1
|
Gupta A, Thirunavukkarasu S, Rangel-Moreno J, Ahmed M, Swanson RV, Mbandi SK, Smrcka AV, Kaushal D, Scriba TJ, Khader SA. Phospholipase C epsilon-1 (PLCƐ1) mediates macrophage activation and protection against tuberculosis. Infect Immun 2024; 92:e0049523. [PMID: 38451080 PMCID: PMC11003233 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00495-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infects up to a quarter of the world's population. Although immune responses can control Mtb infection, 5%-10% of infected individuals can progress to active TB disease (progressors). A myriad of host factors regulate disease progression in TB and a better understanding of immune correlates of protection and disease is pivotal for the development of new therapeutics. Comparison of human whole blood transcriptomic metadata with that of macaque TB progressors and Mtb-infected diversity outbred mice (DO) led to the identification of differentially regulated gene (DEG) signatures, associated with TB progression or control. The current study assessed the function of Phospholipase C epsilon (PLCƐ1), the top downregulated gene across species in TB progressors, using a gene-specific knockout mouse model of Mtb infection and in vitro Mtb-infected bone marrow-derived macrophages. PLCƐ1 gene expression was downregulated in TB progressors across species. PLCε1 deficiency in the mouse model resulted in increased susceptibility to Mtb infection, coincident accumulation of lung myeloid cells, and reduced ability to mount antibacterial responses. However, PLCε1 was not required for the activation and accumulation of T cells in mice. Our results suggest an important early role for PLCƐ1 in shaping innate immune response to TB and may represent a putative target for host-directed therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Javier Rangel-Moreno
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Mushtaq Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Rosemary V. Swanson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Stanley Kimbung Mbandi
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Alan V. Smrcka
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Southwest National Primate Research Centre (SNPRC) at Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Thomas J. Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Shabaana A. Khader
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bobba S, Howard NC, Das S, Ahmed M, Tang L, Thirunavukkarasu S, Larsen MH, Mathema B, Divangahi M, Khader SA. Mycobacterium tuberculosis carrying the rifampicin drug-resistance-conferring rpoB mutation H445Y is associated with suppressed immunity through type I interferons. mBio 2023; 14:e0094623. [PMID: 37682004 PMCID: PMC10653897 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00946-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE This study highlights the impact of specific rifampicin-resistance-conferring mutations on the host immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB). Clinical reports have previously suggested that multi-drug-resistant) TB patients exhibit altered peripheral immune responses as compared with their drug-sensitive TB counterparts. The murine model of infection with Mtb strains carrying drug-resistance-conferring mutations recapitulated these findings and allowed us to mechanistically interrogate the pathways responsible for driving the divergent immune responses. Our findings underscore the need for greater investigation into bacterial heterogeneity to better appreciate the diversity in host-pathogen interactions during TB disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suhas Bobba
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nicole C. Howard
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Shibali Das
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Mushtaq Ahmed
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Linrui Tang
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shyamala Thirunavukkarasu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Michelle H. Larsen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Barun Mathema
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Maziar Divangahi
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill International TB Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pathology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shabaana A. Khader
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Thirunavukkarasu S, Ahmed M, Rosa BA, Boothby M, Cho SH, Rangel-Moreno J, Mbandi SK, Schreiber V, Gupta A, Zuniga J, Mitreva M, Kaushal D, Scriba TJ, Khader SA. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 9 mediates early protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection by regulating type I IFN production. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e158630. [PMID: 37200107 PMCID: PMC10266794 DOI: 10.1172/jci158630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The ADP ribosyltransferases (PARPs 1-17) regulate diverse cellular processes, including DNA damage repair. PARPs are classified on the basis of their ability to catalyze poly-ADP-ribosylation (PARylation) or mono-ADP-ribosylation (MARylation). Although PARP9 mRNA expression is significantly increased in progressive tuberculosis (TB) in humans, its participation in host immunity to TB is unknown. Here, we show that PARP9 mRNA encoding the MARylating PARP9 enzyme was upregulated during TB in humans and mice and provide evidence of a critical modulatory role for PARP9 in DNA damage, cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) expression, and type I IFN production during TB. Thus, Parp9-deficient mice were susceptible to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and exhibited increased TB disease, cGAS and 2'3'-cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) expression, and type I IFN production, along with upregulation of complement and coagulation pathways. Enhanced M. tuberculosis susceptibility is type I IFN dependent, as blockade of IFN α receptor (IFNAR) signaling reversed the enhanced susceptibility of Parp9-/- mice. Thus, in sharp contrast to PARP9 enhancement of type I IFN production in viral infections, this member of the MAR family plays a protective role by limiting type I IFN responses during TB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bruce A. Rosa
- McDonnell Genome Institute, and
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Mark Boothby
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sung Hoon Cho
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Javier Rangel-Moreno
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Stanley K. Mbandi
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Valérie Schreiber
- Biotechnology and Cell Signaling, CNRS UMR7242, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR7104, INSERM U1258, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | | | - Joaquin Zuniga
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Makedonka Mitreva
- McDonnell Genome Institute, and
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Thomas J. Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Thirunavukkarasu S, Santhekadur PK. Editorial: Congruities between cancer and infectious diseases: Lessons to be learned from these distinct yet analogous fields. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1072022. [PMID: 36569201 PMCID: PMC9768586 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1072022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shyamala Thirunavukkarasu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Prasanna K. Santhekadur
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeshwara (JSS) Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore, Karnataka, India,*Correspondence: Prasanna K. Santhekadur,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Scott NR, Thirunavukkarasu S, Rangel-Moreno J, Griggs DW, Khader SA. CWHM-12, an Antagonist of Integrin-Mediated Transforming Growth Factor-Beta Activation Confers Protection During Early Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in Mice. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2022; 42:421-429. [PMID: 35914102 PMCID: PMC9422778 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2022.0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) caused by the pathogenic bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is one of the most lethal infectious diseases in the world. Presently, Bacillus Calmette-Guerin, the vaccine approved for use against TB, does not offer complete protection against the disease, which necessitates the development of new therapeutics to treat this infection. Overexpression of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is associated with pulmonary profibrotic changes. The inactive TGF-β secreted is activated through its cleavage and release by αv integrins. Integrin-mediated regulation of TGF-β is considered as a master switch in the profibrotic process and a potential therapeutic target. Thus, in this study, we sought to determine if treatment with a broad range antagonist of integrins, CWHM-12, has the potency to inhibit pulmonary fibrosis and enhance Mtb control in a highly susceptible mouse model of Mtb infection, namely the C3Heb/FeJ (FeJ). CWHM-12 treatment at the early stages of Mtb infection was efficacious in reducing disease severity and inflammation associated with decreased iNOS, MIP-2, and IL-10 production without degradation of collagen. This suggests a potential for CWHM-12 targeting of TGF-β to be explored as an adjunct therapeutic for early Mtb infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ninecia R. Scott
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Shyamala Thirunavukkarasu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Javier Rangel-Moreno
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - David W. Griggs
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Shabaana A. Khader
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Thongprayoon C, Cheungpasitporn W, Chewcharat A, Mao MA, Thirunavukkarasu S, Kashani KB. Impacts of admission serum albumin levels on short-term and long-term mortality in hospitalized patients. QJM 2020; 113:393-398. [PMID: 31747010 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcz305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study is to assess the association between admission serum albumin and short- and long-term mortality in all hospitalized patients. DESIGN A single-center cohort study. METHODS A retrospective cohort of all adult hospitalized patients at a tertiary referral hospital between January 2009 and December 2013 were analysed. Admission serum albumin was stratified into six groups: ≤2.4, 2.5-2.9, 3.0-3.4, 3.5-3.9, 4.0-4.4 and ≥4.5 g/dl. The outcomes of interest were in-hospital mortality, length of hospital stay and 1-year mortality. Serum albumin of 4-4.4 g/dl was selected as a reference group for outcome comparison. RESULTS A total of 14 075 patients were studied. Admission serum albumin of ≥4.5 g/dl had the lowest in-hospital and 1-year mortality with progressively increased in-hospital mortality observed with decreased admission serum albumin. In adjusted analysis, compared with serum albumin of 4.0-4.4 g/dl, serum albumin of ≤2.4, 2.5-2.9, 3.0-3.4 and 3.5-3.9 were significantly associated with increased in-hospital and 1-year mortality. In contrast, serum albumin of ≥4.5 g/dl was significantly associated with lower 1-year mortality but not in-hospital mortality. Admission serum albumin <4.0 g/dl was significantly associated with a prolonged hospital stay, while admission serum albumin of ≥4.5 g/dl was significantly associated with shorter hospital stay, compared with serum albumin of 4.0-4.4 g/dl. CONCLUSION Low albumin level at admission was progressively associated with increased short- and long-term mortality in all hospitalized patients even when albumin level was considered in normal range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Thongprayoon
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - W Cheungpasitporn
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216
| | - A Chewcharat
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - M A Mao
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224
| | - S Thirunavukkarasu
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - K B Kashani
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ahmed M, Thirunavukkarasu S, Rosa BA, Thomas KA, Das S, Rangel-Moreno J, Lu L, Mehra S, Mbandi SK, Thackray LB, Diamond MS, Murphy KM, Means T, Martin J, Kaushal D, Scriba TJ, Mitreva M, Khader SA. Immune correlates of tuberculosis disease and risk translate across species. Sci Transl Med 2020; 12:eaay0233. [PMID: 31996462 PMCID: PMC7354419 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aay0233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
One quarter of the world's population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB). Although most infected individuals successfully control or clear the infection, some individuals will progress to TB disease. Immune correlates identified using animal models are not always effectively translated to human TB, thus resulting in a slow pace of translational discoveries from animal models to human TB for many platforms including vaccines, therapeutics, biomarkers, and diagnostic discovery. Therefore, it is critical to improve our poor understanding of immune correlates of disease and protection that are shared across animal TB models and human TB. In this study, we have provided an in-depth identification of the conserved and diversified gene/immune pathways in TB models of nonhuman primate and diversity outbred mouse and human TB. Our results show that prominent differentially expressed genes/pathways induced during TB disease progression are conserved in genetically diverse mice, macaques, and humans. In addition, using gene-deficient inbred mouse models, we have addressed the functional role of individual genes comprising the gene signature of disease progression seen in humans with Mtb infection. We show that genes representing specific immune pathways can be protective, detrimental, or redundant in controlling Mtb infection and translate into identifying immune pathways that mediate TB immunopathology in humans. Together, our cross-species findings provide insights into modeling TB disease and the immunological basis of TB disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mushtaq Ahmed
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | - Bruce A Rosa
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kimberly A Thomas
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shibali Das
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Javier Rangel-Moreno
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14624, USA
| | - Lan Lu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Smriti Mehra
- Department of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Stanley Kimbung Mbandi
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Larissa B Thackray
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kenneth M Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Terry Means
- Autoimmunity Cluster, Immunology & Inflammation Therapeutic Area, Sanofi, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - John Martin
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
| | - Thomas J Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Makedonka Mitreva
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shabaana A Khader
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Affiliation(s)
- Shabaana A Khader
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Shyamala Thirunavukkarasu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Thirunavukkarasu S, Khader SA. Advances in Cardiovascular Disease Lipid Research Can Provide Novel Insights Into Mycobacterial Pathogenesis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:116. [PMID: 31058102 PMCID: PMC6482252 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in industrialized nations and an emerging health problem in the developing world. Systemic inflammatory processes associated with alterations in lipid metabolism are a major contributing factor that mediates the development of CVDs, especially atherosclerosis. Therefore, the pathways promoting alterations in lipid metabolism and the interplay between varying cellular types, signaling agents, and effector molecules have been well-studied. Mycobacterial species are the causative agents of various infectious diseases in both humans and animals. Modulation of host lipid metabolism by mycobacteria plays a prominent role in its survival strategy within the host as well as in disease pathogenesis. However, there are still several knowledge gaps in the mechanistic understanding of how mycobacteria can alter host lipid metabolism. Considering the in-depth research available in the area of cardiovascular research, this review presents an overview of the parallel areas of research in host lipid-mediated immunological changes that might be extrapolated and explored to understand the underlying basis of mycobacterial pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shyamala Thirunavukkarasu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Shabaana A Khader
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Narayanan MM, Kumar A, Thirunavukkarasu S, Mukhopadhyay CK. Development of ultrasonic guided wave inspection methodology for steam generator tubes of prototype fast breeder reactor. Ultrasonics 2019; 93:112-121. [PMID: 30476784 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
An ultrasonic guided wave based methodology is developed for inspection of steam generator tubes of the prototype fast breeder reactor. To this aim, axisymmetric longitudinal mode (L(0,2)) at the frequency of 250 kHz is optimized using 3D-finite element simulation and experiments. The group velocity of mode L(0,2) at 250 kHz is found to be 5387 m/s. First, the long range propagation of the L(0,2) mode at 250 kHz is examined and the mode is found to propagate over a distance of 45.6 m with a sufficiently good SNR. Secondly, the detection of multiple defects such as circumferential, axial, partial-pinholes and tapered defects lying in the same line of sight is investigated using 3D-finite element simulation and the results obtained are validated experimentally for the first three cases. The sensitivities achieved are 0.23 mm depth (10%WT) for circumferential, axial and tapered defects and for partial-pinholes: 1 mm diameter and 1.38 mm depth (60%WT). Thirdly, 3D-FE simulations with ID and OD pinhole defects are performed which show that the ID and OD defects are detected by L(0,2) with a fairly similar sensitivity. Finally, study on the thermal expansion bend (with three successive bends) shows that the bend does not have much influence on the mode and the multiple circumferential defects considered in the bend are detected with good sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M M Narayanan
- Metallurgy and Materials Group, Indira Gandhi Center for Atomic Research, HBNI, Kalpakkam-603102, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anish Kumar
- Metallurgy and Materials Group, Indira Gandhi Center for Atomic Research, HBNI, Kalpakkam-603102, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - S Thirunavukkarasu
- Metallurgy and Materials Group, Indira Gandhi Center for Atomic Research, HBNI, Kalpakkam-603102, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - C K Mukhopadhyay
- Metallurgy and Materials Group, Indira Gandhi Center for Atomic Research, HBNI, Kalpakkam-603102, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Vijayasekaran D, Thirunavukkarasu S, Ramesh S. Laser Treatment of a Tracheal Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor. Indian Pediatr 2018; 55:907-908. [PMID: 30426959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors of the trachea are rare childhood quasi-neoplastic lesions. CASE CHARACTERISTICS 7-year-old boy with recurrent episodes of cough, breathing difficulty and wheeze, initially treated as asthma. INTERVENTION CT chest and flexible bronchoscopy revealed a mass lesion of the trachea, which was excised by diode laser through the ventilating bronchoscope. Histopathology confirmed it as the inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor. MESSAGE Use of laser ensured complete endotracheal excision of the tumor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Vijayasekaran
- Department of Pulmonology, Kanchi Kamakoti CHILDS Trust Hospital, Chennai, India. Correspondence to: Dr D Vijayasekaran, No. 4, Third Street, Dr Subbarayan Nagar, Kodambakkam, Chennai 600 024.
| | - S Thirunavukkarasu
- Department of ENT and Airway Surgery, Kanchi Kamakoti CHILDS Trust Hospital, Chennai, India
| | - S Ramesh
- Department of Anesthesiology; Kanchi Kamakoti CHILDS Trust Hospital, Chennai, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pingili AK, Davidge KN, Thirunavukkarasu S, Khan NS, Katsurada A, Majid DSA, Gonzalez FJ, Navar LG, Malik KU. 2-Methoxyestradiol Reduces Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertension and Renal Dysfunction in Ovariectomized Female and Intact Male Mice. Hypertension 2017; 69:1104-1112. [PMID: 28416584 PMCID: PMC5426976 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.09175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 1B1 protects against angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced hypertension and associated cardiovascular changes in female mice, most likely via production of 2-methoxyestradiol. This study was conducted to determine whether 2-methoxyestradiol ameliorates Ang II-induced hypertension, renal dysfunction, and end-organ damage in intact Cyp1b1-/-, ovariectomized female, and Cyp1b1+/+ male mice. Ang II or vehicle was infused for 2 weeks and administered concurrently with 2-methoxyestradiol. Mice were placed in metabolic cages on day 12 of Ang II infusion for urine collection for 24 hours. 2-Methoxyestradiol reduced Ang II-induced increases in systolic blood pressure, water consumption, urine output, and proteinuria in intact female Cyp1b1-/- and ovariectomized mice. 2-Methoxyestradiol also reduced Ang II-induced increase in blood pressure, water intake, urine output, and proteinuria in Cyp1b1+/+ male mice. Treatment with 2-methoxyestradiol attenuated Ang II-induced end-organ damage in intact Cyp1b1-/- and ovariectomized Cyp1b1+/+ and Cyp1b1-/- female mice and Cyp1b1+/+ male mice. 2-Methoxyestradiol mitigated Ang II-induced increase in urinary excretion of angiotensinogen in intact Cyp1b1-/- and ovariectomized Cyp1b1+/+ and Cyp1b1-/- female mice but not in Cyp1b1+/+ male mice. The G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 antagonist G-15 failed to alter Ang II-induced increases in blood pressure and renal function in Cyp1b1+/+ female mice. These data suggest that 2-methoxyestradiol reduces Ang II-induced hypertension and associated end-organ damage in intact Cyp1b1-/-, ovariectomized Cyp1b1+/+ and Cyp1b1-/- female mice, and Cyp1b1+/+ male mice independent of G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1. Therefore, 2-methoxyestradiol could serve as a therapeutic agent for treating hypertension and associated pathogenesis in postmenopausal females, and in males.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ajeeth K Pingili
- From the Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (A.K.P., K.N.D., S.T., N.S.K., K.U.M.); Department of Physiology, Hypertension & Renal Center, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (A.K., D.S.A.M., L.G.N.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.)
| | - Karen N Davidge
- From the Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (A.K.P., K.N.D., S.T., N.S.K., K.U.M.); Department of Physiology, Hypertension & Renal Center, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (A.K., D.S.A.M., L.G.N.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.)
| | - Shyamala Thirunavukkarasu
- From the Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (A.K.P., K.N.D., S.T., N.S.K., K.U.M.); Department of Physiology, Hypertension & Renal Center, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (A.K., D.S.A.M., L.G.N.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.)
| | - Nayaab S Khan
- From the Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (A.K.P., K.N.D., S.T., N.S.K., K.U.M.); Department of Physiology, Hypertension & Renal Center, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (A.K., D.S.A.M., L.G.N.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.)
| | - Akemi Katsurada
- From the Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (A.K.P., K.N.D., S.T., N.S.K., K.U.M.); Department of Physiology, Hypertension & Renal Center, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (A.K., D.S.A.M., L.G.N.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.)
| | - Dewan S A Majid
- From the Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (A.K.P., K.N.D., S.T., N.S.K., K.U.M.); Department of Physiology, Hypertension & Renal Center, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (A.K., D.S.A.M., L.G.N.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.)
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- From the Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (A.K.P., K.N.D., S.T., N.S.K., K.U.M.); Department of Physiology, Hypertension & Renal Center, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (A.K., D.S.A.M., L.G.N.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.)
| | - L Gabriel Navar
- From the Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (A.K.P., K.N.D., S.T., N.S.K., K.U.M.); Department of Physiology, Hypertension & Renal Center, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (A.K., D.S.A.M., L.G.N.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.)
| | - Kafait U Malik
- From the Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (A.K.P., K.N.D., S.T., N.S.K., K.U.M.); Department of Physiology, Hypertension & Renal Center, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (A.K., D.S.A.M., L.G.N.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.).
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Thirunavukkarasu S, Plain KM, Purdie AC, Whittington RJ, de Silva K. IFN-γ fails to overcome inhibition of selected macrophage activation events in response to pathogenic mycobacteria. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176400. [PMID: 28505170 PMCID: PMC5432162 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
According to most models of mycobacterial infection, inhibition of the pro-inflammatory macrophage immune responses contributes to the persistence of bacteria. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is a highly successful pathogen in cattle and sheep and is also implicated as the causative agent of Crohn's disease in humans. Pathogenic mycobacteria such as MAP have developed multiple strategies to evade host defence mechanisms including interfering with the macrophages' capacity to respond to IFN-γ, a feature which might be lacking in non-pathogenic mycobacteria such as M. smegmatis. We hypothesized that pre-sensitisation of macrophages with the pro-inflammatory cytokine IFN-γ would help in overcoming the inhibitory effect of MAP or its antigens on macrophage inflammatory responses. Herein we have compared a series of macrophage activation parameters in response to MAP and M. smegmatis as well as mycobacterial antigens. While IFN-γ did overcome the inhibition in immune suppressive mechanisms in response to MAP antigen as well as M. smegmatis, we could not find a clear role for IFN-γ in overcoming the inhibition of macrophage inflammatory responses to the pathogenic mycobacterium, MAP. We demonstrate that suppression of macrophage defence mechanisms by pathogenic mycobacteria is unlikely to be overcome by prior sensitization with IFN-γ alone. This indicates that IFN-γ signaling pathway-independent mechanisms may exist for overcoming inhibition of macrophage effector functions in response to pathogenic mycobacteria. These findings have important implications in understanding the survival mechanisms of pathogenic mycobacteria directed towards finding better therapeutics and vaccination strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shyamala Thirunavukkarasu
- The University of Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Karren M. Plain
- The University of Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Auriol C. Purdie
- The University of Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Richard J. Whittington
- The University of Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kumudika de Silva
- The University of Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Thirunavukkarasu S, Plain KM, de Silva K, Marais BJ, Whittington RJ. Applying the One Health Concept to Mycobacterial Research - Overcoming Parochialism. Zoonoses Public Health 2017; 64:401-422. [PMID: 28084673 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterial infections remain a public health problem. Historically important, globally ubiquitous and with a wide host range, we are still struggling to control mycobacterial infections in humans and animals. While previous reviews have focused on individual mycobacterial infections in either humans or animals, a comprehensive review of the zoonotic aspect of mycobacteria in the context of the One Health initiative is lacking. With the purpose of providing a concise and comprehensive resource, we have collated literature to address the zoonotic potential of different mycobacterial species and elaborate on the necessity for an inter-sectorial approach to attain a new vision to combat mycobacterial infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Thirunavukkarasu
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Boise Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Boise, ID, USA
| | - K M Plain
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - K de Silva
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - B J Marais
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity and the Centre for Research Excellence in Emerging Infections, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - R J Whittington
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pingili AK, Thirunavukkarasu S, Khan NS, Katsurada A, Majid DS, Navar GL, Malik KU. Abstract P135: 2-methoxyestradiol Minimizes Angiotensin II-induced Hypertension and Renal Dysfunction in Ovariectomized Female and Intact Male Mice. Hypertension 2016. [DOI: 10.1161/hyp.68.suppl_1.p135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Men and post-menopausal females are more prone to develop hypertension and renal dysfunction as compared to pre-menopausal females. It is well documented that in various experimental models of hypertension, the protection against hypertension in females is lost following ovariectomy (OVX). Recently we have shown that CYP1B1 protects against angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced hypertension and associated cardiovascular changes in female mice, most likely via production of 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME). This study was conducted to determine if 2-ME reduces Ang II-induced hypertension, renal dysfunction and end organ damage in OVX female, and intact male mice. Treatment of OVX
Cyp1b1
+/+
and
Cyp1b1
-/-
female mice with 2-ME (1.5 mg/kg/day i.p., for 2 weeks) reduced Ang II-induced increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP) (182±5.1 vs. 143± 2.4 mmHg, 179±6.4 vs. 140± 8.6 mmHg, P < 0.05, n= 5), water consumption, urine output and osmolality, and proteinuria (5.5±0.7 vs. 3.3±0.5 mg/24 hrs, 8.4±1.3 vs. 4.4 ±0.9 mg/24 hrs) respectively. 2-ME also reduced Ang II-induced increase in SBP (188±2.6 vs. 143± 2.7 mmHg, P < 0.05, n= 5) in intact male mice. 2-ME did not alter water consumption and urine osmolality, but reduced urine output and sodium excretion, and proteinuria (14.4±2.0 vs. 6.0±0.5 mg/24 hrs) in intact
Cyp1b1
+/+
male mice. Treatment with 2-ME attenuated Ang II-induced end-organ damage (actin and collagen accumulation) in OVX
Cyp1b1
+/+
and
Cyp1b1
-/-
female and
Cyp1b1
+/+
male mice. 2-ME mitigated urinary excretion of angiotensinogen in OVX
Cyp1b1
+/+
and
Cyp1b1
-/-
female mice infused with Ang II. These data suggest that 2-ME reduces Ang II- induced hypertension and associated renal dysfunction and end-organ damage in OVX
Cyp1b1
+/+
and
Cyp1b1
-/-
female, and intact male mice. Therefore, 2-ME could serve as a therapeutic agent for treatment of hypertension and associated pathogenesis in post-menopausal females, and intact males.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nayaab S Khan
- The Univ of Tennessee Health Science Cntr, Memphis, TN
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Pingili AK, Thirunavukkarasu S, Kara M, Brand DD, Katsurada A, Majid DSA, Navar LG, Gonzalez FJ, Malik KU. 6β-Hydroxytestosterone, a Cytochrome P450 1B1-Testosterone-Metabolite, Mediates Angiotensin II-Induced Renal Dysfunction in Male Mice. Hypertension 2016; 67:916-26. [PMID: 26928804 PMCID: PMC4833582 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.06936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
6β-Hydroxytestosterone, a cytochrome P450 1B1-derived metabolite of testosterone, contributes to the development of angiotensin II-induced hypertension and associated cardiovascular pathophysiology. In view of the critical role of angiotensin II in the maintenance of renal homeostasis, development of hypertension, and end-organ damage, this study was conducted to determine the contribution of 6β-hydroxytestosterone to angiotensin II actions on water consumption and renal function in male Cyp1b1(+/+) and Cyp1b1(-/-) mice. Castration of Cyp1b1(+/+) mice or Cyp1b1(-/-) gene disruption minimized the angiotensin II-induced increase in water consumption, urine output, proteinuria, and sodium excretion and decreases in urine osmolality. 6β-Hydroxytestosterone did not alter angiotensin II-induced increases in water intake, urine output, proteinuria, and sodium excretion or decreases in osmolality in Cyp1b1(+/+) mice, but restored these effects of angiotensin II in Cyp1b1(-/-) or castrated Cyp1b1(+/+) mice. Cyp1b1 gene disruption or castration prevented angiotensin II-induced renal fibrosis, oxidative stress, inflammation, urinary excretion of angiotensinogen, expression of angiotensin II type 1 receptor, and angiotensin-converting enzyme. 6β-Hydroxytestosterone did not alter angiotensin II-induced renal fibrosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, urinary excretion of angiotensinogen, expression of angiotensin II type 1 receptor, or angiotensin-converting enzyme in Cyp1b1(+/+)mice. However, in Cyp1b1(-/-) or castrated Cyp1b1(+/+) mice, it restored these effects of angiotensin II. These data indicate that 6β-hydroxytestosterone contributes to increased thirst, impairment of renal function, and end-organ injury associated with angiotensin II-induced hypertension in male mice and that cytochrome P450 1B1 could serve as a novel target for treating renal disease and hypertension in male mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ajeeth K Pingili
- From the Department of Pharmacology (A.K.P., S.T., M.K., K.U.M.) and Department of Medicine and Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry (D.D.B.), College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN (D.D.B.); Tulane Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (A.K., D.S.A.M., L.G.N.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.)
| | - Shyamala Thirunavukkarasu
- From the Department of Pharmacology (A.K.P., S.T., M.K., K.U.M.) and Department of Medicine and Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry (D.D.B.), College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN (D.D.B.); Tulane Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (A.K., D.S.A.M., L.G.N.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.)
| | - Mehmet Kara
- From the Department of Pharmacology (A.K.P., S.T., M.K., K.U.M.) and Department of Medicine and Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry (D.D.B.), College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN (D.D.B.); Tulane Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (A.K., D.S.A.M., L.G.N.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.)
| | - David D Brand
- From the Department of Pharmacology (A.K.P., S.T., M.K., K.U.M.) and Department of Medicine and Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry (D.D.B.), College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN (D.D.B.); Tulane Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (A.K., D.S.A.M., L.G.N.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.)
| | - Akemi Katsurada
- From the Department of Pharmacology (A.K.P., S.T., M.K., K.U.M.) and Department of Medicine and Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry (D.D.B.), College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN (D.D.B.); Tulane Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (A.K., D.S.A.M., L.G.N.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.)
| | - Dewan S A Majid
- From the Department of Pharmacology (A.K.P., S.T., M.K., K.U.M.) and Department of Medicine and Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry (D.D.B.), College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN (D.D.B.); Tulane Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (A.K., D.S.A.M., L.G.N.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.)
| | - L Gabriel Navar
- From the Department of Pharmacology (A.K.P., S.T., M.K., K.U.M.) and Department of Medicine and Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry (D.D.B.), College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN (D.D.B.); Tulane Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (A.K., D.S.A.M., L.G.N.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.)
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- From the Department of Pharmacology (A.K.P., S.T., M.K., K.U.M.) and Department of Medicine and Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry (D.D.B.), College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN (D.D.B.); Tulane Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (A.K., D.S.A.M., L.G.N.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.)
| | - Kafait U Malik
- From the Department of Pharmacology (A.K.P., S.T., M.K., K.U.M.) and Department of Medicine and Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry (D.D.B.), College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN (D.D.B.); Tulane Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (A.K., D.S.A.M., L.G.N.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.).
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Khan NS, Song CY, Thirunavukkarasu S, Fang XR, Bonventre JV, Malik KU. Cytosolic Phospholipase A2α Is Essential for Renal Dysfunction and End-Organ Damage Associated With Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2016; 29:258-65. [PMID: 26045535 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpv083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The kidney plays an important role in regulating blood pressure (BP). cPLA2α in the kidney is activated by various agents including angiotensin II (Ang II) and selectively releases arachidonic acid (AA) from tissue lipids, generating pro- and antihypertensive eicosanoids. Since activation of cPLA2α is the rate-limiting step in AA release, this study was conducted to determine its contribution to renal dysfunction and end-organ damage associated with Ang II-induced hypertension. METHODS cPLA2α(+/+) and cPLA2α(-/-) mice were infused with Ang II (700 ng/ kg/min) or its vehicle for 13 days. Mice were placed in metabolic cages to monitor their food and water intake, and urine was collected and its volume was measured. Doppler imaging was performed to assess renal hemodynamics. On the 13th day of Ang II infusion, mice were sacrificed and their tissues and blood collected for further analysis. RESULTS Ang II increased renal vascular resistance, water intake, and urine output and Na(+) excretion, decreased urine osmolality, and produced proteinuria in cPLA2α(+/+) mice. Ang II also caused accumulation of F4/80(+) macrophages and CD3(+) T cells and renal fibrosis, and increased oxidative stress in the kidneys of cPLA2α(+/+) mice. All these effects of Ang II were minimized in cPLA2α(-/-) mice. CONCLUSION cPLA2α contributes to renal dysfunction, inflammation, and end-organ damage, most likely via the action of pro-hypertensive eicosanoids and increased oxidative stress associated with Ang II-induced hypertension. Thus, cPLA2α could serve as a potential therapeutic target for treating renal dysfunction and end-organ damage in hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nayaab S Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Chi Young Song
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Shyamala Thirunavukkarasu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Xiao R Fang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Joseph V Bonventre
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Institute of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kafait U Malik
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kumar N, Suresh SG, Jaichandrika, Thirunavukkarasu S, Srinivasan A, Scott JX. Pediatric inflammatory myofibroblastic tumours of larynx: Two case reports with varying clinical presentation. Pediatric Hematology Oncology Journal 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phoj.2016.10.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
|
19
|
Song CY, Ghafoor K, Ghafoor HU, Khan NS, Thirunavukkarasu S, Jennings BL, Estes AM, Zaidi S, Bridges D, Tso P, Gonzalez FJ, Malik KU. Cytochrome P450 1B1 Contributes to the Development of Atherosclerosis and Hypertension in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice. Hypertension 2015; 67:206-13. [PMID: 26573711 PMCID: PMC4672747 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.06427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1B1 contributes to vascular smooth muscle cell growth and hypertension in male mice. This study was conducted to determine the contribution of CYP1B1 to the development of atherosclerosis and hypertension and associated pathogenesis in 8-week-old male apolipoprotein E–deficient (ApoE−/−/Cyp1b1+/+), and ApoE- and CYP1B1-deficient (ApoE−/−/Cyp1b1−/−) mice fed a normal or atherogenic diet for 12 weeks. A separate group of ApoE−/−/Cyp1b1+/+ mice on an atherogenic diet was injected every third day with the CYP1B1 inhibitor, 2,3′,4,5′-tetramethoxystilbene (300 μg/kg), or its vehicle, dimethyl sulfoxide (30 μL, IP); systolic blood pressure was measured by the tail cuff method. After 12 weeks, mice were euthanized, blood collected for lipid analysis, and aortas harvested for measuring lesions and remodeling, and for infiltration of inflammatory cells by histological and immunohistochemical analysis, respectively, and for reactive oxygen species production. Blood pressure, areas of lipids and collagen deposition, elastin breaks, infiltration of macrophages and T lymphocytes, reactive oxygen species generation in the aorta, and plasma lipid levels were increased in ApoE−/−/Cyp1b1+/+ mice on an atherogenic diet; these changes were minimized in mice given 2,3′,4,5′-tetramethoxystilbene, and in ApoE−/−/Cyp1b1−/− mice on an atherogenic diet; absorption/production of lipids remained unaltered in these mice. These data suggest that aortic lesions, hypertension, and associated pathogenesis in ApoE−/−/Cyp1b1+/+ mice on an atherogenic diet are most likely dependent on CYP1B1-generated oxidative stress and increased plasma lipid levels independent of blood pressure and absorption of lipids. CYP1B1 could serve as a novel target for developing drugs to treat atherosclerosis and hypertension caused by hypercholesterolemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chi Young Song
- From the Department of Pharmacology (C.Y.S., K.G., H.U.G., N.S.K., S.T., B.L.J., A.M.E., S.Z., K.U.M.) and Department of Physiology and Pediatrics (D.B.), College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Department of Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH (P.T.); and Center for Cancer Research, Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.)
| | - Khuzema Ghafoor
- From the Department of Pharmacology (C.Y.S., K.G., H.U.G., N.S.K., S.T., B.L.J., A.M.E., S.Z., K.U.M.) and Department of Physiology and Pediatrics (D.B.), College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Department of Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH (P.T.); and Center for Cancer Research, Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.)
| | - Hafiz U Ghafoor
- From the Department of Pharmacology (C.Y.S., K.G., H.U.G., N.S.K., S.T., B.L.J., A.M.E., S.Z., K.U.M.) and Department of Physiology and Pediatrics (D.B.), College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Department of Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH (P.T.); and Center for Cancer Research, Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.)
| | - Nayaab S Khan
- From the Department of Pharmacology (C.Y.S., K.G., H.U.G., N.S.K., S.T., B.L.J., A.M.E., S.Z., K.U.M.) and Department of Physiology and Pediatrics (D.B.), College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Department of Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH (P.T.); and Center for Cancer Research, Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.)
| | - Shyamala Thirunavukkarasu
- From the Department of Pharmacology (C.Y.S., K.G., H.U.G., N.S.K., S.T., B.L.J., A.M.E., S.Z., K.U.M.) and Department of Physiology and Pediatrics (D.B.), College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Department of Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH (P.T.); and Center for Cancer Research, Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.)
| | - Brett L Jennings
- From the Department of Pharmacology (C.Y.S., K.G., H.U.G., N.S.K., S.T., B.L.J., A.M.E., S.Z., K.U.M.) and Department of Physiology and Pediatrics (D.B.), College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Department of Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH (P.T.); and Center for Cancer Research, Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.)
| | - Anne M Estes
- From the Department of Pharmacology (C.Y.S., K.G., H.U.G., N.S.K., S.T., B.L.J., A.M.E., S.Z., K.U.M.) and Department of Physiology and Pediatrics (D.B.), College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Department of Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH (P.T.); and Center for Cancer Research, Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.)
| | - Sahar Zaidi
- From the Department of Pharmacology (C.Y.S., K.G., H.U.G., N.S.K., S.T., B.L.J., A.M.E., S.Z., K.U.M.) and Department of Physiology and Pediatrics (D.B.), College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Department of Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH (P.T.); and Center for Cancer Research, Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.)
| | - Dave Bridges
- From the Department of Pharmacology (C.Y.S., K.G., H.U.G., N.S.K., S.T., B.L.J., A.M.E., S.Z., K.U.M.) and Department of Physiology and Pediatrics (D.B.), College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Department of Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH (P.T.); and Center for Cancer Research, Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.)
| | - Patrick Tso
- From the Department of Pharmacology (C.Y.S., K.G., H.U.G., N.S.K., S.T., B.L.J., A.M.E., S.Z., K.U.M.) and Department of Physiology and Pediatrics (D.B.), College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Department of Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH (P.T.); and Center for Cancer Research, Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.)
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- From the Department of Pharmacology (C.Y.S., K.G., H.U.G., N.S.K., S.T., B.L.J., A.M.E., S.Z., K.U.M.) and Department of Physiology and Pediatrics (D.B.), College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Department of Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH (P.T.); and Center for Cancer Research, Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.)
| | - Kafait U Malik
- From the Department of Pharmacology (C.Y.S., K.G., H.U.G., N.S.K., S.T., B.L.J., A.M.E., S.Z., K.U.M.) and Department of Physiology and Pediatrics (D.B.), College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; Department of Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH (P.T.); and Center for Cancer Research, Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.).
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Thirunavukkarasu S, de Silva K, Begg DJ, Whittington RJ, Plain KM. Macrophage polarization in cattle experimentally exposed to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Pathog Dis 2015; 73:ftv085. [PMID: 26454271 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftv085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), the causative agent of Johne's disease (JD) in cattle, has significant impacts on the livestock industry and has been implicated in the etiology of Crohn's disease. Macrophages play a key role in JD pathogenesis, which is driven by the manipulation of host immune mechanisms by MAP. A change in the macrophage microenvironment due to pathogenic or host-derived stimuli can lead to classical (M1) or alternative (M2) polarization of macrophages. In addition, prior exposure to antigenic stimuli has been reported to alter the response of macrophages to subsequent stimuli. However, macrophage polarization in response to MAP exposure and its possible implications have not been previously addressed. In this study, we have comprehensively examined monocyte/macrophage polarization and responsiveness to antigens from MAP-exposed and unexposed animals. At 3 years post-exposure, there was a heterogeneous macrophage activation pattern characterized by both classical and alternate phenotypes. Moreover, subsequent exposure of macrophages from MAP-exposed cattle to antigens from MAP and other mycobacterial species led to significant variation in the production of nitric oxide, interleukin-10 and tumour necrosis factor α. These results indicate the previously unreported possibility of changes in the activation state and responsiveness of circulating monocytes/macrophages from MAP-exposed cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shyamala Thirunavukkarasu
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Kumudika de Silva
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Douglas J Begg
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Richard J Whittington
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Karren M Plain
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Singh WS, Rao BP, Thirunavukkarasu S, Mahadevan S, Mukhopadhyay C, Jayakumar T. Development of magnetic flux leakage technique for examination of steam generator tubes of prototype fast breeder reactor. ANN NUCL ENERGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anucene.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
22
|
Thirunavukkarasu S, Khan N, Jennings B, Malik K. Prevention of Angiotensin II‐ Induced Aortic Aneurysm And Associated Pathogenesis By Inhibiting CYP1B1 Or Its Gene Disruption (
ApoE
‐/‐
/Cyp1b1
‐/‐
Mice). FASEB J 2015. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.29.1_supplement.418.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nayaab Khan
- PharmacologyUniversity of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTennesseeUnited States
| | - Brett Jennings
- PharmacologyUniversity of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTennesseeUnited States
| | - Kafait Malik
- PharmacologyUniversity of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTennesseeUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Thirunavukkarasu S, de Silva K, Plain KM, J Whittington R. Role of host- and pathogen-associated lipids in directing the immune response in mycobacterial infections, with emphasis on Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Crit Rev Microbiol 2014; 42:262-75. [PMID: 25163812 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2014.932327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacteria have a complex cell wall with a high lipid content that confers unique advantages for bacterial survival in the hostile host environment, leading to long-term infection. There is a wealth of evidence suggesting the role cell wall-associated lipid antigens play at the host-pathogen interface by contributing to bacterial virulence. One pathway that pathogenic mycobacteria use to subvert host immune pathways to their advantage is host cholesterol/lipid homeostasis. This review focuses on the possible role of pathogen- and host-associated lipids in the survival and persistence of pathogenic mycobacteria with emphasis on Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. We draw upon literature in diverse areas of infectious and metabolic diseases and explain a mechanism by which mycobacterial-induced changes in the host cellular energy state could account for phenomena that are a hallmark of chronic mycobacterial diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kumudika de Silva
- a Faculty of Veterinary Science , University of Sydney , Camden , Australia
| | - Karren M Plain
- a Faculty of Veterinary Science , University of Sydney , Camden , Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Thirunavukkarasu S, Khan NS, Ghafoor HU, Jennings BL, Malik KU. Abstract 301: Cytochrome P450 1b1 is Essential for the Development of Aortic Aneurysm in ApoE Knockout Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1161/atvb.34.suppl_1.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Previously we have shown that the development of hypertension and neointimal growth is dependent on cytochrome P450 (CYP)1B1 activity. This study was conducted to address the role of CYP1B1 in the development of angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced aortic aneurysms and associated pathogenesis. Sixteen week old male
ApoE
-/-
/Cyp1b1
+/+
and
ApoE
-/-
/Cyp1b1
-/-
mice were administered Ang II (750 ng/min/Kg) or its vehicle for one month using micro-osmotic pumps implanted subcutaneously. A separate group of
ApoE
-/-
/Cyp1b1
+/+
mice receiving Ang II were injected twice weekly with the selective inhibitor of CYP1B1 2,3',4,5'-tetramethoxystilbene (TMS) (300 μg/Kg) or its vehicle DMSO (i.p.). Ultrasound studies showed that Ang II infusion produced abdominal aortic aneurysms in the
ApoE
-/-
/Cyp1b1
+/+
mice that were prevented by simultaneous treatment of these mice with TMS, and in
ApoE
-/-
/Cyp1b1
-/-
mice. Histological and immunohistochemical analysis of aortic aneurysms revealed that Ang II increased degradation of collagen, elastin and actin, increased expression of matrix metalloproteinases MMP2 and MMP9 as well as markers of inflammation including macrophages and CD3
+
T cells and increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the
ApoE
-/-
/Cyp1b1
+/+
mice; these changes were minimized by treatment of these mice with TMS and in
ApoE
-/-
/Cyp1b1
-/-
mice. These data suggest that Ang II induced abdominal aortic aneurysms and associated pathophysiological changes in
ApoE
-/-
mice are mediated by CYP1B1 most likely via generation of ROS. Therefore, CYP1B1 could serve as a novel target for the development of agents to treat abdominal aortic aneurysms and associated pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nayaab S Khan
- Pharmacology, Univ of Tennessee Health Science Cntr, Memphis, TN
| | - Hafiz U Ghafoor
- Pharmacology, Univ of Tennessee Health Science Cntr, Memphis, TN
| | - Brett L Jennings
- Pharmacology, Univ of Tennessee Health Science Cntr, Memphis, TN
| | - Kafait U Malik
- Pharmacology, Univ of Tennessee Health Science Cntr, Memphis, TN
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Thirunavukkarasu S, Plain KM, de Silva K, Begg D, Whittington RJ, Purdie AC. Expression of genes associated with cholesterol and lipid metabolism identified as a novel pathway in the early pathogenesis of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis-infection in cattle. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 160:147-57. [PMID: 24930699 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Johne's disease (JD) is a chronic disease affecting ruminants and other species caused by the pathogenic mycobacterium, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). MAP has developed a multitude of mechanisms to persist within the host, and these in turn are counteracted by the host through various immune pathways. Identifying and characterising the different strategies employed by MAP to alter the host immune system in its favour, and thereby persist intracellularly, could hold the key to developing strategies to fight this disease. In this study we analysed a subset of bovine microarray data derived from early time points after experimental infection with MAP. A specifically developed integrated approach was used to identify and validate host genes involved in cholesterol homeostasis (24DHCR, LDLR, SCD-1), calcium homeostasis and anti-bacterial defence mechanisms, (CD38, GIMAP6) which were downregulated in response to MAP exposure. A trend for upregulation of granulysin gene expression in MAP-exposed cattle in comparison to unexposed cattle was also observed. From these analyses, a model of potential pathogen-host interactions involving these novel pathways was developed which indicates an important role for host lipids in mycobacterial survival and persistence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shyamala Thirunavukkarasu
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden 2570, NSW, Australia
| | - Karren M Plain
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden 2570, NSW, Australia
| | - Kumudika de Silva
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden 2570, NSW, Australia
| | - Douglas Begg
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden 2570, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard J Whittington
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden 2570, NSW, Australia
| | - Auriol C Purdie
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden 2570, NSW, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Thirunavukkarasu S, de Silva K, Whittington RJ, Plain KM. In vivo and in vitro expression pattern of Toll-like receptors in Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 156:20-31. [PMID: 24054090 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Johne's disease (JD) caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is a chronic infectious disease of ruminants. Activation of the Toll-like receptors (TLR) in response to microbial stimuli, including MAP, initiates responses in immune cells of the blood and within peripheral tissues. TLR2, 4 and 9 are believed to play a critical role in the initiation of immune responses against mycobacteria. In this study we report on the in vivo expression pattern of these receptors in sheep and cattle experimentally exposed to MAP. Experiments using the mouse macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7, and on isolated bovine monocytes were also carried out to assess the expression pattern of TLR2 and 4 in response to MAP and the non-pathogenic mycobacterial strain, M. smegmatis. Results from the in vivo study showed that there was a significant upregulation of TLR2 (P<0.05) at early time-points post-inoculation in the peripheral blood cells of sheep exposed to MAP S strain that went on to develop severe (multibacillary) disease. However, in the cattle during the initial months post-exposure to MAP C strain, TLR2 was significantly downregulated (P<0.05). TLR4 was significantly upregulated (P<0.05) at later stages (12 months post-inoculation) in MAP-exposed sheep with multibacillary disease; however significant differences in TLR4 expression were not observed in cattle. Expression of TLR9 was unchanged in MAP-exposed sheep and cattle. In vitro studies on mouse macrophages supported the findings of in vivo TLR2 gene expression increases seen in the sheep, in that the TLR2 receptor expression in response to MAP-infection was significantly increased in comparison to cells infected with a non-virulent mycobacterium, M. smegmatis. A likely role for TLR2 in the pathogenesis of Johne's disease is proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shyamala Thirunavukkarasu
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Thirunavukkarasu S, Plain KM, Eckstein TM, de Silva K, Whittington RJ. Cellular and humoral immunogenicity of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis specific lipopentapeptide antigens. Res Vet Sci 2013; 95:123-9. [PMID: 23540605 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Paratuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is a chronic infectious disease affecting domestic and wild ruminants. Antigens currently used for the diagnosis of paratuberculosis are whole-cell derived crude preparations. The identification of MAP-specific antigens for the specific and early diagnosis of this infection is strongly needed. This study assessed the ability of the MAP-specific synthetic lipopeptide antigen Para-LP-01 to invoke specific serum antibody (Ab) and cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses in sheep experimentally exposed to MAP S strain. Responses were compared to those elicited by the crude whole-cell derived MAP 316v antigen (316v). Para-LP-01 induced a significant serum Ab response in MAP-infected sheep in comparison with unexposed or uninfected sheep, but failed to induce detectable CMI responses including production of IFN-γ, IL-10 and lymphoproliferation, unlike 316v which invoked both CMI and serum Ab responses in MAP-exposed sheep. Para-LP-01 is a suitable antigen for serodiagnosis of MAP-infection in sheep. The differential induction of humoral and CMI responses by lipid based antigens could enhance current understanding of the role played by cell-wall associated lipid antigens in the pathogenesis of MAP-infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shyamala Thirunavukkarasu
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Thirunavukkarasu S, Purdie A, Plain K, de Silva K, Whittington R. Novel gene expression profile in blood cells from cattle experimentally exposed to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (164.24). The Journal of Immunology 2012. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.188.supp.164.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Mptb) is the causative agent of the chronic debilitating condition called Johne’s (JD) disease that affects ruminants and is a suspected causative agent in Crohn’s disease in humans. Identifying and characterising the different strategies employed by Mptb to alter the host immune system in its favour and thereby persist intracellularly could hold the key to fighting this disease. Affymetrix Genechip Bovine Gene microarrays were performed using the RNA prepared from blood samples collected from exposed and non-exposed control cattle from the controlled experimental model of bovine JD. Bio-informatics tools and data mining were applied to identify relationships between genes and physiological functions. Genes related to lipid pathways and anti-bacterial defence mechanisms were identified and validated in a larger cohort at different time-points post-infection by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Several novel gene pathways were shown to be differentially regulated in bovine JD linking lipid pathways and anti-bacterial defence mechanisms. Downregulation of the cellular cholesterol homeostasis mechanism could act as a countermeasure to infection. A novel model was developed that explores how these could impact the host immune response in a double edged sword manner that leads to the progression of pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Auriol Purdie
- 1Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Karren Plain
- 1Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Kumudika de Silva
- 1Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard Whittington
- 1Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Thirunavukkarasu S, Rao B, Jayakumar T, Raj B. Techniques for processing remote field eddy current signals from bend regions of steam generator tubes of prototype fast breeder reactor. ANN NUCL ENERGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anucene.2010.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
30
|
Schatzlein MH, Ballantine TV, Thirunavukkarasu S, Fitzgerald JF, Grosfeld JL. Gastroesophageal reflux in infants and children. Diagnosis and management. Arch Surg 1979; 114:505-10. [PMID: 435065 DOI: 10.1001/archsurg.1979.01370280159026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Eighty-three infants and children underwent surgical correction of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) from 1973 to 1978. Fifty-four patients had coexistent brain damage (most commonly due to cerebral palsy), eight were previously treated for esophageal atresia, and four had gastroschisis or omphalocele repair. Clinical presentation included failure to thrive in 64 patients, vomiting in 59, and recurrent bouts of aspiration pneumonitis in 43. Barium roentgenography showed GER in 61 patients, whereas additional tests (particularly pH monitoring) were required for detection of GER in 22 patients. After failure of medical management, transabdominal Nissen fundoplication was performed in 80 cases and a Hill repair in three cases. The surgical mortality was zero, but there were five late deaths. Results were considered excellent in 54 patients, good in 22 patients, and poor in seven. Ten of 12 patients with preoperative stricture responded to dilation after fundoplication. Nissen fundoplication was a safe and effective antireflux procedure in 76 of the 83 cases.
Collapse
|