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Harris R, Mammadli M, Hiner S, Suo L, Yang Q, Sen JM, Karimi M. TCF-1 regulates NKG2D expression on CD8 T cells during anti-tumor responses. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2022; 72:1581-1601. [PMID: 36562825 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-022-03323-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy relies on improving T cell effector functions against malignancies, but despite the identification of several key transcription factors (TFs), the biological functions of these TFs are not entirely understood. We developed and utilized a novel, clinically relevant murine model to dissect the functional properties of crucial T cell transcription factors during anti-tumor responses. Our data showed that the loss of TCF-1 in CD8 T cells also leads to loss of key stimulatory molecules such as CD28. Our data showed that TCF-1 suppresses surface NKG2D expression on naïve and activated CD8 T cells via key transcriptional factors Eomes and T-bet. Using both in vitro and in vivo models, we uncovered how TCF-1 regulates critical molecules responsible for peripheral CD8 T cell effector functions. Finally, our unique genetic and molecular approaches suggested that TCF-1 also differentially regulates essential kinases. These kinases, including LCK, LAT, ITK, PLC-γ1, P65, ERKI/II, and JAK/STATs, are required for peripheral CD8 T cell persistent function during alloimmunity. Overall, our molecular and bioinformatics data demonstrate the mechanism by which TCF-1 modulated several critical aspects of T cell function during CD8 T cell response to cancer. Summary Figure: TCF-1 is required for persistent function of CD8 T cells but dispensable for anti-tumor response. Here, we have utilized a novel mouse model that lacks TCF-1 specifically on CD8 T cells for an allogeneic transplant model. We uncovered a molecular mechanism of how TCF-1 regulates key signaling pathways at both transcriptomic and protein levels. These key molecules included LCK, LAT, ITK, PLC-γ1, p65, ERK I/II, and JAK/STAT signaling. Next, we showed that the lack of TCF-1 impacted phenotype, proinflammatory cytokine production, chemokine expression, and T cell activation. We provided clinical evidence for how these changes impact GVHD target organs (skin, small intestine, and liver). Finally, we provided evidence that TCF-1 regulates NKG2D expression on mouse naïve and activated CD8 T cells. We have shown that CD8 T cells from TCF-1 cKO mice mediate cytolytic functions via NKG2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Harris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 766 Irving Ave Weiskotten Hall Suite 2281, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Mahinbanu Mammadli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 766 Irving Ave Weiskotten Hall Suite 2281, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Shannon Hiner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 766 Irving Ave Weiskotten Hall Suite 2281, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Liye Suo
- Department of Pathology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Qi Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Rutgers Child Health Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Jyoti Misra Sen
- National Institute On Aging-National Institutes of Health, BRC Building, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Suite 100, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.,Center On Aging and Immune Remodeling and Immunology Program, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Mobin Karimi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 766 Irving Ave Weiskotten Hall Suite 2281, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
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Qin Y, Xu G. Enhancing CAR T-cell therapies against solid tumors: Mechanisms and reversion of resistance. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1053120. [PMID: 36569859 PMCID: PMC9773088 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1053120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, belonging to adoptive immune cells therapy, utilizes engineered immunoreceptors to enhance tumor-specific killing. By now new generations of CAR T-cell therapies dramatically promote the effectiveness and robustness in leukemia cases. However, only a few CAR T-cell therapies gain FDA approval till now, which are applied to hematologic cancers. Targeting solid tumors through CAR T-cell therapies still faces many problems, such as tumor heterogeneity, antigen loss, infiltration inability and immunosuppressive micro-environment. Recent advances provide new insights about the mechanisms of CAR T-cell therapy resistance and give rise to potential reversal therapies. In this review, we mainly introduce existing barriers when treating solid tumors with CAR T-cells and discuss the methods to overcome these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Qin
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China,Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Guotai Xu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China,Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Guotai Xu,
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53
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Chen D, Guo Y, Jiang J, Wu P, Zhang T, Wei Q, Huang J, Wu D. γδ T cell exhaustion: Opportunities for intervention. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:1669-1676. [PMID: 36000310 PMCID: PMC9804355 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5mr0722-777r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
T lymphocytes are the key protective contributors in chronic infection and tumor, but experience exhaustion by persistent antigen stimulation. As an unconventional lineage of T cells, γδ T cells can rapidly response to varied infectious and tumor challenges in a non-MHC-restricted manner and play key roles in immune surveillance via pleiotropic effector functions, showing promising as candidates for cellular tumor immunotherapy. Activated γδ T cells can also acquire exhaustion signature with elevated expression of immune checkpoints, such as PD-1, decreased cytokine production, and functional impairment. However, the exhaustion features of γδ T cells are distinct from conventional αβ T cells. Here, we review the researches regarding the characteristics, heterogeneity, and mechanisms of γδ T cell exhaustion. These studies provide insights into the combined strategies to overcome the exhaustion of γδ T cells and enhance antitumor immunity. Summary sentence: Review of the characteristics, heterogeneity, and mechanisms of γδ T cell exhaustion provides insights into the combined strategies to enhance γδ T cell-based antitumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina,Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina,Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, National Ministry of Education), Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yinglu Guo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina,Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, National Ministry of Education), Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Jiahuan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina,Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, National Ministry of Education), Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina,Department of Breast Surgery, Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Pin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina,Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina,Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, National Ministry of Education), Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Qichun Wei
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina,Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, National Ministry of Education), Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Jian Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina,Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, National Ministry of Education), Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina,Department of Breast Surgery, Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Dang Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina,Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina,Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, National Ministry of Education), Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
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Fetuin-A is an immunomodulator and a potential therapeutic option in BMP4-dependent heterotopic ossification and associated bone mass loss. Bone Res 2022; 10:62. [PMID: 36289197 PMCID: PMC9605967 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-022-00232-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterotopic ossification (HO) is the abnormal formation of bone in extraskeletal sites. However, the mechanisms linking HO pathogenesis with bone mass dysfunction remain unclear. Here, we showed that mice harboring injury-induced and BMP4-dependent HO exhibit bone mass loss similar to that presented by patients with HO. Moreover, we found that injury-induced hyperinflammatory responses at the injury site triggered HO initiation but did not result in bone mass loss at 1 day post-injury (dpi). In contrast, a suppressive immune response promoted HO propagation and bone mass loss by 7 dpi. Correcting immune dysregulation by PD1/PDL1 blockade dramatically alleviated HO propagation and bone mass loss. We further demonstrated that fetuin-A (FetA), which has been frequently detected in HO lesions but rarely observed in HO-adjacent normal bone, acts as an immunomodulator to promote PD1 expression and M2 macrophage polarization, leading to immunosuppression. Intervention with recombinant FetA inhibited hyperinflammation and prevented HO and associated bone mass loss. Collectively, our findings provide new insights into the osteoimmunological interactions that occur during HO formation and suggest that FetA is an immunosuppressor and a potential therapeutic option for the treatment of HO.
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55
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Zhang L, Zhang B, Li L, Ye Y, Wu Y, Yuan Q, Xu W, Wen X, Guo X, Nian S. Novel targets for immunotherapy associated with exhausted CD8 + T cells in cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2022; 149:2243-2258. [PMID: 36107246 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-04326-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In response to prolonged stimulation by tumour antigens, T cells gradually become exhausted. There is growing evidence that exhausted T cells not only lose their potent effector functions but also express multiple inhibitory receptors. Checkpoint blockade (CPB) therapy can improve cancer by reactivating exhausted effector cell function, leading to durable clinical responses, but further improvements are needed given the limited number of patients who benefit from treatment, even with autoimmune complications. Here, we suggest, based on recent advances that tumour antigens are the primary culprits of exhaustion, followed by some immune cells and cytokines that also play an accomplice role in the exhaustion process, and we also propose that chronic stress-induced hypoxia and hormones also play an important role in promoting T-cell exhaustion. Understanding the classification of exhausted CD8+ T-cell subpopulations and their functions is important for the effectiveness of immune checkpoint blockade therapies. We mapped the differentiation of T-cell exhausted subpopulations by changes in transcription factors, indicating that T-cell exhaustion is a dynamic developmental process. Finally, we summarized the novel immune checkpoints associated with depletion in recent years and combined them with bioinformatics to construct a web of exhaustion-related immune checkpoints with the aim of finding novel therapeutic targets associated with T-cell exhaustion in malignant tumours, aiming to revive the killing ability of exhausted T cells and restore anti-tumour immunity through combined targeted immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Zhang
- Public Center of Experimental Technology, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, No 1, Xianglin road, Luzhou City, 646000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Public Center of Experimental Technology, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, No 1, Xianglin road, Luzhou City, 646000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Lin Li
- Public Center of Experimental Technology, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, No 1, Xianglin road, Luzhou City, 646000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yingchun Ye
- Public Center of Experimental Technology, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, No 1, Xianglin road, Luzhou City, 646000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yuchuan Wu
- Public Center of Experimental Technology, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, No 1, Xianglin road, Luzhou City, 646000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Qing Yuan
- Public Center of Experimental Technology, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, No 1, Xianglin road, Luzhou City, 646000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Wenfeng Xu
- Public Center of Experimental Technology, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, No 1, Xianglin road, Luzhou City, 646000, Sichuan Province, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Wen
- Public Center of Experimental Technology, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, No 1, Xianglin road, Luzhou City, 646000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xiyuan Guo
- Public Center of Experimental Technology, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, No 1, Xianglin road, Luzhou City, 646000, Sichuan Province, China.
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
| | - Siji Nian
- Public Center of Experimental Technology, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, No 1, Xianglin road, Luzhou City, 646000, Sichuan Province, China.
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56
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Song J, Lan J, Tang J, Luo N. PTPN2 in the Immunity and Tumor Immunotherapy: A Concise Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710025. [PMID: 36077422 PMCID: PMC9456094 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PTPN2 (protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor 2), also called TCPTP (T cell protein tyrosine phosphatase), is a member of the PTP family signaling proteins. Phosphotyrosine-based signaling of this non-transmembrane protein is essential for regulating cell growth, development, differentiation, survival, and migration. In particular, PTPN2 received researchers’ attention when Manguso et al. identified PTPN2 as a cancer immunotherapy target using in vivo CRISPR library screening. In this review, we attempt to summarize the important functions of PTPN2 in terms of its structural and functional properties, inflammatory reactions, immunomodulatory properties, and tumor immunity. PTPN2 exerts synergistic anti-inflammatory effects in various inflammatory cells and regulates the developmental differentiation of immune cells. The diversity of PTPN2 effects in different types of tumors makes it a potential target for tumor immunotherapy.
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57
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Ng S, Lim S, Sim ACN, Mangadu R, Lau A, Zhang C, Martinez SB, Chandramohan A, Lim UM, Ho SSW, Chang SC, Gopal P, Hong LZ, Schwaid A, Fernandis AZ, Loboda A, Li C, Phan U, Henry B, Partridge AW. STUB1 is an intracellular checkpoint for interferon gamma sensing. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14087. [PMID: 35982220 PMCID: PMC9388626 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18404-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) leads to durable and complete tumour regression in some patients but in others gives temporary, partial or no response. Accordingly, significant efforts are underway to identify tumour-intrinsic mechanisms underlying ICB resistance. Results from a published CRISPR screen in a mouse model suggested that targeting STUB1, an E3 ligase involved in protein homeostasis, may overcome ICB resistance but the molecular basis of this effect remains unclear. Herein, we report an under-appreciated role of STUB1 to dampen the interferon gamma (IFNγ) response. Genetic deletion of STUB1 increased IFNGR1 abundance on the cell surface and thus enhanced the downstream IFNγ response as showed by multiple approaches including Western blotting, flow cytometry, qPCR, phospho-STAT1 assay, immunopeptidomics, proteomics, and gene expression profiling. Human prostate and breast cancer cells with STUB1 deletion were also susceptible to cytokine-induced growth inhibition. Furthermore, blockade of STUB1 protein function recapitulated the STUB1-null phenotypes. Despite these encouraging in vitro data and positive implications from clinical datasets, we did not observe in vivo benefits of inactivating Stub1 in mouse syngeneic tumour models-with or without combination with anti-PD-1 therapy. However, our findings elucidate STUB1 as a barrier to IFNγ sensing, prompting further investigations to assess if broader inactivation of human STUB1 in both tumors and immune cells could overcome ICB resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ng
- Quantitative Biosciences, MSD, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shuhui Lim
- Quantitative Biosciences, MSD, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Ruban Mangadu
- Discovery Oncology, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ally Lau
- Target & Pathway Biology, MSD, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | | | - U-Ming Lim
- Target & Pathway Biology, MSD, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Pooja Gopal
- Quantitative Biosciences, MSD, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lewis Z Hong
- Translational Biomarkers, MSD, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Adam Schwaid
- Chemical Biology, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Cai Li
- Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Uyen Phan
- Discovery Oncology, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Brian Henry
- Quantitative Biosciences, MSD, Singapore, Singapore.
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Ren Y, Song J, Li X, Luo N. Rationale and Clinical Research Progress on PD-1/PD-L1-Based Immunotherapy for Metastatic Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23168878. [PMID: 36012144 PMCID: PMC9408844 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (mTNBC), a highly aggressive and malignant tumor, currently lacks an effective treatment. There has been some progress in the treatment of mTNBC with programmed death receptor-1/programmed death ligand-1 (PD-1/PD-L1) immunotherapy in recent years. The combination of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors with other therapies is a noteworthy treatment strategy. Immunotherapy in combination with chemotherapy or small-molecule inhibitors still faces many challenges. Additionally, there are some new immunotherapy targets in development. We aimed to further evaluate the effectiveness and usefulness of immunotherapy for treating mTNBC and to propose new immunotherapy strategies. This review explains the rationale and results of existing clinical trials evaluating PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors alone or in combination for the treatment of mTNBC. For patients with aggressive tumors and poor health, PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors, either alone or in combination with other modalities, have proven to be effective. However, more research is needed to explore more effective immunotherapy regimens that will lead to new breakthroughs in the treatment of mTNBC.
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Tang X, Qi C, Zhou H, Liu Y. Critical roles of PTPN family members regulated by non-coding RNAs in tumorigenesis and immunotherapy. Front Oncol 2022; 12:972906. [PMID: 35957898 PMCID: PMC9360549 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.972906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Since tyrosine phosphorylation is reversible and dynamic in vivo, the phosphorylation state of proteins is controlled by the opposing roles of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) and protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPs), both of which perform critical roles in signal transduction. Of these, intracellular non-receptor PTPs (PTPNs), which belong to the largest class I cysteine PTP family, are essential for the regulation of a variety of biological processes, including but not limited to hematopoiesis, inflammatory response, immune system, and glucose homeostasis. Additionally, a substantial amount of PTPNs have been identified to hold crucial roles in tumorigenesis, progression, metastasis, and drug resistance, and inhibitors of PTPNs have promising applications due to striking efficacy in antitumor therapy. Hence, the aim of this review is to summarize the role played by PTPNs, including PTPN1/PTP1B, PTPN2/TC-PTP, PTPN3/PTP-H1, PTPN4/PTPMEG, PTPN6/SHP-1, PTPN9/PTPMEG2, PTPN11/SHP-2, PTPN12/PTP-PEST, PTPN13/PTPL1, PTPN14/PEZ, PTPN18/PTP-HSCF, PTPN22/LYP, and PTPN23/HD-PTP, in human cancer and immunotherapy and to comprehensively describe the molecular pathways in which they are implicated. Given the specific roles of PTPNs, identifying potential regulators of PTPNs is significant for understanding the mechanisms of antitumor therapy. Consequently, this work also provides a review on the role of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in regulating PTPNs in tumorigenesis and progression, which may help us to find effective therapeutic agents for tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Tang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou, China
| | - Chumei Qi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Dazhou Women and Children’s Hospital, Dazhou, China
| | - Honghong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Center for Big Data Research in Health, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Honghong Zhou, ; Yongshuo Liu,
| | - Yongshuo Liu
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University Genome Editing Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Honghong Zhou, ; Yongshuo Liu,
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Moore EK, Strazza M, Mor A. Combination Approaches to Target PD-1 Signaling in Cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:927265. [PMID: 35911672 PMCID: PMC9330480 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.927265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains the second leading cause of death in the US, accounting for 25% of all deaths nationwide. Immunotherapy techniques bolster the immune cells' ability to target malignant cancer cells and have brought immense improvements in the field of cancer treatments. One important inhibitory protein in T cells, programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), has become an invaluable target for cancer immunotherapy. While anti-PD-1 antibody therapy is extremely successful in some patients, in others it fails or even causes further complications, including cancer hyper-progression and immune-related adverse events. Along with countless translational studies of the PD-1 signaling pathway, there are currently close to 5,000 clinical trials for antibodies against PD-1 and its ligand, PD-L1, around 80% of which investigate combinations with other therapies. Nevertheless, more work is needed to better understand the PD-1 signaling pathway and to facilitate new and improved evidence-based combination strategies. In this work, we consolidate recent discoveries of PD-1 signaling mediators and their therapeutic potential in combination with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 agents. We focus on the phosphatases SHP2 and PTPN2; the kinases ITK, VRK2, GSK-3, and CDK4/6; and the signaling adaptor protein PAG. We discuss their biology both in cancer cells and T cells, with a focus on their role in relation to PD-1 to determine their potential in therapeutic combinations. The literature discussed here was obtained from a search of the published literature and ClinicalTrials.gov with the following key terms: checkpoint inhibition, cancer immunotherapy, PD-1, PD-L1, SHP2, PTPN2, ITK, VRK2, CDK4/6, GSK-3, and PAG. Together, we find that all of these proteins are logical and promising targets for combination therapy, and that with a deeper mechanistic understanding they have potential to improve the response rate and decrease adverse events when thoughtfully used in combination with checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K. Moore
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Marianne Strazza
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Adam Mor
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
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61
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Koyaman-Nasu R, Wang Y, Hasegawa I, Endo Y, Nakayama T, Kimura MY. The cellular and molecular basis of CD69 function in anti-tumor immunity. Int Immunol 2022; 34:555-561. [PMID: 35689672 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxac024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy utilizes our immune system to attack cancer cells and is an extremely promising strategy for cancer treatment. Although immune-checkpoint blockade, such as anti-PD-1 antibody (Ab), has demonstrated significant enhancement of anti-tumor immunity and has induced notable clinical outcomes, its response rates remain low, and adverse effects are always a matter of concern; therefore, new targets for cancer immunotherapy are always desired. In this situation, new concepts are needed to fuel the investigation of new target molecules for cancer immunotherapy. We propose that CD69 is one such target molecule. CD69 is known to be an activation marker of leukocytes and is also considered a crucial regulator of various immune responses through its interacting proteins. CD69 promotes T cell retention in lymphoid tissues via sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P1) internalization and also plays roles in the pathogenesis of inflammatory disorders through interacting with its functional ligands Myl9/12 (myosin light chains 9, 12a and 12b). In anti-tumor immunity, CD69 is known to be expressed on T cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLNs). We revealed that CD69 negatively regulates the effector function of intratumoral T cells and importantly controls the 'exhaustion' of CD8 T cells. In addition, we and others showed that either CD69 deficiency or the administration of anti-CD69 monoclonal antibody enhances anti-tumor immunity. Thus, CD69 is an attractive target for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Koyaman-Nasu
- Department of Experimental Immunology, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yangsong Wang
- Department of Experimental Immunology, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Ichita Hasegawa
- Department of Experimental Immunology, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Endo
- Department of Experimental Immunology, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Toshinori Nakayama
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.,AMED-CREST, AMED, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Motoko Y Kimura
- Department of Experimental Immunology, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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Kwon H, Schafer JM, Song NJ, Kaneko S, Li A, Xiao T, Ma A, Allen C, Das K, Zhou L, Riesenberg B, Chang Y, Weltge P, Velegraki M, Oh DY, Fong L, Ma Q, Sundi D, Chung D, Li X, Li Z. Androgen conspires with the CD8 + T cell exhaustion program and contributes to sex bias in cancer. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabq2630. [PMID: 35420889 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abq2630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sex bias exists in the development and progression of non-reproductive organ cancers, but the underlying mechanisms are enigmatic. Studies so far have focused largely on sexual dimorphisms in cancer biology and socioeconomic factors. Here, we establish a role for CD8+ T cell-dependent anti-tumor immunity in mediating sex differences in tumor aggressiveness, which is driven by the gonadal androgen but not sex chromosomes. A male bias exists in the frequency of intratumoral antigen-experienced Tcf7/TCF1+ progenitor exhausted CD8+ T cells that are devoid of effector activity as a consequence of intrinsic androgen receptor (AR) function. Mechanistically, we identify a novel sex-specific regulon in progenitor exhausted CD8+ T cells and a pertinent contribution from AR as a direct transcriptional trans-activator of Tcf7/TCF1. The T cell intrinsic function of AR in promoting CD8+ T cell exhaustion in vivo was established using multiple approaches including loss-of-function studies with CD8-specific Ar knockout mice. Moreover, ablation of the androgen-AR axis rewires the tumor microenvironment to favor effector T cell differentiation and potentiates the efficacy of anti-PD-1 immune checkpoint blockade. Collectively, our findings highlight androgen-mediated promotion of CD8+ T cell dysfunction in cancer and imply broader opportunities for therapeutic development from understanding sex disparities in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunwoo Kwon
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - The James, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Johanna M Schafer
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - The James, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - No-Joon Song
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - The James, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Satoshi Kaneko
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anqi Li
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - The James, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Tong Xiao
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - The James, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Anjun Ma
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - The James, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Carter Allen
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - The James, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Komal Das
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - The James, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Lei Zhou
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - The James, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Brian Riesenberg
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - The James, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yuzhou Chang
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - The James, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Payton Weltge
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - The James, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Maria Velegraki
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - The James, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - David Y Oh
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Lawrence Fong
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Qin Ma
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Debasish Sundi
- Department of Urology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Dongjun Chung
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - The James, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Departments of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Zihai Li
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - The James, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Young RM, Engel NW, Uslu U, Wellhausen N, June CH. Next-Generation CAR T-cell Therapies. Cancer Discov 2022; 12:1625-1633. [PMID: 35417527 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-21-1683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY CD19- and B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA)-directed chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have enabled unprecedented responses in a subset of refractory patients with B-cell and plasma cell malignancies, leading to their approval by the FDA for the treatment of leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma. These "living drugs" can become part of a synthetic immune system, persisting at least a decade in some patients. However, despite this tremendous impact, significant unmet treatment needs remain for patients with hematologic malignancies and solid cancers. In this perspective, we highlight recent innovations that advance the field toward production of a more potent and universal cellular immunotherapy of the future. Next-generation CAR T cells will incorporate advances in gene engineering and synthetic biology to enhance functionality and persistence, and reduce treatment-associated toxicities. The combination of autologous CAR T cells with various allogeneic cell treatment strategies designed to target the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment will broaden the impact of future CAR T-cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina M Young
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nils W Engel
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ugur Uslu
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nils Wellhausen
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Carl H June
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Chai AWY, Yee PS, Cheong SC. Rational Combinations of Targeted Therapy and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Head and Neck Cancers. Front Oncol 2022; 12:837835. [PMID: 35372020 PMCID: PMC8968950 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.837835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy, especially the immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) such as the pembrolizumab and nivolumab have contributed to significant improvements in treatment outcomes and survival of head and neck cancer (HNC) patients. Still, only a subset of patients benefits from ICIs and hence the race is on to identify combination therapies that could improve response rates. Increasingly, genetic alterations that occur within cancer cells have been shown to modulate the tumor microenvironment resulting in immune evasion, and these have led to the emergence of trials that rationalize a combination of targeted therapy with immunotherapy. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the biological rationale and current strategies of combining targeted therapy with the approved ICIs in HNC. We summarize the ongoing combinatorial clinical trials and discuss emerging immunomodulatory targets. We also discuss the challenges and gaps that have yet to be addressed, as well as future perspectives in combining these different drug classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Wai Yeeng Chai
- Translational Cancer Biology Research Unit, Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Pei San Yee
- Translational Cancer Biology Research Unit, Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Sok Ching Cheong
- Translational Cancer Biology Research Unit, Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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LaFleur MW, Sharpe AH. CRISPR Screens to Identify Regulators of Tumor Immunity. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY 2022; 6:103-122. [PMID: 35989706 PMCID: PMC9389862 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-070120-094725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapies, such as immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), have been used in a wide range of tumor types with immense clinical benefit. However, ICB does not work in all patients, and attempts to combine ICB with other immune-based therapies have not lived up to their initial promise. Thus, there is a significant unmet need to discover new targets and combination therapies to extend the benefits of immunotherapy to more patients. Systems biology approaches are well suited for addressing this problem because these approaches enable evaluation of many gene targets simultaneously and ranking their relative importance for a phenotype of interest. As such, loss-of-function CRISPR screens are an emerging set of tools being used to prioritize gene targets for modulating pathways of interest in tumor and immune cells. This review describes the first screens performed to discover cancer immunotherapy targets and the technological advances that will enable next-generation screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin W LaFleur
- Department of Immunology and Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Arlene H Sharpe
- Department of Immunology and Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Rong H, Cai T, Peng Y, Wang X, Lan T, Ou Z, Qiu L, Li Q, Zhang L, Wu F, Lin H, Ren S, Li Z, Fan S, Li J. Correlation Between TCF7 + T Cells and Prognosis of Patients With Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:782058. [PMID: 35345446 PMCID: PMC8957207 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.782058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate whether TCF7+ T cells constitute an important factor to improve the existing postoperative prediction model for patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Method TCF7+ T cells were detected in the tissues of 167 OSCC patients by multiplex immunofluorescence. The percentage of TCF7+ T cells was transformed into a dichotomous variable, combined with the clinicopathological data for the OSCC patients, and then subjected to univariate and multivariate analyses. The derived independent predictors were then incorporated into risk models to analyze their relationship with the prognosis of patients. Results The high TCF7+ group had a better prognosis than the low TCF7+ group (OS: p<0.001; RFS: p<0.001). Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that TCF7+ T cells serve as an independent predictor of OSCC (univariate/multivariate analysis: p<0.001). In Cox risk progression models, inclusion of the TCF7+ T cell percentage improved the predictive accuracy of Grade and TNM stage (Grade-OS/RFS: p<0.001; TNM-OS/RFS: p<0.001; TNM+Grade-OS: p<0.001, TNM+Grade-RFS: p=0.004). Inclusion of the TCF7+ T cell percentage improved the clinical utility. Conclusions TCF7+ T cells can act as an independent predictor for postoperative OSCC patients. The inclusion of TCF7+ T cells improved the predictive accuracy and clinical utility of the nomograms to different degrees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixu Rong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation of Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation of Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation of Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, China.,The Stomatology Department of The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation of Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianjun Lan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation of Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhanpeng Ou
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Qiu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qunxing Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lizao Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation of Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Wu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hsinyu Lin
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siqi Ren
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation of Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zitian Li
- School of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Song Fan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation of Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinsong Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation of Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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67
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Kuang W, Wang X, Ding J, Li J, Ji M, Chen W, Wang L, Yang P. PTPN2, A Key Predictor of Prognosis for Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma, Significantly Regulates Cell Cycles, Apoptosis, and Metastasis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:805311. [PMID: 35154122 PMCID: PMC8829144 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.805311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study conducted a comprehensive analysis of the members of the PTPN family and emphasized the key role of PTPN2 as a potential therapeutic target and diagnostic biomarker in improving the survival rate of PAAD. Method Oncomine was used to analyze the pan-cancer expression of the PTPN gene family. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data as well as Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) data were downloaded to analyze the expression and prognosis of PTPNs. The diagnosis of PTPNs was evaluated by the experimental ROC curve. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed by combining STRING and Cytoscape. The genes of 50 proteins most closely related to PTPN2 were screened and analyzed by GO and KEGG enrichment. The differentially expressed genes of PTPN2 were found by RNA sequencing, and GSEA enrichment analysis was carried out to find the downstream pathways and targets, which were verified by online tools and experiments. Finally, the relationship between PTPN2 and immune cell infiltration in PAAD, and the relationship with immune score and immune checkpoint were studied. Result The expression patterns and the prognostic value of multiple PTPNs in PAAD have been reported through bioinformatic analyzes. Among these members, PTPN2 is the most important prognostic signature that regulates the progression of PAAD by activating JAK-STAT signaling pathway. Comparison of two PAAD cell lines with normal pancreatic epithelial cell lines revealed that PTPN2 expression was up-regulated as a key regulator of PAAD, which was associated with poor prognosis. Knockdown of PTPN2 caused a profound decrease in PAAD cell growth, migration, invasion, and induced PAAD cell cycle and apoptosis. In addition, we conducted a series of enrichment analyses to investigate the PTPN2-binding proteins and the PTPN2 expression-correlated genes. We suggest that STAT1 and EGFR are the key factors to regulate PTPN2, which are involved in the progression of PAAD. Meanwhile, the silencing of PTPN2 induced the repression of STAT1 and EGFR expression. Conclusion These findings provide a comprehensive analysis of the PTPN family members, and for PAAD, they also demonstrate that PTPN2 is a diagnostic biomarker and a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiayu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaxing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Minghui Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weijiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Yang C, Ming Y, Zhou K, Hao Y, Hu D, Chu B, He X, Yang Y, Qian Z. Macrophage Membrane-Camouflaged shRNA and Doxorubicin: A pH-Dependent Release System for Melanoma Chemo-Immunotherapy. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2022; 2022:9768687. [PMID: 35233535 PMCID: PMC8851070 DOI: 10.34133/2022/9768687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Improving the efficacy of melanoma treatment remains an important global challenge. Here, we combined chemotherapy with protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 2(Ptpn2) based immunotherapy in an effort to address this challenge. Short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting Ptpn2 was coencapsulated with doxorubicin (DOX) in the cell membrane of M1 macrophages (M1HD@RPR). The prepared nanoparticles (NPs) were effectively phagocytosed by B16F10 cells and M1 macrophages, but not by M0 macrophages. Hence, NP evasion from the reticuloendothelial system (RES) was improved and NP enrichment in tumor sites increased. M1HD@RPR can directly kill tumor cells and stimulate immunogenic cell death (ICD) by DOX and downregulate Ptpn2. It can promote M1 macrophage polarization and dendritic cell maturation and increase the proportion of CD8+ T cells. M1HD@RPR killed and inhibited the growth of primary melanoma and lung metastatic tumor cells without harming the surrounding tissue. These findings establish M1HD@RPR as a safe multifunctional nanoparticle capable of effectively combining chemotherapy and gene immunotherapies against melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengli Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550000, China
| | - Yang Ming
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Kai Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Ying Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Danrong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Bingyang Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xinlong He
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Zhiyong Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
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Goh PK, Wiede F, Zeissig MN, Britt KL, Liang S, Molloy T, Goode N, Xu R, Loi S, Muller M, Humbert PO, McLean C, Tiganis T. PTPN2 elicits cell autonomous and non-cell autonomous effects on antitumor immunity in triple-negative breast cancer. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabk3338. [PMID: 35196085 PMCID: PMC8865802 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abk3338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The tumor-suppressor PTPN2 is diminished in a subset of triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs). Paradoxically, PTPN2-deficiency in tumors or T cells in mice can facilitate T cell recruitment and/or activation to promote antitumor immunity. Here, we explored the therapeutic potential of targeting PTPN2 in tumor cells and T cells. PTPN2-deficiency in TNBC associated with T cell infiltrates and PD-L1 expression, whereas low PTPN2 associated with improved survival. PTPN2 deletion in murine mammary epithelial cells TNBC models, did not promote tumorigenicity but increased STAT-1-dependent T cell recruitment and PD-L1 expression to repress tumor growth and enhance the efficacy of anti-PD-1. Furthermore, the combined deletion of PTPN2 in tumors and T cells facilitated T cell recruitment and activation and further repressed tumor growth or ablated tumors already predominated by exhausted T cells. Thus, PTPN2-targeting in tumors and/or T cells facilitates T cell recruitment and/or alleviates inhibitory constraints on T cells to combat TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Kee Goh
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Division of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Florian Wiede
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Division of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Mara N. Zeissig
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Division of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Kara L. Britt
- Division of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Shuwei Liang
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Division of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Tim Molloy
- St. Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Nathan Goode
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Rachel Xu
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Division of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Sherene Loi
- Division of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Mathias Muller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick O. Humbert
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
- Research Centre for Molecular Cancer Prevention, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Catriona McLean
- Anatomical Pathology, Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Tony Tiganis
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Division of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Corresponding author.
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Wang D, Fang J, Wen S, Li Q, Wang J, Yang L, Dai W, Lu H, Guo J, Shan Z, Xie W, Liu X, Wen L, Shen J, Wang A, Chen Q, Wang Z. A comprehensive profile of TCF1+ progenitor and TCF1− terminally exhausted PD-1+CD8+ T cells in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: implications for prognosis and immunotherapy. Int J Oral Sci 2022; 14:8. [PMID: 35153298 PMCID: PMC8841504 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-022-00160-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The heterogeneity of exhausted T cells (Tex) is a critical determinant of immune checkpoint blockade therapy efficacy. However, few studies have explored exhausted T cell subpopulations in human cancers. In the present study, we examined samples from two cohorts of 175 patients with head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) by multiplex immunohistochemistry (mIHC) to investigate two subsets of Tex, CD8+PD1+TCF1+ progenitor exhausted T cells (TCF1+Texprog) and CD8+PD1+TCF1− terminally exhausted T cells (TCF1−Texterm). Moreover, fresh tumor samples from 34 patients with HNSCC were examined by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry to further investigate their properties and cytotoxic capabilities and their correlation with regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). mIHC and flow cytometry analysis showed that TCF1−Texterm represented a greater proportion of CD8+PD1+Tex than TCF1+Texprog in most patients. TCF1+Texprog produced abundant TNFα, while TCF1−Texterm expressed higher levels of CD103, TIM-3, CTLA-4, and TIGIT. TCF1−Texterm exhibited a polyfunctional TNFα+GZMB+IFNγ+ phenotype; and were associated with better overall survival and recurrence-free survival. The results also indicated that larger proportions of TCF1−Texterm were accompanied by an increase in the proportion of Tregs. Therefore, it was concluded that TCF1−Texterm was the major CD8+PD1+Tex subset in the HNSCC TIME and that these cells favor patient survival. A high proportion of TCF1−Texterm was associated with greater Treg abundance.
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Bock C, Datlinger P, Chardon F, Coelho MA, Dong MB, Lawson KA, Lu T, Maroc L, Norman TM, Song B, Stanley G, Chen S, Garnett M, Li W, Moffat J, Qi LS, Shapiro RS, Shendure J, Weissman JS, Zhuang X. High-content CRISPR screening. NATURE REVIEWS. METHODS PRIMERS 2022; 2:9. [PMID: 37214176 PMCID: PMC10200264 DOI: 10.1038/s43586-022-00098-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR screens are a powerful source of biological discovery, enabling the unbiased interrogation of gene function in a wide range of applications and species. In pooled CRISPR screens, various genetically encoded perturbations are introduced into pools of cells. The targeted cells proliferate under a biological challenge such as cell competition, drug treatment or viral infection. Subsequently, the perturbation-induced effects are evaluated by sequencing-based counting of the guide RNAs that specify each perturbation. The typical results of such screens are ranked lists of genes that confer sensitivity or resistance to the biological challenge of interest. Contributing to the broad utility of CRISPR screens, adaptations of the core CRISPR technology make it possible to activate, silence or otherwise manipulate the target genes. Moreover, high-content read-outs such as single-cell RNA sequencing and spatial imaging help characterize screened cells with unprecedented detail. Dedicated software tools facilitate bioinformatic analysis and enhance reproducibility. CRISPR screening has unravelled various molecular mechanisms in basic biology, medical genetics, cancer research, immunology, infectious diseases, microbiology and other fields. This Primer describes the basic and advanced concepts of CRISPR screening and its application as a flexible and reliable method for biological discovery, biomedical research and drug development - with a special emphasis on high-content methods that make it possible to obtain detailed biological insights directly as part of the screen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Bock
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Datlinger
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florence Chardon
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Matthew B. Dong
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Keith A. Lawson
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tian Lu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Laetitia Maroc
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas M. Norman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Program for Computational and Systems Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bicna Song
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Genomics and Precision Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Geoff Stanley
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sidi Chen
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mathew Garnett
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Wei Li
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Genomics and Precision Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jason Moffat
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lei S. Qi
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca S. Shapiro
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jay Shendure
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jonathan S. Weissman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Xiaowei Zhuang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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72
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Metabolomics of Acute vs. Chronic Spinach Intake in an Apc-Mutant Genetic Background: Linoleate and Butanoate Metabolites Targeting HDAC Activity and IFN-γ Signaling. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030573. [PMID: 35159382 PMCID: PMC8834217 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing interest in the crosstalk between the gut microbiome, host metabolomic features, and disease pathogenesis. The current investigation compared long-term (26 week) and acute (3 day) dietary spinach intake in a genetic model of colorectal cancer. Metabolomic analyses in the polyposis in rat colon (Pirc) model and in wild-type animals corroborated key contributions to anticancer outcomes by spinach-derived linoleate bioactives and a butanoate metabolite linked to increased α-diversity of the gut microbiome. Combining linoleate and butanoate metabolites in human colon cancer cells revealed enhanced apoptosis and reduced cell viability, paralleling the apoptosis induction in colon tumors from rats given long-term spinach treatment. Mechanistic studies in cell-based assays and in vivo implicated the linoleate and butanoate metabolites in targeting histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity and the interferon-γ (IFN-γ) signaling axis. Clinical translation of these findings to at-risk patients might provide valuable quality-of-life benefits by delaying surgical interventions and drug therapies with adverse side effects.
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Karaca Atabay E, Mecca C, Wang Q, Ambrogio C, Mota I, Prokoph N, Mura G, Martinengo C, Patrucco E, Leonardi G, Hossa J, Pich A, Mologni L, Gambacorti-Passerini C, Brugières L, Geoerger B, Turner SD, Voena C, Cheong TC, Chiarle R. Tyrosine phosphatases regulate resistance to ALK inhibitors in ALK+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Blood 2022; 139:717-731. [PMID: 34657149 PMCID: PMC8814675 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020008136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCLs) frequently carry oncogenic fusions involving the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene. Targeting ALK using tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) is a therapeutic option in cases relapsed after chemotherapy, but TKI resistance may develop. By applying genomic loss-of-function screens, we identified PTPN1 and PTPN2 phosphatases as consistent top hits driving resistance to ALK TKIs in ALK+ ALCL. Loss of either PTPN1 or PTPN2 induced resistance to ALK TKIs in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that PTPN1 and PTPN2 are phosphatases that bind to and regulate ALK phosphorylation and activity. In turn, oncogenic ALK and STAT3 repress PTPN1 transcription. We found that PTPN1 is also a phosphatase for SHP2, a key mediator of oncogenic ALK signaling. Downstream signaling analysis showed that deletion of PTPN1 or PTPN2 induces resistance to crizotinib by hyperactivating SHP2, the MAPK, and JAK/STAT pathways. RNA sequencing of patient samples that developed resistance to ALK TKIs showed downregulation of PTPN1 and PTPN2 associated with upregulation of SHP2 expression. Combination of crizotinib with a SHP2 inhibitor synergistically inhibited the growth of wild-type or PTPN1/PTPN2 knock-out ALCL, where it reverted TKI resistance. Thus, we identified PTPN1 and PTPN2 as ALK phosphatases that control sensitivity to ALK TKIs in ALCL and demonstrated that a combined blockade of SHP2 potentiates the efficacy of ALK inhibition in TKI-sensitive and -resistant ALK+ ALCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Karaca Atabay
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Carmen Mecca
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Chiara Ambrogio
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Ines Mota
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Nina Prokoph
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Giulia Mura
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Cinzia Martinengo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Enrico Patrucco
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Giulia Leonardi
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jessica Hossa
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Achille Pich
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Luca Mologni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | | | - Laurence Brugières
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Villejuif, France
| | - Birgit Geoerger
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Villejuif, France
- Department of Oncology for Children and Adolescents, Université Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 8203, Villejuif, France; and
| | - Suzanne D Turner
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Claudia Voena
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Taek-Chin Cheong
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Roberto Chiarle
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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Nian Q, Berthelet J, Parlato M, Mechaly AE, Liu R, Dupret J, Cerf‐Bensussan N, Haouz A, Rodrigues Lima F. Structural characterization of a pathogenic mutant of human protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPN2 (Cys216Gly) that causes very early onset autoimmune enteropathy. Protein Sci 2022; 31:538-544. [PMID: 34806245 PMCID: PMC8820110 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PTPN2 is an important protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) that plays a key role in cell signaling. Deletions or inactivating mutations of PTPN2 have been described in different pathologies and underline its critical role in hematopoiesis, autoimmunity, and inflammation. Surprisingly, despite the major pathophysiological implications of PTPN2, the structural analysis of this PTP and notably of its pathogenic mutants remains poorly documented. Contrary to other human PTP enzymes, to date, only one structure of PTPN2 (wild-type form) has been reported. Here, we report the first crystal structure of a pathogenic mutant of PTPN2 (Cys216Gly) that causes an autoimmune enteropathy. We show in particular that this mutant adopts a classical PTP fold. More importantly, albeit inactive, the mutant retains its ability to bind substrates and to adopt the characteristic catalytically competent closed form of PTP enzymes. This novel PTPN2 structure may serve as a new tool to better understand PTP structures and the structural impacts of pathogenic mutations. Moreover, the C216G PTPN2 structure could also be helpful to design specific ligands/inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Nian
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Sichuan Provincial People's HospitalUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of China and Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research HospitalChengduChina,Université de Paris, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et AdaptativeParisFrance
| | - Jérémy Berthelet
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et AdaptativeParisFrance,Present address:
Université de Paris, CNRS, Centre Epigénétique et Destin CellulaireParisFrance
| | | | - Ariel E. Mechaly
- Institut Pasteur, Plate‐forme de Cristallographie‐C2RT, CNRS UMR 3528ParisFrance
| | - Rongxing Liu
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et AdaptativeParisFrance
| | - Jean‐Marie Dupret
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et AdaptativeParisFrance
| | | | - Ahmed Haouz
- Institut Pasteur, Plate‐forme de Cristallographie‐C2RT, CNRS UMR 3528ParisFrance
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75
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Targeting PTPN22 does not enhance the efficacy of CAR T cells in solid tumours. Mol Cell Biol 2022; 42:e0044921. [PMID: 35041491 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00449-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells has revolutionised the treatment of certain B cell malignancies, but has been in ineffective against solid tumours. Recent studies have highlighted the potential of targeting negative regulators of T cell signalling to enhance the efficacy and extend the utility of CAR T cells to solid tumours. Autoimmunity-linked protein tyrosine phosphatase N22 (PTPN22) has been proposed as a target for cancer immunotherapy. Here we have used CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing to generate PTPN22-deficient (Ptpn22Δ/Δ) mice (C57BL/6) and assessed the impact of PTPN22 deficiency on the cytotoxicity and efficacy of CAR T cells in vitro and in vivo. As reported previously, PTPN22 deficiency was accompanied by the promotion of effector T cell responses ex vivo and the repression of syngeneic tumour growth in vivo. However, PTPN22-deficiency did not enhance the cytotoxic activity of murine CAR T cells targeting the extracellular domain of the human oncoprotein HER2 in vitro. Moreover, PTPN22-deficient α-HER2 CAR T cells or ovalbumin-specific OT-I CD8+ T cells adoptively transferred into mice bearing HER2+ mammary tumours or ovalbumin-expressing mammary or colorectal tumours respectively were no more effective than their wild type counterparts in suppressing tumour growth. The deletion of PTPN22 using CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing also did not affect the cytotoxic activity of human CAR T cells targeting the Lewis Y antigen that is expressed by many human solid tumours. Therefore, PTPN22-deficiency does not enhance the anti-tumour activity of CAR T cells in solid organ malignancies.
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76
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Ozga AJ, Chow MT, Lopes ME, Servis RL, Di Pilato M, Dehio P, Lian J, Mempel TR, Luster AD. CXCL10 chemokine regulates heterogeneity of the CD8 + T cell response and viral set point during chronic infection. Immunity 2022; 55:82-97.e8. [PMID: 34847356 PMCID: PMC8755631 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells responding to chronic infection adapt an altered differentiation program that provides some restraint on pathogen replication yet limits immunopathology. This adaptation is imprinted in stem-like cells and propagated to their progeny. Understanding the molecular control of CD8+ T cell differentiation in chronic infection has important therapeutic implications. Here, we find that the chemokine receptor CXCR3 is highly expressed on viral-specific stem-like CD8+ T cells and that one of its ligands, CXCL10, regulates the persistence and heterogeneity of responding CD8+ T cells in spleens of mice chronically infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. CXCL10 is produced by inflammatory monocytes and fibroblasts of the splenic red pulp, where it grants stem-like cells access to signals promoting differentiation and limits their exposure to pro-survival niches in the white pulp. Consequently, functional CD8+ T cell responses are greater in Cxcl10-/- mice and are associated with a lower viral set point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra J Ozga
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Melvyn T Chow
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Mateus E Lopes
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Center for Gastrointestinal Biology, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Rachel L Servis
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Mauro Di Pilato
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Philippe Dehio
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey Lian
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Thorsten R Mempel
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Andrew D Luster
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA.
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77
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Wiede F, Lu KH, Du X, Zeissig MN, Xu R, Goh PK, Xirouchaki CE, Hogarth SJ, Greatorex S, Sek K, Daly RJ, Beavis PA, Darcy PK, Tonks NK, Tiganis T. PTP1B is an intracellular checkpoint that limits T cell and CAR T cell anti-tumor immunity. Cancer Discov 2021; 12:752-773. [PMID: 34794959 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-21-0694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapies aimed at alleviating the inhibitory constraints on Tcells have revolutionised cancer management. To date, these have focused on the blockade of cell surface checkpoints such as PD-1. Herein we identify protein-tyrosine-phosphatase-1B (PTP1B) as an intracellular checkpoint that is upregulated in T cells in tumors. We show that the increased PTP1B limits T cell expansion and cytotoxicity to contribute to tumor growth. T cell-specific PTP1B deletion increased STAT-5 signaling and this enhanced the antigen-induced expansion and cytotoxicity of CD8+ T cells to suppress tumor growth. The pharmacological inhibition of PTP1B recapitulated the T cell-mediated repression of tumor growth and enhanced the response to PD-1 blockade. Furthermore, the deletion or inhibition of PTP1B enhanced the efficacy of adoptively-transferred chimeric-antigen-receptor (CAR) T cells against solid tumors. Our findings identify PTP1B as an intracellular checkpoint whose inhibition can alleviate the inhibitory constraints on T cells and CAR T cells to combat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Wiede
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University
| | - Kun-Hui Lu
- Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre
| | - Xin Du
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre
| | | | | | - Pei Kee Goh
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University
| | | | | | | | - Kevin Sek
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Research Centre
| | - Roger J Daly
- Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University
| | - Paul A Beavis
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Research Centre
| | | | | | - Tony Tiganis
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University
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78
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Jing W, Wang G, Cui Z, Xiong G, Jiang X, Li Y, Li W, Han B, Chen S, Shi B. FGFR3 Destabilizes PD-L1 Via NEDD4 to Control T Cell-Mediated Bladder Cancer Immune Surveillance. Cancer Res 2021; 82:114-129. [PMID: 34753771 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-2362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) is frequently activated by mutation or overexpression, and it is a validated therapeutic target in urothelial carcinoma (UC) of the bladder. However, the role and detailed molecular mechanism of FGFR3 in the immune microenvironment of bladder cancer remain largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that inhibition of FGFR3 in FGFR3-activated bladder cancer elevates PD-L1 protein levels by affecting its ubiquitination, thereby inhibiting the anti-tumor activity of CD8+ T cells. Tissue microarray analysis in human UC showed an inverse correlation between FGFR3 and PD-L1. Furthermore, NEDD4, an E3 ubiquitin ligase of the NEDD4 family of proteins, was phosphorylated by FGFR3 activation and served as a regulator of PD-L1 ubiquitination. Mechanistically, NEDD4 interacted with PD-L1 and catalyzed Lys48 (K48)-linked polyubiquitination of PD-L1. In mice bearing NEDD4 knockout bladder cancer, CD8+ T cell infiltration and antitumor activity were significantly inhibited due to PD-L1 upregulation in bladder cancer cells. Furthermore, multiple FGFR3-activated tumor-bearing mouse models suggested that attenuated CD8+ T cell-mediated antitumor efficacy following FGFR3-targeted therapy could be rescued by a combination with anti-PD-1 immunotherapy, which leads to effective tumor suppression. This study establishes a key molecular link between targeted therapy and immune surveillance and identifies NEDD4 as a crucial E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets PD-L1 for degradation in FGFR3-activated bladder cancer. These findings may potentially be exploited for combination therapies in UC of the bladder and possibly other malignancies with activated FGFR3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Jing
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University
| | - Ganyu Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University
| | | | | | | | | | - Wushan Li
- Jinan Maternity and Child Care Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University
| | | | - Shouzhen Chen
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University
| | - Benkang Shi
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University
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79
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Cai J, Qiu J, Wang H, Sun J, Ji Y. Identification of potential biomarkers in ovarian carcinoma and an evaluation of their prognostic value. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1472. [PMID: 34734024 PMCID: PMC8506714 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-4606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Ovarian cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in female genital organs, and its incidence rate is high. However, the pathogenesis and prognostic markers of ovarian cancer are unclear. This study sought to screen potential markers of ovarian cancer and to explore their prognostic value. Methods The Cancer Genome Atlas, Gene Expression Omnibus, Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes databases were used in this study. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), multivariate Cox regression and stepwise regression analysis were chosen to screen genes and construct risk model. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) and an immune-infiltration analysis were performed. Results One hundred thirty two co-expressed genes were found. They involved in metabolism, protein phosphorylation, mitochondria, and immune signaling pathways. Twelve genes significantly related to the survival of ovarian cancer were identified. Eight risk genes (i.e., CACNB1, FAM120B, HOXB2, MED19, PTPN2, SMU1, WAC.AS1, and BCL2L11) were further screened and used to construct the risk model. The risk status might be an independent prognostic factor of ovarian cancer, and most of the biological functions of genes expressed in high-risk ovarian cancer were related to synapse, adhesion, and immune-related functions. The clusters of CD4+ T cells and M2 macrophages were high in high-risk status samples. Conclusions In ovarian cancer, the abnormal expression of 8 genes, including CACNB1, FAM120B, HOXB2, MED19, PTPN2, SMU1, WAC.AS1, and BCL2L11, is closely related to ovarian cancer progression, and these genes can serve as independent prognosis markers of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Cai
- Department of Rehabilitation, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jiayi Qiu
- Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Hongliang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Nantong Sixth People's Hospital, Nantong, China
| | - Jiacheng Sun
- Xinglin College, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yanan Ji
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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80
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Le PT, Ha N, Tran NK, Newman AG, Esselen KM, Dalrymple JL, Schmelz EM, Bhandoola A, Xue HH, Singh PB, Thai TH. Targeting Cbx3/HP1γ Induces LEF-1 and IL-21R to Promote Tumor-Infiltrating CD8 T-Cell Persistence. Front Immunol 2021; 12:738958. [PMID: 34721405 PMCID: PMC8549513 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.738958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) relieves CD8+ T-cell exhaustion in most mutated tumors, and TCF-1 is implicated in converting progenitor exhausted cells to functional effector cells. However, identifying mechanisms that can prevent functional senescence and potentiate CD8+ T-cell persistence for ICB non-responsive and resistant tumors remains elusive. We demonstrate that targeting Cbx3/HP1γ in CD8+ T cells augments transcription initiation and chromatin remodeling leading to increased transcriptional activity at Lef1 and Il21r. LEF-1 and IL-21R are necessary for Cbx3/HP1γ-deficient CD8+ effector T cells to persist and control ovarian cancer, melanoma, and neuroblastoma in preclinical models. The enhanced persistence of Cbx3/HP1γ-deficient CD8+ T cells facilitates remodeling of the tumor chemokine/receptor landscape ensuring their optimal invasion at the expense of CD4+ Tregs. Thus, CD8+ T cells heightened effector function consequent to Cbx3/HP1γ deficiency may be distinct from functional reactivation by ICB, implicating Cbx3/HP1γ as a viable cancer T-cell-based therapy target for ICB resistant, non-responsive solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong T Le
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ngoc Ha
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ngan K Tran
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Andrew G Newman
- Institute of Cell and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharine M Esselen
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - John L Dalrymple
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Eva M Schmelz
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Avinash Bhandoola
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Hai-Hui Xue
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack University Medical Center, Nutley, NJ, United States
| | - Prim B Singh
- Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - To-Ha Thai
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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81
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Xie Y, Xie F, Zhang L, Zhou X, Huang J, Wang F, Jin J, Zhang L, Zeng L, Zhou F. Targeted Anti-Tumor Immunotherapy Using Tumor Infiltrating Cells. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2101672. [PMID: 34658167 PMCID: PMC8596143 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202101672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In the tumor microenvironment, T cells, B cells, and many other cells play important and distinct roles in anti-tumor immunotherapy. Although the immune checkpoint blockade and adoptive cell transfer can elicit durable clinical responses, only a few patients benefit from these therapies. Increased understanding of tumor-infiltrating immune cells can provide novel therapies and drugs that induce a highly specific anti-tumor immune response to certain groups of patients. Herein, the recent research progress on tumor-infiltrating B cells and T cells, including CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, and exhausted T cells and their role in anti-tumor immunity, is summarized. Moreover, several anti-tumor therapy approaches are discussed based on different immune cells and their prospects for future applications in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Xie
- School of MedicineZhejiang University City CollegeHangzhou310015China
- College of Life SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Feng Xie
- Institutes of Biology and Medical ScienceSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityRui'an325200China
| | - Xiaoxue Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkLife Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Jun Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkLife Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Fangwei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkLife Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Jin Jin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkLife Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Long Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkLife Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Linghui Zeng
- School of MedicineZhejiang University City CollegeHangzhou310015China
| | - Fangfang Zhou
- Institutes of Biology and Medical ScienceSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123P. R. China
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82
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Zhang C, Lei L, Yang X, Ma K, Zheng H, Su Y, Jiao A, Wang X, Liu H, Zou Y, Shi L, Zhou X, Sun C, Hou Y, Xiao Z, Zhang L, Zhang B. Single-cell sequencing reveals antitumor characteristics of intratumoral immune cells in old mice. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-002809. [PMID: 34642245 PMCID: PMC8513495 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aging has long been thought to be a major risk factor for various types of cancers. However, accumulating evidence indicates increased resistance of old animals to tumor growth. An in-depth understanding of how old individuals defend against tumor invasion requires further investigations. Methods We revealed age-associated alterations in tumor-infiltrating immune cells between young and old mice using single-cell RNA and coupled T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing analysis. Multiple bioinformatics methods were adopted to analyze the characteristics of the transcriptome between two groups. To explore the impacts of young and old CD8+ T cells on tumor growth, mice were treated with anti-CD8 antibody every 3 days starting 7 days after tumor inoculation. Flow cytometry was used to validate the differences indicated by sequencing analysis between young and old mice. Results We found a higher proportion of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, naturally occurring Tregs, conventional dendritic cell (DC), and M1-like macrophages in tumors of old mice compared with a higher percentage of exhausted CD8+ T cells, induced Tregs, plasmacytoid DC, and M2-like macrophages in young mice. Importantly, TCR diversity analysis showed that top 10 TCR clones consisted primarily of exhausted CD8+ T cells in young mice whereas top clones were predominantly cytotoxic CD8+ T cells in old mice. Old mice had more CD8+ T cells with a ‘progenitor’ and less ‘terminally’ exhausted phenotypes than young mice. Consistently, trajectory inference demonstrated that CD8+ T cells preferentially differentiated into cytotoxic cells in old mice in contrast to exhausted cells in young mice. Importantly, elimination of CD8+ T cells in old mice during tumor growth significantly accelerated tumor development. Moreover, senescent features were demonstrated in exhausted but not cytotoxic CD8+ T cells regardless of young and old mice. Conclusions Our data revealed that a significantly higher proportion of effector immune cells in old mice defends against tumor progression, providing insights into understanding the altered kinetics of cancer development and the differential response to immunotherapeutic modulation in elderly patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cangang Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Lei
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China
| | - Kaili Ma
- Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Huiqiang Zheng
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Yanhong Su
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Anjun Jiao
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Haiyan Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Yujing Zou
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lin Shi
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhou
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Chenming Sun
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuzhu Hou
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhengtao Xiao
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Lianjun Zhang
- Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China .,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Baojun Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China .,Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China.,Xi'an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi'an, China
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83
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Pietrobon V, Todd LA, Goswami A, Stefanson O, Yang Z, Marincola F. Improving CAR T-Cell Persistence. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910828. [PMID: 34639168 PMCID: PMC8509430 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade remarkable progress has been made in enhancing the efficacy of CAR T therapies. However, the clinical benefits are still limited, especially in solid tumors. Even in hematological settings, patients that respond to CAR T therapies remain at risk of relapsing due to several factors including poor T-cell expansion and lack of long-term persistence after adoptive transfer. This issue is even more evident in solid tumors, as the tumor microenvironment negatively influences the survival, infiltration, and activity of T-cells. Limited persistence remains a significant hindrance to the development of effective CAR T therapies due to several determinants, which are encountered from the cell manufacturing step and onwards. CAR design and ex vivo manipulation, including culture conditions, may play a pivotal role. Moreover, previous chemotherapy and lymphodepleting treatments may play a relevant role. In this review, the main causes for decreased persistence of CAR T-cells in patients will be discussed, focusing on the molecular mechanisms underlying T-cell exhaustion. The approaches taken so far to overcome these limitations and to create exhaustion-resistant T-cells will be described. We will also examine the knowledge gained from several key clinical trials and highlight the molecular mechanisms determining T-cell stemness, as promoting stemness may represent an attractive approach to improve T-cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violena Pietrobon
- Refuge Biotechnologies, Inc., Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA; (A.G.); (O.S.); (Z.Y.)
- Correspondence: (V.P.); (F.M.)
| | - Lauren Anne Todd
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada;
| | - Anghsumala Goswami
- Refuge Biotechnologies, Inc., Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA; (A.G.); (O.S.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Ofir Stefanson
- Refuge Biotechnologies, Inc., Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA; (A.G.); (O.S.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Zhifen Yang
- Refuge Biotechnologies, Inc., Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA; (A.G.); (O.S.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Francesco Marincola
- Kite Pharma, Inc., Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA
- Correspondence: (V.P.); (F.M.)
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84
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Chronic LCMV Infection Is Fortified with Versatile Tactics to Suppress Host T Cell Immunity and Establish Viral Persistence. Viruses 2021; 13:v13101951. [PMID: 34696381 PMCID: PMC8537583 DOI: 10.3390/v13101951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ever since the immune regulatory strains of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), such as Clone 13, were isolated, LCMV infection of mice has served as a valuable model for the mechanistic study of viral immune suppression and virus persistence. The exhaustion of virus-specific T cells was demonstrated during LCMV infection, and the underlying mechanisms have been extensively investigated using LCMV infection in mouse models. In particular, the mechanism for gradual CD8+ T cell exhaustion at molecular and transcriptional levels has been investigated. These studies revealed crucial roles for inhibitory receptors, surface markers, regulatory cytokines, and transcription factors, including PD-1, PSGL-1, CXCR5, and TOX in the regulation of T cells. However, the action mode for CD4+ T cell suppression is largely unknown. Recently, sphingosine kinase 2 was proven to specifically repress CD4+ T cell proliferation and lead to LCMV persistence. As CD4+ T cell regulation was also known to be important for viral persistence, research to uncover the mechanism for CD4+ T cell repression could help us better understand how viruses launch and prolong their persistence. This review summarizes discoveries derived from the study of LCMV in regard to the mechanisms for T cell suppression and approaches for the termination of viral persistence with special emphasis on CD8+ T cells.
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85
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Escobar G, Mangani D, Anderson AC. T cell factor 1: A master regulator of the T cell response in disease. Sci Immunol 2021; 5:5/53/eabb9726. [PMID: 33158974 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abb9726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances have redefined a role for T cell factor 1 (TCF1) that goes beyond T cell development and T memory formation and encompasses new functions in the regulation of T cell biology. Here, we discuss the multifaceted and context-dependent role of TCF1 in peripheral T cells, particularly during disease-induced inflammatory states such as autoimmunity, cancer, and chronic infections. Understanding how TCF1 fine-tunes peripheral T cell biology holds the potential to tailor improved immune-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Escobar
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases and Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital Mass General Brigham, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Davide Mangani
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases and Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital Mass General Brigham, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ana C Anderson
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases and Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital Mass General Brigham, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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86
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Katkeviciute E, Hering L, Montalban-Arques A, Busenhart P, Schwarzfischer M, Manzini R, Conde J, Atrott K, Lang S, Rogler G, Naschberger E, Schellerer VS, Stürzl M, Rickenbacher A, Turina M, Weber A, Leibl S, Leventhal GE, Levesque M, Boyman O, Scharl M, Spalinger MR. Protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 2 controls colorectal cancer development. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:140281. [PMID: 33001862 DOI: 10.1172/jci140281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 2 (PTPN2) recently emerged as a promising cancer immunotherapy target. We set out to investigate the functional role of PTPN2 in the pathogenesis of human colorectal carcinoma (CRC), as its role in immune-silent solid tumors is poorly understood. We demonstrate that in human CRC, increased PTPN2 expression and activity correlated with disease progression and decreased immune responses in tumor tissues. In particular, stage II and III tumors displayed enhanced PTPN2 protein expression in tumor-infiltrating T cells, and increased PTPN2 levels negatively correlated with expression of PD-1, CTLA4, STAT1, and granzyme A. In vivo, T cell- and DC-specific PTPN2 deletion reduced tumor burden in several CRC models by promoting CD44+ effector/memory T cells, as well as CD8+ T cell infiltration and cytotoxicity in the tumor. In direct relevance to CRC treatment, T cell-specific PTPN2 deletion potentiated anti-PD-1 efficacy and induced antitumor memory formation upon tumor rechallenge in vivo. Our data suggest a role for PTPN2 in suppressing antitumor immunity and promoting tumor development in patients with CRC. Our in vivo results identify PTPN2 as a key player in controlling the immunogenicity of CRC, with the strong potential to be exploited for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egle Katkeviciute
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, and
| | - Larissa Hering
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, and
| | | | - Philipp Busenhart
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, and
| | | | - Roberto Manzini
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, and
| | - Javier Conde
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, and
| | - Kirstin Atrott
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, and
| | - Silvia Lang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, and
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, and.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Vera S Schellerer
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Achim Weber
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Leibl
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gabriel E Leventhal
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Onur Boyman
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Scharl
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, and.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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87
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Li Y, Tang J, Jiang J, Chen Z. Metabolic checkpoints and novel approaches for immunotherapy against cancer. Int J Cancer 2021; 150:195-207. [PMID: 34460110 PMCID: PMC9298207 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
While immunotherapy has achieved unprecedented success in conquering cancer, the majority of patients develop primary or acquired resistance to immunotherapy, largely in part due to the complicated metabolic networks in the tumor microenvironment. The microenvironmental metabolic networks are woven by a set of metabolic checkpoints, and accumulating evidence indicates that these metabolic checkpoints orchestrate antitumor immunity and immunotherapy. Metabolic checkpoints can regulate T cell development, differentiation and function, orchestrate metabolic competition between tumor cells and infiltrating T cells, and respond to the metabolic stress imposed on the infiltrating T cells. Furthermore, metabolic checkpoints and pathways can modulate the expression profiles of immune checkpoint receptors and ligands and vice versa. Therefore, repurposing interventions targeting metabolic checkpoints might synergize with immunotherapy, and promising approaches to reprogram the metabolic environment are much more warranted. In this review, we summarize recent researches on the metabolic checkpoints and discuss how these metabolic checkpoints regulate antitumor immunity and the promising approaches to modulate these metabolic checkpoints in the combination therapy. A comprehensive and objective understanding of the metabolic checkpoints might help the research and development of novel approaches to antitumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Li
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Juan Tang
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianli Jiang
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhinan Chen
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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88
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Hou AJ, Chen LC, Chen YY. Navigating CAR-T cells through the solid-tumour microenvironment. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021; 20:531-550. [PMID: 33972771 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-021-00189-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The adoptive transfer of T cells that are engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) has shown remarkable success in treating B cell malignancies but only limited efficacy against other cancer types, especially solid tumours. Compared with haematological diseases, solid tumours present a unique set of challenges, including a lack of robustly expressed, tumour-exclusive antigen targets as well as highly immunosuppressive and metabolically challenging tumour microenvironments that limit treatment safety and efficacy. Here, we review protein- and cell-engineering strategies that seek to overcome these obstacles and produce next-generation T cells with enhanced tumour specificity and sustained effector function for the treatment of solid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Hou
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Laurence C Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yvonne Y Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy Center at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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89
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Wang YN, Liu S, Jia T, Feng Y, Xu X, Zhang D. T Cell Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase in Glucose Metabolism. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:682947. [PMID: 34268308 PMCID: PMC8276021 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.682947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (TCPTP), a vital regulator in glucose metabolism, inflammatory responses, and tumor processes, is increasingly considered a promising target for disease treatments and illness control. This review discusses the structure, substrates and main biological functions of TCPTP, as well as its regulatory effect in glucose metabolism, as an attempt to be referenced for formulating treatment strategies of metabolic disorders. Given the complicated regulation functions in different tissues and organs of TCPTP, the development of drugs inhibiting TCPTP with a higher specificity and a better biocompatibility is recognized as a promising therapeutic strategy for diabetes or obesity. Besides, treatments targeting TCPTP in a specific tissue or organ are suggested to be considerably promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Wang
- Department of Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China.,Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
| | - Shiyue Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China.,Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China.,Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Tingting Jia
- Department of Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China.,Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
| | - Yao Feng
- Department of Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China.,Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China.,Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
| | - Dongjiao Zhang
- Department of Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China.,Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
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90
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Zhao W, Hao L, Jia L, Wang J, Wang B, Huang Y, Zhao Y. TAFs contributes the function of PTPN2 in colorectal carcinogenesis through activating JAK/STAT signaling pathway. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:3085-3097. [PMID: 34249446 PMCID: PMC8263690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The morbidity and mortality of colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks fourth worldwide, moreover, the tumor microenvironment (TME) of CRC is quite complex, and is one of the necessary factors affecting promotion of tumor metastasis. PTPN2 is a tumor suppressor which plays an important role in cancer-related downstream molecular pathway. FSP-1 is highly-expressed in multiple types of tumor tissues and is a biomarker of stromal fibroblasts. To examine the function of PTPN2 in the metastasis of CRC, the study evaluated the co-expression level of PTPN2 and FSP-1 in CRC tissues by double staining, and demonstrated the relationship with clinical information about each patient. The roles of PTPN2 and FSP-1 were detected in vitro by proliferation and transwell assay through knockdown of expression level of PTPN2. Lower PTPN2 with higher FSP-1 expression was correlated with poor survival outcomes in CRC. TAFs contribute to the migration function of PTPN2 in CRC in vitro through inducing changes in the level of TGF-β1. Western blot and qRT-PCR assays were used to detect the mechanism of PTPN2 regulation of migration with TAFs in the JAK/STAT signaling pathway, moreover, TAFs contributed the function of PTPN2 in colorectal carcinogenesis in vivo. In summary, the study shed light on the effect of TAFs contributes the function of PTPN2 in colorectal carcinogenesis through activating JAK/STAT signaling pathway. In addition, double-staining assay could give us a unique perspective from which to study TME in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Research Center for The Prevention and Treatment of Drug Resistant Microbial Infecting, Youjiang Medical University for NationalitiesBaise 533000, China
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing 210006, China
| | - Lei Hao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityInner Mongolia 010059, China
| | - Lizhou Jia
- Research Center for The Prevention and Treatment of Drug Resistant Microbial Infecting, Youjiang Medical University for NationalitiesBaise 533000, China
- Central Laboratory, Bayannur HospitalInner Mongolia 015000, China
| | - Jinsong Wang
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing 210006, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing 210006, China
| | - Yanqiang Huang
- Research Center for The Prevention and Treatment of Drug Resistant Microbial Infecting, Youjiang Medical University for NationalitiesBaise 533000, China
| | - Youcai Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing 210006, China
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91
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Li H, Li M, Tang C, Xu L. Screening and prognostic value of potential biomarkers for ovarian cancer. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1007. [PMID: 34277807 PMCID: PMC8267297 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-2627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Ovarian cancer is a common gynecological malignant tumor that greatly threatens women's health, so we screened potential biomarkers of ovarian cancer and analyzed their prognostic value. Methods The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets were used to analyze the ovarian cancer-related genes. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses were performed to analyze the function of ovarian cancer-related genes. The survival-related genes were screened out through the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) method. Multivariate Cox regression model and stepwise regression analysis were performed to construct the risk model. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and the area under the ROC curve (AUC) were used to evaluate the prediction accuracy of risk score model. Finally, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and immune cell infiltration analysis were performed to investigate the biological function and immune cell infiltration. Results A total of 111 genes were found to have common effects on survival. These genes were mainly involved in metabolism, protein phosphorylation and immune-related signaling pathways. Seven risk genes (AP3D1, DCAF10, FBXO16, LRFN4, PTPN2, SAYSD1, ZNF426) were screened out. Among these genes, AP3D1 and LRFN4 are risk genes and DCAF10, FBXO16, PTPN2, SAYSD1, and ZNF426 are protective genes. These findings suggest that risk status may be an independent prognostic factor. The risk score had a high predictive value for the prognosis of ovarian cancer. In addition, GSEA revealed that the biological function of genes expressed in patients at a high risk was mostly related to immune-related function. The contents of CD4+ T cells, macrophages, myeloid dendritic cells (mDC) and neutrophils were high in samples at a high risk for ovarian cancer. Conclusions The abnormal expression of AP3D1, DCAF10, FBXO16, LRFN4, PTPN2, SAYSD1 and ZNF426 is highly related to the progression of ovarian cancer. These seven genes can be used as independent prognostic markers of ovarian cancer. This study not only adds evidence to the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer but also provides scientific basis for judging the prognosis of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqin Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Maternal and Child Health and Family Planning Service Center of Chongchuan District, Nantong, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, People's Hospital of Binhai County, Yancheng, China
| | - Chunhui Tang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Liang Xu
- Department of Surgery, Changshu Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Changshu Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Changshu, China
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92
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Galore-Haskel G, Greenberg E, Yahav I, Markovits E, Ortenberg R, Shapira-Fromer R, Itzhaki O, Schachter J, Besser MJ, Markel G. microRNA expression patterns in tumor infiltrating lymphocytes are strongly associated with response to adoptive cell transfer therapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 70:1541-1555. [PMID: 33201337 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02782-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) using autologous tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) was previously shown to yield clinical response in metastatic melanoma patients as an advanced line. Unfortunately, there is no reliable marker for predicting who will benefit from the treatment. We analyzed TIL samples from the infusion bags used for treatment of 57 metastatic melanoma patients and compared their microRNA profiles. The discovery cohort included six responding patients and seven patients with progressive disease, as defined by RECIST1.1. High throughput analysis with NanoString nCounter demonstrated significantly higher levels of miR-34a-5p and miR-22-3p among TIL from non-responders. These results were validated in TIL infusion bag samples from an independent cohort of 44 patients, using qRT-PCR of the individual microRNAs. Using classification trees, a data-driven predictive model for response was built, based on the level of expression of these microRNAs. Patients that achieved stable disease were classified with responders, setting apart the patients with progressive disease. Moreover, the expression levels of miR-34a-5p in the infused TIL created distinct survival groups, which strongly supports its role as a potential biomarker for TIL-ACT therapy. Indeed, when tested against autologous melanoma cells, miRLow TIL cultures exhibited significantly higher cytotoxic activity than miRHigh TIL cultures, and expressed features of terminally exhausted effectors. Finally, overexpression of miR-34a-5p or miR-22-3p in TIL inhibited their cytotoxic ability in vitro. Overall, we show that a two-microRNA signature correlates with failure of TIL-ACT therapy and survival in melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilli Galore-Haskel
- Ella Lemelbaum Institute of Immuno-Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, 526260, Israel
| | - Eyal Greenberg
- Ella Lemelbaum Institute of Immuno-Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, 526260, Israel
| | - Inbal Yahav
- Graduate School of Business Administration, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ettai Markovits
- Ella Lemelbaum Institute of Immuno-Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, 526260, Israel.,Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Rona Ortenberg
- Ella Lemelbaum Institute of Immuno-Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, 526260, Israel
| | - Ronnie Shapira-Fromer
- Ella Lemelbaum Institute of Immuno-Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, 526260, Israel
| | - Orit Itzhaki
- Ella Lemelbaum Institute of Immuno-Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, 526260, Israel
| | - Jacob Schachter
- Ella Lemelbaum Institute of Immuno-Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, 526260, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine and Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michal J Besser
- Ella Lemelbaum Institute of Immuno-Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, 526260, Israel.,Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gal Markel
- Ella Lemelbaum Institute of Immuno-Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, 526260, Israel. .,Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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93
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Metabolic reprogramming of terminally exhausted CD8 + T cells by IL-10 enhances anti-tumor immunity. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:746-756. [PMID: 34031618 PMCID: PMC7610876 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-00940-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
T cell exhaustion presents one of the major hurdles to cancer immunotherapy. Among exhausted CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), the terminally exhausted subset contributes directly to tumor cell killing owing to its cytotoxic effector function. However, this subset does not respond to immune checkpoint blockades and is difficult to be reinvigorated with restored proliferative capacity. Here, we show that a half-life–extended interleukin (IL)-10/Fc fusion protein directly and potently enhanced expansion and effector function of terminally exhausted CD8+ TILs by promoting oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), a process independent of the progenitor exhausted T cells. IL-10/Fc was a safe and highly efficient metabolic intervention that synergized with adoptive T cell transfer immunotherapy, leading to eradication of established solid tumors and durable cures in a majority of treated mice. These findings show that metabolic reprogramming by upregulating mitochondrial pyruvate carrier-dependent OXPHOS can revitalize terminally exhausted T cells and enhance the response to cancer immunotherapy.
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94
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Andreatta M, Corria-Osorio J, Müller S, Cubas R, Coukos G, Carmona SJ. Interpretation of T cell states from single-cell transcriptomics data using reference atlases. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2965. [PMID: 34017005 PMCID: PMC8137700 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23324-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has revealed an unprecedented degree of immune cell diversity. However, consistent definition of cell subtypes and cell states across studies and diseases remains a major challenge. Here we generate reference T cell atlases for cancer and viral infection by multi-study integration, and develop ProjecTILs, an algorithm for reference atlas projection. In contrast to other methods, ProjecTILs allows not only accurate embedding of new scRNA-seq data into a reference without altering its structure, but also characterizing previously unknown cell states that "deviate" from the reference. ProjecTILs accurately predicts the effects of cell perturbations and identifies gene programs that are altered in different conditions and tissues. A meta-analysis of tumor-infiltrating T cells from several cohorts reveals a strong conservation of T cell subtypes between human and mouse, providing a consistent basis to describe T cell heterogeneity across studies, diseases, and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Andreatta
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne Branch, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, CHUV and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jesus Corria-Osorio
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne Branch, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, CHUV and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Sören Müller
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rafael Cubas
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - George Coukos
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne Branch, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, CHUV and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Santiago J Carmona
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne Branch, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, CHUV and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland.
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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95
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Bannoud N, Dalotto-Moreno T, Kindgard L, García PA, Blidner AG, Mariño KV, Rabinovich GA, Croci DO. Hypoxia Supports Differentiation of Terminally Exhausted CD8 T Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:660944. [PMID: 34025660 PMCID: PMC8137905 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.660944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia, angiogenesis, and immunosuppression have been proposed to be interrelated events that fuel tumor progression and impair the clinical effectiveness of anti-tumor therapies. Here we present new mechanistic data highlighting the role of hypoxia in fine-tuning CD8 T cell exhaustion in vitro, in an attempt to reconcile seemingly opposite evidence regarding the impact of hypoxia on functional features of exhausted CD8 T cells. Focusing on the recently characterized terminally-differentiated and progenitor exhausted CD8 T cells, we found that both hypoxia and its regulated mediator, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, promote the differentiation of PD-1+ TIM-3+ CXCR5+ terminally exhausted-like CD8 T cells at the expense of PD-1+ TIM-3- progenitor-like subsets without affecting tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon (IFN)-γ production or granzyme B (GZMB) expression by these subpopulations. Interestingly, hypoxia accentuated the proangiogenic secretory profile in exhausted CD8 T cells. VEGF-A was the main factor differentially secreted by exhausted CD8 T cells under hypoxic conditions. In this sense, we found that VEGF-A contributes to generation of terminally exhausted CD8 T cells during in vitro differentiation. Altogether, our findings highlight the reciprocal regulation between hypoxia, angiogenesis, and immunosuppression, providing a rational basis to optimize synergistic combinations of antiangiogenic and immunotherapeutic strategies, with the overarching goal of improving the efficacy of these treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Bannoud
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Tomás Dalotto-Moreno
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucía Kindgard
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Pablo A. García
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Ada G. Blidner
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Karina V. Mariño
- Laboratorio de Glicómica Funcional y Molecular, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriel A. Rabinovich
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego O. Croci
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
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96
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Zheng Z, Qiu X, Wu H, Chang L, Tang X, Zou L, Li J, Wu Y, Zhou J, Jiang S, Wan Y, Ni Q. TIPS: trajectory inference of pathway significance through pseudotime comparison for functional assessment of single-cell RNAseq data. Brief Bioinform 2021; 22:6255997. [PMID: 34370020 PMCID: PMC8425418 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbab124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in bioinformatics analyses have led to the development of novel tools enabling the capture and trajectory mapping of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) data. However, there is a lack of methods to assess the contributions of biological pathways and transcription factors to an overall developmental trajectory mapped from scRNAseq data. In this manuscript, we present a simplified approach for trajectory inference of pathway significance (TIPS) that leverages existing knowledgebases of functional pathways and other gene lists to provide further mechanistic insights into a biological process. TIPS identifies key pathways which contribute to a process of interest, as well as the individual genes that best reflect these changes. TIPS also provides insight into the relative timing of pathway changes, as well as a suite of visualizations to enable simplified data interpretation of scRNAseq libraries generated using a wide range of techniques. The TIPS package can be run through either a web server or downloaded as a user-friendly GUI run in R, and may serve as a useful tool to help biologists perform deeper functional analyses and visualization of their single-cell data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Zheng
- Biowavelet Ltd., Chongqing, China.,Chongqing International Institute for Immunology, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Qiu
- R&D Department, TCRCure Ltd., Chongqing, China
| | - Haiyang Wu
- R&D Department, TCRCure Ltd., Chongqing, China
| | - Ling Chang
- Department of Immunology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiangyu Tang
- Biomedical Analysis Center, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liyun Zou
- Department of Immunology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingyi Li
- Chongqing International Institute for Immunology, Chongqing, China.,Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuzhang Wu
- Department of Immunology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | | | - Shan Jiang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ying Wan
- Biomedical Analysis Center, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingshan Ni
- Biomedical Analysis Center, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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97
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Hochheiser K, Wiede F, Wagner T, Freestone D, Enders MH, Olshansky M, Russ B, Nüssing S, Bawden E, Braun A, Bachem A, Gressier E, McConville R, Park SL, Jones CM, Davey GM, Gyorki DE, Tscharke D, Parish IA, Turner S, Herold MJ, Tiganis T, Bedoui S, Gebhardt T. Ptpn2 and KLRG1 regulate the generation and function of tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells in skin. J Exp Med 2021; 218:212037. [PMID: 33914023 PMCID: PMC8091133 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20200940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM cells) are key elements of tissue immunity. Here, we investigated the role of the regulator of T cell receptor and cytokine signaling, Ptpn2, in the formation and function of TRM cells in skin. Ptpn2-deficient CD8+ T cells displayed a marked defect in generating CD69+ CD103+ TRM cells in response to herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) skin infection. This was accompanied by a reduction in the proportion of KLRG1− memory precursor cells and a transcriptional bias toward terminal differentiation. Of note, forced expression of KLRG1 was sufficient to impede TRM cell formation. Normalizing memory precursor frequencies by transferring equal numbers of KLRG1− cells restored TRM generation, demonstrating that Ptpn2 impacted skin seeding with precursors rather than downstream TRM cell differentiation. Importantly, Ptpn2-deficient TRM cells augmented skin autoimmunity but also afforded superior protection from HSV-1 infection. Our results emphasize that KLRG1 repression is required for optimal TRM cell formation in skin and reveal an important role of Ptpn2 in regulating TRM cell functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Hochheiser
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Florian Wiede
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Teagan Wagner
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Freestone
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthias H Enders
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Moshe Olshansky
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brendan Russ
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simone Nüssing
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emma Bawden
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Asolina Braun
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Annabell Bachem
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elise Gressier
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robyn McConville
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simone L Park
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Claerwen M Jones
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gayle M Davey
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David E Gyorki
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Tscharke
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Ian A Parish
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen Turner
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marco J Herold
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tony Tiganis
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sammy Bedoui
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas Gebhardt
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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98
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Cellular networks controlling T cell persistence in adoptive cell therapy. Nat Rev Immunol 2021; 21:769-784. [PMID: 33879873 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-021-00539-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The antitumour activity of endogenous or adoptively transferred tumour-specific T cells is highly dependent on their differentiation status. It is now apparent that less differentiated T cells compared with fully differentiated effector T cells have better antitumour therapeutic effects owing to their enhanced capacity to expand and their long-term persistence. In patients with cancer, the presence of endogenous or adoptively transferred T cells with stem-like memory or precursor phenotype correlates with improved therapeutic outcomes. Advances in our understanding of T cell differentiation states at the epigenetic and transcriptional levels have led to the development of novel methods to generate tumour-specific T cells - namely, chimeric antigen receptor T cells - that are more persistent and resistant to the development of dysfunction. These include the use of novel culture methods before infusion, modulation of transcriptional, metabolic and/or epigenetic programming, and strategies that fine-tune antigen receptor signalling. This Review discusses existing barriers and strategies to overcome them for successful T cell expansion and persistence in the context of adoptive T cell immunotherapy for solid cancers.
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99
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ElTanbouly MA, Noelle RJ. Rethinking peripheral T cell tolerance: checkpoints across a T cell's journey. Nat Rev Immunol 2021; 21:257-267. [PMID: 33077935 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-020-00454-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Following their exit from the thymus, T cells are endowed with potent effector functions but must spare host tissue from harm. The fate of these cells is dictated by a series of checkpoints that regulate the quality and magnitude of T cell-mediated immunity, known as tolerance checkpoints. In this Perspective, we discuss the mediators and networks that control the six main peripheral tolerance checkpoints throughout the life of a T cell: quiescence, ignorance, anergy, exhaustion, senescence and death. At the naive T cell stage, two intrinsic checkpoints that actively maintain tolerance are quiescence and ignorance. In the presence of co-stimulation-deficient T cell activation, anergy is a dominant hallmark that mandates T cell unresponsiveness. When T cells are successfully stimulated and reach the effector stage, exhaustion and senescence can limit excessive inflammation and prevent immunopathology. At every stage of the T cell's journey, cell death exists as a checkpoint to limit clonal expansion and to terminate unrestrained responses. Here, we compare and contrast the T cell tolerance checkpoints and discuss their specific roles, with the aim of providing an integrated view of T cell peripheral tolerance and fate regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A ElTanbouly
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Randolph J Noelle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
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Hajaj E, Zisman E, Tzaban S, Merims S, Cohen J, Klein S, Frankenburg S, Sade-Feldman M, Tabach Y, Yizhak K, Navon A, Stepensky P, Hacohen N, Peretz T, Veillette A, Karni R, Eisenberg G, Lotem M. Alternative Splicing of the Inhibitory Immune Checkpoint Receptor SLAMF6 Generates a Dominant Positive Form, Boosting T-cell Effector Functions. Cancer Immunol Res 2021; 9:637-650. [PMID: 33762352 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-20-0800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
SLAMF6 is a homotypic receptor of the Ig-superfamily associated with progenitor-exhausted T cells. Here we show that in humans, SLAMF6 has three splice isoforms involving its V-domain. Although the canonical receptor inhibited T-cell activation through SAP recruitment, the short isoform SLAMF6Δ17-65 had a strong agonistic effect. The costimulatory action depended on protein phosphatase SHP1 and led to a cytotoxic molecular profile mediated by the expression of TBX21 and RUNX3. Patients treated with immune checkpoint blockade showed a shift toward SLAMF6Δ17-65 in peripheral blood T cells. We developed splice-switching antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) designed to target the relevant SLAMF6 splice junction. Our ASOs enhanced SLAMF6Δ17-65 expression in human tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and improved their capacity to inhibit human melanoma in mice. The yin-yang relationship of SLAMF6 splice isoforms may represent a balancing mechanism that could be exploited to improve cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Hajaj
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel.,Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Hadassah Medical Organization, Jerusalem, Israel.,Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Elad Zisman
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel.,Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Hadassah Medical Organization, Jerusalem, Israel.,Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shay Tzaban
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel.,Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Hadassah Medical Organization, Jerusalem, Israel.,Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sharon Merims
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel.,Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Hadassah Medical Organization, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jonathan Cohen
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel.,Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Hadassah Medical Organization, Jerusalem, Israel.,Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shiri Klein
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel.,Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Hadassah Medical Organization, Jerusalem, Israel.,Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shoshana Frankenburg
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel.,Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Hadassah Medical Organization, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Moshe Sade-Feldman
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yuval Tabach
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Keren Yizhak
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Science, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ami Navon
- Department of Biological Regulation, Faculty of Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Polina Stepensky
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Hadassah Medical Organization, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nir Hacohen
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tamar Peretz
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - André Veillette
- IRCM, Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rotem Karni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Galit Eisenberg
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel.,Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Hadassah Medical Organization, Jerusalem, Israel.,Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michal Lotem
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel. .,Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Hadassah Medical Organization, Jerusalem, Israel.,Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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