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Macrophage metabolic reprogramming during chronic lung disease. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:282-295. [PMID: 33184475 PMCID: PMC7658438 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-00356-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Airway macrophages (AMs) play key roles in the maintenance of lung immune tolerance. Tissue tailored, highly specialised and strategically positioned, AMs are critical sentinels of lung homoeostasis. In the last decade, there has been a revolution in our understanding of how metabolism underlies key macrophage functions. While these initial observations were made during steady state or using in vitro polarised macrophages, recent studies have indicated that during many chronic lung diseases (CLDs), AMs adapt their metabolic profile to fit their local niche. By generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) for pathogen defence, utilising aerobic glycolysis to rapidly generate cytokines, and employing mitochondrial respiration to fuel inflammatory responses, AMs utilise metabolic reprogramming for host defence, although these changes may also support chronic pathology. This review focuses on how metabolic alterations underlie AM phenotype and function during CLDs. Particular emphasis is given to how our new understanding of AM metabolic plasticity may be exploited to develop AM-focused therapies.
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52
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Ngilirabanga JB, Aucamp M, Pires Rosa P, Samsodien H. Mechanochemical Synthesis and Physicochemical Characterization of Isoniazid and Pyrazinamide Co-crystals With Glutaric Acid. Front Chem 2020; 8:595908. [PMID: 33282840 PMCID: PMC7706006 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.595908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work reports two novel pharmaceutical co-crystals; 2:1 isoniazid-glutaric acid (INHGA) and 2:1 pyrazinamide-glutaric acid (PGA). Isoniazid and pyrazinamide are key first-line drugs used for the treatment of tuberculosis. The co-crystals were produced via solid-state and solvent assisted grinding methods. Thermal characteristics of the samples were obtained using the differential scanning calorimetry, hot stage microscopy, and thermogravimetric analyses. The morphology of the powder samples by scanning electron microscopy, structural analysis by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and powder X-rays diffraction ensured co-crystal formation. Thermal analyses confirmed the co-crystals with new melting transitions ranging between their respective starting materials. Unique morphologies of the co-crystal particles were clear in SEM micrographs. The formation of intermolecular interactions with the co-crystal former was confirmed by the FT-IR spectral band shifting and was supported by distinct PXRD patterns of co-crystals thereby authenticating the successful co-crystal formation. In vitro solubility evaluation of the synthesized co-crystals by HPLC suggested a remarkable increase in solubility of both INH and PZA in their respective co-crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marique Aucamp
- School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Paulo Pires Rosa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Saö Paulo, Brazil
| | - Halima Samsodien
- School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
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53
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Paik S, Jo EK. An Interplay Between Autophagy and Immunometabolism for Host Defense Against Mycobacterial Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:603951. [PMID: 33262773 PMCID: PMC7688515 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.603951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, an intracellular catabolic pathway featuring lysosomal degradation, is a central component of the host immune defense against various infections including Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the pathogen that causes tuberculosis. Mtb can evade the autophagic defense and drive immunometabolic remodeling of host phagocytes. Co-regulation of the autophagic and metabolic pathways may play a pivotal role in shaping the innate immune defense and inflammation during Mtb infection. Two principal metabolic sensors, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase, function together to control the autophagy and immunometabolism that coordinate the anti-mycobacterial immune defense. Here, we discuss our current understanding of the interplay between autophagy and immunometabolism in terms of combating intracellular Mtb, and how AMPK-mTOR signaling regulates antibacterial autophagy in terms of Mtb infection. We describe several autophagy-targeting agents that promote host antimicrobial defenses by regulating the AMPK-mTOR axis. A better understanding of the crosstalk between immunometabolism and autophagy, both of which are involved in host defense, is crucial for the development of innovative targeted therapies for tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungwha Paik
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea.,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Eun-Kyeong Jo
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea.,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
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54
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Hackett EE, Sheedy FJ. An Army Marches on Its Stomach: Metabolic Intermediates as Antimicrobial Mediators in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:446. [PMID: 32984072 PMCID: PMC7477320 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cells of the immune system are reliant on their metabolic state to launch effective responses to combat mycobacterial infections. The bioenergetic profile of the cell determines the molecular fuels and metabolites available to the host, as well as to the bacterial invader. How cells utilize the nutrients in their microenvironment—including glucose, lipids and amino acids—to sustain their functions and produce antimicrobial metabolites, and how mycobacteria exploit this to evade the immune system is of great interest. Changes in flux through metabolic pathways alters the intermediate metabolites present. These intermediates are beginning to be recognized as key modulators of immune signaling as well as direct antimicrobial effectors, and their impact on tuberculosis infection is becoming apparent. A better understanding of how metabolism impacts immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and how it is regulated and thus can be manipulated will open the potential for novel therapeutic interventions and vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emer E Hackett
- Macrophage Homeostasis, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Frederick J Sheedy
- Macrophage Homeostasis, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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55
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Cox DJ, Coleman AM, Gogan KM, Phelan JJ, Ó Maoldomhnaigh C, Dunne PJ, Basdeo SA, Keane J. Inhibiting Histone Deacetylases in Human Macrophages Promotes Glycolysis, IL-1β, and T Helper Cell Responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1609. [PMID: 32793237 PMCID: PMC7390906 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading infectious killer in the world. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the bacteria that causes the disease, is phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages (AM) and infiltrating monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) in the lung. Infected macrophages then upregulate effector functions through epigenetic modifications to make DNA accessible for transcription. The metabolic switch to glycolysis and the production of proinflammatory cytokines are key effector functions, governed by epigenetic changes, that are integral to the ability of the macrophage to mount an effective immune response against Mtb. We hypothesised that suberanilohydroxamic acid (SAHA), an FDA-approved histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi), can modulate epigenetic changes upstream of the metabolic switch and support immune responses during Mtb infection. The rate of glycolysis in human MDM, infected with Mtb and treated with SAHA, was tracked in real time on the Seahorse XFe24 Analyzer. SAHA promoted glycolysis early in the response to Mtb. This was associated with significantly increased production of IL-1β and significantly reduced IL-10 in human MDM and AM. Since innate immune function directs downstream adaptive immune responses, we used SAHA-treated Mtb-infected AM or MDM in a co-culture system to stimulate T cells. Mtb-infected macrophages that had previously been treated with SAHA promoted IFN-γ, GM-CSF, and TNF co-production in responding T helper cells but did not affect cytotoxic T cells. These results indicate that SAHA promoted the early switch to glycolysis, increased IL-1β, and reduced IL-10 production in human macrophages infected with Mtb. Moreover, the elevated proinflammatory function of SAHA-treated macrophages resulted in enhanced T helper cell cytokine polyfunctionality. These data provide an in vitro proof-of-concept for the use of HDACi to modulate human immunometabolic processes in macrophages to promote innate and subsequent adaptive proinflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donal J Cox
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Amy M Coleman
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Karl M Gogan
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - James J Phelan
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cilian Ó Maoldomhnaigh
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Pádraic J Dunne
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sharee A Basdeo
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joseph Keane
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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56
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Abstract
Multi-omics strategies are indispensable tools in the search for new anti-tuberculosis drugs. Omics methodologies, where the ensemble of a class of biological molecules are measured and evaluated together, enable drug discovery programs to answer two fundamental questions. Firstly, in a discovery biology approach, to find new targets in druggable pathways for target-based investigation, advancing from target to lead compound. Secondly, in a discovery chemistry approach, to identify the mode of action of lead compounds derived from high-throughput screens, progressing from compound to target. The advantage of multi-omics methodologies in both of these settings is that omics approaches are unsupervised and unbiased to a priori hypotheses, making omics useful tools to confirm drug action, reveal new insights into compound activity, and discover new avenues for inquiry. This review summarizes the application of Mycobacterium tuberculosis omics technologies to the early stages of tuberculosis antimicrobial drug discovery.
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57
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Bergman P, Raqib R, Rekha RS, Agerberth B, Gudmundsson GH. Host Directed Therapy Against Infection by Boosting Innate Immunity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1209. [PMID: 32595649 PMCID: PMC7304486 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system constitutes the first line of defense against invading pathogens, regulating the normal microbiota and contributes to homeostasis. Today we have obtained detailed knowledge on receptors, signaling pathways, and effector molecules of innate immunity. Our research constellation has focused on ways to induce the expression of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), the production of oxygen species (ROS and NO), and to activate autophagy, during the last two decades. These innate effectors, with different mechanisms of action, constitute a powerful defense armament in phagocytes and in epithelial cells. Innate immunity does not only protect the host from invading pathogens, but also regulates the composition of the microbiota, which is an area of intense research. Notably, some virulent bacteria have the capacity to downregulate innate defenses and can thereby cause invasive disease. Understanding the detailed mechanisms behind pathogen-mediated suppression of innate effectors are currently in progress. This information can be of importance for the development of novel treatments based on counteraction of the downregulation; we have designated this type of treatment as host directed therapy (HDT). The concept to boost innate immunity may be particularly relevant as many pathogens are developing resistance against classical antibiotics. Many pathogens that are resistant to antibiotics are sensitive to the endogenous effectors included in early host defenses, which contain multiple effectors working in cooperation to control infections. Here, we review recent data related to downregulation of AMPs by pathogenic bacteria, induction of innate effector mechanisms, including cytokine-mediated effects, repurposed drugs and the role of antibiotics as direct modulators of host responses. These findings can form a platform for the development of novel treatment strategies against infection and/or inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bergman
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,The Immunodeficiency Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rubhana Raqib
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rokeya Sultana Rekha
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Birgitta Agerberth
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gudmundur H Gudmundsson
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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58
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López-Agudelo VA, Mendum TA, Laing E, Wu H, Baena A, Barrera LF, Beste DJV, Rios-Estepa R. A systematic evaluation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Genome-Scale Metabolic Networks. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1007533. [PMID: 32542021 PMCID: PMC7316355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolism underpins the pathogenic strategy of the causative agent of TB, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), and therefore metabolic pathways have recently re-emerged as attractive drug targets. A powerful approach to study Mtb metabolism as a whole, rather than just individual enzymatic components, is to use a systems biology framework, such as a Genome-Scale Metabolic Network (GSMN) that allows the dynamic interactions of all the components of metabolism to be interrogated together. Several GSMNs networks have been constructed for Mtb and used to study the complex relationship between the Mtb genotype and its phenotype. However, the utility of this approach is hampered by the existence of multiple models, each with varying properties and performances. Here we systematically evaluate eight recently published metabolic models of Mtb-H37Rv to facilitate model choice. The best performing models, sMtb2018 and iEK1011, were refined and improved for use in future studies by the TB research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor A. López-Agudelo
- Grupo de Bioprocesos, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética (GICIG), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Tom A. Mendum
- Department of Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Laing
- Department of Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - HuiHai Wu
- Department of Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Andres Baena
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética (GICIG), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Luis F. Barrera
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética (GICIG), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Dany J. V. Beste
- Department of Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Rigoberto Rios-Estepa
- Grupo de Bioprocesos, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
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59
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Howard NC, Khader SA. Immunometabolism during Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Trends Microbiol 2020; 28:832-850. [PMID: 32409147 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2020.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Over a quarter of the world's population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB). Approximately 3.4% of new and 18% of recurrent cases of TB are multidrug-resistant (MDR) or rifampicin-resistant. Recent evidence has shown that certain drug-resistant strains of Mtb modulate host metabolic reprogramming, and therefore immune responses, during infection. However, it remains unclear how widespread these mechanisms are among circulating MDR Mtb strains and what impact drug-resistance-conferring mutations have on immunometabolism during TB. While few studies have directly addressed metabolic reprogramming in the context of drug-resistant Mtb infection, previous literature examining how drug-resistance mutations alter Mtb physiology and differences in the immune response to drug-resistant Mtb provides significant insights into how drug-resistant strains of Mtb differentially impact immunometabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C Howard
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shabaana A Khader
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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60
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Gonçalves SM, Duarte-Oliveira C, Campos CF, Aimanianda V, Ter Horst R, Leite L, Mercier T, Pereira P, Fernández-García M, Antunes D, Rodrigues CS, Barbosa-Matos C, Gaifem J, Mesquita I, Marques A, Osório NS, Torrado E, Rodrigues F, Costa S, Joosten LA, Lagrou K, Maertens J, Lacerda JF, Campos A, Brown GD, Brakhage AA, Barbas C, Silvestre R, van de Veerdonk FL, Chamilos G, Netea MG, Latgé JP, Cunha C, Carvalho A. Phagosomal removal of fungal melanin reprograms macrophage metabolism to promote antifungal immunity. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2282. [PMID: 32385235 PMCID: PMC7210971 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16120-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to infection, macrophages adapt their metabolism rapidly to enhance glycolysis and fuel specialized antimicrobial effector functions. Here we show that fungal melanin is an essential molecule required for the metabolic rewiring of macrophages during infection with the fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. Using pharmacological and genetic tools, we reveal a molecular link between calcium sequestration by melanin inside the phagosome and induction of glycolysis required for efficient innate immune responses. By remodeling the intracellular calcium machinery and impairing signaling via calmodulin, melanin drives an immunometabolic signaling axis towards glycolysis with activation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 subunit alpha (HIF-1α) and phagosomal recruitment of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). These data demonstrate a pivotal mechanism in the immunometabolic regulation of macrophages during fungal infection and highlight the metabolic repurposing of immune cells as a potential therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Gonçalves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães/Braga, Portugal
| | - Cláudio Duarte-Oliveira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães/Braga, Portugal
| | - Cláudia F Campos
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães/Braga, Portugal
| | | | - Rob Ter Horst
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500HB, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Luis Leite
- STMO, Instituto Português de Oncologia, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Toine Mercier
- Department of Hematology, UZ Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paulo Pereira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Miguel Fernández-García
- Center for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, San Pablo CEU University, 28668, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniela Antunes
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães/Braga, Portugal
| | - Cláudia S Rodrigues
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães/Braga, Portugal
| | - Catarina Barbosa-Matos
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães/Braga, Portugal
| | - Joana Gaifem
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães/Braga, Portugal
| | - Inês Mesquita
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães/Braga, Portugal
| | - António Marques
- Serviço de Imuno-Hemoterapia, Hospital de Braga, 4710-243, Braga, Portugal
| | - Nuno S Osório
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães/Braga, Portugal
| | - Egídio Torrado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães/Braga, Portugal
| | - Fernando Rodrigues
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães/Braga, Portugal
| | - Sandra Costa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães/Braga, Portugal
| | - Leo Ab Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500HB, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Katrien Lagrou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, UZ Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Maertens
- Department of Hematology, UZ Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - João F Lacerda
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - António Campos
- STMO, Instituto Português de Oncologia, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Gordon D Brown
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Axel A Brakhage
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Coral Barbas
- Center for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, San Pablo CEU University, 28668, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Silvestre
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães/Braga, Portugal
| | - Frank L van de Veerdonk
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500HB, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Georgios Chamilos
- School of Medicine, University of Crete, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500HB, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Genomics & Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jean-Paul Latgé
- Unité des Aspergillus, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Cristina Cunha
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães/Braga, Portugal
| | - Agostinho Carvalho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães/Braga, Portugal.
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61
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62
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Ruesen C, Chaidir L, Ugarte-Gil C, van Ingen J, Critchley JA, Hill PC, Ruslami R, Santoso P, Huynen MA, Dockrell HM, Moore DAJ, Alisjahbana B, van Crevel R. Diabetes is associated with genotypically drug-resistant tuberculosis. Eur Respir J 2020; 55:13993003.01891-2019. [PMID: 31831585 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01891-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolien Ruesen
- Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lidya Chaidir
- Dept of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia.,Infectious Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Cesar Ugarte-Gil
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,TB Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Jakko van Ingen
- Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Julia A Critchley
- Population Health Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Philip C Hill
- Centre for International Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Rovina Ruslami
- Dept of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran/Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Prayudi Santoso
- Dept of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran/Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Martijn A Huynen
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hazel M Dockrell
- Dept of Infection Biology and TB Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - David A J Moore
- TB Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Bachti Alisjahbana
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia.,Dept of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran/Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Reinout van Crevel
- Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands .,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Dept of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Luo X, Pan J, Meng Q, Huang J, Wang W, Zhang N, Wang G. High-Throughput Screen for Cell Wall Synthesis Network Module in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Based on Integrated Bioinformatics Strategy. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:607. [PMID: 32695753 PMCID: PMC7338375 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacterium tuberculosis is one of the deadliest pathogens in humans. Co-infection of M. tuberculosis with HIV and the emergence of multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) constitute a serious global threat. However, no effective anti-TB drugs are available, with the exception of first-line drugs such as isoniazid. The cell wall of M. tuberculosis, which is primarily responsible for the lack of effective anti-TB drugs and the escape of the bacteria from host immunity, is an important drug target. The core components of the cell wall of M. tuberculosis are peptidoglycan, arabinogalactan, and mycotic acid. However, the functional genome and metabolic regulation pathways for the M. tuberculosis cell wall are still unknown. In this study, we used the biclustering algorithm integrated into cMonkey, sequence alignment, Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and other bioinformatics methods to scan the whole genome of M. tuberculosis as well as to identify and statistically analyze the genes related to the synthesis of the M. tuberculosis cell wall. METHOD We performed high-throughput genome-wide screening for M. tuberculosis using Biocarta, KEGG, National Cancer Institute Pathway Interaction Database (NCI-PID), HumanCyc, and Reactome. We then used the Database of Origin and Registration (DOOR) established in our laboratory to classify the collection of operons for M. tuberculosis cell wall synthetic genes. We used the cMonkey double clustering algorithm to perform clustering analysis on the gene expression profile of M. tuberculosis for cell wall synthesis. Finally, we visualized the results using Cytoscape. RESULT AND CONCLUSION Through bioinformatics and statistical analyses, we identified 893 M. tuberculosis H37Rv cell wall synthesis genes, distributed in 20 pathways, involved in 46 different functions related to cell wall synthesis, and clustered in 386 modules. We identified important pivotal genes and proteins in the cell wall synthesis pathway such as murA, a class of operons containing genes involved in cell wall synthesis such as ID6951, and a class of operons indispensable for the survival of the bacteria. In addition, we found 41 co-regulatory modules for cell wall synthesis and five co-expression networks of molecular complexes involved in peptidoglycan biosynthesis, membrane transporter synthesis, and other cell wall processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xizi Luo
- Department of Pathogenobiology, The Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiahui Pan
- Department of Pathogenobiology, The Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qingyu Meng
- Department of Pathogenobiology, The Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Juanjuan Huang
- Department of Pathogenobiology, The Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenfang Wang
- Department of Pathogenobiology, The Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- College of Mathematics, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guoqing Wang
- Department of Pathogenobiology, The Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Guoqing Wang,
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Garcia-Vilanova A, Chan J, Torrelles JB. Underestimated Manipulative Roles of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Cell Envelope Glycolipids During Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2909. [PMID: 31921168 PMCID: PMC6930167 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell envelope has been evolving over time to make the bacterium transmissible and adaptable to the human host. In this context, the M. tuberculosis cell envelope contains a peripheral barrier full of lipids, some of them unique, which confer M. tuberculosis with a unique shield against the different host environments that the bacterium will encounter at the different stages of infection. This lipid barrier is mainly composed of glycolipids that can be characterized by three different subsets: trehalose-containing, mannose-containing, and 6-deoxy-pyranose-containing glycolipids. In this review, we explore the roles of these cell envelope glycolipids in M. tuberculosis virulence and pathogenesis, drug resistance, and further, how these glycolipids may dictate the M. tuberculosis cell envelope evolution from ancient to modern strains. Finally, we address how these M. tuberculosis cell envelope glycolipids are impacted by the host lung alveolar environment, their role in vaccination and masking host immunity, and subsequently the impact of these glycolipids in shaping how M. tuberculosis interacts with host cells, manipulating their immune response to favor the establishment of an infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreu Garcia-Vilanova
- Population Health Program, TB Group, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - John Chan
- Department of Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Jordi B Torrelles
- Population Health Program, TB Group, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
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The conical shape of DIM lipids promotes Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection of macrophages. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:25649-25658. [PMID: 31757855 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1910368116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phthiocerol dimycocerosate (DIM) is a major virulence factor of the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). While this lipid promotes the entry of Mtb into macrophages, which occurs via phagocytosis, its molecular mechanism of action is unknown. Here, we combined biophysical, cell biology, and modeling approaches to reveal the molecular mechanism of DIM action on macrophage membranes leading to the first step of Mtb infection. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry showed that DIM molecules are transferred from the Mtb envelope to macrophage membranes during infection. Multiscale molecular modeling and 31P-NMR experiments revealed that DIM adopts a conical shape in membranes and aggregates in the stalks formed between 2 opposing lipid bilayers. Infection of macrophages pretreated with lipids of various shapes uncovered a general role for conical lipids in promoting phagocytosis. Taken together, these results reveal how the molecular shape of a mycobacterial lipid can modulate the biological response of macrophages.
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66
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Pre-detection history of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:23284-23291. [PMID: 31659018 PMCID: PMC6859317 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1906636116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) infections pose a major threat to global public health. Similar to other AMR pathogens, both historical and ongoing drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) epidemics are characterized by transmission of a limited number of predominant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) strains. Understanding how these predominant strains achieve sustained transmission, particularly during the critical period before they are detected via clinical or public health surveillance, can inform strategies for prevention and containment. In this study, we employ whole-genome sequence (WGS) data from TB clinical isolates collected in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa to examine the pre-detection history of a successful strain of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) TB known as LAM4/KZN, first identified in a widely reported cluster of cases in 2005. We identify marked expansion of this strain concurrent with the onset of the generalized HIV epidemic 12 y prior to 2005, localize its geographic origin to a location in northeastern KwaZulu-Natal ∼400 km away from the site of the 2005 outbreak, and use protein structural modeling to propose a mechanism for how strain-specific rpoB mutations offset fitness costs associated with rifampin resistance in LAM4/KZN. Our findings highlight the importance of HIV coinfection, high preexisting rates of drug-resistant TB, human migration, and pathoadaptive evolution in the emergence and dispersal of this critical public health threat. We propose that integrating whole-genome sequencing into routine public health surveillance can enable the early detection and local containment of AMR pathogens before they achieve widespread dispersal.
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Melly GC, Stokas H, Dunaj JL, Hsu FF, Rajavel M, Su CC, Yu EW, Purdy GE. Structural and functional evidence that lipoprotein LpqN supports cell envelope biogenesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:15711-15723. [PMID: 31471317 PMCID: PMC6816100 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mycobacterial cell envelope is crucial to host-pathogen interactions as a barrier against antibiotics and the host immune response. In addition, cell envelope lipids are mycobacterial virulence factors. Cell envelope lipid biosynthesis is the target of a number of frontline tuberculosis treatments and has been the focus of much research. However, the transport mechanisms by which these lipids reach the mycomembrane remain poorly understood. Many envelope lipids are exported from the cytoplasm to the periplasmic space via the mycobacterial membrane protein large (MmpL) family of proteins. In other bacteria, lipoproteins can contribute to outer membrane biogenesis through direct binding of substrates and/or protein-protein associations with extracytoplasmic biosynthetic enzymes. In this report, we investigate whether the lipoprotein LpqN plays a similar role in mycobacteria. Using a genetic two-hybrid approach, we demonstrate that LpqN interacts with periplasmic loop domains of the MmpL3 and MmpL11 transporters that export mycolic acid-containing cell envelope lipids. We observe that LpqN also interacts with secreted cell envelope biosynthetic enzymes such as Ag85A via pulldown assays. The X-ray crystal structures of LpqN and LpqN bound to dodecyl-trehalose suggest that LpqN directly binds trehalose monomycolate, the MmpL3 and Ag85A substrate. Finally, we observe altered lipid profiles of the ΔlpqN mutant during biofilm maturation, pointing toward a possible physiological role for the protein. The results of this study suggest that LpqN may act as a membrane fusion protein, connecting MmpL transporters with periplasmic proteins, and provide general insight into the role of lipoproteins in Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell envelope biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoff C. Melly
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Haley Stokas
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Jennifer L. Dunaj
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Fong Fu Hsu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mass Spectrometry Resource, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | | | - Chih-Chia Su
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Edward W. Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Georgiana E. Purdy
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.:
503-346-0767; E-mail:
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Huber L, Giguère S, Cohen ND, Slovis NM, Hanafi A, Schuckert A, Berghaus L, Greiter M, Hart KA. Prevalence and risk factors associated with emergence of Rhodococcus equi resistance to macrolides and rifampicin in horse-breeding farms in Kentucky, USA. Vet Microbiol 2019; 235:243-247. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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70
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Thirunavukkarasu S, Khader SA. Advances in Cardiovascular Disease Lipid Research Can Provide Novel Insights Into Mycobacterial Pathogenesis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:116. [PMID: 31058102 PMCID: PMC6482252 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in industrialized nations and an emerging health problem in the developing world. Systemic inflammatory processes associated with alterations in lipid metabolism are a major contributing factor that mediates the development of CVDs, especially atherosclerosis. Therefore, the pathways promoting alterations in lipid metabolism and the interplay between varying cellular types, signaling agents, and effector molecules have been well-studied. Mycobacterial species are the causative agents of various infectious diseases in both humans and animals. Modulation of host lipid metabolism by mycobacteria plays a prominent role in its survival strategy within the host as well as in disease pathogenesis. However, there are still several knowledge gaps in the mechanistic understanding of how mycobacteria can alter host lipid metabolism. Considering the in-depth research available in the area of cardiovascular research, this review presents an overview of the parallel areas of research in host lipid-mediated immunological changes that might be extrapolated and explored to understand the underlying basis of mycobacterial pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyamala Thirunavukkarasu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Shabaana A Khader
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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du Preez I, Luies L, Loots DT. The application of metabolomics toward pulmonary tuberculosis research. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2019; 115:126-139. [PMID: 30948167 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the quest to identify novel biomarkers for pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), high-throughput systems biology approaches such as metabolomics has become increasingly widespread. Such biomarkers have not only successfully been used for better disease characterization, but have also provided new insights toward the future development of improved diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. In this review, we give a summary of the metabolomics studies done to date, with a specific focus on those investigating various aspects of pulmonary TB, and the infectious agent responsible, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. These studies, done on a variety of sample matrices, including bacteriological culture, sputum, blood, urine, tissue, and breath, are discussed in terms of their intended research outcomes or future clinical applications. Additionally, a summary of the research model, sample cohort, analytical apparatus and statistical methods used for biomarker identification in each of these studies, is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse du Preez
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Box 269, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa.
| | - Laneke Luies
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Box 269, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa.
| | - Du Toit Loots
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Box 269, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa.
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Multiple-stage Precursor Ion Separation and High Resolution Mass Spectrometry toward Structural Characterization of 2,3-Diacyltrehalose Family from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. SEPARATIONS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/separations6010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS)-based precursor ion isolation, collision-induced dissociation (CID) fragmentation, and detection using linear ion-trap multiple-stage mass spectrometry (LIT MSn) in combination with high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) provides a unique tool for structural characterization of complex mixture without chromatographic separation. This approach permits not only separation of various lipid families and their subfamilies, but also stereoisomers, thereby, revealing the structural details. In this report, we describe the LIT MSn approach to unveil the structures of a 2,3-diacyl trehalose (DAT) family isolated from the cell envelope of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, in which more than 30 molecular species, and each species consisting of up to six isomeric structures were found. LIT MSn performed on both [M + Na]+ and [M + HCO2]− ions of DAT yield complimentary structural information for near complete characterization of the molecules, including the location of the fatty acyl substituents on the trehalose backbone. This latter information is based on the findings of the differential losses of the two fatty acyl chains in the MS2 and MS3 spectra; while the product ion spectra from higher stage LIT MSn permit confirmation of the structural assignment.
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Ravan P, Nejad Sattari T, Siadat SD, Vaziri F. Evaluation of the expression of cytokines and chemokines in macrophages in response to rifampin-monoresistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis and H37Rv strain. Cytokine 2018; 115:127-134. [PMID: 30594437 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are the primary phagocytes in the lungs and a part of the host defense system against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), involved in the primary immune response. While several studies have assessed the effects of resistance to rifampin on Mtb physiology, the consequences of mutations in genes encoding the beta subunit of RNA polymerase (rpoB) for host-pathogen interactions remain poorly understood. In this study, rifampin-monoresistant (RMR) Mtb and H37Rv strains were used to infect the THP-1-derived macrophages. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR assay was carried out to determine mRNA expression in 84 cytokine and chemokine genes. Production of specific cytokines and chemokines was measured by ELISA assay. In conclusion, the current study shed more light on the fitness cost of RMR strain and the potential effects of rpoB gene mutations on Mtb-host interactions. These results initially demonstrate that the Mtb carrying the rpoB-S450L can modulate macrophage responses to mediate bacterial survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvaneh Ravan
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Taher Nejad Sattari
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Davar Siadat
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzam Vaziri
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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