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Marques-Neto LM, Piwowarska Z, Kanno AI, Moraes L, Trentini MM, Rodriguez D, Silva JLSC, Leite LCC. Thirty years of recombinant BCG: new trends for a centenary vaccine. Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 20:1001-1011. [PMID: 34224293 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1951243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Global perception of the potential for Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), and consequently recombinant BCG (rBCG), in a variety of prophylactic and therapeutic applications has been increasing. A century of information on BCG, and three decades of experience with rBCG, has generated solid knowledge in this field.Area covered: Here, we review the current state of knowledge of BCG and rBCG development. Molecular tools have facilitated the expression of a variety of molecules in BCG, with the aim of improving its efficacy as a tuberculosis vaccine, generating polyvalent vaccines against other pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, and parasites, and developing immunotherapy approaches against noninvasive bladder cancer. BCG's recently appraised heterologous effects and prospects for expanding its application to other diseases are also addressed.Expert opinion: There are high expectations for new tuberculosis vaccines currently undergoing advanced clinical trials, which could change the prospects of the field. Systems biology could reveal effective biomarkers of protection, which would greatly support vaccine development. The development of appropriate large-scale production processes would further support implementation of new vaccines and rBCG products. The next few years should consolidate the broader applications of BCG and produce insights into improvements using the recombinant BCG technology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zuzanna Piwowarska
- Laboratório De Desenvolvimento De Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil.,UnivLyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Alex I Kanno
- Laboratório De Desenvolvimento De Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luana Moraes
- Laboratório De Desenvolvimento De Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil.,Programa De Pós-Graduação Interunidades Em Biotecnologia USP-Instituto Butantan-IPT, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Monalisa M Trentini
- Laboratório De Desenvolvimento De Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dunia Rodriguez
- Laboratório De Desenvolvimento De Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jose L S C Silva
- Laboratório De Desenvolvimento De Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil.,Programa De Pós-Graduação Interunidades Em Biotecnologia USP-Instituto Butantan-IPT, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciana C C Leite
- Laboratório De Desenvolvimento De Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
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52
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Dual mTORC1/mTORC2 Inhibition as a Host-Directed Therapeutic Target in Pathologically Distinct Mouse Models of Tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:e0025321. [PMID: 33903099 PMCID: PMC8373221 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00253-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts to develop more effective and shorter-course therapies for tuberculosis have included a focus on host-directed therapy (HDT). The goal of HDT is to modulate the host response to infection, thereby improving immune defenses to reduce the duration of antibacterial therapy and/or the amount of lung damage. As a mediator of innate and adaptive immune responses involved in eliminating intracellular pathogens, autophagy is a potential target for HDT in tuberculosis. Because Mycobacterium tuberculosis modulates mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling to impede autophagy, pharmacologic mTOR inhibition could provide effective HDT. mTOR exists within two distinct multiprotein complexes, mTOR complex-1 (mTORC1) and mTOR complex-2 (mTORC2). Rapamycin and its analogs only partially inhibit mTORC1. We hypothesized that novel mTOR kinase inhibitors blocking both complexes would have expanded therapeutic potential. We compared the effects of two mTOR inhibitors, rapamycin and the orally available mTOR kinase domain inhibitor CC214-2, which blocks both mTORC1 and mTORC2, as adjunctive therapies against murine TB when added to the first-line regimen (isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol [RHZE]) or the novel bedaquiline-pretomanid-linezolid (BPaL) regimen. Neither mTOR inhibitor affected lung CFU counts after 4 to 8 weeks of treatment when combined with BPaL or RHZE. However, addition of CC214-2 to BPaL and RHZE was associated with significantly fewer relapses in C3HeB/FeJ mice compared to addition of rapamycin and, in RHZE-treated mice, resulted in fewer relapses than RHZE alone. Therefore, CC214-2 and related mTOR kinase inhibitors may be more effective candidates for HDT than rapamycin analogs and may have the potential to shorten the duration of TB treatment.
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53
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Abstract
Human responses to infection include transcriptional changes shared across diverse pathogens. To capture these common patterns, we establish the concept of, and the method for, the identification of “transfer signatures”: sets of genes defining human immunophenotypes. We demonstrate the usefulness of transfer signatures in two use cases: the progression of latent to active tuberculosis and the severity of viral respiratory infections. The modulation of the transcriptome is among the earliest responses to infection. However, defining the transcriptomic signatures of disease is challenging because logistic, technical, and cost factors limit the size and representativeness of samples in clinical studies. These limitations lead to a poor performance of signatures when applied to new datasets. Although the study focuses on infection, the central hypothesis of the work is the generalization of sets of signatures across diseases. We use a machine learning approach to identify common elements in datasets and then test empirically whether they are informative about a second dataset from a disease or process distinct from the original dataset. We identify sets of genes, which we name transfer signatures, that are predictive across diverse datasets and/or species (e.g., rhesus to humans). We demonstrate the usefulness of transfer signatures in two use cases: the progression of latent to active tuberculosis and the severity of COVID-19 and influenza A H1N1 infection. This indicates that transfer signatures can be deployed in settings that lack disease-specific biomarkers. The broad significance of our work lies in the concept that a small set of archetypal human immunophenotypes, captured by transfer signatures, can explain a larger set of responses to diverse diseases.
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54
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Chen Y, Wang Q, Lin S, Lai J, Lin J, Ao W, Han X, Ye H. Meta-Analysis of Peripheral Blood Transcriptome Datasets Reveals a Biomarker Panel for Tuberculosis in Patients Infected With HIV. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:585919. [PMID: 33816327 PMCID: PMC8017209 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.585919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers are critical for rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) and could benefit patients with AIDS where diagnosis of TB co-infection is challenging. Meta-analysis is an approach to combine the results of the studies with standard statistical method by weighting each study with different sample size. This study aimed to use meta-analysis to integrate transcriptome datasets from different studies and screen for TB biomarkers in patients who were HIV-positive. Five datasets were subjected to meta-analysis on whole-blood transcriptomes from 640 patients infected with HIV. A total of 293 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified as significant (P<0.0001) using the random effective model to integrate the statistical results from each study. DEGs were enriched in biological processes related to TB, such as “Type I interferon signaling” and “stimulatory C-type lectin receptor signaling”. Eighteen DEGs had at least a two-fold change in expression between patients infected with HIV who were TB-positive and those who were TB-negative. GBP4, SERPING1, ATF3 and CDKBN3 were selected as a biomarker panel to perform multivariable logistic regression analysis on TB status and relative gene expression levels. The biomarker panel showed excellent accuracy (AUC>0.90 for HIV+TB) in clinical trial and suggests that meta-analysis is an efficient method to integrate transcriptome datasets from different studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahong Chen
- Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qiaowen Wang
- Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shujin Lin
- Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jinglan Lai
- Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wen Ao
- Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiao Han
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hanhui Ye
- Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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55
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Duffy FJ, Olson GS, Gold ES, Jahn A, Aderem A, Aitchison JD, Rothchild AC, Diercks AH, Nemeth J. Use of a Contained Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mouse Infection Model to Predict Active Disease and Containment in Humans. J Infect Dis 2021; 225:1832-1840. [PMID: 33693706 PMCID: PMC9113476 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have identified whole-blood transcriptional risk and disease signatures for tuberculosis; however, several lines of evidence suggest that these signatures primarily reflect bacterial burden, which increases before symptomatic disease. We found that the peripheral blood transcriptome of mice with contained Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (CMTI) has striking similarities to that of humans with active tuberculosis and that a signature derived from these mice predicts human disease with accuracy comparable to that of signatures derived directly from humans. A set of genes associated with immune defense are up-regulated in mice with CMTI but not in humans with active tuberculosis, suggesting that their up-regulation is associated with bacterial containment. A signature comprising these genes predicts both protection from tuberculosis disease and successful treatment at early time points where current signatures are not predictive. These results suggest that detailed study of the CMTI model may enable identification of biomarkers for human tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fergal J Duffy
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA,Correspondence: Fergal J. Duffy, Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, 307 Westlake Ave N #500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA ()
| | - Gregory S Olson
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Ana Jahn
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Alan Aderem
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Alissa C Rothchild
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA,Present affiliation: Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst
| | - Alan H Diercks
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Johannes Nemeth
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA,Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich,Switzerland
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56
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Ravesloot-Chávez MM, Van Dis E, Stanley SA. The Innate Immune Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Annu Rev Immunol 2021; 39:611-637. [PMID: 33637017 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-093019-010426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes >1.5 million deaths worldwide annually. Innate immune cells are the first to encounter M. tuberculosis, and their response dictates the course of infection. Dendritic cells (DCs) activate the adaptive response and determine its characteristics. Macrophages are responsible both for exerting cell-intrinsic antimicrobial control and for initiating and maintaining inflammation. The inflammatory response to M. tuberculosis infection is a double-edged sword. While cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1 are important for protection, either excessive or insufficient cytokine production results in progressive disease. Furthermore, neutrophils-cells normally associated with control of bacterial infection-are emerging as key drivers of a hyperinflammatory response that results in host mortality. The roles of other innate cells, including natural killer cells and innate-like T cells, remain enigmatic. Understanding the nuances of both cell-intrinsic control of infection and regulation of inflammation will be crucial for the successful development of host-targeted therapeutics and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erik Van Dis
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA; ,
| | - Sarah A Stanley
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA; , .,Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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57
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Crowther RR, Qualls JE. Metabolic Regulation of Immune Responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis: A Spotlight on L-Arginine and L-Tryptophan Metabolism. Front Immunol 2021; 11:628432. [PMID: 33633745 PMCID: PMC7900187 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.628432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), is a leading cause of death worldwide. Despite decades of research, there is still much to be uncovered regarding the immune response to Mtb infection. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on anti-Mtb immunity, with a spotlight on immune cell amino acid metabolism. Specifically, we discuss L-arginine and L-tryptophan, focusing on their requirements, regulatory roles, and potential use as adjunctive therapy in TB patients. By continuing to uncover the immune cell contribution during Mtb infection and how amino acid utilization regulates their functions, it is anticipated that novel host-directed therapies may be developed and/or refined, helping to eradicate TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca R Crowther
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Joseph E Qualls
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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58
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Biomarker-guided tuberculosis preventive therapy (CORTIS): a randomised controlled trial. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2021; 21:354-365. [PMID: 33508224 PMCID: PMC7907670 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30914-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Targeted preventive therapy for individuals at highest risk of incident tuberculosis might impact the epidemic by interrupting transmission. We tested performance of a transcriptomic signature of tuberculosis (RISK11) and efficacy of signature-guided preventive therapy in parallel, using a hybrid three-group study design. Methods Adult volunteers aged 18–59 years were recruited at five geographically distinct communities in South Africa. Whole blood was sampled for RISK11 by quantitative RT-PCR assay from eligible volunteers without HIV, recent previous tuberculosis (ie, <3 years before screening), or comorbidities at screening. RISK11-positive participants were block randomised (1:2; block size 15) to once-weekly, directly-observed, open-label isoniazid and rifapentine for 12 weeks (ie, RISK11 positive and 3HP positive), or no treatment (ie, RISK11 positive and 3HP negative). A subset of eligible RISK11-negative volunteers were randomly assigned to no treatment (ie, RISK11 negative and 3HP negative). Diagnostic discrimination of prevalent tuberculosis was tested in all participants at baseline. Thereafter, prognostic discrimination of incident tuberculosis was tested in the untreated RISK11-positive versus RISK11-negative groups, and treatment efficacy in the 3HP-treated versus untreated RISK11-positive groups, during active surveillance through 15 months. The primary endpoint was microbiologically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis. The primary outcome measures were risk ratio [RR] for tuberculosis of RISK11-positive to RISK11-negative participants, and treatment efficacy. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02735590. Findings 20 207 volunteers were screened, and 2923 participants were enrolled, including RISK11-positive participants randomly assigned to 3HP (n=375) or no 3HP (n=764), and 1784 RISK11-negative participants. Cumulative probability of prevalent or incident tuberculosis disease was 0·066 (95% CI 0·049 to 0·084) in RISK11-positive (3HP negative) participants and 0·018 (0·011 to 0·025) in RISK11-negative participants (RR 3·69, 95% CI 2·25–6·05) over 15 months. Tuberculosis prevalence was 47 (4·1%) of 1139 versus 14 (0·78%) of 1984 in RISK11-positive compared with RISK11-negative participants, respectively (diagnostic RR 5·13, 95% CI 2·93 to 9·43). Tuberculosis incidence over 15 months was 2·09 (95% CI 0·97 to 3·19) vs 0·80 (0·30 to 1·30) per 100 person years in RISK11-positive (3HP-negative) participants compared with RISK11-negative participants (cumulative incidence ratio 2·6, 95% CI 1·2 to 5·9). Serious adverse events related to 3HP included one hospitalisation for seizures (unintentional isoniazid overdose) and one death of unknown cause (possibly temporally related). Tuberculosis incidence over 15 months was 1·94 (95% CI 0·35 to 3·50) versus 2·09 (95% CI 0·97 to 3·19) per 100 person-years in 3HP-treated RISK11-positive participants compared with untreated RISK11-positive participants (efficacy 7·0%, 95% CI −145 to 65). Interpretation The RISK11 signature discriminated between individuals with prevalent tuberculosis, or progression to incident tuberculosis, and individuals who remained healthy, but provision of 3HP to signature-positive individuals after exclusion of baseline disease did not reduce progression to tuberculosis over 15 months. Funding Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, South African Medical Research Council.
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59
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Plumlee CR, Duffy FJ, Gern BH, Delahaye JL, Cohen SB, Stoltzfus CR, Rustad TR, Hansen SG, Axthelm MK, Picker LJ, Aitchison JD, Sherman DR, Ganusov VV, Gerner MY, Zak DE, Urdahl KB. Ultra-low Dose Aerosol Infection of Mice with Mycobacterium tuberculosis More Closely Models Human Tuberculosis. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:68-82.e5. [PMID: 33142108 PMCID: PMC7854984 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a heterogeneous disease manifesting in a subset of individuals infected with aerosolized Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Unlike human TB, murine infection results in uniformly high lung bacterial burdens and poorly organized granulomas. To develop a TB model that more closely resembles human disease, we infected mice with an ultra-low dose (ULD) of between 1-3 founding bacteria, reflecting a physiologic inoculum. ULD-infected mice exhibited highly heterogeneous bacterial burdens, well-circumscribed granulomas that shared features with human granulomas, and prolonged Mtb containment with unilateral pulmonary infection in some mice. We identified blood RNA signatures in mice infected with an ULD or a conventional Mtb dose (50-100 CFU) that correlated with lung bacterial burdens and predicted Mtb infection outcomes across species, including risk of progression to active TB in humans. Overall, these findings highlight the potential of the murine TB model and show that ULD infection recapitulates key features of human TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney R Plumlee
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Fergal J Duffy
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Benjamin H Gern
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jared L Delahaye
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Sara B Cohen
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Caleb R Stoltzfus
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Tige R Rustad
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Scott G Hansen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Michael K Axthelm
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Louis J Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - John D Aitchison
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - David R Sherman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Vitaly V Ganusov
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Michael Y Gerner
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Daniel E Zak
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Kevin B Urdahl
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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60
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Santos-Pereira A, Magalhães C, Araújo PMM, Osório NS. Evolutionary Genetics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and HIV-1: "The Tortoise and the Hare". Microorganisms 2021; 9:147. [PMID: 33440808 PMCID: PMC7827287 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The already enormous burden caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) alone is aggravated by co-infection. Despite obvious differences in the rate of evolution comparing these two human pathogens, genetic diversity plays an important role in the success of both. The extreme evolutionary dynamics of HIV-1 is in the basis of a robust capacity to evade immune responses, to generate drug-resistance and to diversify the population-level reservoir of M group viral subtypes. Compared to HIV-1 and other retroviruses, M. tuberculosis generates minute levels of genetic diversity within the host. However, emerging whole-genome sequencing data show that the M. tuberculosis complex contains at least nine human-adapted phylogenetic lineages. This level of genetic diversity results in differences in M. tuberculosis interactions with the host immune system, virulence and drug resistance propensity. In co-infected individuals, HIV-1 and M. tuberculosis are likely to co-colonize host cells. However, the evolutionary impact of the interaction between the host, the slowly evolving M. tuberculosis bacteria and the HIV-1 viral "mutant cloud" is poorly understood. These evolutionary dynamics, at the cellular niche of monocytes/macrophages, are also discussed and proposed as a relevant future research topic in the context of single-cell sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Santos-Pereira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (A.S.-P.); (C.M.); (P.M.M.A.)
- ICVS/3B’s-T Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Carlos Magalhães
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (A.S.-P.); (C.M.); (P.M.M.A.)
- ICVS/3B’s-T Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Pedro M. M. Araújo
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (A.S.-P.); (C.M.); (P.M.M.A.)
- ICVS/3B’s-T Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno S. Osório
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (A.S.-P.); (C.M.); (P.M.M.A.)
- ICVS/3B’s-T Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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61
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection Up-Regulates Sialyl Lewis X Expression in the Lung Epithelium. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9010099. [PMID: 33406734 PMCID: PMC7823657 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycans display increasingly recognized roles in pathological contexts, however, their impact in the host-pathogen interplay in many infectious diseases remains largely unknown. This is the case for tuberculosis (TB), one of the ten most fatal diseases worldwide, caused by infection of the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We have recently reported that perturbing the core-2 O-glycans biosynthetic pathway increases the host susceptibility to M. tuberculosis infection, by disrupting the neutrophil homeostasis and enhancing lung pathology. In the present study, we show an increased expression of the sialylated glycan structure Sialyl-Lewis X (SLeX) in the lung epithelium upon M. tuberculosis infection. This increase in SLeX glycan epitope is accompanied by an altered lung tissue transcriptomic signature, with up-regulation of genes codifying enzymes that are involved in the SLeX core-2 O-glycans biosynthetic pathway. This study provides novel insights into previously unappreciated molecular mechanisms involving glycosylation, which modulate the host response to M. tuberculosis infection, possibly contributing to shape TB disease outcome.
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62
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Fox LE, Locke MC, Lenschow DJ. Context Is Key: Delineating the Unique Functions of IFNα and IFNβ in Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:606874. [PMID: 33408718 PMCID: PMC7779635 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.606874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) are critical effector cytokines of the immune system and were originally known for their important role in protecting against viral infections; however, they have more recently been shown to play protective or detrimental roles in many disease states. Type I IFNs consist of IFNα, IFNβ, IFNϵ, IFNκ, IFNω, and a few others, and they all signal through a shared receptor to exert a wide range of biological activities, including antiviral, antiproliferative, proapoptotic, and immunomodulatory effects. Though the individual type I IFN subtypes possess overlapping functions, there is growing appreciation that they also have unique properties. In this review, we summarize some of the mechanisms underlying differential expression of and signaling by type I IFNs, and we discuss examples of differential functions of IFNα and IFNβ in models of infectious disease, cancer, and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey E. Fox
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Marissa C. Locke
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Deborah J. Lenschow
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
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63
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Type I IFN exacerbates disease in tuberculosis-susceptible mice by inducing neutrophil-mediated lung inflammation and NETosis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5566. [PMID: 33149141 PMCID: PMC7643080 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19412-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of mortality due to infectious disease, but the factors determining disease progression are unclear. Transcriptional signatures associated with type I IFN signalling and neutrophilic inflammation were shown to correlate with disease severity in mouse models of TB. Here we show that similar transcriptional signatures correlate with increased bacterial loads and exacerbate pathology during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection upon GM-CSF blockade. Loss of GM-CSF signalling or genetic susceptibility to TB (C3HeB/FeJ mice) result in type I IFN-induced neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation that promotes bacterial growth and promotes disease severity. Consistently, NETs are present in necrotic lung lesions of TB patients responding poorly to antibiotic therapy, supporting the role of NETs in a late stage of TB pathogenesis. Our findings reveal an important cytokine-based innate immune effector network with a central role in determining the outcome of M. tuberculosis infection. GM-CSF is involved in control over M. tuberculosis infection. Here the authors show that GM-CSF reduces type 1 interferon driven neutrophil recruitment, NETosis and bacterial growth in the lungs of infected mice, and provide evidence that this NETosis occurs in infected humans who are not responsive to antibiotic therapy.
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Lung gene expression signatures suggest pathogenic links and molecular markers for pulmonary tuberculosis, adenocarcinoma and sarcoidosis. Commun Biol 2020; 3:604. [PMID: 33097805 PMCID: PMC7584606 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01318-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous reports have suggested a link between pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), which is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), and the development of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and sarcoidosis. Furthermore, these lung diseases share certain clinical similarities that can challenge differential diagnosis in some cases. Here, through comparison of lung transcriptome-derived molecular signatures of TB, LUAD and sarcoidosis patients, we identify certain shared disease-related expression patterns. We also demonstrate that MKI67, an over-expressed gene shared by TB and LUAD, is a key mediator in Mtb-promoted tumor cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Moreover, we reveal a distinct ossification-related TB lung signature, which may be associated with the activation of the BMP/SMAD/RUNX2 pathway in Mtb-infected macrophages that can restrain mycobacterial survival and promote osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Taken together, these findings provide novel pathogenic links and potential molecular markers for better understanding and differential diagnosis of pulmonary TB, LUAD and sarcoidosis. Previous work has suggested potential links between Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and the development of both lung cancer and sarcoidosis, in addition to tuberculosis. Here, Qiyao Chai, Zhe Lu, Zhidong Liu and colleagues report a transcriptomic analysis of lung tissue from tuberculosis, lung adenocarcinoma, and sarcoidosis patients and find that while many disease-linked expression changes are shared between the three diseases, each also has distinct transcriptional signatures that could be useful as molecular markers.
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Ng SS, De Labastida Rivera F, Yan J, Corvino D, Das I, Zhang P, Kuns R, Chauhan SB, Hou J, Li XY, Frame TCM, McEnroe BA, Moore E, Na J, Engel JA, Soon MSF, Singh B, Kueh AJ, Herold MJ, Montes de Oca M, Singh SS, Bunn PT, Aguilera AR, Casey M, Braun M, Ghazanfari N, Wani S, Wang Y, Amante FH, Edwards CL, Haque A, Dougall WC, Singh OP, Baxter AG, Teng MWL, Loukas A, Daly NL, Cloonan N, Degli-Esposti MA, Uzonna J, Heath WR, Bald T, Tey SK, Nakamura K, Hill GR, Kumar R, Sundar S, Smyth MJ, Engwerda CR. The NK cell granule protein NKG7 regulates cytotoxic granule exocytosis and inflammation. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:1205-1218. [PMID: 32839608 PMCID: PMC7965849 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-0758-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Immune-modulating therapies have revolutionized the treatment of chronic diseases, particularly cancer. However, their success is restricted and there is a need to identify new therapeutic targets. Here, we show that natural killer cell granule protein 7 (NKG7) is a regulator of lymphocyte granule exocytosis and downstream inflammation in a broad range of diseases. NKG7 expressed by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells played key roles in promoting inflammation during visceral leishmaniasis and malaria-two important parasitic diseases. Additionally, NKG7 expressed by natural killer cells was critical for controlling cancer initiation, growth and metastasis. NKG7 function in natural killer and CD8+ T cells was linked with their ability to regulate the translocation of CD107a to the cell surface and kill cellular targets, while NKG7 also had a major impact on CD4+ T cell activation following infection. Thus, we report a novel therapeutic target expressed on a range of immune cells with functions in different immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna S Ng
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
- Institute of Experimental Oncology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Juming Yan
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dillon Corvino
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute of Experimental Oncology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Indrajit Das
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ping Zhang
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rachel Kuns
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Shashi Bhushan Chauhan
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Jiajie Hou
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Xian-Yang Li
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Teija C M Frame
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Benjamin A McEnroe
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Eilish Moore
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jinrui Na
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jessica A Engel
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Megan S F Soon
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Bhawana Singh
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Andrew J Kueh
- Division of Blood Cells and Blood Cancer, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marco J Herold
- Division of Blood Cells and Blood Cancer, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Siddharth Sankar Singh
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Patrick T Bunn
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute of Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Amy Roman Aguilera
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mika Casey
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Matthias Braun
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nazanin Ghazanfari
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shivangi Wani
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yulin Wang
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Fiona H Amante
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Chelsea L Edwards
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ashraful Haque
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - William C Dougall
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Om Prakash Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Alan G Baxter
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michele W L Teng
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alex Loukas
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Norelle L Daly
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicole Cloonan
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mariapia A Degli-Esposti
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jude Uzonna
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - William R Heath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tobias Bald
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Siok-Keen Tey
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kyohei Nakamura
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Geoffrey R Hill
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Mark J Smyth
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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