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Prigol AN, Rode MP, Silva AH, Cisilotto J, Creczynski-Pasa TB. Pro-angiogenic effect of PC-3 exosomes in endothelial cells in vitro. Cell Signal 2021; 87:110126. [PMID: 34474113 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The progression to a castration-resistant prostate cancer can occur after treatment with androgen deprivation therapy, resulting in poor prognosis and ineffective therapy response. Hormone dependence transition has been associated with increased tumor vascularization. Considering that exosomes are important components in communication between tumor cells and the microenvironment, we examined the angiogenic potential of exosomes released from Pca cell lines with distinctive profiles of androgen response through exosomes isolation, microscopy and uptake, functional assays follow up by microarray, RT-qPCR and bioinformatics analysis. HUVEC cells treated with PC-3 exosomes (androgen independent) showed increased invasion and tube formation ability. In order to identify microRNAs (miRNAs) related to the angiogenic response, the characterization of exosomal miRNA profile was performed. As result we suggest that the miR-27a-3p could be involved in the pro-angiogenic effect of PC-3 exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Natalie Prigol
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmacy, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Michele Patrícia Rode
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmacy, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Adny Henrique Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmacy, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Júlia Cisilotto
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmacy, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Tânia Beatriz Creczynski-Pasa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Pharmacy, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil.
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Mesenchymal Stem Cell Exosomes Derived from Feline Adipose Tissue Enhance the Effects of Anti-Inflammation Compared to Fibroblasts-Derived Exosomes. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8090182. [PMID: 34564576 PMCID: PMC8473240 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8090182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs) release extracellular vesicles such as exosomes, apoptotic bodies, and microparticles. In particular, exosomes are formed inside cells via multivesicular bodies (MVBs), thus their protein, DNA, and RNA content are similar to those of the parent cells. Exosome research is rapidly expanding, with an increase in the number of related publications observed in recent years; therefore, the function and application of MSC-derived exosomes could emerge as cell-free therapeutics. Exosomes have been isolated from feline AD-MSCs and feline fibroblast cell culture media using ultracentrifugation. Feline exosomes have been characterized by FACS, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and transmission electron microscopy imaging. Moreover, cytokine levels were detected by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in exosomes and LPS-induced THP-1 macrophages. The size of the isolated exosomes was that of a typical exosome, i.e., approximately 150 nm, and they expressed tetraspanins CD9 and CD81. The anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 was increased in feline AD-MSC-derived exosomes. However, pro-inflammatory factors such as IL-1β, IL-8, IL-2, RANTES, and IFN-gamma were significantly decreased in feline AD-MSC-derived exosomes. This was the first demonstration that feline AD-MSC-derived exosomes enhance the inflammatory suppressive effects and have potential for the treatment of immune diseases or as an inflammation-inhibition therapy.
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Bei HP, Hung PM, Yeung HL, Wang S, Zhao X. Bone-a-Petite: Engineering Exosomes towards Bone, Osteochondral, and Cartilage Repair. SMALL 2021; 17:e2101741. [PMID: 34288410 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202101741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Recovery from bone, osteochondral, and cartilage injuries/diseases has been burdensome owing to the damaged vasculature of large defects and/or avascular nature of cartilage leading to a lack of nutrients and supplying cells. However, traditional means of treatment such as microfractures and cell-based therapy only display limited efficacy due to the inability to ensure cell survival and potential aggravation of surrounding tissues. Exosomes have recently emerged as a powerful tool for this tissue repair with its complex content of transcription factors, proteins, and targeting ligands, as well as its unique ability to home in on target cells thanks to its phospholipidic nature. They are engineered to serve specialized applications including enhancing repair, anti-inflammation, regulating homeostasis, etc. via means of physical, chemical, and biological modulations in its deriving cell culture environments. This review focuses on the engineering means to functionalize exosomes for bone, osteochondral, and cartilage regeneration, with an emphasis on conditions such as osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, and osteonecrosis. Finally, future implications for exosome development will be given alongside its potential combination with other strategies to improve its therapeutic efficacy in the osteochondral niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Pan Bei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Pak Ming Hung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Hau Lam Yeung
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Rd, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Shuqi Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.,Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.,Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, P. R. China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
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54
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Bhat A, Yadav J, Thakur K, Aggarwal N, Tripathi T, Chhokar A, Singh T, Jadli M, Bharti AC. Exosomes from cervical cancer cells facilitate pro-angiogenic endothelial reconditioning through transfer of Hedgehog-GLI signaling components. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:319. [PMID: 34167524 PMCID: PMC8223267 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-02026-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiogenic switch is a hallmark feature of transition from low-grade to high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in cervical cancer progression. Therefore, early events leading to locally-advanced cervical metastatic lesions demand a greater understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Recent leads indicate the role of tumor-derived exosomes in altering the functions of endothelial cells in cervical cancer, which needs further investigation. METHODS Exosomes isolated from cervical cancer cell lines were assessed for their angiogenic effect on the human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) using tube formation and wound healing assay. The exosomal uptake by HUVEC cells was monitored using PKH-67 labelling followed by fluorescence microscopy. Alterations in Hh-GLI signaling components, PTCH1 and GLI1, in HUVEC were measured by immunoblotting. Changes in angiogenesis-related transcripts of vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGFR2 and angiopoietin-1, angiopoietin-2, osteopontin were measured in exosome-treated HUVEC and in the exosomal RNA by RT-PCR. RESULTS Enhanced tube formation, with an increased number of nodes and branching was observed in HUVEC's treated with exosomes derived from different cervical cancer cell lines. HPV-positive (SiHa and HeLa) cells' exosomes were more angiogenic. Exosome-treated HUVEC showed increased migration rate. PKH-67 labelled exosomes were found internalized in HUVEC. A high level of PTCH1 protein was detected in the exosome-treated endothelial cells. Subsequent RT-PCR analysis showed increased transcripts of Hh-GLI downstream target genes VEGF-A, VEGFR2, angiopoietin-2, and decreased expression of VEGF-B, and angiopoietin-1, suggestive of active Hh-GLI signaling. These effects were more pronounced in HUVEC's treated with exosomes of HPV-positive cells. However, these effects were independent of tumor-derived VEGF-A as exosomal cargo lacked VEGF-A transcripts or proteins. CONCLUSION Overall, the data showed cervical cancer exosomes promote pro-angiogenic response in endothelial cells via upregulation of Hh-GLI signaling and modulate downstream angiogenesis-related target genes. The study provides a novel exosome-mediated mechanism potentially favoring cervical angiogenesis and thus identifies the exosomes as potential pharmacological targets against locally-advanced metastatic cervical lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Bhat
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Joni Yadav
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Kulbhushan Thakur
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Nikita Aggarwal
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Tanya Tripathi
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Arun Chhokar
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Tejveer Singh
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Mohit Jadli
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Alok Chandra Bharti
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi, 110007, India.
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Catoni C, Di Paolo V, Rossi E, Quintieri L, Zamarchi R. Cell-Secreted Vesicles: Novel Opportunities in Cancer Diagnosis, Monitoring and Treatment. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:1118. [PMID: 34205256 PMCID: PMC8233857 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11061118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important mediators of intercellular communication playing a pivotal role in the regulation of physiological and pathological processes, including cancer. In particular, there is significant evidence suggesting that tumor-derived EVs exert an immunosuppressive activity during cancer progression, as well as stimulate tumor cell migration, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis. The use of EVs as a liquid biopsy is currently a fast-growing area of research in medicine, with the potential to provide a step-change in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, allowing the prediction of both therapy response and prognosis. EVs could be useful not only as biomarkers but also as drug delivery systems, and may represent a target for anticancer therapy. In this review, we attempted to summarize the current knowledge about the techniques used for the isolation of EVs and their roles in cancer biology, as liquid biopsy biomarkers and as therapeutic tools and targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Catoni
- Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy; (C.C.); (R.Z.)
| | - Veronica Di Paolo
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy;
| | - Elisabetta Rossi
- Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy; (C.C.); (R.Z.)
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Luigi Quintieri
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy;
| | - Rita Zamarchi
- Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy; (C.C.); (R.Z.)
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56
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Figueroa-Valdés AI, de la Fuente C, Hidalgo Y, Vega-Letter AM, Tapia-Limonchi R, Khoury M, Alcayaga-Miranda F. A Chemically Defined, Xeno- and Blood-Free Culture Medium Sustains Increased Production of Small Extracellular Vesicles From Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:619930. [PMID: 34124014 PMCID: PMC8187876 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.619930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy is witnessing a notable shift toward cell-free treatments based on paracrine factors, in particular, towards small extracellular vesicles (sEV), that mimic the functional effect of the parental cells. While numerous sEV-based applications are currently in advanced preclinical stages, their promised translation depends on overcoming the manufacturing hurdles posed by the large-scale production of purified sEV. Unquestionably, the culture medium used with the parental cells plays a key role in the sEV's secretion rate and content. An essential requisite is the use of a serum-, xeno-, and blood-free medium to meet the regulatory entity requirements of clinical-grade sEV's production. Here, we evaluated OxiumTMEXO, a regulatory complying medium, with respect to production capacity and conservation of the EV's characteristics and functionality and the parental cell's phenotype and viability. A comparative study was established with standard DMEM and a commercially available culture medium developed specifically for sEV production. Under similar conditions, OxiumTMEXO displayed a three-fold increase of sEV secretion, with an enrichment of particles ranging between 51 and 200 nm. These results were obtained through direct quantification from the conditioned medium to avoid the isolation method's interference and variability and were compared to the two culture media under evaluation. The higher yield obtained was consistent with several harvest time points (2, 4, and 6 days) and different cell sources, incluiding umbilical cord-, menstrual blood-derived mesenchymal stromal cells and fibroblasts. Additionally, the stem cell phenotype and viability of the parental cell remained unchanged. Furthermore, OxiumTMEXO-sEV showed a similar expression pattern of the vesicular markers CD63, CD9, and CD81, with respect to sEV derived from the other conditions. The in vitro internalization assays in different target cell types and the pharmacokinetic profile of intraperitoneally administered sEV in vivo indicated that the higher EV production rate did not affect the uptake kinetics or the systemic biodistribution in healthy mice. In conclusion, the OxiumTMEXO medium sustains an efficient and robust production of large quantities of sEV, conserving the classic functional properties of internalization into acceptor target cells and biodistribution in vivo, supplying the amount and quality of EVs for the development of cell-free therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliosha I Figueroa-Valdés
- Cells for Cells, Santiago, Chile.,Consorcio Regenero, Chilean Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CiiB), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Catalina de la Fuente
- Cells for Cells, Santiago, Chile.,Consorcio Regenero, Chilean Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CiiB), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yessia Hidalgo
- Cells for Cells, Santiago, Chile.,Consorcio Regenero, Chilean Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CiiB), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ana María Vega-Letter
- Cells for Cells, Santiago, Chile.,Consorcio Regenero, Chilean Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CiiB), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Maroun Khoury
- Cells for Cells, Santiago, Chile.,Consorcio Regenero, Chilean Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CiiB), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile.,School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisca Alcayaga-Miranda
- Cells for Cells, Santiago, Chile.,Consorcio Regenero, Chilean Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CiiB), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile.,School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
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57
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Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-derived Extracellular Vesicles in Preclinical Animal Models of Tumor Growth: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 18:993-1006. [PMID: 33860455 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10163-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stromal cell derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) have been implicated in the regulation of tumor growth. Studies remain preclinical with effects ranging from inhibition of tumor growth to cancer progression. A systematic review and meta-analysis is needed to clarify the effect of MSC-EVs on tumor growth to facilitate potential translation to clinical trials. METHODS A systematic search of the literature (MEDLINE, Embase, and BIOSIS databases to June 1, 2019) identified all pre-clinical controlled studies investigating the effect of MSC-EVs on tumor growth. Study selection and data extraction were performed in duplicate. Potential risk of bias was assessed using the SYRCLE tool. A random effects meta-analysis of reduction in tumor weight/volume (primary outcome) was performed. RESULTS We identified 29 articles and 22 reported data on tumor responses that were included for meta-analysis. Studies were associated with unclear risk of bias in a large proportion of domains in accordance with the SYRCLE tool for determining risk of bias in preclinical studies. A high risk of bias was not identified in any study. MSC-EVs had a mixed response on tumor progression with some studies reporting inhibition of tumor growth and others reporting tumor progression. Overall, MSC-EVs exerted a non-significant reduction in tumor growth compared to controls (standardized mean difference (SMD) -0.80, 95 % CI -1.64 to 0.03, p = 0.06, I2 = 87 %). Some studies reported increased tumor growth which aligned with their stated hypothesis and some interrogated mechanisms in cancer biology. EVs isolated from MSCs that overexpressed anti-tumor RNAs were associated with significant tumor reduction in meta-analysis (SMD - 2.40, 95 % CI -3.36 to -1.44, p < 0.001). Heterogeneity between studies was observed and included aspects of study design such as enrichment of MSC-EVs with specific anti-tumor molecules, tissue source of MSCs, method of EV isolation, characterization of MSCs and EVs, dosage and administration schedules, and tissue type and source of tumor cells studied. CONCLUSIONS MSC-EVs are associated with mixed effects on tumor growth in animal models of cancer. In studies where anti-tumor RNAs are packaged in EVs, a significant reduction in tumor growth was observed. Reducing heterogeneity in study design may accelerate our understanding of the potential effects of MSC-EVs on cancer. [274 words] Forest plot of MSC-EV effect on tumor growth accordinggenetic modification of EVs in animal studies identified from a systematicreview of the literature. All cohorts from studies with multiple interventiongroups are presented separately with control groups divided equally among thegroups. M, modified; H, hypoxia.
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Mirzaaghasi A, Han Y, Ahn SH, Choi C, Park JH. Biodistribution and Pharmacokinectics of Liposomes and Exosomes in a Mouse Model of Sepsis. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:427. [PMID: 33809966 PMCID: PMC8004782 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13030427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes have attracted considerable attention as drug delivery vehicles because their biological properties can be utilized for selective delivery of therapeutic cargoes to disease sites. In this context, analysis of the in vivo behaviors of exosomes in a diseased state is required to maximize their therapeutic potential as drug delivery vehicles. In this study, we investigated biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of HEK293T cell-derived exosomes and PEGylated liposomes, their synthetic counterparts, into healthy and sepsis mice. We found that biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of exosomes were significantly affected by pathophysiological conditions of sepsis compared to those of liposomes. In the sepsis mice, a substantial number of exosomes were found in the lung after intravenous injection, and their prolonged blood residence was observed due to the liver dysfunction. However, liposomes did not show such sepsis-specific effects significantly. These results demonstrate that exosome-based therapeutics can be developed to manage sepsis and septic shock by virtue of their sepsis-specific in vivo behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Mirzaaghasi
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering and KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (A.M.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yunho Han
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering and KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (A.M.); (Y.H.)
| | - So-Hee Ahn
- Analytic Development Team, ILIAS Biologics Incorporated, Daejeon 34014, Korea;
| | - Chulhee Choi
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering and KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (A.M.); (Y.H.)
- Analytic Development Team, ILIAS Biologics Incorporated, Daejeon 34014, Korea;
| | - Ji-Ho Park
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering and KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (A.M.); (Y.H.)
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59
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Mesenchymal stem cells and cancer therapy: insights into targeting the tumour vasculature. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:158. [PMID: 33685452 PMCID: PMC7938588 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-01836-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A crosstalk established between tumor microenvironment and tumor cells leads to contribution or inhibition of tumor progression. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are critical cells that fundamentally participate in modulation of the tumor microenvironment, and have been reported to be able to regulate and determine the final destination of tumor cell. Conflicting functions have been attributed to the activity of MSCs in the tumor microenvironment; they can confer a tumorigenic or anti-tumor potential to the tumor cells. Nonetheless, MSCs have been associated with a potential to modulate the tumor microenvironment in favouring the suppression of cancer cells, and promising results have been reported from the preclinical as well as clinical studies. Among the favourable behaviours of MSCs, are releasing mediators (like exosomes) and their natural migrative potential to tumor sites, allowing efficient drug delivering and, thereby, efficient targeting of migrating tumor cells. Additionally, angiogenesis of tumor tissue has been characterized as a key feature of tumors for growth and metastasis. Upon introduction of first anti-angiogenic therapy by a monoclonal antibody, attentions have been drawn toward manipulation of angiogenesis as an attractive strategy for cancer therapy. After that, a wide effort has been put on improving the approaches for cancer therapy through interfering with tumor angiogenesis. In this article, we attempted to have an overview on recent findings with respect to promising potential of MSCs in cancer therapy and had emphasis on the implementing MSCs to improve them against the suppression of angiogenesis in tumor tissue, hence, impeding the tumor progression.
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60
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Raghav A, Khan ZA, Upadhayay VK, Tripathi P, Gautam KA, Mishra BK, Ahmad J, Jeong GB. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Exhibit Promising Potential for Treating SARS-CoV-2-Infected Patients. Cells 2021; 10:587. [PMID: 33799966 PMCID: PMC8001291 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for COVID-19 infection. The COVID-19 pandemic represents one of the worst global threats in the 21st century since World War II. This pandemic has led to a worldwide economic recession and crisis due to lockdown. Biomedical researchers, pharmaceutical companies, and premier institutes throughout the world are claiming that new clinical trials are in progress. During the severe phase of this disease, mechanical ventilators are used to assist in the management of outcomes; however, their use can lead to the development of pneumonia. In this context, mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived exosomes can serve as an immunomodulation treatment for COVID-19 patients. Exosomes possess anti-inflammatory, pro-angiogenic, and immunomodulatory properties that can be explored in an effort to improve the outcomes of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. Currently, only one ongoing clinical trial (NCT04276987) is specifically exploring the use of MSC-derived exosomes as a therapy to treat SARS-CoV-2-associated pneumonia. The purpose of this review is to provide insights of using exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells in management of the co-morbidities associated with SARS-CoV-2-infected persons in direction of improving their health outcome. There is limited knowledge of using exosomes in SARS-CoV-2; the clinicians and researchers should exploit exosomes as therapeutic regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Raghav
- Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, GSVM Medical College, Kanpur 208002, Uttar Pradesh, India; (A.R.); (P.T.); (K.A.G.)
| | - Zeeshan Ahmad Khan
- Department of Bioengineering, Korea University of Technology and Education, Cheonan-si 31253, Korea;
| | | | - Prashant Tripathi
- Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, GSVM Medical College, Kanpur 208002, Uttar Pradesh, India; (A.R.); (P.T.); (K.A.G.)
| | - Kirti Amresh Gautam
- Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, GSVM Medical College, Kanpur 208002, Uttar Pradesh, India; (A.R.); (P.T.); (K.A.G.)
| | - Brijesh Kumar Mishra
- Department of Endocrinology, UCMS, GTB Hospital, Dilshad Garden, Delhi 110095, India;
| | - Jamal Ahmad
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Diabetes and Endocrinology, J.N Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India;
| | - Goo-Bo Jeong
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, 155 Getbeol-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21999, Korea
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61
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Lu Y, Zheng Z, Yuan Y, Pathak JL, Yang X, Wang L, Ye Z, Cho WC, Zeng M, Wu L. The Emerging Role of Exosomes in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:628103. [PMID: 33718365 PMCID: PMC7951141 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.628103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral cancer constitutes approximately 2% of all cancers, while the most common type, oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) represents 90% of oral cancers. Although the treatment of OSCC has improved recently, it still has a high rate of local recurrence and poor prognosis, with a 5-year survival rate of only 50%. Advanced stage OSCC tends to metastasize to lymph nodes. Thus, exploring new therapeutic strategies for OSCC is therefore an urgent priority. Exosomes, the small membrane vesicles derived from endosomes, have been detected in a wide array of bodily fluids. Exosomes contain a diversity of proteins, mRNAs, and non-coding RNAs, including microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, piRNAs, circular RNAs, tsRNAs, and ribosomal RNAs, which are delivered to neighboring cells or even transported to distant sites. Exosomes have been associated with the tumorigenesis of OSCC, promote the proliferation, colonization, and metastasis of OSCC by transferring their contents to the target cells. Furthermore, exosomes are involved in the regulation of the tumor microenvironment to transform conditions favoring cancer progression in vivo. In this review, we summarize the crucial role of exosomes in the tumorigenesis and progression of OSCC and discuss the potential clinical application of exosomes in OSCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Lu
- Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhichao Zheng
- Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunyi Yuan
- Department of Orthodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Janak L Pathak
- Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuechao Yang
- Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijing Wang
- Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Vascular Biology Research Institute, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhitong Ye
- Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - William C Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Mingtao Zeng
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Lihong Wu
- Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
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Harnessing the full potential of extracellular vesicles as drug carriers. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2020.101412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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63
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Myronovych A, Peck BCE, An M, Zhu J, Warm A, Kupe A, Lubman DM, Seeley RJ. Intestinal extracellular vesicles are altered by vertical sleeve gastrectomy. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 320:G153-G165. [PMID: 33175569 PMCID: PMC7864234 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00224.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Bariatric surgery is the most effective treatment for obesity and its comorbidities. However, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind its beneficial effects is limited. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) comprise an important mode of intercellular communication. They carry nucleic acids, hormones, and signaling molecules and regulate multiple processes. Our aim was to test the role of EVs in the effects of vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) using a mouse model. Small intestinal EVs were obtained from the mice that underwent VSG or control surgery and were on chow or high-fat diet or diet-restricted, and then they were subjected to the proteomic analysis. Enteroid and bacterial cultures were treated with EVs to evaluate their survival effect. A mouse cohort received intraduodenal administration of EVs from VSG or Sham mice for 10 days. Body weight, glucose metabolism, and intestinal morphology were evaluated. EVs were enriched in the intestinal lumen and mucus of VSG compared with Sham mice. Protein composition of VSG and Sham-derived EVs was highly distinct. When introduced into culture, VSG EVs decreased survival of intestinal enteroids and, conversely, promoted proliferation of bacteria. Mice administered with EVs obtained from VSG and Sham groups did not show differences in body weight, food intake, or glucose metabolism. Intestinal morphology was altered, as VSG EVs caused reduction of ileal villi length and decreased epithelial proliferation in the jejunum and ileum. VSG causes remodeling of intestinal EVs, which results in unique protein composition. VSG-derived EVs exhibit cytotoxic effects on epithelial cells and reduce proliferation of intestinal progenitor cells in mice.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study that investigates the impact of bariatric surgery on protein composition of intestinal extracellular vesicles. Extracellular vesicle composition is greatly altered after vertical sleeve gastrectomy and may potentially modulate various signaling pathways. In our study, extracellular vesicles from vertical sleeve gastrectomy-treated mice promote bacterial proliferation but exhibit cytotoxic effect on epithelial cells and reduce proliferation of intestinal progenitor cells in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mingrui An
- 1Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jianhui Zhu
- 1Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Aleksander Kupe
- 1Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - David M. Lubman
- 1Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Randy J. Seeley
- 1Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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64
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Parada N, Romero-Trujillo A, Georges N, Alcayaga-Miranda F. Camouflage strategies for therapeutic exosomes evasion from phagocytosis. J Adv Res 2021; 31:61-74. [PMID: 34194832 PMCID: PMC8240105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Even though exosome-based therapy has been shown to be able to control the progression of different pathologies, the data revealed by pharmacokinetic studies warn of the low residence time of exogenous exosomes in circulation that can hinder the clinical translation of therapeutic exosomes. The macrophages related to the organs of the mononuclear phagocytic system are responsible primarily for the rapid clearance and retention of exosomes, which strongly limits the amount of exosomal particles available to reach the target tissue, accumulate in it and release with high efficiency its therapeutic cargo in acceptor target cells to exert the desired biological effect. Aim of review Endowing exosomes with surface modifications to evade the immune system is a plausible strategy to contribute to the suppression of exosomal clearance and increase the efficiency of their targeted content delivery. Here, we summarize the current evidence about the mechanisms underlying the recognition and sequestration of therapeutic exosomes by phagocytic cells. Also, we propose different strategies to generate 'invisible' exosomes for the immune system, through the incorporation of different anti-phagocytic molecules on the exosomes’ surface that allow increasing the circulating half-life of therapeutic exosomes with the purpose to increase their bioavailability to reach the target tissue, transfer their therapeutic molecular cargo and improve their efficacy profile. Key scientific concepts of review Macrophage-mediated phagocytosis are the main responsible behind the short half-life in circulation of systemically injected exosomes, hindering their therapeutic effect. Exosomes ‘Camouflage Cloak’ strategy using antiphagocytic molecules can contribute to the inhibition of exosomal clearance, hence, increasing the on-target effect. Some candidate molecules that could exert an antiphagocytic role are CD47, CD24, CD44, CD31, β2M, PD-L1, App1, and DHMEQ. Pre- and post-isolation methods for exosome engineering are compatible with the loading of therapeutic cargo and the expression of antiphagocytic surface molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicol Parada
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CIIB), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alfonso Romero-Trujillo
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CIIB), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás Georges
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CIIB), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisca Alcayaga-Miranda
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica (CIIB), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile.,Cells for Cells, Santiago, Chile.,Consorcio Regenero, Chilean Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, Santiago, Chile
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65
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Sun Y, Tao Q, Wu X, Zhang L, Liu Q, Wang L. The Utility of Exosomes in Diagnosis and Therapy of Diabetes Mellitus and Associated Complications. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:756581. [PMID: 34764939 PMCID: PMC8576340 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.756581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus and the associated complications are metabolic diseases with high morbidity that result in poor quality of health and life. The lack of diagnostic methods for early detection results in patients losing the best treatment opportunity. Oral hypoglycemics and exogenous insulin replenishment are currently the most common therapeutic strategies, which only yield temporary glycemic control rather than curing the disease and its complications. Exosomes are nanoparticles containing bioactive molecules reflecting individual physiological status, regulating metabolism, and repairing damaged tissues. They function as biomarkers of diabetes mellitus and diabetic complications. Considering that exosomes are bioactive molecules, can be obtained from body fluid, and have cell-type specificity, in this review, we highlight the multifold effects of exosomes in the pathology and therapy of diabetes mellitus and diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoxiang Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yixing People's Hospital, Yixing, China
| | - Qing Tao
- Center for Translational Medicine and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xueqin Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yixing People's Hospital, Yixing, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yixing People's Hospital, Yixing, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yixing People's Hospital, Yixing, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Center for Translational Medicine and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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66
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Zhao Z, Li D, Wu Z, Wang Q, Ma Z, Zhang C. Research Progress and Prospect of Nanoplatforms for Treatment of Oral Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:616101. [PMID: 33391000 PMCID: PMC7773899 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.616101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral cancers refer to malignant tumors associated with high morbidity and mortality, and oral squamous cell carcinoma accounts for the majority of cases. It is an important part of head and neck, and oral cancer is one of the six most common cancers in the world. At present, the traditional treatment methods for oral cancer include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. However, these methods have many disadvantages. In recent years, nanomedicine, the delivery of drugs through nanoplatforms for the treatment of cancer, has become a promising substitutive therapy. The use of nanoplatforms can reduce the degradation of the drug in the body and accurately deliver it to the tumor site. This minimizes the distribution of the drug to other organs, thereby reducing its toxicity and allowing higher drug concentration at the tumor site. This review introduces polymer nanoparticles, lipid-based nanoparticles, metal nanoparticles, hydrogels, exosomes, and dendrimers for the treatment of oral cancer, and discusses how these nanoplatforms play an anti-cancer effect. Finally, the review gives a slight outlook on the future prospects of nanoplatforms for oral cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilong Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ziqi Wu
- Department of Stomatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qihui Wang
- Department of Stomatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | | | - Congxiao Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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67
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Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells: Developmental origin, tumorigenesis and translational cancer therapeutics. Transl Oncol 2020; 14:100948. [PMID: 33190044 PMCID: PMC7672320 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While a large and growing body of research has demonstrated that mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) play a dual role in tumor growth and inhibition, studies exploring the capability of MSCs to contribute to tumorigenesis are rare. MSCs are key players during tumorigenesis and cancer development, evident in their faculty to increase cancer stem cells (CSCs) population, to generate the precursors of certain forms of cancer (e.g. sarcoma), and to induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition to create the CSC-like state. Indeed, the origin and localization of the native MSCs in their original tissues are not known. MSCs are identified in the primary tumor sites and the fetal and extraembryonic tissues. Acknowledging the developmental origin of MSCs and tissue-resident native MSCs is essential for better understanding of MSC contributions to the cellular origin of cancer. This review stresses that the plasticity of MSCs can therefore instigate further risk in select therapeutic strategies for some patients with certain forms of cancer. Towards this end, to explore the safe and effective MSC-based anti-cancer therapies requires a strong understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of MSC action, ultimately guiding new strategies for delivering treatment. While clinical trial efforts using MSC products are currently underway, this review also provides new insights on the underlying mechanisms of MSCs to tumorigenesis and focuses on the approaches to develop MSC-based anti-cancer therapeutic applications.
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68
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Khanh VC, Fukushige M, Moriguchi K, Yamashita T, Osaka M, Hiramatsu Y, Ohneda O. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Induced Paracrine Effects on Breast Cancer Metastasis Through Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2020; 29:1382-1394. [PMID: 32900278 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2020.0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer metastasis is the leading cause of mortality among breast cancer patients. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been suggested as a risk factor of breast cancer; however, whether or not T2DM is associated with breast tumor metastasis remains unclear. In this study, we examined the involvement of T2DM with breast cancer metastasis by a combined approach of a meta-analysis and experimental research. The results of a systematic review and meta-analysis suggested that diabetes significantly increases the risk of lymph node metastasis by 1.10-fold (P < 0.01). Consistently, our data from experimental research showed that T2DM induced paracrine effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), a key contributor to cancer progression, to stimulate metastasis of breast cancer cells (BCCs) by two independent mechanisms. First, T2DM induced the excess secretion of interleukin 6 (IL6) from MSCs, which activated the JAK/STAT3 pathway in BCCs, thus promoting the metastasis of BCCs. Second, beside the EGR-1-/IL6-dependent mechanism, T2DM altered the functions of MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are highly associated with the metastasis of BCCs. Our present study showed that T2DM is a risk factor for breast cancer metastasis, and MSC-derived EVs might be useful for developing a novel anti-breast cancer therapy strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vuong Cat Khanh
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Mizuho Fukushige
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kana Moriguchi
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Yamashita
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Motoo Osaka
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yuji Hiramatsu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Osamu Ohneda
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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69
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Shi HZ, Zeng JC, Shi SH, Giannakopoulos H, Zhang QZ, Le AD. Extracellular Vesicles of GMSCs Alleviate Aging-Related Cell Senescence. J Dent Res 2020; 100:283-292. [PMID: 33073684 DOI: 10.1177/0022034520962463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthy aging is a complex biological process with progressive accumulation of senescent cells characterized by stable cell cycle arrest, resulting in impaired homeostasis, regenerative potential, and gradual functional decline in multiple tissues and organs, whereby the aberrant activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling networks plays a central role. Herein, we explored the effects of extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cells (GMSC-EVs) on oxidative stress-induced cellular senescence in human endothelial cells and skin fibroblasts and their antiaging potentials. Our results showed that GMSC-EVs robustly abrogated oxidative stress-induced upregulation in the expression of cellular senescence-related genes, such as β-galactosidase, p21, p53, and γH2AX, and mTOR/pS6 signaling pathway, in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and skin fibroblasts. Meanwhile, GMSC-EVs restored oxidative stress-induced impairment in proliferation and tube formation by HUVECs. Systemic administration of GMSC-EVs attenuated aging-associated elevation in the expression levels of p21, mTOR/pS6, interleukin 6, and tumor necrosis factor α in skin and heart tissues of aged mice. These findings suggest that GMSC-EVs could be a potential alternative source of cell-free product for attenuation of aging-related skin and vascular dysfunctions due to their potent inhibitory effects on oxidative stress-induced cellular senescence in endothelial cells and skin fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Z Shi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Health Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - J C Zeng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Developmental and Translational Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - S H Shi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - H Giannakopoulos
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Penn Medicine Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Q Z Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - A D Le
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Penn Medicine Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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70
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Olejarz W, Kubiak-Tomaszewska G, Chrzanowska A, Lorenc T. Exosomes in Angiogenesis and Anti-angiogenic Therapy in Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165840. [PMID: 32823989 PMCID: PMC7461570 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is the process through which new blood vessels are formed from pre-existing ones. Exosomes are involved in angiogenesis in cancer progression by transporting numerous pro-angiogenic biomolecules like vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and microRNAs. Exosomes promote angiogenesis by suppressing expression of factor-inhibiting hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1). Uptake of tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) by normal endothelial cells activates angiogenic signaling pathways in endothelial cells and stimulates new vessel formation. TEX-driven cross-talk of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with immune cells blocks their anti-tumor activity. Effective inhibition of tumor angiogenesis may arrest tumor progression. Bevacizumab, a VEGF-specific antibody, was the first antiangiogenic agent to enter the clinic. The most important clinical problem associated with cancer therapy using VEGF- or VEFGR-targeting agents is drug resistance. Combined strategies based on angiogenesis inhibitors and immunotherapy effectively enhances therapies in various cancers, but effective treatment requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wioletta Olejarz
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (W.O.); (G.K.-T.)
- Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grażyna Kubiak-Tomaszewska
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (W.O.); (G.K.-T.)
- Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alicja Chrzanowska
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Lorenc
- 1st Department of Clinical Radiology, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. Chałubińskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-502-1073
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71
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Xing X, Han S, Li Z, Li Z. Emerging role of exosomes in craniofacial and dental applications. Theranostics 2020; 10:8648-8664. [PMID: 32754269 PMCID: PMC7392016 DOI: 10.7150/thno.48291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, a specific subgroup of extracellular vesicles that are secreted by cells, have been recognized as important mediators of intercellular communication. They participate in a diverse range of physiological and pathological processes. Given the capability of exosomes to carry molecular cargos and transfer bioactive components, exosome-based disease diagnosis and therapeutics have been extensively studied over the past few decades. Herein, we highlight the emerging applications of exosomes as biomarkers and therapeutic agents in the craniofacial and dental field. Moreover, we discuss the current challenges and future perspectives of exosomes in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zhi Li
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zubing Li
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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72
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Ahmadi M, Rezaie J. Tumor cells derived-exosomes as angiogenenic agents: possible therapeutic implications. J Transl Med 2020; 18:249. [PMID: 32571337 PMCID: PMC7310379 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02426-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a multistep process and various molecules are involved in regulating it. Extracellular vesicles are cell-derived particles, secreted from several types of cells and are known to mediate cell-to-cell communication. These vesicles contain different bio-molecules including nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, which are transported between cells and regulate physiological and pathological conditions in the recipient cell. Exosomes, 30–150 nm extracellular vesicles, and their key roles in tumorigenesis via promoting angiogenesis are of great recent interest. In solid tumors, the suitable blood supply is the hallmark of their progression, growth, and metastasis, so it can be supported by angiogenesis. Tumor cells abundantly release exosomes containing different kinds of biomolecules such as angiogenic molecules that contribute to inducing angiogenesis. These exosomes can be trafficked between tumor cells or between tumor cells and endothelial cells. The protein and nucleic acid cargo of tumor derived-exosomes can deliver to endothelial cells mostly by endocytosis, and then induce angiogenesis. Tumor derived-exosomes can be used as biomarker for cancer diagnosis. Targeting exosome-induced angiogenesis may serve as a promising tool for cancer therapy. Taken together, tumor derived-exosomes are the major contributors in tumor angiogenesis and a supposed target for antiangiogenic therapies. However, further scrutiny is essential to investigate the function of exosomes in tumor angiogenesis and clinical relevance of targeting exosomes for suppressing angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Ahmadi
- Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jafar Rezaie
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Shafa St, Ershad Blvd, 1138, Urmia, 57147, Iran.
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73
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Peng Q, Yang JY, Zhou G. Emerging functions and clinical applications of exosomes in human oral diseases. Cell Biosci 2020; 10:68. [PMID: 32489584 PMCID: PMC7245751 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-020-00424-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are cell-derived membranous vesicles of endosomal origin secreted by all type of cells and present in various body fluids. Exosomes are enriched in peptides, lipids, and nucleic acids, emerging as vital modulators in intercellular communication. Exosomes are increasingly being evaluated as biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of diseases, because the constituents of exosomes could be reprogrammed depending on the states of diseases. These features also make exosomes a research hotspot in oral diseases in recent years. In this review, we outlined the characteristics of exosomes, focused on the differential expressions and altered biological functions of exosomes in oral diseases, including oral squamous cell carcinoma, oral leukoplakia, periodontitis, primary Sjögren's syndrome, oral lichen planus, as well as hand foot and mouth disease. Besides, accumulated evidence documents that it is implementable to consider the natural nanostructured exosomes as a new strategy for disease treatment. Herein, we highlighted the therapeutic potential of exosomes in oral tissue regeneration, oncotherapy, wound healing, and their superiority as therapeutic drug delivery vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Peng
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing-ya Yang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Oral Medicine, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Luoyu Road 237, Wuhan, China
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74
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Zavala G, Ramos MP, Figueroa-Valdés AI, Cisternas P, Wyneken U, Hernández M, Toa P, Salmons B, Dangerfield J, Gunzburg WH, Khoury M. Semipermeable Cellulose Beads Allow Selective and Continuous Release of Small Extracellular Vesicles (sEV) From Encapsulated Cells. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:679. [PMID: 32528280 PMCID: PMC7253686 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical benefit of therapies using Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) is attributable to their pleiotropic effect over cells and tissues, mainly through their secretome. This paracrine effect is mediated by secreted growth factors and extracellular vesicles (EV) including small EV (sEV). sEV are extra-cellular, membrane encompassed vesicles of 40 to 200 nm diameter that can trigger and signal many cellular responses depending on their cargo protein and nucleic acid repertoire. sEV are purified from cell culture conditioned media using several kits and protocols available that can be tedious and time-consuming, involving sequences of ultracentrifugations and density gradient separations, making their production a major challenge under Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) conditions. We have developed a method to efficiently enrich cell culture media with high concentrations of sEV by encapsulating cells in semipermeable cellulose beads that allows selectively the release of small particles while offering a 3D culture condition. This method is based on the pore size of the capsules, allowing the release of particles of ≤ 200 nm including sEV. As a proof-of-principle, MSCs were encapsulated and their sEV release rate (sEV-Cap) was monitored throughout the culture and compared to sEV isolated from 2D seeded cells (sEV-2D) by repetitive ultracentrifugation cycles or a commercial kit. The isolated sEV expressed CD63, CD9, and CD81 as confirmed by flow cytometry analysis. Under transmission electron microscopy (TEM), they displayed the similar rounded morphology as sEV-2D. Their corresponding diameter size was validated by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). Interestingly, sEV-Cap retained the expected biological activities of MSCs, including a pro-angiogenic effect over endothelial cells, neuritic outgrowth stimulation in hippocampal neurons and immunosuppression of T cells in vitro. Here, we successfully present a novel, cost, and time-saving method to generate sEV from encapsulated MSCs. Future applications include using encapsulated cells as a retrievable delivery device that can interact with the host niche by releasing active agents in vivo, including sEV, growth factors, hormones, and small molecules, while avoiding cell clearance, and the negative side-effect of releasing undesired components including apoptotic bodies. Finally, particles produced following the encapsulation protocol display beneficial features for their use as drug-loaded delivery vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Zavala
- Consorcio REGENERO, Chilean Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - María-Paz Ramos
- Consorcio REGENERO, Chilean Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aliosha I Figueroa-Valdés
- Consorcio REGENERO, Chilean Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Cisternas
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ursula Wyneken
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Macarena Hernández
- Consorcio REGENERO, Chilean Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pauline Toa
- Austrianova Singapore Pte Ltd, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Walter H Gunzburg
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maroun Khoury
- Consorcio REGENERO, Chilean Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile.,Cells for Cells, Santiago, Chile
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75
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Chinnappan M, Srivastava A, Amreddy N, Razaq M, Pareek V, Ahmed R, Mehta M, Peterson JE, Munshi A, Ramesh R. Exosomes as drug delivery vehicle and contributor of resistance to anticancer drugs. Cancer Lett 2020; 486:18-28. [PMID: 32439419 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are small membranous vesicles implicated in intercellular signalling. Through their uncanny ability to carry and deliver donor cellular cargo (biomolecules) to target cells, they exert a profound effect on the regular functioning of healthy cells and play a significant role in pathogenesis and progression of several diseases, including cancer. The composition and number of endogenously circulating exosomes frequently vary, which is often reflective of the pathophysiological status of the cell. Applicability of exosomes derived from normal cells as a drug carrier with or without modifying their intraluminal and surface components are generally tested. Conversely, exosomes also are reported to contribute to resistance towards several anti-cancer therapies. Therefore, it is necessary to carefully evaluate the role of exosomes in cancer progression, resistance and the potential use of exosomes as a delivery vehicle of cancer therapeutics. In this review, we summarize the recent advancements in the exploitation of exosomes as a drug delivery vehicle. We also discuss the role of exosomes in conferring resistance to anti-cancer therapeutics. While this review is focused on cancer, the exosome-based drug delivery and resistance is also applicable to other human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendran Chinnappan
- Department of Pathology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA; Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Akhil Srivastava
- Department of Pathology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA; Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Narsireddy Amreddy
- Department of Pathology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA; Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Mohammad Razaq
- Department of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA; Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Vipul Pareek
- Department of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA; Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Rebaz Ahmed
- Department of Pathology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA; Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Meghna Mehta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA; Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Jo Elle Peterson
- Department of Pathology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA; Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Anupama Munshi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA; Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Rajagopal Ramesh
- Department of Pathology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA; Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA; Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
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76
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Parfejevs V, Sagini K, Buss A, Sobolevska K, Llorente A, Riekstina U, Abols A. Adult Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer Treatment: Opportunities and Challenges. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051171. [PMID: 32397238 PMCID: PMC7290929 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult stem cells (SCs) participate in tissue repair and homeostasis regulation. The relative ease of SC handling and their therapeutic effect has made of these cell popular candidates for cellular therapy. However, several problems interfere with their clinical application in cancer treatment, like safety issues, unpredictable pro-tumour effects, and tissue entrapment. Therefore cell-free therapies that exhibit SC properties are being investigated. It is now well known that adult SCs exhibit their therapeutic effect via paracrine mechanisms. In addition to secretory proteins, SCs also release extracellular vesicles (EV) that deliver their contents to the target cells. Cancer treatment is one of the most promising applications of SC-EVs. Moreover, SC-EVs could be modified to improve targeted drug delivery. The aim of the review is to summarise current knowledge of adult SC-EV application in cancer treatment and to emphasise future opportunities and challenges in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadims Parfejevs
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, House of Science, Jelgavas Str 3, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia; (V.P.); (U.R.)
| | - Krizia Sagini
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway; (K.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Arturs Buss
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites Str 1, k-1, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (A.B.); (K.S.)
| | - Kristine Sobolevska
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites Str 1, k-1, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (A.B.); (K.S.)
| | - Alicia Llorente
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway; (K.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Una Riekstina
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, House of Science, Jelgavas Str 3, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia; (V.P.); (U.R.)
| | - Arturs Abols
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites Str 1, k-1, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia; (A.B.); (K.S.)
- Correspondence:
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77
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Lorencova L, Bertok T, Bertokova A, Gajdosova V, Hroncekova S, Vikartovska A, Kasak P, Tkac J. Exosomes as a Source of Cancer Biomarkers: Advances in Electrochemical Biosensing of Exosomes. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202000075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Lorencova
- Department of Glycobiotechnology Institute of ChemistrySlovak Academy of Sciences Dubravska cesta 9 845 38 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Tomas Bertok
- Department of Glycobiotechnology Institute of ChemistrySlovak Academy of Sciences Dubravska cesta 9 845 38 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Aniko Bertokova
- Department of Glycobiotechnology Institute of ChemistrySlovak Academy of Sciences Dubravska cesta 9 845 38 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Veronika Gajdosova
- Department of Glycobiotechnology Institute of ChemistrySlovak Academy of Sciences Dubravska cesta 9 845 38 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Stefania Hroncekova
- Department of Glycobiotechnology Institute of ChemistrySlovak Academy of Sciences Dubravska cesta 9 845 38 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Alica Vikartovska
- Department of Glycobiotechnology Institute of ChemistrySlovak Academy of Sciences Dubravska cesta 9 845 38 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Peter Kasak
- Center for Advanced MaterialsQatar University P.O. Box 2713 Doha Qatar
| | - Jan Tkac
- Department of Glycobiotechnology Institute of ChemistrySlovak Academy of Sciences Dubravska cesta 9 845 38 Bratislava Slovakia
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78
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Merckx G, Hosseinkhani B, Kuypers S, Deville S, Irobi J, Nelissen I, Michiels L, Lambrichts I, Bronckaers A. Angiogenic Effects of Human Dental Pulp and Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and their Extracellular Vesicles. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020312. [PMID: 32012900 PMCID: PMC7072370 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood vessel formation or angiogenesis is a key process for successful tooth regeneration. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) possess paracrine proangiogenic properties, which are, at least partially, induced by their extracellular vesicles (EVs). However, the isolation of BM-MSCs is associated with several drawbacks, which could be overcome by MSC-like cells of the teeth, called dental pulp stromal cells (DPSCs). This study aims to compare the angiogenic content and functions of DPSC and BM-MSC EVs and conditioned medium (CM). The angiogenic protein profile of DPSC- and BM-MSC-derived EVs, CM and EV-depleted CM was screened by an antibody array and confirmed by ELISA. Functional angiogenic effects were tested in transwell migration and chicken chorioallantoic membrane assays. All secretion fractions contained several pro- and anti-angiogenic proteins and induced in vitro endothelial cell motility. This chemotactic potential was higher for (EV-depleted) CM, compared to EVs with a stronger effect for BM-MSCs. Finally, BM-MSC CM, but not DPSC CM, nor EVs, increased in ovo angiogenesis. In conclusion, we showed that DPSCs are less potent in relation to endothelial cell chemotaxis and in ovo neovascularization, compared to BM-MSCs, which emphasizes the importance of choice of cell type and secretion fraction for stem cell-based regenerative therapies in inducing angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greet Merckx
- UHasselt - Hasselt University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Baharak Hosseinkhani
- UHasselt - Hasselt University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Sören Kuypers
- UHasselt - Hasselt University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Sarah Deville
- UHasselt - Hasselt University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Health Department, Boeretang, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Joy Irobi
- UHasselt - Hasselt University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Inge Nelissen
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Health Department, Boeretang, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Luc Michiels
- UHasselt - Hasselt University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Ivo Lambrichts
- UHasselt - Hasselt University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Annelies Bronckaers
- UHasselt - Hasselt University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-(0)-11-26-92-23
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79
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Rodríguez Zorrilla S, García García A, Blanco Carrión A, Gándara Vila P, Somoza Martín M, Gallas Torreira M, Pérez Sayans M. Exosomes in head and neck cancer. Updating and revisiting. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2020; 34:1641-1651. [PMID: 31496355 PMCID: PMC6746279 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2019.1662000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes have gone from being considered simple containers of intracellular waste substances to be considered important carriers of cellular signals. Its broad capacity to promote tumour growth, both in situ and metastatic, has greatly intensified scientific research on them. In the same way and depending on its content, its tumour suppressive properties have opened a window of light and hope in the fight against cancer. In the present review we try to gather in a simple and understandable way the most relevant knowledge to date on the role of exosomes in oral squamous cell carcinoma, helping to understand their process of formation, release and activity on the tumour microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Rodríguez Zorrilla
- Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - Abel García García
- Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS) , Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - Andrés Blanco Carrión
- Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - Pilar Gándara Vila
- Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - Manuel Somoza Martín
- Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - Mercedes Gallas Torreira
- Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - Mario Pérez Sayans
- Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS) , Santiago de Compostela , Spain
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80
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Kavari SL, Shah K. Engineered stem cells targeting multiple cell surface receptors in tumors. Stem Cells 2020; 38:34-44. [PMID: 31381835 PMCID: PMC6981034 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Multiple stem cell types exhibit inherent tropism for cancer, and engineered stem cells have been used as therapeutic agents to specifically target cancer cells. Recently, stem cells have been engineered to target multiple surface receptors on tumor cells, as well as endothelial and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we discuss the rationales and strategies for developing multiple receptor-targeted stem cells, their mechanisms of action, and the promises and challenges they hold as cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanam L Kavari
- Center for Stem Cell Therapeutics and Imaging (CSTI), Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Khalid Shah
- Center for Stem Cell Therapeutics and Imaging (CSTI), Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
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81
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Chen L, Qu J, Cheng T, Chen X, Xiang C. Menstrual blood-derived stem cells: toward therapeutic mechanisms, novel strategies, and future perspectives in the treatment of diseases. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:406. [PMID: 31864423 PMCID: PMC6925480 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1503-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Menstrual blood-derived stem cells (MenSCs) have great potential in the treatment of various diseases. As a novel type of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), MenSCs have attracted more interest due to their therapeutic effects in both animal models and clinical trials. Here, we described the differentiation, immunomodulation, paracrine, homing, and engraftment mechanisms of MenSCs. These include differentiation into targeting cells, immunomodulation with various immune cells, the paracrine effect on secreting cytokines, and homing and engraftment into injured sites. To better conduct MenSC-based therapy, some novel hotspots were proposed such as CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/cas9-mediated gene modification, exosomes for cell-free therapy, single-cell RNA sequence for precision medicine, engineered MenSC-based therapy for the delivery platform, and stem cell niches for improving microenvironment. Subsequently, current challenges were elaborated on, with regard to age of donor, dose of MenSCs, transplantation route, and monitoring time. The management of clinical research with respect to MenSC-based therapy in diseases will become more normative and strict. Thus, a more comprehensive horizon should be considered that includes a combination of traditional solutions and novel strategies. In summary, MenSC-based treatment has a great potential in treating diseases through diverse strategies, and more therapeutic mechanisms and novel strategies need to be elucidated for future regenerative medicine and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 E 50th Street, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA
| | - Jingjing Qu
- Lung Cancer and Gastroenterology Department, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical, School of Central South University, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China.,Department of Respiratory Disease, Thoracic Disease Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianli Cheng
- Thoracic Medicine Department 1, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical, School of Central South University, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Charlie Xiang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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82
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Wang C, Song W, Chen B, Liu X, He Y. Exosomes Isolated From Adipose-Derived Stem Cells: A New Cell-Free Approach to Prevent the Muscle Degeneration Associated With Torn Rotator Cuffs. Am J Sports Med 2019; 47:3247-3255. [PMID: 31560856 DOI: 10.1177/0363546519876323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fatty infiltration, inflammation, and apoptosis are common degenerative changes in patients with chronic rotator cuff tears that can lead to muscle atrophy and can even result in massive irreparable rotator cuff tears. Some data have demonstrated the proregenerative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties of stem cell-derived exosomes in some orthopaedic disorders, but their effect on torn rotator cuff muscles has never been investigated. PURPOSE To study the effect of exosomes isolated from human adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs-Exos) on muscle degeneration, regeneration, and biomechanical properties in a rat model of a massive rotator cuff tear (MRCT). STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS A bilateral supraspinatus and infraspinatus tenotomy was performed on rats to create an MRCT model. Forty-two rats were randomly assigned to 3 groups: the sham surgery group, the saline group (lesions treated with a saline injection), and the ASCs-Exos group (lesions treated with an ASCs-Exos injection). Wet muscle weight, fatty infiltration, inflammation, vascularization, regeneration, and biomechanical properties were evaluated at 8 and 16 weeks after surgery. RESULTS The results revealed that the ASCs-Exos treatment could prevent the atrophy, fatty infiltration, inflammation, and vascularization of muscles in the MRCT model (P < .001). Additionally, the myofiber regeneration and biomechanical properties of ASCs-Exos-treated rotator cuffs were significantly elevated compared with those in the saline-treated group (P < .001). CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that ASCs-Exos can effectively decrease atrophy and degeneration and improve muscle regeneration and biomechanical properties in torn rotator cuff muscles. CLINICAL RELEVANCE ASCs-Exos can be used as a new cell-free approach to prevent the muscle degeneration associated with torn rotator cuffs and may be helpful to repair torn rotator cuffs. Nevertheless, further work needs to be done in a large animal model owing to the inherent regenerative potential possessed by rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongyang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Song
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Bi Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xudong Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaohua He
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Jinshan Branch, Shanghai, China
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83
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Abdelrazik H, Giordano E, Barbanti Brodano G, Griffoni C, De Falco E, Pelagalli A. Substantial Overview on Mesenchymal Stem Cell Biological and Physical Properties as an Opportunity in Translational Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215386. [PMID: 31671788 PMCID: PMC6862078 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have piqued worldwide interest for their extensive potential to treat a large array of clinical indications, their unique and controversial immunogenic and immune modulatory properties allowing ample discussions and debates for their possible applications. Emerging data demonstrating that the interaction of biomaterials and physical cues with MSC can guide their differentiation into specific cell lineages also provide new interesting insights for further MSC manipulation in different clinical applications. Moreover, recent discoveries of some regulatory molecules and signaling pathways in MSC niche that may regulate cell fate to distinct lineage herald breakthroughs in regenerative medicine. Although the advancement and success in the MSC field had led to an enormous increase in the amount of ongoing clinical trials, we still lack defined clinical therapeutic protocols. This review will explore the exciting opportunities offered by human and animal MSC, describing relevant biological properties of these cells in the light of the novel emerging evidence mentioned above while addressing the limitations and challenges MSC are still facing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba Abdelrazik
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Cairo University, Cairo 1137, Egypt.
- Department of Diagnosis, central laboratory department, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16131 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Emanuele Giordano
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering "Guglielmo Marconi" (DEI), University of Bologna, 47522 Cesena, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Barbanti Brodano
- Department of Oncological and Degenerative Spine Surgery, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Cristiana Griffoni
- Department of Oncological and Degenerative Spine Surgery, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Elena De Falco
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy.
- Mediterranea Cardiocentro, 80122 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Pelagalli
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy.
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimages (IBB), National Research Council (CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy.
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Javan MR, Khosrojerdi A, Moazzeni SM. New Insights Into Implementation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Cancer Therapy: Prospects for Anti-angiogenesis Treatment. Front Oncol 2019; 9:840. [PMID: 31555593 PMCID: PMC6722482 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment interacts with tumor cells, establishing an atmosphere to contribute or suppress the tumor development. Among the cells which play a role in the tumor microenvironment, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been demonstrated to possess the ability to orchestrate the fate of tumor cells, drawing the attention to the field. MSCs have been considered as cells with double-bladed effects, implicating either tumorigenic or anti-tumor activity. On the other side, the promising potential of MSCs in treating human cancer cells has been observed from the clinical studies. Among the beneficial characteristics of MSCs is the natural tumor-trophic migration ability, providing facility for drug delivery and, therefore, targeted treatment to detach tumor and metastatic cells. Moreover, these cells have been the target of engineering approaches, due to their easily implemented traits, in order to obtain the desired expression of anti-angiogenic, anti-proliferative, and pro-apoptotic properties, according to the tumor type. Tumor angiogenesis is the key characteristic of tumor progression and metastasis. Manipulation of angiogenesis has become an attractive approach for cancer therapy since the introduction of the first angiogenesis inhibitor, namely bevacizumab, for metastatic colorectal cancer therapy. This review tries to conclude the approaches, with focus on anti-angiogenesis approach, in implementing the MSCs to combat against tumor cell progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Javan
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arezou Khosrojerdi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Moazzeni
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Trovato E, Di Felice V, Barone R. Extracellular Vesicles: Delivery Vehicles of Myokines. Front Physiol 2019; 10:522. [PMID: 31133872 PMCID: PMC6514434 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Movement and regular physical activity are two important factors that help the human body prevent, reduce and treat different chronic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, heart diseases, hypertension, sarcopenia, cachexia and cancer. During exercise, several tissues release molecules into the blood stream, and are able to mediate beneficial effects throughout the whole body. In particular, contracting skeletal muscle cells have the capacity to communicate with other organs through the release of humoral factors that play an important role in the mechanisms of adaptation to physical exercise. These muscle-derived factors, today recognized as myokines, act as endocrine and paracrine hormones. Moreover, exercise may stimulate the release of small membranous vesicles into circulation, whose composition is influenced by the same exercise. Combining the two hypotheses, these molecules related to exercise, named exer-kines, might be secreted from muscle cells inside small vesicles (nanovesicles). These could act as messengers in tissue cross talk during physical exercise. Thanks to their ability to deliver useful molecules (such as proteins and miRNA) in both physiological and pathological conditions, extracellular vesicles can be thought of as promising candidates for potential therapeutic and diagnostic applications for several diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Trovato
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostic (BIND), Human Anatomy and Histology Institute, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Valentina Di Felice
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostic (BIND), Human Anatomy and Histology Institute, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Innovation and Biotechnology for Health and Exercise (iBioTHEx), Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosario Barone
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostic (BIND), Human Anatomy and Histology Institute, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy
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