li X, Yu Y, Liu J, Yu S, Wang X. Dual-resonance enhanced quantum light-matter interactions in deterministically coupled quantum-dot-micropillars. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:158. [PMID: 34326302 PMCID: PMC8322385 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00604-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Optical microcavities have widely been employed to enhance either the optical excitation or the photon emission processes for boosting light-matter interactions at the nanoscale. When both the excitation and emission processes are simultaneously facilitated by the optical resonances provided by the microcavities, as referred to the dual-resonance condition in this article, the performances of many nanophotonic devices approach to the optima. In this work, we present versatile accessing of dual-resonance conditions in deterministically coupled quantum-dot (QD)-micropillars, which enables emission from neutral exciton (X)-charged exciton (CX) transition with improved single-photon purity. In addition, the rarely observed up-converted single-photon emission process is achieved under dual-resonance conditions. We further exploit the vectorial nature of the high-order cavity modes to significantly improve the excitation efficiency under the dual-resonance condition. The dual-resonance enhanced light-matter interactions in the quantum regime provide a viable path for developing integrated quantum photonic devices based on cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED) effect, e.g., highly efficient quantum light sources and quantum logical gates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunfa Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yuming Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Xueshi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Ying Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Jin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Siyuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
- Photonics Group, Merchant Venturers School of Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1UB, UK
| | - Xuehua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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91
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Xiao YF, Vollmer F. Special Issue on the 60 th anniversary of the first laser-Series I: Microcavity Photonics-from fundamentals to applications. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:141. [PMID: 34238916 PMCID: PMC8266797 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00583-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Feng Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.
| | - Frank Vollmer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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92
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Yu D, Vollmer F. Microscale whispering-gallery-mode light sources with lattice-confined atoms. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13899. [PMID: 34230545 PMCID: PMC8260733 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93295-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microlasers, relying on the strong coupling between active particles and optical microcavity, exhibit fundamental differences from conventional lasers, such as multi-threshold/thresholdless behavior and nonclassical photon emission. As light sources, microlasers possess extensive applications in precision measurement, quantum information processing, and biochemical sensing. Here we propose a whispering-gallery-mode microlaser scheme, where ultracold alkaline-earth metal atoms, i.e., gain medium, are tightly confined in a two-color evanescent lattice that is in the ring shape and formed around a microsphere. To suppress the influence of the lattice-induced ac Stark shift on the moderately-narrow-linewidth laser transition, the red-detuned trapping beams operate at a magic wavelength while the wavelength of the blue-detuned trapping beam is set close to the other magic wavelength. The tiny mode volume and high quality factor of the microsphere ensure the strong atom-microcavity coupling in the bad-cavity regime. As a result, both saturation photon and critical atom numbers, which characterize the laser performance, are substantially reduced below unity. We explore the lasing action of the coupled system by using the Monte Carlo approach. Our scheme may be potentially generalized to the microlasers based on the forbidden clock transitions, holding the prospect for microscale active optical clocks in precision measurement and frequency metrology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deshui Yu
- Living Systems Institute, Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK.
| | - Frank Vollmer
- Living Systems Institute, Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
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93
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Yang DQ, Chen JH, Cao QT, Duan B, Chen HJ, Yu XC, Xiao YF. Operando monitoring transition dynamics of responsive polymer using optofluidic microcavities. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:128. [PMID: 34135305 PMCID: PMC8209048 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00570-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Optical microcavities have become an attractive platform for precision measurement with merits of ultrahigh sensitivity, miniature footprint and fast response. Despite the achievements of ultrasensitive detection, optical microcavities still face significant challenges in the measurement of biochemical and physical processes with complex dynamics, especially when multiple effects are present. Here we demonstrate operando monitoring of the transition dynamics of a phase-change material via a self-referencing optofluidic microcavity. We use a pair of cavity modes to precisely decouple the refractive index and temperature information of the analyte during the phase-transition process. Through real-time measurements, we reveal the detailed hysteresis behaviors of refractive index during the irreversible phase transitions between hydrophilic and hydrophobic states. We further extract the phase-transition threshold by analyzing the steady-state refractive index change at various power levels. Our technology could be further extended to other materials and provide great opportunities for exploring on-demand dynamic biochemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Quan Yang
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China
| | - Jin-Hui Chen
- Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Qi-Tao Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Bing Duan
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China
| | - Hao-Jing Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xiao-Chong Yu
- Department of Physics and Applied Optics Beijing Area Major Laboratory, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yun-Feng Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China.
- Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Nantong, 226010, China.
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94
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Abstract
Microresonator-based lasers in the two-micron range are interesting for extensive applications. Tm3+ ions provide high gain; therefore, they are promising for laser generation in the two-micron range in various matrices. We developed a simple theoretical model to describe Tm-doped glass microlasers generating in the 1.9–2 μm range with in-band pump at 1.55 μm. Using this model, we calculated threshold pump powers, laser generation wavelengths and slope efficiencies for different parameters of Tm-doped tellurite glass microspheres such as diameters, Q-factors, and thulium ion concentration. In addition, we produced a 320-μm tellurite glass microsphere doped with thulium ions with a concentration of 5·1019 cm−3. We attained lasing at 1.9 μm experimentally in the produced sample with a Q-factor of 106 pumped by a C-band narrow line laser.
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95
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Pan T, Lu D, Xin H, Li B. Biophotonic probes for bio-detection and imaging. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:124. [PMID: 34108445 PMCID: PMC8190087 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00561-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of biophotonics and biomedical sciences makes a high demand on photonic structures to be interfaced with biological systems that are capable of manipulating light at small scales for sensitive detection of biological signals and precise imaging of cellular structures. However, conventional photonic structures based on artificial materials (either inorganic or toxic organic) inevitably show incompatibility and invasiveness when interfacing with biological systems. The design of biophotonic probes from the abundant natural materials, particularly biological entities such as virus, cells and tissues, with the capability of multifunctional light manipulation at target sites greatly increases the biocompatibility and minimizes the invasiveness to biological microenvironment. In this review, advances in biophotonic probes for bio-detection and imaging are reviewed. We emphatically and systematically describe biological entities-based photonic probes that offer appropriate optical properties, biocompatibility, and biodegradability with different optical functions from light generation, to light transportation and light modulation. Three representative biophotonic probes, i.e., biological lasers, cell-based biophotonic waveguides and bio-microlenses, are reviewed with applications for bio-detection and imaging. Finally, perspectives on future opportunities and potential improvements of biophotonic probes are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Pan
- Institute of Nanophotonics, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Dengyun Lu
- Institute of Nanophotonics, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Hongbao Xin
- Institute of Nanophotonics, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China.
| | - Baojun Li
- Institute of Nanophotonics, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China.
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96
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Toropov N, Vollmer F. Whispering-gallery microlasers for cell tagging and barcoding: the prospects for in vivo biosensing. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:77. [PMID: 33854030 PMCID: PMC8046988 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00517-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Researchers in the field of whispering-gallery-mode (WGM) microresonators have proposed biointegrated low-threshold WGM lasers, to enable large-scale parallel single-cell tracking and barcoding. Although the reported devices have so far been primarily investigated in model applications, most recent results represent important steps towards the development of in vivo tags and sensors that utilize the unique and narrow spectral features of miniature WGM lasers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Toropov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK.
| | - Frank Vollmer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK.
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97
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Toropov N, Zaki S, Vartanyan T, Sumetsky M. Microresonator devices lithographically introduced at the optical fiber surface. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:1784-1787. [PMID: 33793543 DOI: 10.1364/ol.421104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We present a simple lithographic method for fabrication of microresonator devices at the optical fiber surface. First, we undress the predetermined surface areas of a fiber segment from the polymer coating with a focused CO2 laser beam. Next, using the remaining coating as a mask, we etch the fiber in a hydrofluoric acid solution. Finally, we completely undress the fiber segment from coating to create a chain of silica bottle microresonators with nanoscale radius variation [surface nanoscale axial photonics (SNAP) microresonators]. We demonstrate the developed method by fabrication of a chain of five 1 mm long and 30 nm high microresonators at the surface of a 125 µm diameter optical fiber and a single 0.5 mm long and 291 nm high microresonator at the surface of a 38 µm diameter fiber. As another application, we fabricate a rectangular 5 mm long SNAP microresonator at the surface of a 38 µm diameter fiber and investigate its performance as a miniature delay line. The propagation of a 100 ps pulse with 1 ns delay, 0.035c velocity, and negligible dispersion is demonstrated. In contrast to previously developed approaches in SNAP technology, the developed method allows the introduction of much larger fiber radius variation ranging from nanoscale to microscale.
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