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Gunn SA, Kreps LM, Zhao H, Landon K, Ilacqua JS, Addison CL. Focal Adhesion Kinase Inhibitors Prevent Osteoblast Mineralization in Part Due to Suppression of Akt-mediated stabilization of Osterix. J Bone Oncol 2022; 34:100432. [PMID: 35620245 PMCID: PMC9126966 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2022.100432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological blockade of FAK results in reduced ALP expression and mineralization by differentiated osteoblasts. Although FAK inhibition resulted in increased levels of BMP2, Wnt3a and Mdm2, and decreased p53, alteration of these pathways was unable to restore mineralization in the presence of FAK tyrosine kinase inhibitors. FAK tyrosine kinase inhibitors resulted in decreased levels of phospho-S473 Akt which led to increased levels of active GSK3β which in turn inhibited Runx2 activity that could contribute to the observed reduced ALP levels. FAK tyrosine kinase inhibitors blocked Akt-mediated stabilization of osterix leading to decreased overall levels of osterix and impaired mineralization in MC3T3-E1 cells differentiated into osteoblasts.
Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) is an important regulator of tumor cell proliferation, survival and metastasis. As such it has become a therapeutic target of interest in cancer. Previous studies suggested that use of FAK tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) blocks osteolysis in in vivo models of bone metastasis. However, from these studies it was not clear whether FAK TKIs blocked bone degradation by osteoclasts or also promoted bone formation by osteoblasts. In this study we evaluated whether use of the FAK TKI PF-562,271 affected the differentiation of pre-osteoblasts, or activity of mature differentiated osteoblasts. MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblastic cells were treated with various doses of PF-562,271 following 3 or 10 days of differentiation which led to the inhibition of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression and reduced viable cell numbers in a dose-dependent manner. MC3T3-E1 cells which had been differentiated for 21 days prior to treatment with PF-562,271 showed a dose dependent decrease in mineralization as assessed by Alizarin Red staining, with concomitant decreased expression of ALP which is known to facilitate the bone mineralization activity of osteoblasts, however mRNA levels of the transcription factors RUNX2 and osterix which are important for osteoblast maturation and mineralization appeared unaffected at this time point. We speculated that this may be due to altered function of RUNX2 protein due to inhibitory phosphorylation by GSK3β. We found treatment with PF-562,271 resulted in increased GSK3β activity as measured by reduced levels of phospho-Ser9-GSK3β which would result in phosphorylation and inhibition of RUNX2. Treatment of 21 day differentiated MC3T3-E1 cells with PF-562,271 in combination with GSK3β inhibitors partially restored mineralization however this was not statistically significant. As we observed that FAK TKI also resulted in suppression of Akt, which is known to alter osterix protein stability downstream of RUNX2, we examined protein levels by western blot and found a dose-dependent decrease in osterix in FAK TKI treated differentiated MC3T3-E1 cells which is likely responsible for the reduced mineralization observed. Taken together our results suggest that use of FAK TKIs as therapeutics in the bone metastatic setting may block new bone formation as an off-target effect and thereby exacerbate the defective bone regulation that is characteristic of the bone metastatic environment.
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Sojan JM, Gundappa MK, Carletti A, Gaspar V, Gavaia P, Maradonna F, Carnevali O. Zebrafish as a Model to Unveil the Pro-Osteogenic Effects of Boron-Vitamin D3 Synergism. Front Nutr 2022; 9:868805. [PMID: 35571926 PMCID: PMC9105455 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.868805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The micronutrient boron (B) plays a key role during the ossification process as suggested by various in vitro and in vivo studies. To deepen our understanding of the molecular mechanism involved in the osteogenicity of B and its possible interaction with vitamin D3 (VD), wild-type AB zebrafish (Danio rerio) were used for morphometric analysis and transcriptomic analysis in addition to taking advantage of the availability of specific zebrafish osteoblast reporter lines. First, osteoactive concentrations of B, VD, and their combinations were established by morphometric analysis of the opercular bone in alizarin red-stained zebrafish larvae exposed to two selected concentrations of B (10 and 100 ng/ml), one concentration of VD (10 pg/ml), and their respective combinations. Bone formation, as measured by opercular bone growth, was significantly increased in the two combination treatments than VD alone. Subsequently, a transcriptomic approach was adopted to unveil the molecular key regulators involved in the synergy. Clustering of differentially expressed genes revealed enrichment toward bone and skeletal functions in the groups co-treated with B and VD. Downstream analysis confirmed mitogen-activated protein kinase as the most regulated pathway by the synergy groups in addition to transforming growth factor-β signaling, focal adhesion, and calcium signaling. The best-performing synergistic treatment, B at 10 ng/ml and VD at 10 pg/ml, was applied to two zebrafish transgenic lines, Tg(sp7:mCherry) and Tg(bglap:EGFP), at multiple time points to further explore the results of the transcriptomic analysis. The synergistic treatment with B and VD induced enrichment of intermediate (sp7+) osteoblast at 6 and 9 days post fertilization (dpf) and of mature (bglap +) osteoblasts at 15 dpf. The results obtained validate the role of B in VD-dependent control over bone mineralization and can help to widen the spectrum of therapeutic approaches to alleviate pathological conditions caused by VD deficiency by using low concentrations of B as a nutritional additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Maria Sojan
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Manu Kumar Gundappa
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Alessio Carletti
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Vasco Gaspar
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Paulo Gavaia
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Francesca Maradonna
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Oliana Carnevali
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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Yin J, Zheng Z, Zeng X, Zhao Y, Ai Z, Yu M, Wu Y, Jiang J, Li J, Li S. lncRNA MALAT1 mediates osteogenic differentiation of bone mesenchymal stem cells by sponging miR-129-5p. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13355. [PMID: 35480561 PMCID: PMC9037136 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) have good osteogenic differentiation potential and have become ideal seed cells in bone tissue engineering. However, the osteogenic differentiation ability of BMSCs gradually weakens with age, and the regulatory mechanism is unclear. Method We conducted a bioinformatics analysis, dual-luciferase reporter (DLR) experiment, and RNA binding protein immunoprecipitation (RIP) to explore the hub genes that may affect BMSC functions. Results The expression level of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (Malat1) was significantly higher in the BMSCs from elderly than younger mice, while miR-129-5p showed the opposite trend. The results of alkaline phosphatase staining, quantitative reverse transcription PCR and western blot experiments indicated that inhibiting the expression of Malat1 inhibits the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. This effect can be reversed by reducing the expression of miR-129-5p. Additionally, DLR and RIP experiments confirmed that Malat1 acts as a sponge for miR-129-5p. Conclusion Overall, our study findings indicated that lncRNA Malat1 may play a critical role in maintaining the osteoblast differentiation potential of BMSCs by sponging miR-129-5p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Yin
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhanglong Zheng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoli Zeng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Yijie Zhao
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China,Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zexin Ai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Miao Yu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang’ou Wu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Xuhui District Dental Center, Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jirui Jiang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Li
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China,Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengjiao Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
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Goida J, Pilmane M. The Evaluation of FGFR1, FGFR2 and FOXO1 in Orofacial Cleft Tissue. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9040516. [PMID: 35455561 PMCID: PMC9032315 DOI: 10.3390/children9040516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Although cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) is one of the most common congenital anomalies worldwide, the morphopathogenesis of non-syndromic orofacial clefts is still unclear. Many candidate genes have been proposed to play a causal role; however, only a few have been confirmed, leaving many still to be assessed. Taking into account the significance of FGFR1, FGFR2 and FOXO1 in embryogenesis, the aim of this work was to detect and compare the three candidate genes in cleft-affected lip and palatine tissue. Ten soft tissue samples were taken during cheiloplasty and veloplasty. The signals of the candidate genes were visualized using chromogenic in situ hybridization and analyzed using a semi-quantitative method. No statistically important difference in the distribution of FGFR1, FGFR2 and FOXO1 between neither the patients’ lip and vomer mucosa nor the control group was observed. Statistically significant very strong and strong correlations were found between genes in the lip and palatine tissue. The expression of FGFR1, FGFR2 and FOXO1 in cleft-affected lip and palatine tissue seems to be highly individual. Numerous intercorrelations between the genes do not exclude their role in the possible complex morphopathogenesis of orofacial clefts.
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Tong X, Yu G, Liu Q, Zhang X, Bian J, Liu Z, Gu J. Puerarin alleviates cadmium-induced oxidative damage to bone by reducing autophagy in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2022; 37:720-729. [PMID: 34897960 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a regulatory mechanism involved in cadmium (Cd)-induced bone toxicity and is suppressed by various stimuli, including oxidative stress. Puerarin is an isoflavonoid compound isolated from Pueraria, a plant used in traditional Chinese medicine. The underlying mechanisms of action of puerarin remain unclear. The objective of this study was to explore the mitigating effects of puerarin on cadmium-induced oxidative damage in the bones of rats. Cadmium exposure increased oxidative damage in rat bones; this was markedly decreased by puerarin treatment, as demonstrated by changes in the activity of antioxidative enzymes. Cadmium-induced blockage of the expression of key bone regulatory proteins, autophagy-related markers, and signaling molecules was also alleviated by puerarin treatment. Additionally, cadmium reduced expression of the autophagic protein Rab7 and of late endosomal/lysosomal adaptor and MAPK and mTOR activator 1 (LAMTOR1); the decrease in these proteins was not restored by puerarin treatment. We speculate that puerarin relieves the inhibition of fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes that is induced by cadmium; however, this specific effect of puerarin and downstream effects on bone regulatory mechanisms require further investigation. In conclusion, puerarin alleviates cadmium-induced oxidative damage in the bones of rats by attenuating autophagy, which is likely associated with the antioxidant activity of puerarin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xishuai Tong
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Gengsheng Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Qingyang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Xueqing Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Jianchun Bian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Zongping Liu
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Jianhong Gu
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
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Liang W, Zhao E, Li G, Bi H, Zhao Z. Suture Cells in a Mechanical Stretching Niche: Critical Contributors to Trans-sutural Distraction Osteogenesis. Calcif Tissue Int 2022; 110:285-293. [PMID: 34802070 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-021-00927-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Trans-sutural distraction osteogenesis has been proposed as an alternative technique of craniofacial remodelling surgery for craniosynostosis correction. Many studies have defined the contribution of a series of biological events to distraction osteogenesis, such as changes in gene expression, changes in suture cell behaviour and changes in suture collagen fibre characteristics. However, few studies have elucidated the systematic molecular and cellular mechanisms of trans-sutural distraction osteogenesis, and no study has highlighted the contribution of cell-cell or cell-matrix interactions with respect to the whole expansion process to date. Therefore, it is difficult to translate largely primary mechanistic insights into clinical applications and optimize the clinical outcome of trans-sutural distraction osteogenesis. In this review, we carefully summarize in detail the literature related to the effects of mechanical stretching on osteoblasts, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, immune cells (macrophages and T cells), mesenchymal stem cells and collagen fibres in sutures during the distraction osteogenesis process. We also briefly review the contribution of cell-cell or cell-matrix interactions to bone regeneration at the osteogenic suture front from a comprehensive viewpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Enzhe Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Guan Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hongsen Bi
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Zhenmin Zhao
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Idulhaq M, Mudigdo A, Utomo P, Wasita B. The Evidence-based Effect of Platelet-rich Fibrin in Osteogenesis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.8309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Background: Platelet Rich Fibrin (PRF) is a growth factor concentration functioning as an initiator of wound healing and bone regeneration, and it is mainly reported in dentistry rehabilitation and rejuvenation.
Objective: summarize and analyze the evidence based on the effect of PRF on the bone osteogenesis
Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted on the bibliographic databases or Medical Subject Headings in the PubMed. The search was conducted among articles that were published between 2010 and 2021. Required article information was extracted from each article by abstract and full paper availability that focuses on the Platelet-Rich Fibrin (PRF) And Osteogenesis. We recruited studies with the design was employed clinical trials with in vitro and in vivo approaches. The only study that provided osteogenesis outcome proceeded to the quantitative analysis.
Results: Regarding literature search and screening processes, it yielded 24 studies for qualitative assessment and eleven studies for quantitative analysis. Most of the studies performed a combination of PRF with other materials such as Mg ring, BMSCs, Gold nanoparticles, and PDLSCs. It showed that PRF combined with other materials enhanced the osteogenic ability. The assessment of PRF only showed the various result in multiple outcome markers. For the ALP, the mean difference is 1.40 [1.14-1.67] p-value 0.001. It indicates there is a significant effect of PRF application with the increase of ALP. For the RUNX2, there is a significant effect of PRF application with the increase of RUNX2 1.10 [0.93, 1.26]. For OCN, the mean difference of PRF in OCN is 0.77 [0.43, 1.12] p=0.001. It showed a significant effect of PRF application with the increase of OCN. There is also a significant effect of PRF application for TRAP with the declining number of TRAP is -1.59 [-2.96, -0.22] p=0.001.
Conclusion: PRF combined with other materials showed more promising results rather than PRF only. Moreover, in the assessment of PRF only, it was found that PRF has a significant effect in accelerating bone osteogenesis.
Keywords:
PRF, Platelet-Rich Fibrin, Osteogenesis
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Mitomo K, Yamaguchi A, Muramatsu T. Hypoplasia of medial pterygoid process in sphenoid bone relates to decreased mesenchymal cell proliferation in the Runx2-haploinsufficient cleidocranial dysplasia mouse model. Arch Oral Biol 2022; 135:105358. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2022.105358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Yu H, Zhang J, Liu X, Li Y. microRNA-136-5p from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes facilitates fracture healing by targeting LRP4 to activate the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Bone Joint Res 2021; 10:744-758. [PMID: 34847690 PMCID: PMC8712601 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.1012.bjr-2020-0275.r2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) have been reported to be a promising cellular therapeutic approach for various human diseases. The current study aimed to investigate the mechanism of BMSC-derived exosomes carrying microRNA (miR)-136-5p in fracture healing. Methods A mouse fracture model was initially established by surgical means. Exosomes were isolated from BMSCs from mice. The endocytosis of the mouse osteoblast MC3T3-E1 cell line was analyzed. CCK-8 and disodium phenyl phosphate microplate methods were employed to detect cell proliferation and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, respectively. The binding of miR-136-5p to low-density lipoprotein receptor related protein 4 (LRP4) was analyzed by dual luciferase reporter gene assay. HE staining, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining, and immunohistochemistry were performed to evaluate the healing of the bone tissue ends, the positive number of osteoclasts, and the positive expression of β-catenin protein, respectively. Results miR-136-5p promoted fracture healing and osteoblast proliferation and differentiation. BMSC-derived exosomes exhibited an enriched miR-136-5p level, and were internalized by MC3T3-E1 cells. LRP4 was identified as a downstream target gene of miR-136-5p. Moreover, miR-136-5p or exosomes isolated from BMSCs (BMSC-Exos) containing miR-136-5p activated the Wnt/β-catenin pathway through the inhibition of LRP4 expression. Furthermore, BMSC-derived exosomes carrying miR-136-5p promoted osteoblast proliferation and differentiation, thereby promoting fracture healing. Conclusion BMSC-derived exosomes carrying miR-136-5p inhibited LRP4 and activated the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, thus facilitating fracture healing. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2021;10(12):744–758.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haichi Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoning Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yingzhi Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Genes and Pathways Associated with Skeletal Sagittal Malocclusions: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313037. [PMID: 34884839 PMCID: PMC8657482 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal class II and III malocclusions are craniofacial disorders that negatively impact people’s quality of life worldwide. Unfortunately, the growth patterns of skeletal malocclusions and their clinical correction prognoses are difficult to predict largely due to lack of knowledge of their precise etiology. Inspired by the strong inheritance pattern of a specific type of skeletal malocclusion, previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were reanalyzed, resulting in the identification of 19 skeletal class II malocclusion-associated and 53 skeletal class III malocclusion-associated genes. Functional enrichment of these genes created a signal pathway atlas in which most of the genes were associated with bone and cartilage growth and development, as expected, while some were characterized by functions related to skeletal muscle maturation and construction. Interestingly, several genes and enriched pathways are involved in both skeletal class II and III malocclusions, indicating the key regulatory effects of these genes and pathways in craniofacial development. There is no doubt that further investigation is necessary to validate these recognized genes’ and pathways’ specific function(s) related to maxillary and mandibular development. In summary, this systematic review provides initial insight on developing novel gene-based treatment strategies for skeletal malocclusions and paves the path for precision medicine where dental care providers can make an accurate prediction of the craniofacial growth of an individual patient based on his/her genetic profile.
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Abstract
Osteoporosis significantly impacts the normal life of the elderly and is reported to be closely related to dysfunction of osteoblastic differentiation. Runt-related transcription factor-2 (Runx2) is a critical transcriptional factor involved in the regulation of osteoblast differentiation. Omarigliptin is a novel dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DDP-4) inhibitor and this study proposes to probe into its possible therapeutic function against Osteoporosis by investigating its impacts on osteoblastic differentiation. Osteogenic medium was used to induce osteoblastic differentiation in MC3T3‑E1 cells, and was verified by the increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, enhanced mineralization, and promoted expression level of osteoblastic differentiation-related factors, including bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), ALP, osteocalcin (Ocn), collagen type I alpha 1 (Col1a1), Collagen Type I alpha 2 (Col1a2), Runx2, osterix (Sp7), fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (Fgfr2), and fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (Fgfr3), accompanied by the activation of the p38 and Akt pathways. After treatment with Omarigliptin, the ALP activity and mineralization were further promoted, accompanied by the further upregulation of osteoblastic differentiation-related factors, and activation of the p38 and Akt pathways. Lastly, Omarigliptin-induced osteoblastic differentiation, promoted ALP activity, and increased expression levels of Sp7, Fgfr2, Fgfr3, BMP-2, Ocn, ALP, Col1a1, and Col1a2, in the osteogenic medium- cultured MC3T3‑E1 cells were dramatically abolished by the knockdown of Runx2. Taken together, our data reveal that Omarigliptin promoted osteoblastic differentiation by regulating Runx2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fake Liao
- Department of orthopedics, Longyan First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Longyan City, Fujian Province, No. 105, Jiuyi North Road, Zhongcheng, Xinluo District, 364000, China
| | - Xiunian Hu
- Department of orthopedics, Longyan First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Longyan City, Fujian Province, No. 105, Jiuyi North Road, Zhongcheng, Xinluo District, 364000, China
| | - Rijiang Chen
- Department of orthopedics, Longyan First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Longyan City, Fujian Province, No. 105, Jiuyi North Road, Zhongcheng, Xinluo District, 364000, China
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Molecular insights for an anti-osteoporotic properties of Litsea glutinosa on Saos-2 cells: An in-vitro approach. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2021; 13:100501. [PMID: 34799209 PMCID: PMC8728066 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2021.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a skeletal disease that is identified by the deterioration of micro-architecture of bone tissue, leading to enhanced bone brittleness and a consequential increase in fracture threat. There are many treatments available for osteoporosis such as bisphosphonate therapy, hormonal replacement therapy, herbal therapy etc. For decades, there are several herbs that are attributed to have anti-osteoporotic effects however the candidate genes involved in it remained unknown. In line with this, the present study is focused to elucidate the anti-osteoporotic property of Litsea glutinosa (LG). To understand the proliferative effect and identify involved players, gene expression was studied on the Saos-2 osteocytes in-vitro. The expression profile of candidate genes involved in different signaling pathways such as Egr-2, RUNX2, MAPK3, NFATc1, CREB, ERβ, along with proliferation and apoptotic markers in osteoporosis were selected for the study. The gene expression profile demonstrated a significant up-regulation of Egr-2, RUNX2, MAPK3, CREB, EBβ in the range of 1.5–2.2 folds, whereas NFATc1 was found to be down-regulated up to 0.4 times compared to control when treated with 250 μg/mL of LG. Besides this, anti-apoptosis effect of LG was also supported by flow cytometry results which also proved that LG induces proliferation and inhibits apoptosis, suggesting the proliferative role of LG. In conclusion, the present study gathers the potency of LG extract for its proliferative and anti-apoptotic effect on Saos-2 osteocytes and opens a new avenue for detailing the mechanistic actions of it on mitigating the pathophysiology of osteoporosis.
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Chitosan Covalently Functionalized with Peptides Mapped on Vitronectin and BMP-2 for Bone Tissue Engineering. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11112784. [PMID: 34835549 PMCID: PMC8622029 DOI: 10.3390/nano11112784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, over 20 million patients suffer from bone disorders annually. Bone scaffolds are designed to integrate into host tissue without causing adverse reactions. Recently, chitosan, an easily available natural polymer, has been considered a suitable scaffold for bone tissue growth as it is a biocompatible, biodegradable, and non-toxic material with antimicrobial activity and osteoinductive capacity. In this work, chitosan was covalently and selectively biofunctionalized with two suitably designed bioactive synthetic peptides: a Vitronectin sequence (HVP) and a BMP-2 peptide (GBMP1a). Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) investigations highlighted the presence of the peptides grafted to chitosan (named Chit-HVP and Chit-GBMP1a). Chit-HVP and Chit-GBMP1a porous scaffolds promoted human osteoblasts adhesion, proliferation, calcium deposition, and gene expression of three crucial osteoblast proteins. In particular, Chit-HVP highly promoted adhesion and proliferation of osteoblasts, while Chit-GBMP1a guided cell differentiation towards osteoblastic phenotype.
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Kim EJ, Jung JI, Jeon YE, Lee HS. Aqueous extract of Petasites japonicus leaves promotes osteoblast differentiation via up-regulation of Runx2 and Osterix in MC3T3-E1 cells. Nutr Res Pract 2021; 15:579-590. [PMID: 34603606 PMCID: PMC8446688 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2021.15.5.579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Petasites japonicus Maxim (P. japonicus) has been used as an edible and medicinal plant and contains many bioactive compounds. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of P. japonicus on osteogenesis. MATERIALS/METHODS The leaves and stems of P. japonicus were separated and extracted with hot water or ethanol, respectively. The total phenolic compound and total polyphenol contents of each extract were measured, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of each extract was evaluated to determine their effect on bone metabolism. To investigate the effect on osteoblast differentiation of the aqueous extract of P. japonicus leaves (AL), which produced the highest ALP activity among the tested extracts, collagen content was measured using the Sirius Red staining method, mineralization using the Alizarin Red S staining method, and osteocalcin production through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis. Also, real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed to investigate the mRNA expression levels of Runt-related transcriptional factor 2 (Runx2) and Osterix. RESULTS Among the 4 P. japonicus extracts, AL had the highest values in all of the following measures: total phenolic compounds, total polyphenols, and ALP activity, which is a major biomarker of osteoblast differentiation. The AL-treated MC3T3-E1 cells showed significant increases in induced osteoblast differentiation, collagen synthesis, mineralization, and osteocalcin production. In addition, mRNA expressions of Runx2 and Osterix, transcription factors that regulate osteoblast differentiation, were significantly increased. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that AL can regulate osteoblasts differentiation, at least in part through Runx2 and Osterix. Therefore, it is highly likely that P. japonicus will be useful as an alternate therapeutic for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ji Kim
- Regional Strategic Industry Innovation Center, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Jae In Jung
- Regional Strategic Industry Innovation Center, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Young Eun Jeon
- Regional Strategic Industry Innovation Center, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Hyun Sook Lee
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, Dongseo University, Busan 47011, Korea
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Karunarathne WAHM, Molagoda IMN, Lee KT, Choi YH, Jin CY, Kim GY. Anthocyanin-enriched polyphenols from Hibiscus syriacus L. (Malvaceae) exert anti-osteoporosis effects by inhibiting GSK-3β and subsequently activating β-catenin. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 91:153721. [PMID: 34461423 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The bark and petal of Hibiscus syriacus L. (Malvaceae) have been used to relieve pain in traditional Korean medicine. Recently, we identified anthocyanin-enriched polyphenols from the petal of H. syriacus L. (AHs) and determined its anti-melanogenic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidative properties. Nevertheless, the osteogenic potential of AHs remains unknown. PURPOSE This study was aimed to investigating the effect of AHs on osteoblast differentiation and osteogenesis in osteoblastic cell lines and zebrafish larvae. Furthermore, we investigated whether AHs ameliorates prednisolone (PDS)-induced osteoporosis. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Cell viability was assessed by cellular morphology, MTT assay, and flow cytometry analysis, and osteoblast differentiation was measured alizarin red staining, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and osteoblast-specific marker expression. Osteogenic and anti-osteoporotic effects of AHs were determined in zebrafish larvae. RESULTS AHs enhanced calcification and ALP activity concomitant with the increased expression of osterix (OSX), runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), and ALP in MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast and MG-63 osteosarcoma cells. Additionally, AHs accelerated vertebral formation and mineralization in zebrafish larvae, concurrent with the increased expression of OSX, RUNX2a, and ALP. Furthermore, PDS-induced loss of osteogenic activity and vertebral formation were restored by treatment with AHs, accompanied by a significant recovery of calcification, ALP activity, and osteogenic marker expression. Molecular docking studies showed that 16 components in AHs fit to glucagon synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β); particularly, isovitexin-4'-O-glucoside most strongly binds to the peptide backbone of GSK-3β at GLY47(O), GLY47(N), and ASN361(O), with a binding score of -7.3. Subsequently, AHs phosphorylated GSK-3β at SER9 (an inactive form) and released β-catenin into the nucleus. Pretreatment with FH535, a Wnt/β-catenin inhibitor, significantly inhibited AH-induced vertebral formation in zebrafish larvae. CONCLUSION AHs stimulate osteogenic activities through the inhibition of GSK-3β and subsequent activation of β-catenin, leading to anti-osteoporosis effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilandarage Menu Neelaka Molagoda
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Basic Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Tae Lee
- Forest Biomaterials Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science, Jinju 52817, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Oriental Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47227, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheng-Yun Jin
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Drug Preparation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gi-Young Kim
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Basic Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea.
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Gao Y, Patil S, Jia J. The Development of Molecular Biology of Osteoporosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8182. [PMID: 34360948 PMCID: PMC8347149 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is one of the major bone disorders that affects both women and men, and causes bone deterioration and bone strength. Bone remodeling maintains bone mass and mineral homeostasis through the balanced action of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are responsible for bone formation and bone resorption, respectively. The imbalance in bone remodeling is known to be the main cause of osteoporosis. The imbalance can be the result of the action of various molecules produced by one bone cell that acts on other bone cells and influence cell activity. The understanding of the effect of these molecules on bone can help identify new targets and therapeutics to prevent and treat bone disorders. In this article, we have focused on molecules that are produced by osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts and their mechanism of action on these cells. We have also summarized the different pharmacological osteoporosis treatments that target different molecular aspects of these bone cells to minimize osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongguang Gao
- Tangshan Key Laboratory of Green Speciality Chemicals, Department of Chemistry, Tangshan Normal University, Tangshan 063000, China;
| | - Suryaji Patil
- Lab for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China;
| | - Jingxian Jia
- Tangshan Key Laboratory of Green Speciality Chemicals, Department of Chemistry, Tangshan Normal University, Tangshan 063000, China;
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Ma M, Li H, Wang P, Yang W, Mi R, Zhuang J, Jiang Y, Lu Y, Shen X, Wu Y, Shen H. ATF6 aggravates angiogenesis-osteogenesis coupling during ankylosing spondylitis by mediating FGF2 expression in chondrocytes. iScience 2021; 24:102791. [PMID: 34296071 PMCID: PMC8281657 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although angiogenesis-osteogenesis coupling is important in ankylosing spondylitis (AS), therapeutic agents targeting the vasculature remain elusive. Here, we identified activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) as an important regulator of angiogenesis in the pathogenesis of AS. First, we found that ATF6 and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) levels were higher in SKG mice and in cartilage of pateints with AS1. The proangiogenic activity of human chondrocytes was enhanced by the activation of the ATF6-FGF2 axis following 7 days of stimulation with inflammatory factors, e.g., tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ) or interleukin-17 (IL-17). Mechanistically, ATF6 interacted with the FGF2 promotor and promoted its transcription. Treatment with the ATF6 inhibitor Ceapin-A7 inhibited angiogenesis in vitro and angiogenesis-osteogenesis coupling in vivo. ATF6 may aggravate angiogenesis-osteogenesis coupling during AS by mediating FGF2 transcription in chondrocytes, implying that ATF6 represents a promising therapeutic target for AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjun Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518003, China
| | - Hongyu Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518003, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518003, China
| | - Wen Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518003, China
| | - Rujia Mi
- Center for Biotherapy, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518003, China
| | - Jiahao Zhuang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518003, China
| | - Yuhang Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518003, China
| | - Yixuan Lu
- Center for Biotherapy, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518003, China
| | - Xin Shen
- Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518003, China
| | - Yanfeng Wu
- Center for Biotherapy, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518003, China
| | - Huiyong Shen
- Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518003, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China
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Mkhumbeni N, Pillay M, Mtunzi F, Motaung KSC. Effect of Eucomis autumnalis on the Osteogenic Differentiation of Adipose Derived Stem Cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2021; 28:136-149. [PMID: 34269614 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2021.0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Eucomis autumnalis subsp. autumnalis (Mill.) Chitt. (EASA) is a commonly used medicinal plant for the treatment of fractures, osteoarthritis, back pain, and wound healing in Southern Africa. In this study, the effects of water and acetone extracts of EASA on the viability, osteogenic differentiation, and mineralization of human adipose derived stem cells (hADSCs) were investigated in vitro. The results showed that both water and acetone extracts of EASA increased cell viability at concentrations between 10 to 50 µg/mL on day 7 and 14 of treatment. Osteogenic differentiation and mineralization of hADSCs was optimal at 5 μg/mL for the water extract and at 5 to 10 μg/ml for the acetone extract. A 5 µg/ml acetone extract up-regulated the expression of the ALP, Runx2, Col1a1, and osteocalcin genes. In addition, EASA up-regulated β-catenin, cyclin D1 and osteoprotegerin genes. The results suggest that EASA may likely up-regulate the expression of β-catenin, which subsequently up-regulates the osteogenic marker genes through Runx2. On the other hand, EASA also up-regulates cyclin D1 supporting the growth of precursor cells. Additionally, EASA upregulated the expression of osteoprotegerin (OPG) suggesting that it may inhibit bone resorption. The results of this study support the traditional use of the plant in bone healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolutho Mkhumbeni
- Tshwane University of Technology Faculty of Science, 275316, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa.,Vaal University of Technology Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences, 442135, Department of Health Sciences, Vanderbijlpark, Gauteng, South Africa;
| | - Michael Pillay
- Vaal University of Technology Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences, 442135, Department of Biotechnology, Vanderbijlpark, Gauteng, South Africa;
| | - Fanyana Mtunzi
- Vaal University of Technology Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences, 442135, Department of Chemistry , Vanderbijlpark, Gauteng, South Africa;
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Zhang YL, Liu L, Peymanfar Y, Anderson P, Xian CJ. Roles of MicroRNAs in Osteogenesis or Adipogenesis Differentiation of Bone Marrow Stromal Progenitor Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137210. [PMID: 34281266 PMCID: PMC8269269 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) are multipotent cells which can differentiate into chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and fat cells. Under pathological stress, reduced bone formation in favour of fat formation in the bone marrow has been observed through a switch in the differentiation of BMSCs. The bone/fat switch causes bone growth defects and disordered bone metabolism in bone marrow, for which the mechanisms remain unclear, and treatments are lacking. Studies suggest that small non-coding RNAs (microRNAs) could participate in regulating BMSC differentiation by disrupting the post-transcription of target genes, leading to bone/fat formation changes. This review presents an emerging concept of microRNA regulation in the bone/fat formation switch in bone marrow, the evidence for which is assembled mainly from in vivo and in vitro human or animal models. Characterization of changes to microRNAs reveals novel networks that mediate signalling and factors in regulating bone/fat switch and homeostasis. Recent advances in our understanding of microRNAs in their control in BMSC differentiation have provided valuable insights into underlying mechanisms and may have significant potential in development of new therapeutics.
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Huai Y, Zhang WJ, Wang W, Dang K, Jiang SF, Li DM, Li M, Hao Q, Miao ZP, Li Y, Qian AR. Systems pharmacology dissection of action mechanisms for herbs in osteoporosis treatment. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2021; 13:313-331. [PMID: 36118922 PMCID: PMC9476722 DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Osteoporosis has become the biggest cause of non-fatal health issue. Currently, the limitations of traditional anti-osteoporosis drugs such as long-term ill-effects and drug resistance, have raised concerns toward complementary and alternative therapies, particularly herbal medicines and their natural active compounds. Thus, this study aimed to provide an integrative analysis of active chemicals, drug targets and interacting pathways of the herbs for osteoporosis treatment. Methods Here, we introduced a systematic pharmacology model, combining the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) screening model, drug targeting and network pharmacology, to probe into the therapeutic mechanisms of herbs in osteoporosis. Results We obtained 86 natural compounds with favorable pharmacokinetic profiles and their 58 targets from seven osteoporosis-related herbs. Network analysis revealed that they probably synergistically work through multiple mechanisms, such as suppressing inflammatory response, maintaining bone metabolism or improving organism immunity, to benefit patients with osteoporosis. Furthermore, experimental results showed that all the five compounds (calycosin, asperosaponin VI, hederagenin, betulinic acid and luteolin) enhanced osteoblast proliferation and differentiation in vitro, which corroborated the validity of this system pharmacology approach. Notably, gentisin and aureusidin among the identified compounds were first predicted to be associated with osteoporosis. Conclusion Herbs and their natural compounds, being characterized as the classical combination therapies, might be engaged in multiple mechanisms to coordinately improve the osteoporosis symptoms. This work may contribute to offer novel strategies and clues for the therapy and drug discovery of osteoporosis and other complex diseases.
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Ding M, Liu B, Chen X, Ouyang Z, Peng D, Zhou Y. MiR-99b-5p suppressed proliferation of human osteoblasts by targeting FGFR3 in osteoporosis. Hum Cell 2021; 34:1398-1409. [PMID: 34156640 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-021-00567-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a common skeletal disease characterized by reduced bone mass partially caused by an imbalance between bone resorption and formation. Considering the potential role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in osteoporosis, we attempted to identify deregulated miRNA that participates in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. We analyzed online datasets for differentially expressed miRNAs and predicted deregulated miRNA target genes, applied these genes for signaling pathway enrichment annotation, and selected the possible miR-99b-5p/FGFR3 axis. Within osteoporosis bone tissues, miR-99b-5p was upregulated and FGFR3 was downregulated. miR-99b-5p overexpression inhibited osteoblast proliferation and osteogenesis-related genes expression, whereas FGFR3 overexpression exerted opposite effects upon the proliferation of osteoblasts and osteogenesis-related genes expression. By direct targeting, miR-99b-5p inhibited FGFR3 expression. Moreover, FGFR3 silencing significantly reversed the roles of miR-99b-5p inhibition in the proliferation of osteoblasts and osteogenesis-related genes expression. In conclusion, we identify a deregulated miRNA/mRNA axis in osteoporosis and osteogenic differentiation, namely the miR-99b-5p/FGFR3 axis; through targeting FGFR3, miR-99b-5p inhibits osteoblast proliferation and activity, which might subsequently affect the bone formation in osteoporosis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muliang Ding
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410001, Hunan, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410001, Hunan, China
| | - Xia Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410001, Hunan, China
| | - Zhengxiao Ouyang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410001, Hunan, China
| | - Dan Peng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410001, Hunan, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410001, Hunan, China. .,Emergency Medicine and Difficult Diseases Institute, Central South University, Changsha, 410001, Hunan, China.
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Sun W, Li M, Xie L, Mai Z, Zhang Y, Luo L, Yan Z, Li Z, Dong H, Huang F, Shen Z, Jiang Z. Exploring the Mechanism of Total Flavonoids of Drynariae Rhizoma to Improve Large Bone Defects by Network Pharmacology and Experimental Assessment. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:603734. [PMID: 34149403 PMCID: PMC8210422 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.603734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Drynariae Rhizoma (DR) has been demonstrated to be effective in promoting fracture healing in clinical use. In the study, we tried to predicate potential signaling pathways and active ingredients of DR via network pharmacology, uncover its regulation mechanism to improve large bone defects by in vivo and in vitro experiment. We total discovered 18 potential active ingredients such as flavonoids and 81 corresponding targets, in which mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway has the highest correlation with bone defects in pathway and functional enrichment analysis. Therefore, we hypothesized that flavonoids in DR improve large bone defects by activating MAPK signaling pathway. Animal experiments were carried out and all rats randomly divided into TFDR low, medium, and high dosage group, model group and control group. 12 weeks after treatment, according to X-ray and Micro-CT, TFDR medium dosage group significantly promote new bone mineralization compared with other groups. The results of HE and Masson staining and in vitro ALP level of BMSC also demonstrated the formation of bone matrix and mineralization in the TFDR groups. Also, angiographic imaging suggested that flavonoids in DR promoting angiogenesis in the defect area. Consistently, TFDR significantly enhanced the expression of BMP-2, RUNX-2, VEGF, HIF-1 in large bone defect rats based on ELISA and Real-Time PCR. Overall, we not only discover the active ingredients of DR in this study, but also explained how flavonoids in DR regulating MAPK signaling pathway to improve large bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weipeng Sun
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Minying Li
- Medical College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lei Xie
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhexing Mai
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lieliang Luo
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zijian Yan
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zige Li
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hang Dong
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Feng Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhen Shen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Kunming Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Ziwei Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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Marycz K, Smieszek A, Marcinkowska K, Sikora M, Turlej E, Sobierajska P, Patej A, Bienko A, Wiglusz RJ. Nanohydroxyapatite (nHAp) Doped with Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (IO), miR-21 and miR-124 Under Magnetic Field Conditions Modulates Osteoblast Viability, Reduces Inflammation and Inhibits the Growth of Osteoclast - A Novel Concept for Osteoporosis Treatment: Part 1. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:3429-3456. [PMID: 34040372 PMCID: PMC8140937 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s303412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Osteoporosis results in a severe decrease in the life quality of many people worldwide. The latest data shows that the number of osteoporotic fractures is becoming an increasing international health service problem. Therefore, a new kind of controllable treatment methods for osteoporotic fractures is extensively desired. For that reason, we have manufactured and evaluated nanohydroxyapatite (nHAp)-based composite co-doped with iron oxide (IO) nanoparticles. The biomaterial was used as a matrix for the controlled delivery of miR-21-5p and miR-124-3p, which have a proven impact on bone cell metabolism. Methods The nanocomposite Ca5(PO4)3OH/Fe3O4 (later called nHAp/IO) was obtained by the wet chemistry method and functionalised with microRNAs (nHAp/IO@miR-21/124). Its physicochemical characterization was performed using XRPD, FT-IR, SEM-EDS and HRTEM and SAED methods. The modulatory effect of the composite was tested in vitro using murine pre-osteoblasts MC3T3-E1 and pre-osteoclasts 4B12. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory effects of biomaterial were analysed using a model of LPS-treated murine macrophages RAW 264.7. We have analysed the cells’ viability, mitochondria membrane potential and oxidative stress under magnetic field (MF+) and without (MF-). Moreover, the results were supplemented with RT-qPCR and Western blot assays to evaluate the expression profile for master regulators of bone metabolism. Results The results indicated pro-osteogenic effects of nHAp/IO@miR-21/124 composite enhanced by exposure to MF. The enhanced osteogenesis guided by nHAp/IO@miR-21/124 presence was associated with increased metabolism of progenitor cells and activation of osteogenic markers (Runx-2, Opn, Coll-1). Simultaneously, nanocomposite decreased metabolism and differentiation of pre-osteoclastic 4B12 cells accompanied by reduced expression of CaII and Ctsk. Obtained composite regulated viability of bone progenitor cells and showed immunomodulatory properties inhibiting the expression of inflammatory markers, ie, TNF-α, iNOs or IL-1β, in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Conclusion We have described for the first time a new concept of osteoporosis treatment based on nHAp/IO@miR-21/124 application. Obtained results indicated that fabricated nanocomposite might impact proper regeneration of osteoporotic bone, restoring the balance between osteoblasts and osteoclast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Marycz
- The Department of Experimental Biology, The Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland.,International Institute of Translational Medicine, Malin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Smieszek
- The Department of Experimental Biology, The Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Klaudia Marcinkowska
- The Department of Experimental Biology, The Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Sikora
- The Department of Experimental Biology, The Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Eliza Turlej
- The Department of Experimental Biology, The Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Adrian Patej
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, PAS, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Alina Bienko
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Rafal J Wiglusz
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, PAS, Wroclaw, Poland
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Li M, Cheng D, Li H, Yao W, Guo D, Wang S, Si J. Tributyltin perturbs femoral cortical architecture and polar moment of inertia in rat. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2021; 22:427. [PMID: 33962613 PMCID: PMC8106170 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-021-04298-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tributyltin, a well-known endocrine disruptor, is widely used in agriculture and industry. Previous studies have shown that tributyltin could cause deleterious effects on bone health by impairing the adipo-osteogenic balance in bone marrow. Methods To investigate further the effects of tributyltin on bone, weaned male SD rats were treated with tributyltin (0.5, 5 or 50 μg·kg− 1) or corn oil by gavage once every 3 days for 60 days in this study. Then, we analyzed the effects of tributyltin on geometry, the polar moment of inertia, mineral content, relative abundances of mRNA from representative genes related to adipogenesis and osteogenesis, serum calcium ion and inorganic phosphate levels. Results Micro-computed tomography analysis revealed that treatment with 50 μg·kg− 1 tributyltin caused an obvious decrease in femoral cortical cross sectional area, marrow area, periosteal circumference and derived polar moment of inertia in rats. However, other test results showed that exposure to tributyltin resulted in no significant changes in the expression of genes detected, femoral cancellous architecture, ash content, as well as serum calcium ion and inorganic phosphate levels. Conclusions Exposure to a low dose of tributyltin from the prepubertal to adult stage produced adverse effects on skeletal architecture and strength. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12891-021-04298-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Li
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xi Lu, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Dong Cheng
- Department of Toxicology, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Toxicology, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Wenhuan Yao
- Department of Toxicology, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Dongmei Guo
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xi Lu, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Shu'e Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xi Lu, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Jiliang Si
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xi Lu, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
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Influence of varying concentrations of chitosan coating on the pore wall of polycaprolactone based porous scaffolds for tissue engineering application. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 259:117501. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Weiss CV, Harshman L, Inoue F, Fraser HB, Petrov DA, Ahituv N, Gokhman D. The cis-regulatory effects of modern human-specific variants. eLife 2021; 10:e63713. [PMID: 33885362 PMCID: PMC8062137 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Neanderthal and Denisovan genomes enabled the discovery of sequences that differ between modern and archaic humans, the majority of which are noncoding. However, our understanding of the regulatory consequences of these differences remains limited, in part due to the decay of regulatory marks in ancient samples. Here, we used a massively parallel reporter assay in embryonic stem cells, neural progenitor cells, and bone osteoblasts to investigate the regulatory effects of the 14,042 single-nucleotide modern human-specific variants. Overall, 1791 (13%) of sequences containing these variants showed active regulatory activity, and 407 (23%) of these drove differential expression between human groups. Differentially active sequences were associated with divergent transcription factor binding motifs, and with genes enriched for vocal tract and brain anatomy and function. This work provides insight into the regulatory function of variants that emerged along the modern human lineage and the recent evolution of human gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly V Weiss
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, StanfordStanfordUnited States
| | - Lana Harshman
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Fumitaka Inoue
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Hunter B Fraser
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, StanfordStanfordUnited States
| | - Dmitri A Petrov
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, StanfordStanfordUnited States
| | - Nadav Ahituv
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - David Gokhman
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, StanfordStanfordUnited States
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The Novel Membrane-Type Micro-system to Assess the Bonus Effect of Physiological and Physical Stimuli on Bone Regeneration. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-021-00023-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Donsante S, Palmisano B, Serafini M, Robey PG, Corsi A, Riminucci M. From Stem Cells to Bone-Forming Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083989. [PMID: 33924333 PMCID: PMC8070464 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone formation starts near the end of the embryonic stage of development and continues throughout life during bone modeling and growth, remodeling, and when needed, regeneration. Bone-forming cells, traditionally termed osteoblasts, produce, assemble, and control the mineralization of the type I collagen-enriched bone matrix while participating in the regulation of other cell processes, such as osteoclastogenesis, and metabolic activities, such as phosphate homeostasis. Osteoblasts are generated by different cohorts of skeletal stem cells that arise from different embryonic specifications, which operate in the pre-natal and/or adult skeleton under the control of multiple regulators. In this review, we briefly define the cellular identity and function of osteoblasts and discuss the main populations of osteoprogenitor cells identified to date. We also provide examples of long-known and recently recognized regulatory pathways and mechanisms involved in the specification of the osteogenic lineage, as assessed by studies on mice models and human genetic skeletal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Donsante
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina 324, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.D.); (B.P.); (A.C.)
- Centro Ricerca M. Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo, 20900 Monza, Italy;
| | - Biagio Palmisano
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina 324, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.D.); (B.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Marta Serafini
- Centro Ricerca M. Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo, 20900 Monza, Italy;
| | - Pamela G. Robey
- Skeletal Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Alessandro Corsi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina 324, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.D.); (B.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Mara Riminucci
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina 324, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.D.); (B.P.); (A.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Peng C, Liu F, Su KJ, Lin X, Song YQ, Shen J, Hu SD, Chen QC, Yuan HH, Li WX, Zeng CP, Deng HW, Lou HL. Enhanced Identification of Novel Potential Variants for Appendicular Lean Mass by Leveraging Pleiotropy With Bone Mineral Density. Front Immunol 2021; 12:643894. [PMID: 33889153 PMCID: PMC8056257 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.643894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong relationships have been found between appendicular lean mass (ALM) and bone mineral density (BMD). It may be due to a shared genetic basis, termed pleiotropy. By leveraging the pleiotropy with BMD, the aim of this study was to detect more potential genetic variants for ALM. Using the conditional false discovery rate (cFDR) methodology, a combined analysis of the summary statistics of two large independent genome wide association studies (GWAS) of ALM (n = 73,420) and BMD (n = 10,414) was conducted. Strong pleiotropic enrichment and 26 novel potential pleiotropic SNPs were found for ALM and BMD. We identified 156 SNPs for ALM (cFDR <0.05), of which 74 were replicates of previous GWASs and 82 were novel SNPs potentially-associated with ALM. Eleven genes annotated by 31 novel SNPs (13 pleiotropic and 18 ALM specific) were partially validated in a gene expression assay. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that genes corresponding to the novel potential SNPs were enriched in GO terms and/or KEGG pathways that played important roles in muscle development and/or BMD metabolism (adjP <0.05). In protein–protein interaction analysis, rich interactions were demonstrated among the proteins produced by the corresponding genes. In conclusion, the present study, as in other recent studies we have conducted, demonstrated superior efficiency and reliability of the cFDR methodology for enhanced detection of trait-associated genetic variants. Our findings shed novel insight into the genetic variability of ALM in addition to the shared genetic basis underlying ALM and BMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Peng
- Department of Geriatrics, National Key Clinical Specialty, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, National Key Clinical Specialty, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kuan-Jui Su
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Department of Global Biostatistics and Data Science, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Xu Lin
- Shunde Hospital of Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde), Foshan City, China
| | - Yu-Qian Song
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Shunde Hospital of Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde), Foshan City, China
| | - Shi-Di Hu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiao-Cong Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, National Key Clinical Specialty, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Hui Yuan
- Department of Geriatrics, National Key Clinical Specialty, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Xi Li
- Department of Geriatrics, National Key Clinical Specialty, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chun-Ping Zeng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Wen Deng
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Department of Global Biostatistics and Data Science, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Hui-Ling Lou
- Department of Geriatrics, National Key Clinical Specialty, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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Biosse Duplan M, Dambroise E, Estibals V, Veziers J, Guicheux J, Legeai-Mallet L. An Fgfr3-activating mutation in immature murine osteoblasts affects the appendicular and craniofacial skeleton. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:dmm048272. [PMID: 33737326 PMCID: PMC8084574 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.048272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Achondroplasia (ACH), the most common form of dwarfism, is caused by a missense mutation in the gene coding for fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3). The resulting increase in FGFR3 signaling perturbs the proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes (CCs), alters the process of endochondral ossification and thus reduces bone elongation. Increased FGFR3 signaling in osteoblasts (OBs) might also contribute to bone anomalies in ACH. In the present study of a mouse model of ACH, we sought to determine whether FGFR3 overactivation in OBs leads to bone modifications. The model carries an Fgfr3-activating mutation (Fgfr3Y367C/+) that accurately mimics ACH; we targeted the mutation to either immature OBs and hypertrophic CCs or to mature OBs by using the Osx-cre and collagen 1α1 (2.3 kb Col1a1)-cre mouse strains, respectively. We observed that Fgfr3 activation in immature OBs and hypertrophic CCs (Osx-Fgfr3) not only perturbed the hypertrophic cells of the growth plate (thus affecting long bone growth) but also led to osteopenia and low cortical thickness in long bones in adult (3-month-old) mice but not growing (3-week-old) mice. Importantly, craniofacial membranous bone defects were present in the adult mice. In contrast, activation of Fgfr3 in mature OBs (Col1-Fgfr3) had very limited effects on skeletal shape, size and micro-architecture. In vitro, we observed that Fgfr3 activation in immature OBs was associated with low mineralization activity. In conclusion, immature OBs appear to be affected by Fgfr3 overactivation, which might contribute to the bone modifications observed in ACH independently of CCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Biosse Duplan
- Laboratory of Molecular and Physiopathological Bases of Osteochondrodysplasia, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, Paris 75015, France
- Université de Paris, Paris 75006, France
- Service de Médecine Bucco-Dentaire, Hôpital Bretonneau, AP-HP, Paris 75018, France
| | - Emilie Dambroise
- Laboratory of Molecular and Physiopathological Bases of Osteochondrodysplasia, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, Paris 75015, France
- Université de Paris, Paris 75006, France
| | - Valentin Estibals
- Laboratory of Molecular and Physiopathological Bases of Osteochondrodysplasia, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, Paris 75015, France
- Université de Paris, Paris 75006, France
| | - Joelle Veziers
- Inserm, UMR 1229, RMeS – Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, Université de Nantes, ONIRIS, Nantes, F-44042, France
- SC3M, SFR Santé F. Bonamy, FED 4203, UMS Inserm 016, CNRS 3556, Nantes F-44042, France
- CHU Nantes, PHU4 OTONN, Nantes, F-44093, France
| | - Jérome Guicheux
- Inserm, UMR 1229, RMeS – Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, Université de Nantes, ONIRIS, Nantes, F-44042, France
- SC3M, SFR Santé F. Bonamy, FED 4203, UMS Inserm 016, CNRS 3556, Nantes F-44042, France
- CHU Nantes, PHU4 OTONN, Nantes, F-44093, France
| | - Laurence Legeai-Mallet
- Laboratory of Molecular and Physiopathological Bases of Osteochondrodysplasia, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, Paris 75015, France
- Université de Paris, Paris 75006, France
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Amarasekara DS, Kim S, Rho J. Regulation of Osteoblast Differentiation by Cytokine Networks. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062851. [PMID: 33799644 PMCID: PMC7998677 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoblasts, which are bone-forming cells, play pivotal roles in bone modeling and remodeling. Osteoblast differentiation, also known as osteoblastogenesis, is orchestrated by transcription factors, such as runt-related transcription factor 1/2, osterix, activating transcription factor 4, special AT-rich sequence-binding protein 2 and activator protein-1. Osteoblastogenesis is regulated by a network of cytokines under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Osteoblastogenic cytokines, such as interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-11, IL-18, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), cardiotrophin-1 and oncostatin M, promote osteoblastogenesis, whereas anti-osteoblastogenic cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), TNF-β, IL-1α, IL-4, IL-7, IL-12, IL-13, IL-23, IFN-α, IFN-β, leukemia inhibitory factor, cardiotrophin-like cytokine, and ciliary neurotrophic factor, downregulate osteoblastogenesis. Although there are gaps in the body of knowledge regarding the interplay of cytokine networks in osteoblastogenesis, cytokines appear to be potential therapeutic targets in bone-related diseases. Thus, in this study, we review and discuss our osteoblast, osteoblast differentiation, osteoblastogenesis, cytokines, signaling pathway of cytokine networks in osteoblastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dulshara Sachini Amarasekara
- Department of Zoology and Environment Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Colombo 00300, Sri Lanka;
| | - Sumi Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea;
| | - Jaerang Rho
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-42-821-6420; Fax: +82-42-822-7367
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Adhikari N, Prasad Aryal Y, Jung JK, Ha JH, Choi SY, Kim JY, Lee TH, Kim SH, Yamamoto H, Suh JY, An CH, Lee Y, Sohn WJ, An SY, Kim JY. Resveratrol enhances bone formation by modulating inflammation in the mouse periodontitis model. J Periodontal Res 2021; 56:735-745. [PMID: 33682929 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of resveratrol on periodontal bone regeneration after local delivery and to determine its effect on inflammatory mediators. BACKGROUND Resveratrol is considered an anti-inflammatory polyphenolic stilbene involved in the modulation of inflammation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Periodontitis was induced in mouse molars using a 5-day ligature model followed by the left second molar extraction and 50 µM resveratrol treatment for 1 and 2 weeks. We then examined specimens treated for 1 week histologically and with immunostaining. Microfocus-computed tomography (micro-CT) was used to examine the bone volume formation. RESULTS After 1 week of treatment, proinflammatory cytokine levels (TNF-alpha and IL6), cells exhibiting neutrophil and macrophage marker (MPO), cell proliferation marker (Ki67), and preosteoblastic marker (RUNX2) reactivity decreased in the resveratrol-treated specimens compared to the control group. In contrast, we observed a higher number of CD31-, F4/80-, and osteocalcin- (OCN-) positive cells in the resveratrol-treated specimens. After 2 weeks, micro-CT confirmed an increased bone mass in the region of the extraction socket in the resveratrol-treated group. CONCLUSION After 1 week, the resveratrol-treated specimens revealed evidence of inflammation modulation compared to the control group. These data suggest that resveratrol not only affects inflammation control but also is useful for treating periodontitis-related tissue defects and bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirpesh Adhikari
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Yam Prasad Aryal
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jae-Kwang Jung
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jung-Hong Ha
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - So-Young Choi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Ji-Youn Kim
- Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Health Science, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Tae-Hoon Lee
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Dental Science Research Institute, Medical Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hitoshi Yamamoto
- Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jo-Young Suh
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Chang-Hyeon An
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Youngkyun Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Wern-Joo Sohn
- Division of Biotechnology and Convergence, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Korea
| | - Seo-Young An
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jae-Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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McGowan LM, Kague E, Vorster A, Newham E, Cross S, Hammond CL. Wnt16 Elicits a Protective Effect Against Fractures and Supports Bone Repair in Zebrafish. JBMR Plus 2021; 5:e10461. [PMID: 33778326 PMCID: PMC7990157 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone homeostasis is a dynamic, multicellular process that is required throughout life to maintain bone integrity, prevent fracture, and respond to skeletal damage. WNT16 has been linked to bone fragility and osteoporosis in human genome wide‐association studies, as well as the functional hematopoiesis of leukocytes in vivo. However, the mechanisms by which WNT16 promotes bone health and repair are not fully understood. In this study, CRISPR‐Cas9 was used to generate mutant zebrafish lacking Wnt16 (wnt16−/−) to study its effect on bone dynamically. The wnt16 mutants displayed variable tissue mineral density (TMD) and were susceptible to spontaneous fractures and the accumulation of bone calluses at an early age. Fractures were induced in the lepidotrichia of the caudal fins of wnt16−/− and WT zebrafish; this model was used to probe the mechanisms by which Wnt16 regulates skeletal and immune cell dynamics in vivo. In WT fins, wnt16 expression increased significantly during the early stages for bone repair. Mineralization of bone during fracture repair was significantly delayed in wnt16 mutants compared with WT zebrafish. Surprisingly, there was no evidence that the recruitment of innate immune cells to fractures or soft callus formation was altered in wnt16 mutants. However, osteoblast recruitment was significantly delayed in wnt16 mutants postfracture, coinciding with precocious activation of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. In situ hybridization suggests that canonical Wnt‐responsive cells within fractures are osteoblast progenitors, and that osteoblast differentiation during bone repair is coordinated by the dynamic expression of runx2a and wnt16. This study highlights zebrafish as an emerging model for functionally validating osteoporosis–associated genes and investigating fracture repair dynamically in vivo. Using this model, it was found that Wnt16 protects against fracture and supports bone repair, likely by modulating canonical Wnt activity via runx2a to facilitate osteoblast differentiation and bone matrix deposition. © 2021 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy M McGowan
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience University of Bristol Bristol UK
| | - Erika Kague
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience University of Bristol Bristol UK
| | - Alistair Vorster
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience University of Bristol Bristol UK
| | - Elis Newham
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience University of Bristol Bristol UK
| | - Stephen Cross
- Wolfson Bioimaging Facility University of Bristol Bristol UK
| | - Chrissy L Hammond
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience University of Bristol Bristol UK
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84
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Omelka R, Kovacova V, Mondockova V, Grosskopf B, Kolesarova A, Martiniakova M. Cyanogenic glycoside amygdalin influences functions of human osteoblasts in vitro. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2021; 56:109-116. [PMID: 33504261 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2020.1852054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Amygdalin has been promoted as an alternative cancer cure. However, it is still unclear how this cyanogenic glycoside affects non-cancer cells including bone cells. This study first investigated the impact of amygdalin on viability, morphology and expression of important genes in human osteoblasts in vitro. Primary human osteoblast cultures were exposed to amygdalin at concentrations 0; 0.1; 1 and 10 mg/mL in growth medium for 72 h. Cell viability, osteoblasts morphology and expression of 10 genes associated with osteoblast-specific pathways, oxidative stress and cell death were determined. Osteoblasts viability was significantly decreased (-27.26%) and their size was reduced (-23.20%) at the highest concentration of amygdalin (10 mg/mL). This concentration of amygdalin down-regulated the expression of COL1A1 and ALPL genes, whereas the expression of BGLAP, TNFSF11 and WNT5A genes was increased. The osteoblast cultivation with 0.1 mg/mL amygdalin caused down-regulation of COL1A1 gene. No changes in expression were determined for RUNX2, BAX, CASP1, SOD1 and GPX1 genes among all tested concentrations of amygdalin. In conclusion, amygdalin in a high concentration negatively affected mineralization of extracellular matrix, increased bone resorption and decreased osteoblast viability. These changes were accompanied by modified expression profiles of responsible genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radoslav Omelka
- Department of Botany and Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Veronika Kovacova
- Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Vladimira Mondockova
- Department of Botany and Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Birgit Grosskopf
- Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August University in Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Adriana Kolesarova
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Monika Martiniakova
- Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Nitra, Slovak Republic
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85
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Targeted Ptpn11 deletion in mice reveals the essential role of SHP2 in osteoblast differentiation and skeletal homeostasis. Bone Res 2021; 9:6. [PMID: 33500396 PMCID: PMC7838289 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-020-00129-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The maturation and function of osteoblasts (OBs) rely heavily on the reversible phosphorylation of signaling proteins. To date, most of the work in OBs has focused on phosphorylation by tyrosyl kinases, but little has been revealed about dephosphorylation by protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases). SHP2 (encoded by PTPN11) is a ubiquitously expressed PTPase. PTPN11 mutations are associated with both bone and cartilage manifestations in patients with Noonan syndrome (NS) and metachondromatosis (MC), although the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we report that SHP2 deletion in bone gamma-carboxyglutamate protein-expressing (Bglap+) bone cells leads to massive osteopenia in both trabecular and cortical bones due to the failure of bone cell maturation and enhanced osteoclast activity, and its deletion in Bglap+ chondrocytes results in the onset of enchondroma and osteochondroma in aged mice with increased tubular bone length. Mechanistically, SHP2 was found to be required for osteoblastic differentiation by promoting RUNX2/OSTERIX signaling and for the suppression of osteoclastogenesis by inhibiting STAT3-mediated RANKL production by osteoblasts and osteocytes. These findings are likely to explain the compromised skeletal system in NS and MC patients and to inform the development of novel therapeutics to combat skeletal disorders.
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86
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Busby T, Chen Y, Godfrey TC, Rehan M, Wildman BJ, Smith CM, Hassan Q. Baf45a Mediated Chromatin Remodeling Promotes Transcriptional Activation for Osteogenesis and Odontogenesis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:763392. [PMID: 35046892 PMCID: PMC8762305 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.763392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromatin remodeling, specifically the tissue-specific regulation in mineralized tissues, is an understudied avenue of gene regulation. Here we show that Baf45a and Baf45d, two Baf45 homologs belong to ATPase-dependent SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex, preferentially expressed in osteoblasts and odontoblasts compared to Baf45b and Baf45c. Recently, biochemical studies revealed that BAF45A associates with Polybromo-associated BAF (PBAF) complex. However, the BAF45D subunit belongs to the polymorphic canonical BRG1-associated factor (cBAF) complex. Protein profiles of osteoblast and odontoblast differentiation uncovered a significant increase of BAF45A and PBAF subunits during early osteoblast and odontoblast maturation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) during the bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) differentiation showed higher histone H3K9 and H3K27 acetylation modifications in the promoter of Baf45a and Baf45d and increased binding of bone and tooth specific transcription factor RUNX2. Overexpression of Baf45a in osteoblasts activates genes essential for the progression of osteoblast maturation and mineralization. Furthermore, shRNA-mediated knockdown of Baf45a in odontoblasts leads to markedly altered genes responsible for the proliferation, apoptosis, DNA repair, and modest decrease in dentinogenic marker gene expression. Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin sequencing (ATAC-seq) assay in Baf45a knockout osteoblasts revealed a noticeable reduction in chromatin accessibility of osteoblast and odontoblast specific genes, along with transcription factor Atf4 and Klf4. Craniofacial mesenchyme-specific loss of Baf45a modestly reduced the mineralization of the tooth and mandibular bone. These findings indicated that BAF45A-dependent mineralized tissue-specific chromatin remodeling through PBAF-RUNX2 crosstalk results in transcriptional activation is critical for early differentiation and matrix maturation of mineralized tissues.
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87
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Newton AH, Pask AJ. Evolution and expansion of the RUNX2 QA repeat corresponds with the emergence of vertebrate complexity. Commun Biol 2020; 3:771. [PMID: 33319865 PMCID: PMC7738678 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01501-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) is critical for the development of the vertebrate bony skeleton. Unlike other RUNX family members, RUNX2 possesses a variable poly-glutamine, poly-alanine (QA) repeat domain. Natural variation within this repeat is able to alter the transactivation potential of RUNX2, acting as an evolutionary 'tuning knob' suggested to influence mammalian skull shape. However, the broader role of the RUNX2 QA repeat throughout vertebrate evolution is unknown. In this perspective, we examine the role of the RUNX2 QA repeat during skeletal development and discuss how its emergence and expansion may have facilitated the evolution of morphological novelty in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel H Newton
- Biosciences 4, The School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology, The School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
| | - Andrew J Pask
- Biosciences 4, The School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
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88
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Daher MT, Bausero P, Agbulut O, Li Z, Parlakian A. Bcl11b/Ctip2 in Skin, Tooth, and Craniofacial System. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:581674. [PMID: 33363142 PMCID: PMC7758212 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.581674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ctip2/Bcl11b is a zinc finger transcription factor with dual action (repression/activation) that couples epigenetic regulation to gene transcription during the development of various tissues. It is involved in a variety of physiological responses under healthy and pathological conditions. Its role and mechanisms of action are best characterized in the immune and nervous systems. Furthermore, its implication in the development and homeostasis of other various tissues has also been reported. In the present review, we describe its role in skin development, adipogenesis, tooth formation and cranial suture ossification. Experimental data from several studies demonstrate the involvement of Bcl11b in the control of the balance between cell proliferation and differentiation during organ formation and repair, and more specifically in the context of stem cell self-renewal and fate determination. The impact of mutations in the coding sequences of Bcl11b on the development of diseases such as craniosynostosis is also presented. Finally, we discuss genome-wide association studies that suggest a potential influence of single nucleotide polymorphisms found in the 3’ regulatory region of Bcl11b on the homeostasis of the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Thérèse Daher
- Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Inserm ERL U1164, UMR CNRS 8256, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Pedro Bausero
- Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Inserm ERL U1164, UMR CNRS 8256, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Onnik Agbulut
- Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Inserm ERL U1164, UMR CNRS 8256, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Zhenlin Li
- Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Inserm ERL U1164, UMR CNRS 8256, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Ara Parlakian
- Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Inserm ERL U1164, UMR CNRS 8256, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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89
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Osteogenesis and Chondrogenesis of Primary Rabbit Periosteal Cells under Non-uniform 2-Axial Tensile Strain. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-020-4408-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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90
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Influence of the TGF-β Superfamily on Osteoclasts/Osteoblasts Balance in Physiological and Pathological Bone Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207597. [PMID: 33066607 PMCID: PMC7589189 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The balance between bone forming cells (osteoblasts/osteocytes) and bone resorbing cells (osteoclasts) plays a crucial role in tissue homeostasis and bone repair. Several hormones, cytokines, and growth factors-in particular the members of the TGF-β superfamily such as the bone morphogenetic proteins-not only regulate the proliferation, differentiation, and functioning of these cells, but also coordinate the communication between them to ensure an appropriate response. Therefore, this review focuses on TGF-β superfamily and its influence on bone formation and repair, through the regulation of osteoclastogenesis, osteogenic differentiation of stem cells, and osteoblasts/osteoclasts balance. After introducing the main types of bone cells, their differentiation and cooperation during bone remodeling and fracture healing processes are discussed. Then, the TGF-β superfamily, its signaling via canonical and non-canonical pathways, as well as its regulation by Wnt/Notch or microRNAs are described and discussed. Its important role in bone homeostasis, repair, or disease is also highlighted. Finally, the clinical therapeutic uses of members of the TGF-β superfamily and their associated complications are debated.
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91
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Imerb N, Thonusin C, Chattipakorn N, Chattipakorn SC. Aging, obese-insulin resistance, and bone remodeling. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 191:111335. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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92
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Kegelman CD, Collins JM, Nijsure MP, Eastburn EA, Boerckel JD. Gone Caving: Roles of the Transcriptional Regulators YAP and TAZ in Skeletal Development. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2020; 18:526-540. [PMID: 32712794 PMCID: PMC8040027 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-020-00605-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The development of the skeleton is controlled by cellular decisions determined by the coordinated activation of multiple transcription factors. Recent evidence suggests that the transcriptional regulator proteins, Yes-associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ), could have important roles in directing the activity of these transcriptional programs. However, in vitro evidence for the roles of YAP and TAZ in skeletal cells has been hopelessly contradictory. The goals of this review are to provide a cross-sectional view on the state of the field and to synthesize the available data toward a unified perspective. RECENT FINDINGS YAP and TAZ are regulated by diverse upstream signals and interact downstream with multiple transcription factors involved in skeletal development, positioning YAP and TAZ as important signal integration nodes in an hourglass-shaped signaling pathway. Here, we provide a survey of putative transcriptional co-effectors for YAP and TAZ in skeletal cells. Synthesizing the in vitro data, we conclude that TAZ is consistently pro-osteogenic in function, while YAP can exhibit either pro- or anti-osteogenic activity depending on cell type and context. Synthesizing the in vivo data, we conclude that YAP and TAZ combinatorially promote developmental bone formation, bone matrix homeostasis, and endochondral fracture repair by regulating a variety of transcriptional programs depending on developmental stage. Here, we discuss the current understanding of the roles of the transcriptional regulators YAP and TAZ in skeletal development, and provide recommendations for continued study of molecular mechanisms, mechanotransduction, and therapeutic implications for skeletal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Kegelman
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, 376A Stemmler Hall, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joseph M Collins
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, 376A Stemmler Hall, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Madhura P Nijsure
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, 376A Stemmler Hall, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Emily A Eastburn
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, 376A Stemmler Hall, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joel D Boerckel
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, 376A Stemmler Hall, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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93
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Genetic background dependent modifiers of craniosynostosis severity. J Struct Biol 2020; 212:107629. [PMID: 32976998 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Craniosynostosis severity varies in patients with identical genetic mutations. To understand causes of this phenotypic variation, we backcrossed the FGFR2+/C342Y mouse model of Crouzon syndrome onto congenic C57BL/6 and BALB/c backgrounds. Coronal suture fusion was observed in C57BL/6 (88% incidence, p < .001 between genotypes) but not in BALB/c FGFR2+/C342Y mutant mice at 3 weeks after birth, establishing that that the two models differ in phenotype severity. To begin identifying pre-existing modifiers of craniosynostosis severity, we compared transcriptome signatures of cranial tissues from C57BL/6 vs. BALB/c FGFR2+/+ mice. We separately analyzed frontal bone with coronal suture tissue from parietal bone with sagittal suture tissues because the coronal suture but not the sagittal suture fuses in FGFR2+/C342Y mice. The craniosynostosis associated Twist and En1 transcription factors were down-regulated, while Runx2 was up-regulated, in C57BL/6 compared to BALB/c tissues, which could predispose to craniosynostosis. Transcriptome analyses under the GO term MAPK cascade revealed that genes associated with calcium ion channels, angiogenesis, protein quality control and cell stress response were central to transcriptome differences associated with genetic background. FGFR2 and HSPA2 protein levels plus ERK1/2 activity were higher in cells isolated from C57BL/6 than BALB/c cranial tissues. Notably, the HSPA2 protein chaperone is central to craniofacial genetic epistasis, and we find that FGFR2 protein is abnormally processed in primary cells from FGFR2+/C342Y but not FGFR2+/+ mice. Therefore, we propose that differences in protein quality control responses may contribute to genetic background influences on craniosynostosis phenotype severity.
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94
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Li J, Yu T, Yan H, Qiao Y, Wang L, Zhang T, Li Q, Zhou Y, Liu D. T cells participate in bone remodeling during the rapid palatal expansion. FASEB J 2020; 34:15327-15337. [PMID: 32951236 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001078r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Orthodontics Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology Beijing China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesNational Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology Beijing China
| | - Ting‐Ting Yu
- Department of Orthodontics Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology Beijing China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesNational Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology Beijing China
| | - Hui‐Chun Yan
- Department of Orthodontics Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology Beijing China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesNational Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology Beijing China
| | - Yi‐Qiang Qiao
- Department of Stomatology The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Lin‐Chuan Wang
- Eastman Institute for Oral HealthUniversity of Rochester Rochester NY USA
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology Beijing China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesNational Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology Beijing China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Orthodontics Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology Beijing China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesNational Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology Beijing China
| | - Yan‐Heng Zhou
- Department of Orthodontics Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology Beijing China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesNational Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology Beijing China
| | - Da‐Wei Liu
- Department of Orthodontics Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology Beijing China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesNational Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology Beijing China
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95
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Seweryn A, Alicka M, Fal A, Kornicka-Garbowska K, Lawniczak-Jablonska K, Ozga M, Kuzmiuk P, Godlewski M, Marycz K. Hafnium (IV) oxide obtained by atomic layer deposition (ALD) technology promotes early osteogenesis via activation of Runx2-OPN-mir21A axis while inhibits osteoclasts activity. J Nanobiotechnology 2020; 18:132. [PMID: 32933533 PMCID: PMC7493872 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-020-00692-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to increasing aging of population prevalence of age-related disorders including osteoporosis is rapidly growing. Due to health and economic impact of the disease, there is an urgent need to develop techniques supporting bone metabolism and bone regeneration after fracture. Due to imbalance between bone forming and bone resorbing cells, the healing process of osteoporotic bone is problematic and prolonged. Thus searching for agents able to restore the homeostasis between these cells is strongly desirable. RESULTS In the present study, using ALD technology, we obtained homogeneous, amorphous layer of hafnium (IV) oxide (HfO2). Considering the specific growth rate (1.9Å/cycle) for the selected process at the temperature of 90 °C, we performed the 100 nm deposition process, which was confirmed by measuring film thickness using reflectometry. Then biological properties of the layer were investigated with pre-osteoblast (MC3T3), pre-osteoclasts (4B12) and macrophages (RAW 264.7) using immunofluorescence and RT-qPCR. We have shown, that HfO2 (i) enhance osteogenesis, (ii) reduce osteoclastogenesis (iii) do not elicit immune response and (iv) exert anti-inflammatory effects. CONCLUSION HfO2 layer can be applied to cover the surface of metallic biomaterials in order to enhance the healing process of osteoporotic bone fracture.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Seweryn
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02668, Warsaw, Poland
| | - M Alicka
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 27B, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland
| | - A Fal
- Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University, Collegium Medicum, 01938, Warsaw, Poland
| | - K Kornicka-Garbowska
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 27B, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland
- International Institute of Translational Medicine, Jesionowa 11, Malin, Wisznia Mała, 55-114, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - M Ozga
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02668, Warsaw, Poland
| | - P Kuzmiuk
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02668, Warsaw, Poland
| | - M Godlewski
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02668, Warsaw, Poland
| | - K Marycz
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 27B, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland.
- Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University, Collegium Medicum, 01938, Warsaw, Poland.
- International Institute of Translational Medicine, Jesionowa 11, Malin, Wisznia Mała, 55-114, Wrocław, Poland.
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96
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Ideno H, Nakashima K, Komatsu K, Araki R, Abe M, Arai Y, Kimura H, Shinkai Y, Tachibana M, Nifuji A. G9a is involved in the regulation of cranial bone formation through activation of Runx2 function during development. Bone 2020; 137:115332. [PMID: 32344102 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The methyltransferase G9a was originally isolated as a histone methyltransferase that catalyzes the methylation of histone 3 lysine 9 (H3K9) to a dimethylated state (H3K9me2). Recent studies have revealed that G9a has multiple functions in various cells, including osteoblasts. Here, we investigated G9a function during cranial bone formation. Crossing Sox9-cre with G9aflox/flox (fl/fl) mice generated conditional knockout mice lacking G9a expression in Sox9-positive neural crest-derived bone cells. Sox9-Cre/G9afl/fl mice showed severe hypo-mineralization of cranial vault bones, including defects in nasal, frontal, and parietal bones with opened fontanelles. Cell proliferation was inhibited in G9a-deleted calvarial bone tissues. Expression levels of bone marker genes, i.e., alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin, were suppressed, whereas Runx2 expression was not significantly decreased in those tissues. In vitro experiments using G9a-deleted calvarial osteoblasts showed decreased cell proliferation after G9a deletion. In G9a-deleted osteoblasts, expression levels of fibroblast growth factor receptors and several cyclins were suppressed. Moreover, the expression of bone marker genes was decreased, whereas Runx2 expression was not altered by G9a deletion in vitro. G9a enhanced the transcriptional activity of Runx2, whereas siRNA targeting G9a inhibited the transcriptional activity of Runx2 in C3H10T1/2 mesenchymal cells. We confirmed the direct association of endogenous Runx2 with G9a. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments showed that G9a bound to Runx2-target regions in promoters in primary osteoblasts. Furthermore, Runx2 binding to the osteocalcin promoter was abrogated in G9-deleted osteoblasts. These results suggest that G9a regulates proliferation and differentiation of cranial bone cells through binding to and activating Runx2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Ideno
- Department of Pharmacology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Kanagawa 230-8501, Japan; Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Nakashima
- Department of Pharmacology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Kanagawa 230-8501, Japan
| | - Koichiro Komatsu
- Department of Pharmacology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Kanagawa 230-8501, Japan
| | - Ryoko Araki
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Masumi Abe
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Arai
- Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Yoichi Shinkai
- Cellular Memory Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Saitama, Japan
| | - Makoto Tachibana
- Laboratory of Epigenome Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akira Nifuji
- Department of Pharmacology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Kanagawa 230-8501, Japan; Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.
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97
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Dash S, Trainor PA. The development, patterning and evolution of neural crest cell differentiation into cartilage and bone. Bone 2020; 137:115409. [PMID: 32417535 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neural crest cells are a vertebrate-specific migratory, multipotent cell population that give rise to a diverse array of cells and tissues during development. Cranial neural crest cells, in particular, generate cartilage, bone, tendons and connective tissue in the head and face as well as neurons, glia and melanocytes. In this review, we focus on the chondrogenic and osteogenic potential of cranial neural crest cells and discuss the roles of Sox9, Runx2 and Msx1/2 transcription factors and WNT, FGF and TGFβ signaling pathways in regulating neural crest cell differentiation into cartilage and bone. We also describe cranioskeletal defects and disorders arising from gain or loss-of-function of genes that are required for patterning and differentiation of cranial neural crest cells. Finally, we discuss the evolution of skeletogenic potential in neural crest cells and their function as a conduit for intraspecies and interspecies variation, and the evolution of craniofacial novelties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma Dash
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Paul A Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
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98
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Absil L, Journé F, Larsimont D, Body JJ, Tafforeau L, Nonclercq D. Farnesoid X receptor as marker of osteotropism of breast cancers through its role in the osteomimetism of tumor cells. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:640. [PMID: 32650752 PMCID: PMC7350202 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07106-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The skeleton is the first and most common distant metastatic site for breast cancer. Such metastases complicate cancer management, inducing considerable morbidities and decreasing patient survival. Osteomimetism is part of the complex process of osteotropism of breast cancer cells. Recent data indicate that Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) is involved in the transformation and progression of breast cancer. Methods The expression of FXR, Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) and bone proteins were evaluated on two tumor cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and western blotting and quantified. Results In a series of 81 breast cancer patients who developed distant metastases, we found a strong correlation between FXR expression in primary breast tumors and the development of bone metastases, especially in patients with histological grade 3 tumors. In in vitro studies, FXR activation by Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) increased the expression of numerous bone proteins. FXR inhibition by lithocholic acid and z-guggulsterone decreased bone protein expression. Short Hairpin RNA (ShRNA) against FXR validated the involvement of FXR in the osteomimetism of breast cancer cells. Conclusion Our experimental results point to a relationship between the expression of FXR in breast cancer cells and the propensity of these tumor cells to develop bone metastases. FXR induces the expression of RUNX2 which itself causes the synthesis of bone proteins by tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Absil
- Laboratory of Histology, University of Mons, 6, avenue du Champ de Mars, (Pentagone 1B), B-7000, Mons, Belgium.
| | - F Journé
- Laboratory of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium.,Laboratory of Oncology and Experimental Surgery, Jules Bordet Institute, ULB, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - D Larsimont
- Pathology Department, Jules Bordet Institute, ULB, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - J J Body
- CHU-Brugmann, ULB, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - L Tafforeau
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - D Nonclercq
- Laboratory of Histology, University of Mons, 6, avenue du Champ de Mars, (Pentagone 1B), B-7000, Mons, Belgium.
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99
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Montagna G, Cristofaro F, Fassina L, Bruni G, Cucca L, Kochen A, Divieti Pajevic P, Bragdon B, Visai L, Gerstenfeld L. An in vivo Comparison Study Between Strontium Nanoparticles and rhBMP2. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:499. [PMID: 32612980 PMCID: PMC7308719 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The osteoinductive property of strontium was repeatedly proven in the last decades. Compelling in vitro data demonstrated that strontium hydroxyapatite nanoparticles exert a dual action, by promoting osteoblasts-driven matrix secretion and inhibiting osteoclasts-driven matrix resorption. Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP2) is a powerful osteoinductive biologic, used for the treatment of vertebral fractures and critically-sized bone defects. Although effective, the use of rhBMP2 has limitations due its recombinant morphogen nature. In this study, we examined the comparison between two osteoinductive agents: rhBMP2 and the innovative strontium-substituted hydroxyapatite nanoparticles. To test their effectiveness, we independently loaded Gelfoam sponges with the two osteoinductive agents and used the sponges as agent-carriers. Gelfoam are FDA-approved biodegradable medical devices used as delivery system for musculoskeletal defects. Their porous structure and spongy morphology make them attractive in orthopedic field. The abiotic characterization of the loaded sponges, involving ion release pattern and structure investigation, was followed by in vivo implantation onto the periosteum of healthy mice and comparison of the effects induced by each implant was performed. Abiotic analysis demonstrated that strontium was continuously released from the sponges over 28 days with a pattern similar to rhBMP2. Histological observations and gene expression analysis showed stronger endochondral ossification elicited by strontium compared to rhBMP2. Osteoclast activity was more inhibited by strontium than by rhBMP2. These results demonstrated the use of sponges loaded with strontium nanoparticles as potential bone grafts might provide better outcomes for complex fractures. Strontium nanoparticles are a novel and effective non-biologic treatment for bone injuries and can be used as novel powerful therapeutics for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Montagna
- Department of Molecular Medicine (DMM), Center for Health Technologies (CHT), UdR INSTM, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesco Cristofaro
- Department of Molecular Medicine (DMM), Center for Health Technologies (CHT), UdR INSTM, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Fassina
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giovanna Bruni
- C.S.G.I. Department of Chemistry, Physical-Chemistry Section, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lucia Cucca
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alejandro Kochen
- Department of Translational Dental Medicine, Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Paola Divieti Pajevic
- Department of Translational Dental Medicine, Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Beth Bragdon
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Livia Visai
- Department of Molecular Medicine (DMM), Center for Health Technologies (CHT), UdR INSTM, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Occupational Medicine, Toxicology and Environmental Risks, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Louis Gerstenfeld
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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100
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Wu T, Yin F, Wang N, Ma X, Jiang C, Zhou L, Zong Y, Shan H, Xia W, Lin Y, Zhou Z, Yu X. Involvement of mechanosensitive ion channels in the effects of mechanical stretch induces osteogenic differentiation in mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:284-293. [PMID: 32592173 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) can be induced to process osteogenic differentiation with appropriate mechanical and/or chemical stimuli. The present study described the successful culture of murine BMSCs under mechanical strain. BMSCs were subjected to 0%, 3%, 8%, 13%, and 18% cyclic tensile strain at 0.5 Hz for 8 hr/day for 3 days. The expression of osteogenic markers and mechanosensitive ion channels was evaluated with real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot. The expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and matrix mineralization were evaluated with histochemical staining. To investigate the effects of mechanosensitive ion channel expression on cyclic tensile strain-induced osteogenic differentiation, the expression of osteogenic markers was evaluated with real-time RT-PCR in the cells without mechanosensitive ion channel expression. This study revealed a significant augment in osteogenic marker in BMSC strained at 8% compared to other treatments; therefore, an 8% strain was used for further investigations. The ALP expression and matrix mineralization were enhanced in osteogenic induced BMSCs subjected to 8% strain after 7 and 14 days, respectively. Under the same conditions, the osteogenic marker and mechanosensitive ion channel expression were significantly promoted. However, the loss function of mechanosensitive ion channels resulted in the inhibition of osteogenic marker expression. This study demonstrated that strain alone can successfully induce osteogenic differentiation in BMSCs and the expression of mechanosensitive ion channels was involved in the process. The current findings suggest that mechanical stretch could function as efficient stimuli to induce the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs via the activation of mechanosensitive ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Fuli Yin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xin Ma
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaolai Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Lihui Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Xiangshan First People's Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yang Zong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Haojie Shan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenyang Xia
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwei Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zubin Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaowei Yu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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