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Han P, Weber C, Hummel T. Brain response to intranasal trimethylamine stimulation: A preliminary human fMRI study. Neurosci Lett 2020; 735:135166. [PMID: 32574795 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs) are a second class of olfactory receptors in humans. They are activated by volatile amines, including pheromone-like odors. However, in humans the neural processing of TAAR-associated signals is not known. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, the current study investigated brain activation following intra-nasal stimulation with trimethylamine (TMA), an agonist of human TAAR5, and three "canonical" odors with varied valence (an unpleasant odor [n-butanol], a neutral to unpleasant odor [civet musk], and a pleasant odor [phenyl ethyl alcohol]) in 12 healthy young participants. Our hypothesis driven analysis showed that TMA induced a trend for stronger left amygdala activation as compared to the other odors (Family-Wise Error corrected p = 0.08). Whole-brain exploratory analyses revealed superior activation of the cerebellum and caudate to TMA compared to canonical odors, and stronger activation of the anterior cingulate and somatosensory regions (postcentral gyrus and mid cingulate) in response to canonical odors compared to TMA. The current results provide initial evidence on differential central processes of a TAAR mediated stimulus compared to odors targeting canonical olfactory receptors. Future research are needed to elucidate the physiological and psychological relevance of TAARs in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Han
- Interdisciplinary Center on Smell and Taste, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; The Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China.
| | - Catharina Weber
- Interdisciplinary Center on Smell and Taste, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Interdisciplinary Center on Smell and Taste, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Hypothyroidism-Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (HIN): Mechanisms and Emerging Therapeutic Options. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165927. [PMID: 32824723 PMCID: PMC7460638 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an emerging worldwide problem and its association with other metabolic pathologies has been one of the main research topics in the last decade. The aim of this review article is to provide an up-to-date correlation between hypothyroidism and NAFLD. We followed evidence regarding epidemiological impact, immunopathogenesis, thyroid hormone-liver axis, lipid and cholesterol metabolism, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and inflammation. After evaluating the influence of thyroid hormone imbalance on liver structure and function, the latest studies have focused on developing new therapeutic strategies. Thyroid hormones (THs) along with their metabolites and thyroid hormone receptor β (THR-β) agonist are the main therapeutic targets. Other liver specific analogs and alternative treatments have been tested in the last few years as potential NAFLD therapy. Finally, we concluded that further research is necessary as well as the need for an extensive evaluation of thyroid function in NAFLD/NASH patients, aiming for better management and outcome.
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Abstract
The development of thyroid hormone (TH) analogues was prompted by the attempt to exploit the effects of TH on lipid metabolism, avoiding cardiac thyrotoxicosis. Analysis of the relative distribution of the α and β subtypes of nuclear TH receptors (TRα and TRβ) showed that TRα and TRβ are responsible for cardiac and metabolic responses, respectively. Therefore, analogues with TRβ selectivity were developed, and four different compounds have been used in clinical trials: GC-1 (sobetirome), KB-2115 (eprotirome), MB07344/VK2809, and MGL-3196 (resmetirom). Each of these compounds was able to reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, but a phase 3 trial with eprotirome was interrupted because of a significant increase in liver enzymes and the contemporary report of cartilage side effects in animals. As a consequence, the other projects were terminated as well. However, in recent years, TRβ agonists have raised new interest for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). After obtaining excellent results in experimental models, clinical trials have been started with MGL-3196 and VK2809, and the initial reports are encouraging. Sobetirome turned out to be effective also in experimental models of demyelinating disease. Aside TRβ agonists, TH analogues include some TH metabolites that are biologically active on their own, and their synthetic analogues. 3,5,3'-triiodothyroacetic acid has already found clinical use in the treatment of some cases of TH resistance due to TRβ mutations, and interesting results have recently been reported in patients with the Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome, a rare disease caused by mutations in the TH transporter MCT8. 3,5-diiodothyronine (T2) has been used with success in rat models of dyslipidemia and NAFLD, but the outcome of a clinical trial with a synthetic T2 analogue was disappointing. 3-iodothyronamine (T1AM) is the last entry in the group of active TH metabolites. Promising results have been obtained in animal models of neurological injury induced by β-amyloid or by convulsive agents, but no clinical data are available so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Zucchi
- Department of Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Address correspondence to: Riccardo Zucchi, MD, PhD, Department of Pathology, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, Pisa 56126, Italy
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Trace amines produced by skin bacteria accelerate wound healing in mice. Commun Biol 2020; 3:277. [PMID: 32483173 PMCID: PMC7264277 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-1000-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain skin bacteria are able to convert aromatic amino acids (AAA) into trace amines (TA) that act as neuromodulators. Since the human skin and sweat contain a comparatively high content of AAA one can expect that such bacteria are able to produce TA on our skin. Here we show that TA-producing Staphylococcus epidermidis strains expressing SadA are predominant on human skin and that TA accelerate wound healing. In wounded skin, keratinocytes produce epinephrine (EPI) that leads to cell motility inhibition by β2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) activation thus delay wound healing. As β2-AR antagonists, TA and dopamine (DOP) abrogate the effect of EPI thus accelerating wound healing both in vitro and in a mouse model. In the mouse model, the S. epidermidis wild type strain accelerates wound healing compared to its ΔsadA mutant. Our study demonstrates that TA-producing S. epidermidis strains present on our skin might be beneficial for wound healing. Arif Luqman et al. demonstrate that trace amines accelerate wound healing by antagonizing β2-adrenergic receptor whose activation inhibits cell motility. This study suggests that trace amine-producing Staphylococcus epidermidis strains present on human skin may play a beneficial role for wound healing.
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Pae CU, Drago A, Kim JJ, Patkar AA, Jun TY, Lee C, Mandelli L, De Ronchi D, Paik IH, Serretti A. TAAR6variation effect on clinic presentation and outcome in a sample of schizophrenic in-patients: An open label study. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 23:390-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2008.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2008] [Revised: 04/16/2008] [Accepted: 04/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractWe recently reported an association betweenTAAR6(trace amine associated receptor 6 gene) variations and schizophrenia (SZ). We now report an association of a set ofTAAR6variations and clinical presentation and outcome in a sample of 240 SZ Korean patients. Patients were selected by a Structured Clinical Interview, DSM-IV Axis I disorders – Clinical Version (SCID-CV). Other psychiatric or neurologic disorders, as well as medical diseases, were exclusion criteria. To assess symptom severity, patients were administered the CGI scale and the PANSS at baseline and at the moment of discharge, 1 month later on average.TAAR6variations rs6903874, rs7452939, rs8192625 and rs4305745 were investigated; rs6903874, rs7452939 and rs8192625 entered the statistical investigation after LD analysis. Rs8192625 G/G homozygosis was found to be significantly associated both with a worse clinical presentation at PANSS total and positive scores and with a shorter period of illness before hospitalization. No haplotype significant findings were found. The present study stands for a role of theTAAR6in the clinical presentation of SZ. Moreover, our results show that this genetic effect may be counteracted by a correct treatment. Haplotype analysis was not informative in our sample, probably also because of the incomplete SNPs' coverage of the gene we performed. Further studies in this direction are warranted.
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3-Iodothyronamine and Derivatives: New Allies Against Metabolic Syndrome? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062005. [PMID: 32183490 PMCID: PMC7139928 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the two decades since its discovery, a large body of evidence has amassed to highlight the potential of 3-iodothyronamine (T1AM) as an antiobesity drug, whose pleiotropic signaling actions profoundly impact energy metabolism. In the present review, we recapitulate the most relevant properties of T1AM, including its structural and functional relationship to thyroid hormone, its endogenous levels, molecular targets, as well as its genomic and non-genomic effects on metabolism elicited in experimental models after exogenous administration. The physiological and pathophysiological relevance of T1AM in the regulation of energy homeostasis and metabolism is also discussed, along with its potential therapeutic applications in metabolic disturbances. Finally, we examine a number of T1AM analogs that have been recently developed with the aim of designing novel pharmacological agents for the treatment of interlinked diseases, such as metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders, as well as additional synthetic tools that can be exploited to further explore T1AM-dependent mechanisms and the physiological roles of trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1)-mediated effects.
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Putative TAAR5 agonist alpha-NETA affects event-related potentials in oddball paradigm in awake mice. Brain Res Bull 2020; 158:116-121. [PMID: 32151716 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Trace amines have been reported to be neuromodulators of monoaminergic systems. Trace amines receptor 5 (TAAR5) is expressed in several regions of mice central nervous system, such as amygdala, arcuate nucleus and ventromedial hypothalamus, but very limited information is available on its functional role. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of TAAR5 agonist alpha-NETA on the generation of mismatch negativity (MMN) analogue in C57BL/6 mice. Event-related potentials have been recorded from awake mice in oddball paradigms before and after the alpha-NETA administration. Alpha-NETA has been found to decrease N40 MMN-like difference, which resulted from the increased response to standard stimuli. An opposite effect has been found for the P80 component: the amplitude increased in response both to standard and deviant stimuli. A significant increase in N40 peak latency after the alpha-NETA administration has been found. This may suggest a reduced speed of information processing similar to the increase in P50 and N100 components latencies in schizophrenia patients. These results provide new evidence for a role of TAAR5 in cognitive processes.
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Brix K, Szumska J, Weber J, Qatato M, Venugopalan V, Al-Hashimi A, Rehders M. Auto-Regulation of the Thyroid Gland Beyond Classical Pathways. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2020; 128:437-445. [PMID: 32074633 DOI: 10.1055/a-1080-2969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This mini-review asks how self-regulation of the thyroid gland is realized at the cellular and molecular levels by canonical and non-canonical means. Canonical pathways of thyroid regulation comprise thyroid stimulating hormone-triggered receptor signaling. As part of non-canonical regulation, we hypothesized an interplay between protease-mediated thyroglobulin processing and thyroid hormone release into the circulation by means of thyroid hormone transporters like Mct8. We proposed a sensing mechanism by different thyroid hormone transporters, present in specific subcellular locations of thyroid epithelial cells, selectively monitoring individual steps of thyroglobulin processing, and thus, the cellular thyroid hormone status. Indeed, we found that proteases and thyroid hormone transporters are functionally inter-connected, however, in a counter-intuitive manner fostering self-thyrotoxicity in particular in Mct8- and/or Mct10-deficient mice. Furthermore, the possible role of the G protein-coupled receptor Taar1 is discussed, because we detected Taar1 at cilia of the apical plasma membrane of thyrocytes in vitro and in situ. Eventually, through pheno-typing Taar1-deficient mice, we identified a co-regulatory role of Taar1 and the thyroid stimulating hormone receptors. Recently, we showed that inhibition of thyroglobulin-processing enzymes results in disappearance of cilia from the apical pole of thyrocytes, while Taar1 is re-located to the endoplasmic reticulum. This pathway features a connection between thyrotropin-stimulated secretion of proteases into the thyroid follicle lumen and substrate-mediated self-assisted control of initially peri-cellular thyroglobulin processing, before its reinternalization by endocytosis, followed by extensive endo-lysosomal liberation of thyroid hormones, which are then released from thyroid follicles by means of thyroid hormone transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Brix
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Joanna Szumska
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany.,Present address of JS is Department of Internal Medicine III, Cardiology, Angiology and Respiratory Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jonas Weber
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Maria Qatato
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Vaishnavi Venugopalan
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Alaa Al-Hashimi
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Maren Rehders
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
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Accorroni A, Rutigliano G, Sabatini M, Frascarelli S, Borsò M, Novelli E, Bandini L, Ghelardoni S, Saba A, Zucchi R, Origlia N. Exogenous 3-Iodothyronamine Rescues the Entorhinal Cortex from β-Amyloid Toxicity. Thyroid 2020; 30:147-160. [PMID: 31709926 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2019.0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background: A novel form of thyroid hormone (TH) signaling is represented by 3-iodothyronamine (T1AM), an endogenous TH derivative that interacts with specific molecular targets, including trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1), and induces pro-learning and anti-amnestic effects in mice. Dysregulation of TH signaling has long been hypothesized to play a role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the present investigation, we explored the neuroprotective role of T1AM in beta amyloid (Aβ)-induced synaptic and behavioral impairment, focusing on the entorhinal cortex (EC), an area that is affected early by AD pathology. Methods: Field potentials were evoked in EC layer II, and long-term potentiation (LTP) was elicited by high frequency stimulation (HFS). T1AM (5 μM) and/or Aβ(1-42) (200 nM), were administered for 10 minutes, starting 5 minutes before HFS. Selective TAAR1 agonist RO5166017 (250 nM) and TAAR1 antagonist EPPTB (5 nM) were also used. The electrophysiological experiments were repeated in EC-slices taken from a mouse model of AD (mutant human amyloid precursor protein [mhAPP], J20 line). We also assessed the in vivo effects of T1AM on EC-dependent associative memory deficits, which were detected in mhAPP mice by behavioral evaluations based on the novel-object recognition paradigm. TAAR1 expression was determined by Western blot, whereas T1AM and its metabolite 3-iodothyroacetic acid (TA1) were assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Results: We demonstrate the presence of endogenous T1AM and TAAR1 in the EC of wild-type and mhAPP mice. Exposure to Aβ(1-42) inhibited LTP, and T1AM perfusion (at a concentration of 5 μM, leading to an actual concentration in the perfusion buffer ranging from 44 to 298 nM) restored it, whereas equimolar amounts of 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) and TA1 were ineffective. The response to T1AM was abolished by the TAAR1 antagonist EPPTB, whereas it was mimicked by the TAAR1 agonist RO5166017. In the EC of APPJ20 mice, LTP could not be elicited, but it was rescued by T1AM. The intra-cerebro-ventricular administration of T1AM (0.89 μg/kg) also restored recognition memory that was impaired in mhAPP mice. Conclusions: Our results suggest that T1AM and TAAR1 are part of an endogenous system that can be modulated to prevent synaptic and behavioral deficits associated with Aβ-related toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Accorroni
- Scuola Superiore di Studi Universitari e di Perfezionamento Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
- Institute of Neuroscience of the Italian National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Grazia Rutigliano
- Scuola Superiore di Studi Universitari e di Perfezionamento Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Marco Borsò
- Department of Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elena Novelli
- Institute of Neuroscience of the Italian National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Nicola Origlia
- Institute of Neuroscience of the Italian National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy
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Kaur H, Bose C, Mande SS. Tryptophan Metabolism by Gut Microbiome and Gut-Brain-Axis: An in silico Analysis. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1365. [PMID: 31920519 PMCID: PMC6930238 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The link between gut microbiome and brain is being slowly acknowledged due to the speculated role of resident gut microbial community in altering the functions of gut-brain axis (GBA). Recently, a number of microbial metabolites (referred to as neuro-active metabolites) produced through tryptophan metabolism have been suggested to influence the GBA. In view of this, the current study focuses on microbial tryptophan metabolism pathways which produce neuro-active metabolites. An in silico analysis was performed on bacterial genomes as well as publicly available gut microbiome data. The results provide a comprehensive catalog of the analyzed pathways across bacteria. The analysis indicates an enrichment of tryptophan metabolism pathways in five gut-associated phyla, namely, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Fusobacteria. Further, five genera, namely, Clostridium, Burkholderia, Streptomyces, Pseudomonas, and Bacillus have been predicted to be enriched in terms of number of the analyzed tryptophan metabolism pathways, suggesting a higher potential of these bacterial groups to metabolize tryptophan in gut. Analysis of available microbiome data corresponding to gut samples from patients of neurological diseases and healthy individuals suggests probable association of different sets of tryptophan metabolizing bacterial pathways with the etiology of different diseases. The insights obtained from the present study are expected to provide directions toward designing of microbiome based diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for neurological diseases/disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sharmila S. Mande
- Life Sciences R&D, TCS Research, Tata Consultancy Services, Pune, India
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Abstract
Trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs) are a family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that are evolutionarily conserved in vertebrates. The first discovered TAAR1 is mainly expressed in the brain, and is able to detect low abundant trace amines. TAAR1 is also activated by several synthetic compounds and psychostimulant drugs like amphetamine. Activation of TAAR1 by specific agonists can regulate the classical monoaminergic systems in the brain. Further studies have revealed that other TAAR family members are highly expressed in the olfactory system which are termed olfactory TAARs. In vertebrates, olfactory TAARs can specifically recognize volatile or water-soluble amines. Some of these TAAR agonists are produced by decarboxylation of amino acids. In addition, some TAAR agonists are ethological odors that mediate animal innate behaviors. In this study, we provide a comprehensive review of TAAR agonists, including their structures, biosynthesis pathways, and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengrong Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
- Research Institute of Otolaryngology, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Qian Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Shanghai, 201210, China.
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Abstract
Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO) is the product of the monooxygenation reaction catalyzed by a drug-metabolizing enzyme, human flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (hFMO3), and its animal orthologues. For several years, researchers have looked at TMAO and hFMO3 as two distinct molecules playing specific but separate roles, the former to defend saltwater animals from osmotic or hydrostatic stress and the latter to process xenobiotics in men. The presence of high levels of plasmatic TMAO in elasmobranchs and other animals was demonstrated a long time ago, whereas the actual physiological role of hFMO3 is still unknown because the enzyme has been mainly characterized for its ability to oxidize drugs. Recently TMAO was found to be related to several human health conditions such as atherosclerosis, cardiovascular, and renal diseases. This correlation poses a striking question of how other vertebrates (and invertebrates) can survive in the presence of very high TMAO concentrations (micromolar in humans, millimolar in marine mammals and several hundred millimolar in elasmobranchs). Therefore, it is important to address how TMAO, its precursors, and FMO catalytic activity are interconnected.
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Molecular Variants in Human Trace Amine-Associated Receptors and Their Implications in Mental and Metabolic Disorders. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 40:239-255. [PMID: 31643000 PMCID: PMC7028809 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00743-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We provide a comprehensive review of the available evidence on the pathophysiological implications of genetic variants in the human trace amine-associated receptor (TAAR) superfamily. Genes coding for trace amine-associated receptors (taars) represent a multigene family of G-protein-coupled receptors, clustered to a small genomic region of 108 kb located in chromosome 6q23, which has been consistently identified by linkage analyses as a susceptibility locus for schizophrenia and affective disorders. Most TAARs are expressed in brain areas involved in emotions, reward and cognition. TAARs are activated by endogenous trace amines and thyronamines, and evidence for a modulatory action on other monaminergic systems has been reported. Therefore, linkage analyses were followed by fine mapping association studies in schizophrenia and affective disorders. However, none of these reports has received sufficient universal replication, so their status remains uncertain. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in taars have emerged as susceptibility loci from genome-wide association studies investigating migraine and brain development, but none of the detected variants reached the threshold for genome-wide significance. In the last decade, technological advances enabled single-gene or whole-exome sequencing, thus allowing the detection of rare genetic variants, which may have a greater impact on the risk of complex disorders. Using these approaches, several taars (especially taar1) variants have been detected in patients with mental and metabolic disorders, and in some cases, defective receptor function has been demonstrated in vitro. Finally, with the use of transcriptomic and peptidomic techniques, dysregulations of TAARs (especially TAAR6) have been identified in brain disorders characterized by cognitive impairment.
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Menthol Increases Bendiocarb Efficacy Through Activation of Octopamine Receptors and Protein Kinase A. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24203775. [PMID: 31635151 PMCID: PMC6832705 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Great effort is put into seeking a new and effective strategies to control insect pests. One of them is to combine natural products with chemical insecticides to increase their effectiveness. In the study presented, menthol which is an essential oil component was evaluated on its ability to increase the efficiency of bendiocarb, carbamate insecticide. A multi-approach study was conducted using biochemical method (to measure acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity), electrophysiological technique (microelectrode recordings in DUM neurons in situ), and confocal microscopy (for calcium imaging). In the electrophysiological experiments, menthol caused hyperpolarization, which was blocked by an octopamine receptor antagonist (phentolamine) and an inhibitor of protein kinase A (H-89). It also raised the intracellular calcium level. The effect of bendiocarb was potentiated by menthol and this phenomenon was abolished by phentolamine and H-89 but not by protein kinase C inhibitor (bisindolylmaleimide IX). The results indicate that menthol increases carbamate insecticide efficiency by acting on octopamine receptors and triggering protein kinase A phosphorylation pathway.
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65
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Molecularly Imprinted Nanoparticles Assay (MINA) in Pseudo ELISA: An Alternative to Detect and Quantify Octopamine in Water and Human Urine Samples. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11091497. [PMID: 31540212 PMCID: PMC6780943 DOI: 10.3390/polym11091497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2004, octopamine was added to the list of drugs banned by the world anti-doping agency (WADA) and prohibited in any sport competition. This work aims to develop a new analytical method to detect octopamine in water and human urine samples. We proposed a pseudo-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (pseudo-ELISA) by replacing traditional monoclonal antibodies with molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles (nanoMIPs). NanoMIPs were synthesised by a solid-phase approach using a persulfate initiated polymerisation in water. Their performance was analysed in pseudo competitive ELISA based on the competition between free octopamine and octopamine-HRP conjugated. The final assay was able to detect octopamine in water within the range 1 nmol·L−1–0.1 mol·L−1 with a detection limit of 0.047 ± 0.00231 µg·mL−1 and in human urine samples within the range 1 nmol·L−1–0.0001 mol·L−1 with a detection limit of 0.059 ± 0.00281 µg·mL−1. In all experiments, nanoMIPs presented high affinity to the target molecules and almost no cross-reactivity with analogues of octopamine such as pseudophedrine or l-Tyrosine. Only slight interference was observed from the human urine matrix. The high affinity and specificity of nanoMIPs and no need to maintain a cold chain logistics makes the nanoMIPs a competitive alternative to antibodies. Furthermore, this work is the first attempt to use nanoMIPs in pseudo-ELISA assays to detect octopamine.
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Luqman A, Nega M, Nguyen MT, Ebner P, Götz F. SadA-Expressing Staphylococci in the Human Gut Show Increased Cell Adherence and Internalization. Cell Rep 2019; 22:535-545. [PMID: 29320746 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A subgroup of biogenic amines, the so-called trace amines (TAs), are produced by mammals and bacteria and can act as neuromodulators. In the genus Staphylococcus, certain species are capable of producing TAs through the activity of staphylococcal aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (SadA). SadA decarboxylates aromatic amino acids to produce TAs, as well as dihydroxy phenylalanine and 5-hydroxytryptophan to thus produce the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin. SadA-expressing staphylococci were prevalent in the gut of most probands, where they are part of the human intestinal microflora. Furthermore, sadA-expressing staphylococci showed increased adherence to HT-29 cells and 2- to 3-fold increased internalization. Internalization and adherence was also increased in a sadA mutant in the presence of tryptamine. The α2-adrenergic receptor is required for enhanced adherence and internalization. Thus, staphylococci in the gut might contribute to gut activity and intestinal colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Luqman
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Biology Department, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, 60111 Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Mulugeta Nega
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Minh-Thu Nguyen
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Patrick Ebner
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Friedrich Götz
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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67
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Rodrigues AVSL, Almeida FJ, Vieira-Coelho MA. Dimethyltryptamine: Endogenous Role and Therapeutic Potential. J Psychoactive Drugs 2019; 51:299-310. [DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2019.1602291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra VSL Rodrigues
- Department of Biomedicine-Pharmacology and Therapeutics unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Francisco Jcg Almeida
- Department of Biomedicine-Pharmacology and Therapeutics unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria A Vieira-Coelho
- Department of Biomedicine-Pharmacology and Therapeutics unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Psychiatry and Mental Health Clinic, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal
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68
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D'Andrea G, Pizzolato G, Gucciardi A, Stocchero M, Giordano G, Baraldi E, Leon A. Different Circulating Trace Amine Profiles in De Novo and Treated Parkinson's Disease Patients. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6151. [PMID: 30992490 PMCID: PMC6467876 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42535-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Early diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease (PD) remains a challenge to date. New evidence highlights the potential clinical value of circulating trace amines (TAs) in early-stage PD and their involvement in disease progression. A new ultra performance chromatography mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed to quantify plasmatic TAs, and the catecholamines and indolamines pertaining to the same biochemical pathways. Three groups of subjects were recruited: 21 de novo, drug untreated, PD patients, 27 in treatment PD patients and 10 healthy subjects as controls. Multivariate and univariate data analyses were applied to reveal metabolic changes among the groups in attempt to discover new putative markers for early PD detection and disease progression. Different circulating levels of tyrosine (p = 0.002), tyramine (p < 0.001), synephrine (p = 0.015), norepinephrine (p = 0.012), metanephrine (p = 0.001), β-phenylethylamine (p = 0.001) and serotonin (p = 0.006) were found among the three groups. While tyramine behaves as a putative biomarker for early-stage PD (AUC = 0.90) tyramine, norepinephrine, and tyrosine appear to act as biomarkers of disease progression (AUC > 0.75). The findings of this pilot cross-sectional study suggest that biochemical anomalies of the aminergic and indolic neurotransmitters occur in PD patients. Compounds within the TAs family may constitute putative markers for early stage detection and progression of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gilberto Pizzolato
- Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology Unit, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Antonina Gucciardi
- Mass Spectrometry and Metabolomic Laboratory, Women's and Children's Health Department, University of Padova, Padova, Italy. .,Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Cittàdella Speranza, Padova, Italy.
| | - Matteo Stocchero
- Mass Spectrometry and Metabolomic Laboratory, Women's and Children's Health Department, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Cittàdella Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Giordano
- Mass Spectrometry and Metabolomic Laboratory, Women's and Children's Health Department, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Cittàdella Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | - Eugenio Baraldi
- Mass Spectrometry and Metabolomic Laboratory, Women's and Children's Health Department, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Cittàdella Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | - Alberta Leon
- Research and Innovation (R&I Genetics) s.r.l., Padova, Italy
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69
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Köhrle J, Biebermann H. 3-Iodothyronamine-A Thyroid Hormone Metabolite With Distinct Target Profiles and Mode of Action. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:602-630. [PMID: 30649231 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The rediscovery of the group of thyronamines (TAMs), especially the first detailed description of their most prominent congener 3-iodothyronamine (3T1AM) 14 years ago, boosted research on this thyroid hormone metabolite tremendously. TAMs exert actions partly opposite to and distinct from known functions of thyroid hormones. These fascinating metabolic, anapyrexic, cytoprotective, and brain effects quickly evoked the hope to use hormone-derived TAMs as a therapeutic option. The G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) TAAR1, a member of the trace amine-associated receptor (TAAR) family, was identified as the first target and effector of TAM action. The initial enthusiasm on pharmacological actions of exogenous TAMs elicited many questions, such as sites of biosynthesis, analytics, modes of action, inactivation, and role of TAMs in (patho)physiology. Meanwhile, it became clear that TAMs not only interact with TAAR1 or other TAAR family members but also with several aminergic receptors and non-GPCR targets such as transient receptor potential channels, mitochondrial proteins, and the serum TAM-binding protein apolipoprotein B100, thus classifying 3T1AM as a multitarget ligand. The physiological mode of action of TAMs is still controversial because regulation of endogenous TAM production and the sites of its biosynthesis are not fully elucidated. Methods for 3T1AM analytics need further validation, as they revealed different blood and tissue concentrations depending on detection principles used such as monoclonal antibody-based immunoassay vs liquid chromatography- matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry or time-of-flight mass spectrometry. In this review, we comprehensively summarize and critically evaluate current basic, translational, and clinical knowledge on 3T1AM and its main metabolite 3-iodothyroacetic acid, focusing on endocrine-relevant aspects and open but highly challenging issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Köhrle
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heike Biebermann
- Institut für Experimentelle Pädiatrische Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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70
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Dopamine: Functions, Signaling, and Association with Neurological Diseases. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2018; 39:31-59. [PMID: 30446950 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-018-0632-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 444] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The dopaminergic system plays important roles in neuromodulation, such as motor control, motivation, reward, cognitive function, maternal, and reproductive behaviors. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter, synthesized in both central nervous system and the periphery, that exerts its actions upon binding to G protein-coupled receptors. Dopamine receptors are widely expressed in the body and function in both the peripheral and the central nervous systems. Dopaminergic signaling pathways are crucial to the maintenance of physiological processes and an unbalanced activity may lead to dysfunctions that are related to neurodegenerative diseases. Unveiling the neurobiology and the molecular mechanisms that underlie these illnesses may contribute to the development of new therapies that could promote a better quality of life for patients worldwide. In this review, we summarize the aspects of dopamine as a catecholaminergic neurotransmitter and discuss dopamine signaling pathways elicited through dopamine receptor activation in normal brain function. Furthermore, we describe the potential involvement of these signaling pathways in evoking the onset and progression of some diseases in the nervous system, such as Parkinson's, Schizophrenia, Huntington's, Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder, and Addiction. A brief description of new dopaminergic drugs recently approved and under development treatments for these ailments is also provided.
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71
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Batista‐Lima FJ, Rodrigues FMDS, Gadelha KKL, Oliveira DMND, Carvalho EF, Oliveira TL, Nóbrega FC, Brito TS, Magalhães PJC. Dual excitatory and smooth muscle‐relaxant effect of β‐phenylethylamine on gastric fundus strips in rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2018; 46:40-47. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco José Batista‐Lima
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology School of Medicine Federal University of Ceará Fortaleza CE Brazil
| | | | - Kalinne Kelly Lima Gadelha
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology School of Medicine Federal University of Ceará Fortaleza CE Brazil
| | | | - Emanuella Feitosa Carvalho
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology School of Medicine Federal University of Ceará Fortaleza CE Brazil
| | - Tatyanne Linhares Oliveira
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology School of Medicine Federal University of Ceará Fortaleza CE Brazil
| | - Fernanda Carlos Nóbrega
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology School of Medicine Federal University of Ceará Fortaleza CE Brazil
| | - Teresinha Silva Brito
- Departament of Health Sciences Rural Federal University of the Semiarid Mossoró RN Brazil
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72
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da Fonseca NJ, Afonso MQL, de Oliveira LC, Bleicher L. A new method bridging graph theory and residue co-evolutionary networks for specificity determinant positions detection. Bioinformatics 2018; 35:1478-1485. [DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bty846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Néli José da Fonseca
- Departmento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte – MG, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Querino Lima Afonso
- Departmento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte – MG, Brazil
| | - Lucas Carrijo de Oliveira
- Departmento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte – MG, Brazil
| | - Lucas Bleicher
- Departmento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte – MG, Brazil
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73
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Briggs SB, Hafenbreidel M, Young EJ, Rumbaugh G, Miller CA. The role of nonmuscle myosin II in polydrug memories and memory reconsolidation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 25:391-398. [PMID: 30115760 PMCID: PMC6097765 DOI: 10.1101/lm.046763.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Using pharmacologic and genetic approaches targeting actin or the actin-driving molecular motor, nonmuscle myosin II (NMII), we previously discovered an immediate, retrieval-independent, and long-lasting disruption of methamphetamine- (METH-) and amphetamine-associated memories. A single intrabasolateral amygdala complex infusion or systemic administration of the NMII inhibitor Blebbistatin (Blebb) is sufficient to produce this disruption, which is selective, having no retrieval-independent effect on memories for fear, food reward, cocaine, or morphine. However, it was unclear if Blebb treatment would disrupt memories of other stimulants and amphetamine class drugs, such as nicotine (NIC) or mephedrone (MEPH; bath salts). Moreover, many individuals abuse multiple drugs, but it was unknown if Blebb could disrupt polydrug memories, or if the inclusion of another substance would render Blebb no longer able to disrupt METH-associated memories. Therefore, the present study had two primary goals: (1) to determine the ability of Blebb to disrupt NIC- or MEPH-associated memories, and (2) to determine the ability of METH to modify other unconditioned stimulus (US) associations’ susceptibility to Blebb. To this end, using the conditional place preference model, mice were conditioned to NIC and MEPH alone or METH in combination with NIC, morphine, or foot shock. We report that, unlike METH, there was no retrieval-independent effect of Blebb on NIC- or MEPH-associated memories. However, similar to cocaine, reconsolidation of the memory for both drugs was disrupted. Further, when combined with METH administration, NIC- and morphine-, but not fear-, associated memories were rendered susceptible to disruption by Blebb. Given the high rate of polydrug use and the resurgence of METH use, these results have important implications for the treatment of substance use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherri B Briggs
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Madalyn Hafenbreidel
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Erica J Young
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Gavin Rumbaugh
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Courtney A Miller
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
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74
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Filer CN, Orphanos D. An efficient synthesis of trace amine-associated receptor agonist [1- 14 C]tyramine. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2018; 62:24-27. [PMID: 30007086 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The 2-step synthesis of [1-14 C]tyramine hydrochloride is described with the product being characterized by TLC, HPLC, and UV spectroscopy. Several methods are provided to purify [1-14 C]tyramine hydrochloride, and its storage and stability are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crist N Filer
- Custom Synthesis, PerkinElmer Health Sciences Inc., Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Demetri Orphanos
- Custom Synthesis, PerkinElmer Health Sciences Inc., Waltham, MA, USA
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75
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Identification of TAAR5 Agonist Activity of Alpha-NETA and Its Effect on Mismatch Negativity Amplitude in Awake Rats. Neurotox Res 2018; 34:442-451. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9902-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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76
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Tipton KF. 90 years of monoamine oxidase: some progress and some confusion. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2018; 125:1519-1551. [PMID: 29637260 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-018-1881-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
It would not be practical to attempt to deal with all the advances that have informed our understanding of the behavior and functions of this enzyme over the past 90 years. This account concentrates key advances that explain why the monoamine oxidases remain of pharmacological and biochemical interest and on some areas of continuing uncertainty. Some issues that remain to be understood or are in need of further clarification are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith F Tipton
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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77
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Nieuwjaer N, Desfrançois C, Lecomte F, Manil B, Soorkia S, Broquier M, Grégoire G. Photodissociation Spectroscopy of Cold Protonated Synephrine: Surprising Differences between IR–UV Hole-Burning and IR Photodissociation Spectroscopy of the O–H and N–H Modes. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:3798-3804. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b01422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Nieuwjaer
- Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, CNRS, Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 93430 Villetaneuse, France
| | - C. Desfrançois
- Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, CNRS, Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 93430 Villetaneuse, France
| | - F. Lecomte
- Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, CNRS, Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 93430 Villetaneuse, France
| | - B. Manil
- Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, CNRS, Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 93430 Villetaneuse, France
| | - S. Soorkia
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d’Orsay (ISMO), CNRS, Univ. Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91405 Orsay, France
- Centre Laser de l’Université Paris-Sud (CLUPS/LUMAT), Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, IOGS, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - M. Broquier
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d’Orsay (ISMO), CNRS, Univ. Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91405 Orsay, France
- Centre Laser de l’Université Paris-Sud (CLUPS/LUMAT), Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, IOGS, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - G. Grégoire
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d’Orsay (ISMO), CNRS, Univ. Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91405 Orsay, France
- Centre Laser de l’Université Paris-Sud (CLUPS/LUMAT), Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, IOGS, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91405 Orsay, France
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78
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Teraishi T, Kajiwara M, Hori H, Sasayama D, Hidese S, Matsuo J, Ishida I, Kajiwara Y, Ozeki Y, Ota M, Hattori K, Higuchi T, Kunugi H. 13C-phenylalanine breath test and serum biopterin in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2018; 99:142-150. [PMID: 29454221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Phenylalanine is required for the synthesis of the neurotransmitters dopamine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline. The rate-limiting step for phenylalanine metabolism is catalyzed by phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) and its cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin. We aimed to detect altered phenylalanine metabolism in major psychiatric disorders using the l-[1-13C]phenylalanine breath test (13C-PBT) and serum biopterin levels. We also investigated association of PAH mutations with schizophrenia and phenylalanine metabolism. 13C-phenylalanine (100 mg) was orally administered, and the breath 13CO2/12CO2 ratio was monitored for 120 min in four groups: 103 patients with schizophrenia (DSM-IV), 39 with bipolar disorder, 116 with major depressive disorder (MDD), and 241 healthy controls. Serum biopterin levels were measured by high performance liquid chromatography. Mutation screening of PAH exons was performed by direct sequencing in 46 schizophrenia patients. Association analysis was performed using six tag single nucleotide polymorphisms and the PAH Arg53His mutation by TaqMan assays in 616 schizophrenia patients and 1194 healthy controls. Analyses of covariance controlling for age, sex, and body weight showed that the index for the amount of exhaled 13CO2 was significantly lower in the schizophrenia group than in the other three groups (all p < 0.05). Biopterin levels in schizophrenia and MDD were significantly lower than those in controls. Biopterin levels correlated with 13C-PBT indices in controls. PAH polymorphisms were not associated with schizophrenia or 13C-PBT indices. 13C-PBT revealed reduced phenylalanine metabolism in schizophrenia, though we obtained no evidence of involvement of PAH polymorphism. Serum biopterin levels were lower in schizophrenia and MDD, warranting further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiya Teraishi
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1, Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kajiwara
- Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601 Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 245-0066, Japan; Tri-X Biomedical, Inc., 4-12-5-406, Minamiyawata, Ichikawa, Chiba, 272-0023, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Hori
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1, Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Daimei Sasayama
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1, Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Hidese
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1, Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Junko Matsuo
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1, Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Ikki Ishida
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1, Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kajiwara
- Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601 Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 245-0066, Japan
| | - Yuji Ozeki
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1, Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, 321-0293, Japan
| | - Miho Ota
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1, Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Kotaro Hattori
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1, Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Higuchi
- National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1, Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8551, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kunugi
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1, Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan.
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79
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Zhang X, Mantas I, Alvarsson A, Yoshitake T, Shariatgorji M, Pereira M, Nilsson A, Kehr J, Andrén PE, Millan MJ, Chergui K, Svenningsson P. Striatal Tyrosine Hydroxylase Is Stimulated via TAAR1 by 3-Iodothyronamine, But Not by Tyramine or β-Phenylethylamine. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:166. [PMID: 29545750 PMCID: PMC5837966 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) is expressed by dopaminergic neurons, but the precise influence of trace amines upon their functional activity remains to be fully characterized. Here, we examined the regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) by tyramine and beta-phenylethylamine (β-PEA) compared to 3-iodothyronamine (T1AM). Immunoblotting and amperometry were performed in dorsal striatal slices from wild-type (WT) and TAAR1 knockout (KO) mice. T1AM increased TH phosphorylation at both Ser19 and Ser40, actions that should promote functional activity of TH. Indeed, HPLC data revealed higher rates of L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) accumulation in WT animals treated with T1AM after the administration of a DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor. These effects were abolished both in TAAR1 KO mice and by the TAAR1 antagonist, EPPTB. Further, they were specific inasmuch as Ser845 phosphorylation of the post-synaptic GluA1 AMPAR subunit was unaffected. The effects of T1AM on TH phosphorylation at both Ser19 (CamKII-targeted), and Ser40 (PKA-phosphorylated) were inhibited by KN-92 and H-89, inhibitors of CamKII and PKA respectively. Conversely, there was no effect of an EPAC analog, 8-CPT-2Me-cAMP, on TH phosphorylation. In line with these data, T1AM increased evoked striatal dopamine release in TAAR1 WT mice, an action blunted in TAAR1 KO mice and by EPPTB. Mass spectrometry imaging revealed no endogenous T1AM in the brain, but detected T1AM in several brain areas upon systemic administration in both WT and TAAR1 KO mice. In contrast to T1AM, tyramine decreased the phosphorylation of Ser40-TH, while increasing Ser845-GluA1 phosphorylation, actions that were not blocked in TAAR1 KO mice. Likewise, β-PEA reduced Ser40-TH and tended to promote Ser845-GluA1 phosphorylation. The D1 receptor antagonist SCH23390 blocked tyramine-induced Ser845-GluA1 phosphorylation, but had no effect on tyramine- or β-PEA-induced Ser40-TH phosphorylation. In conclusion, by intracellular cascades involving CaMKII and PKA, T1AM, but not tyramine and β-PEA, acts via TAAR1 to promote the phosphorylation and functional activity of TH in the dorsal striatum, supporting a modulatory influence on dopamine transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqun Zhang
- Section of Translational Neuropharmacology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine L8:01, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ioannis Mantas
- Section of Translational Neuropharmacology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine L8:01, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexandra Alvarsson
- Section of Translational Neuropharmacology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine L8:01, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Takashi Yoshitake
- Section of Pharmacological Neurochemistry, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Mohammadreza Shariatgorji
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Imaging, National Resource for Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marcela Pereira
- Section of Translational Neuropharmacology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine L8:01, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Nilsson
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Imaging, National Resource for Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan Kehr
- Section of Pharmacological Neurochemistry, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Per E Andrén
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Imaging, National Resource for Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mark J Millan
- Centre for Therapeutic Innovation-CNS, Institut de Recherches Servier, Centre de Recherches de Croissy, Paris, France
| | - Karima Chergui
- Section of Molecular Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Per Svenningsson
- Section of Translational Neuropharmacology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine L8:01, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Gao J, Xu K, Liu H, Liu G, Bai M, Peng C, Li T, Yin Y. Impact of the Gut Microbiota on Intestinal Immunity Mediated by Tryptophan Metabolism. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:13. [PMID: 29468141 PMCID: PMC5808205 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 692] [Impact Index Per Article: 115.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota influences the health of the host, especially with regard to gut immune homeostasis and the intestinal immune response. In addition to serving as a nutrient enhancer, L-tryptophan (Trp) plays crucial roles in the balance between intestinal immune tolerance and gut microbiota maintenance. Recent discoveries have underscored that changes in the microbiota modulate the host immune system by modulating Trp metabolism. Moreover, Trp, endogenous Trp metabolites (kynurenines, serotonin, and melatonin), and bacterial Trp metabolites (indole, indolic acid, skatole, and tryptamine) have profound effects on gut microbial composition, microbial metabolism, the host's immune system, the host-microbiome interface, and host immune system-intestinal microbiota interactions. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) mediates the regulation of intestinal immunity by Trp metabolites (as ligands of AhR), which is beneficial for immune homeostasis. Among Trp metabolites, AhR ligands consist of endogenous metabolites, including kynurenine, kynurenic acid, xanthurenic acid, and cinnabarinic acid, and bacterial metabolites, including indole, indole propionic acid, indole acetic acid, skatole, and tryptamine. Additional factors, such as aging, stress, probiotics, and diseases (spondyloarthritis, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer), which are associated with variability in Trp metabolism, can influence Trp-microbiome-immune system interactions in the gut and also play roles in regulating gut immunity. This review clarifies how the gut microbiota regulates Trp metabolism and identifies the underlying molecular mechanisms of these interactions. Increased mechanistic insight into how the microbiota modulates the intestinal immune system through Trp metabolism may allow for the identification of innovative microbiota-based diagnostics, as well as appropriate nutritional supplementation of Trp to prevent or alleviate intestinal inflammation. Moreover, this review provides new insight regarding the influence of the gut microbiota on Trp metabolism. Additional comprehensive analyses of targeted Trp metabolites (including endogenous and bacterial metabolites) are essential for experimental preciseness, as the influence of the gut microbiota cannot be neglected, and may explain contradictory results in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kang Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Hongnan Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Gang Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Miaomiao Bai
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Can Peng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Tiejun Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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81
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Do Gametes Woo? Evidence for Their Nonrandom Union at Fertilization. Genetics 2018; 207:369-387. [PMID: 28978771 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.300109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A fundamental tenet of inheritance in sexually reproducing organisms such as humans and laboratory mice is that gametes combine randomly at fertilization, thereby ensuring a balanced and statistically predictable representation of inherited variants in each generation. This principle is encapsulated in Mendel's First Law. But exceptions are known. With transmission ratio distortion, particular alleles are preferentially transmitted to offspring. Preferential transmission usually occurs in one sex but not both, and is not known to require interactions between gametes at fertilization. A reanalysis of our published work in mice and of data in other published reports revealed instances where any of 12 mutant genes biases fertilization, with either too many or too few heterozygotes and homozygotes, depending on the mutant gene and on dietary conditions. Although such deviations are usually attributed to embryonic lethality of the underrepresented genotypes, the evidence is more consistent with genetically-determined preferences for specific combinations of egg and sperm at fertilization that result in genotype bias without embryo loss. This unexpected discovery of genetically-biased fertilization could yield insights about the molecular and cellular interactions between sperm and egg at fertilization, with implications for our understanding of inheritance, reproduction, population genetics, and medical genetics.
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Rutigliano G, Accorroni A, Zucchi R. The Case for TAAR1 as a Modulator of Central Nervous System Function. Front Pharmacol 2018; 8:987. [PMID: 29375386 PMCID: PMC5767590 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
TAAR1 is widely expressed across the mammalian brain, particularly in limbic and monoaminergic areas, allegedly involved in mood, attention, memory, fear, and addiction. However, the subcellular distribution of TAAR1 is still unclear, since TAAR1 signal is largely intracellular. In vitro, TAAR1 is activated with nanomolar to micromolar affinity by some endogenous amines, particularly p-tyramine, beta-phenylethylamine, and 3-iodothyronamine (T1AM), the latter representing a novel branch of thyroid hormone signaling. In addition, TAAR1 responds to a number of psychoactive drugs, i.e., amphetamines, ergoline derivatives, bromocriptine and lisuride. Trace amines have been identified as neurotransmitters in invertebrates, and they are considered as potential neuromodulators. In particular, beta-phenylethylamine and p-tyramine have been reported to modify the release and/or the response to dopamine, norepinephrine, acetylcholine and GABA, while evidence of cross-talk between TAAR1 and other aminergic receptors has been provided. Systemic or intracerebroventricular injection of exogenous T1AM produced prolearning and antiamnestic effects, reduced pain threshold, decreased non-REM sleep, and modulated the firing rate of adrenergic neurons in locus coeruleus. However each of these substances may have additional molecular targets, and it is unclear whether their endogenous levels are sufficient to produce significant TAAR1 activation in vivo. TAAR1 knock out mice show a worse performance in anxiety and working memory tests, and they are more prone to develop ethanol addiction. They also show increased locomotor response to amphetamine, and decreased stereotypical responses induced by apomorphine. Notably, human genes for TAARs cluster on chromosome 6 at q23, within a region whose mutations have been reported to confer susceptibility to schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. For human TAAR1, around 200 non-synonymous and 400 synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms have been identified, but their functional consequences have not been extensively investigated yet. In conclusion, the bulk of evidence points to a significant physiological role of TAAR1 in the modulation of central nervous system function and a potential pharmacological role of TAAR1 agonists in neurology and/or psychiatry. However, the specific effects of TAAR1 stimulation are still controversial, and many crucial issues require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Rutigliano
- Istituto di Scienze della Vita, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy.,Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alice Accorroni
- Istituto di Scienze della Vita, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy.,Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
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83
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Kowalik MA, Columbano A, Perra A. Thyroid Hormones, Thyromimetics and Their Metabolites in the Treatment of Liver Disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:382. [PMID: 30042736 PMCID: PMC6048875 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The signaling pathways activated by thyroid hormone receptors (THR) are of fundamental importance for organogenesis, growth and differentiation, and significantly influence energy metabolism, lipid utilization and glucose homeostasis. Pharmacological control of these pathways would likely impact the treatment of several human diseases characterized by altered metabolism, growth or differentiation. Not surprisingly, biomedical research has been trying for the past decades to pharmacologically target the 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3)/THR axis. In vitro and in vivo studies have provided evidence of the potential utility of the activation of the T3-dependent pathways in metabolic syndrome, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Unfortunately, supra-physiological doses of the THR agonist T3 cause severe thyrotoxicosis thus hampering its therapeutic use. However, the observation that most of the desired beneficial effects of T3 are mediated by the activation of the beta isoform of THR (THRβ) in metabolically active organs has led to the synthesis of a number of THRβ-selective thyromimetics. Among these drugs, GC-1, GC-24, KB141, KB2115, and MB07344 displayed a promising therapeutic strategy for liver diseases. However, although these drugs exhibited encouraging results when tested in the treatment of experimentally-induced obesity, dyslipidemia, and HCC, significant adverse effects limited their use in clinical trials. More recently, evidence has been provided that some metabolites of thyroid hormones (TH), mono and diiodothyronines, could also play a role in the treatment of liver disease. These molecules, for a long time considered inactive byproducts of the metabolism of thyroid hormones, have now been proposed to be able to modulate and control lipid and cell energy metabolism. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge regarding T3, its metabolites and analogs with reference to their possible clinical application in the treatment of liver disease. In particular, we will focus our attention on NAFLD, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and HCC. In addition, the possible therapeutic use of mono- and diiodothyronines in metabolic and/or neoplastic liver disease will be discussed.
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84
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Louzada RA, Carvalho DP. Similarities and Differences in the Peripheral Actions of Thyroid Hormones and Their Metabolites. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:394. [PMID: 30072951 PMCID: PMC6060242 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroxine (T4) and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) are secreted by the thyroid gland, while T3 is also generated from the peripheral metabolism of T4 by iodothyronine deiodinases types I and II. Several conditions like stress, diseases, and physical exercise can promote changes in local TH metabolism, leading to different target tissue effects that depend on the presence of tissue-specific enzymatic activities. The newly discovered physiological and pharmacological actions of T4 and T3 metabolites, such as 3,5-diiodothyronine (3,5-T2), and 3-iodothyronamine (T1AM) are of great interest. A classical thyroid hormone effect is the ability of T3 to increase oxygen consumption in almost all cell types studied. Approximately 30 years ago, a seminal report has shown that 3,5-T2 increased oxygen consumption more rapidly than T3 in hepatocytes. Other studies demonstrated that exogenous 3,5-T2 administration was able to increase whole body energy expenditure in rodents and humans. In fact, 3,5-T2 treatment prevents diabetic nephropathy, hepatic steatosis induced by high fat diet, insulin resistance, and weight gain during aging in Wistar male rats. The regulation of mitochondria is likely one of the most important actions of T3 and its metabolite 3,5-T2, which was able to restore the thermogenic program of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in hypothyroid rats, just as T3 does, while T1AM administration induced rapid hypothermia. T3 increases heart rate and cardiac contractility, which are hallmark effects of hyperthyroidism involved in cardiac arrhythmia. These deleterious cardiac effects were not observed with the use of 3,5-T2 pharmacological doses, and in contrast T1AM was shown to promote a negative inotropic and chronotropic action at micromolar concentrations in isolated hearts. Furthermore, T1AM has a cardioprotective effect in a model of ischemic/reperfusion injury in isolated hearts, such as occurs with T3 administration. Despite the encouraging possible therapeutic use of TH metabolites, further studies are needed to better understand their peripheral effects, when compared to T3 itself, in order to establish their risk and benefit. On this basis, the main peripheral effects of thyroid hormones and their metabolites in tissues, such as heart, liver, skeletal muscle, and BAT are discussed herein.
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85
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Chiellini G, Bellusci L, Sabatini M, Zucchi R. Thyronamines and Analogues - The Route from Rediscovery to Translational Research on Thyronergic Amines. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 458:149-155. [PMID: 28069535 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Thyronamines are a novel class of endogenous signaling compounds, structurally related to thyroid hormones (THs). Specific thyronamines, particularly 3-iodothyronamine (T1AM), stimulate with nanomolar affinity trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1), a G protein-coupled membrane receptor, and may also interact with other TAAR subtypes (particularly TAAR5), adrenergic receptors (particularly α2 receptors), amine transporters, and mitochondrial proteins. In addition to its structural similarities with THs, T1AM also contains the arylethylamine scaffold as in monoamine neurotransmitters, implicating an intriguing role for T1AM as both a neuromodulator and a hormone-like molecule constituting a part of thyroid hormone signaling. A large number of T1AM derivatives have already been synthesized. We discuss the different chemical strategies followed to obtain thyronamine analogues, their potency at TAAR1, and their structure-activity relationship. Preliminary characterization of the functional effects of these synthetic compounds is also provided.
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86
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Pei Y, Asif-Malik A, Hoener M, Canales JJ. A partial trace amine-associated receptor 1 agonist exhibits properties consistent with a methamphetamine substitution treatment. Addict Biol 2017; 22:1246-1256. [PMID: 27193165 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that the trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) plays a pivotal role in the regulation of dopamine (DA) transmission and psychostimulant action. Several selective TAAR1 agonists have previously shown efficacy in models of cocaine addiction. However, the effects of TAAR1 activation on methamphetamine (METH)-induced behaviours are less well understood, as indeed are the underlying neurochemical mechanisms mediating potential interactions between TAAR1 and METH. Here, in a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement the partial TAAR1 agonist, RO5263397, reduced the break-point for METH self-administration, while significantly increasing responding maintained by food reward. Following self-administration and extinction training, RO5263397 completely blocked METH-primed reinstatement of METH seeking. Moreover, when used as a substitute, unlike a low dose of METH, which sustained vigorous responding when substituting for the training dose of METH, RO5263397 was not self-administered at any dose, thus exhibiting no apparent abuse liability. Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry experiments showed that RO5263397 prevented METH-induced DA overflow in slices of the nucleus accumbens, while having no effect on DA transmission in its own right. Collectively, the present observations demonstrate that partial TAAR1 activation decreases the motivation to self-administer METH, blocks METH-primed reinstatement of METH seeking and prevents METH-induced DA elevations in the nucleus accumbens, and strongly support the candidacy of TAAR1-based medications as potential substitute treatment in METH addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Pei
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour; University of Leicester; Leicester UK
| | - Aman Asif-Malik
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour; University of Leicester; Leicester UK
| | - Marius Hoener
- Neuroscience, Ophthalmology and Rare Diseases Discovery & Translational Area; pRED, Roche Innovation Center Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - Juan J. Canales
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour; University of Leicester; Leicester UK
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87
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Djenoune L, Wyart C. Light on a sensory interface linking the cerebrospinal fluid to motor circuits in vertebrates. J Neurogenet 2017; 31:113-127. [PMID: 28789587 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2017.1359833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is circulating around the entire central nervous system (CNS). The main function of the CSF has been thought to insure the global homeostasis of the CNS. Recent evidence indicates that the CSF also dynamically conveys signals modulating the development and the activity of the nervous system. The later observation implies that cues from the CSF could act on neurons in the brain and the spinal cord via bordering receptor cells. Candidate neurons to enable such modulation are the cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons (CSF-cNs) that are located precisely at the interface between the CSF and neuronal circuits. The atypical apical extension of CSF-cNs bears a cluster of microvilli bathing in the CSF indicating putative sensory or secretory roles in relation with the CSF. In the brainstem and spinal cord, CSF-cNs have been described in over two hundred species by Kolmer and Agduhr, suggesting an important function within the spinal cord. However, the lack of specific markers and the difficulty to access CSF-cNs hampered their physiological investigation. The transient receptor potential channel PKD2L1 is a specific marker of spinal CSF-cNs in vertebrate species. The transparency of zebrafish at early stages eases the functional characterization of pkd2l1+ CSF-cNs. Recent studies demonstrate that spinal CSF-cNs detect spinal curvature via the channel PKD2L1 and modulate locomotion and posture by projecting onto spinal interneurons and motor neurons in vivo. In vitro recordings demonstrated that spinal CSF-cNs are sensing pH variations mainly through ASIC channels, in combination with PKD2L1. Altogether, neurons contacting the CSF appear as a novel sensory modality enabling the detection of mechanical and chemical stimuli from the CSF and modulating the excitability of spinal circuits underlying locomotion and posture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Djenoune
- a Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM) , Paris , France
| | - Claire Wyart
- a Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM) , Paris , France
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Saraf MK, Piccolo BD, Bowlin AK, Mercer KE, LeRoith T, Chintapalli SV, Shankar K, Badger TM, Yeruva L. Formula diet driven microbiota shifts tryptophan metabolism from serotonin to tryptamine in neonatal porcine colon. MICROBIOME 2017; 5:77. [PMID: 28705171 PMCID: PMC5513086 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-017-0297-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gut microbiota of breast-fed and formula-fed infants differ significantly, as do the risks for allergies, gut dysfunction, and upper respiratory tract infections. The connections between breast milk, various formulas, and the profiles of gut bacteria to these childhood illnesses, as well as the mechanisms underlying the effects, are not well understood. METHODS We investigated distal colon microbiota by 16S RNA amplicon sequencing, morphology by histomorphometry, immune response by cytokine expression, and tryptophan metabolism in a pig model in which piglets were sow-fed, or fed soy or dairy milk-based formula from postnatal day (PND) 2 to 21. RESULTS Formula feeding significantly (p < 0.05) altered the colon microbiota relative to the sow feeding. A significant reduction in microbial diversity was noted with formula groups in comparison to sow-fed. Streptococcus, Blautia, Citrobacter, Butrycimonas, Parabacteroides, Lactococcus genera were increased with formula feeding relative to sow feeding. In addition, relative to sow feeding, Anaerotruncus, Akkermansia, Enterococcus, Acinetobacter, Christensenella, and Holdemania were increased in milk-fed piglets, and Biliophila, Ruminococcus, Clostridium were increased in soy-fed piglets. No significant gut morphological changes were noted. However, higher cytokine mRNA expression (BMP4, CCL11, CCL21) was observed in the distal colon of formula groups. Formula feeding reduced enterochromaffin cell number and serotonin, but increased tryptamine levels relative to sow feeding. CONCLUSION Our data confirm that formula diet alters the colon microbiota and appears to shift tryptophan metabolism from serotonin to tryptamine, which may lead to greater histamine levels and risk of allergies in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar Saraf
- Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, 15 Children’s Way, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA
| | - Brian D. Piccolo
- Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, 15 Children’s Way, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA
| | - Anne K. Bowlin
- Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, 15 Children’s Way, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA
| | - Kelly E. Mercer
- Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, 15 Children’s Way, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA
| | - Tanya LeRoith
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, USA
| | - Sree V. Chintapalli
- Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, 15 Children’s Way, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA
| | - Kartik Shankar
- Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, 15 Children’s Way, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA
| | - Thomas M. Badger
- Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, 15 Children’s Way, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA
| | - Laxmi Yeruva
- Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, 15 Children’s Way, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA
- Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, Little Rock, USA
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Development of a validated strategy for the determination of tryptamine in human cerebrospinal fluid in the presence of competitors using molecularly imprinted polymers. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:1824-1833. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201601349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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90
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Glennon RA. The 2014 Philip S. Portoghese Medicinal Chemistry Lectureship: The "Phenylalkylaminome" with a Focus on Selected Drugs of Abuse. J Med Chem 2017; 60:2605-2628. [PMID: 28244748 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The phenylalkylamine, particularly the phenylethylamine, moiety is a common structural feature found embedded in many clinically approved agents. Greater still is its occurrence in drugs of abuse. The simplest phenylethylamine, 2-phenylethylamine itself, is without significant central action when administered at moderate doses, but fairly simple structural modifications profoundly impact its pharmacology and result in large numbers of useful pharmacological tools, agents with therapeutic potential, and in drugs of abuse (e.g., hallucinogens, central stimulants, empathogens), the latter of which are the primary focus here. In vivo drug discrimination techniques and in vitro receptor/transporter methods have been applied to understand the actions of these phenylalkylamines and their mechanisms of action. Thus far, depending upon pendent substituents, certain receptors (e.g., serotonin receptors) and monoamine transporters (i.e., serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine transporters) have been implicated as playing major roles in the actions of these abused agents in a complex and, at times, interwoven manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Glennon
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
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91
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Averina OV, Danilenko VN. Human intestinal microbiota: Role in development and functioning of the nervous system. Microbiology (Reading) 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261717010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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92
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Briggs SB, Blouin AM, Young EJ, Rumbaugh G, Miller CA. Memory disrupting effects of nonmuscle myosin II inhibition depend on the class of abused drug and brain region. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 24:70-75. [PMID: 28096495 PMCID: PMC5238718 DOI: 10.1101/lm.043976.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Depolymerizing actin in the amygdala through nonmuscle myosin II inhibition (NMIIi) produces a selective, lasting, and retrieval-independent disruption of the storage of methamphetamine-associated memories. Here we report a similar disruption of memories associated with amphetamine, but not cocaine or morphine, by NMIIi. Reconsolidation appeared to be disrupted with cocaine. Unlike in the amygdala, methamphetamine-associated memory storage was not disrupted by NMIIi in the hippocampus, nucleus accumbens, or orbitofrontal cortex. NMIIi in the hippocampus did appear to disrupt reconsolidation. Identification of the unique mechanisms responsible for NMII-mediated, amygdala-dependent disruption of memory storage associated with the amphetamine class may enable induction of retrieval-independent vulnerability to other pathological memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherri B Briggs
- Department of Metabolism & Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Ashley M Blouin
- Department of Metabolism & Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Erica J Young
- Department of Metabolism & Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Gavin Rumbaugh
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Courtney A Miller
- Department of Metabolism & Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
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93
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Oral treatment with Lactobacillus rhamnosus attenuates behavioural deficits and immune changes in chronic social stress. BMC Med 2017; 15:7. [PMID: 28073366 PMCID: PMC5225647 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-016-0771-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress-related disorders involve systemic alterations, including disruption of the intestinal microbial community. Given the putative connections between the microbiota, immunity, neural function, and behaviour, we investigated the potential for microbe-induced gut-to-brain signalling to modulate the impact of stress on host behaviour and immunoregulation. METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice treated orally over 28 days with either Lactobacillus rhamnosus (JB-1) ™ or vehicle were subjected to chronic social defeat and assessed for alterations in behaviour and immune cell phenotype. 16S rRNA sequencing and mass spectrometry were employed to analyse the faecal microbial community and metabolite profile. RESULTS Treatment with JB-1 decreased stress-induced anxiety-like behaviour and prevented deficits in social interaction with conspecifics. However, JB-1 did not alter development of aggressor avoidance following social defeat. Microbial treatment attenuated stress-related activation of dendritic cells while increasing IL-10+ regulatory T cells. Furthermore, JB-1 modulated the effect of stress on faecal metabolites with neuroactive and immunomodulatory properties. Exposure to social defeat altered faecal microbial community composition and reduced species richness and diversity, none of which was prevented by JB-1. Stress-related microbiota disruptions persisted in vehicle-treated mice for 3 weeks following stressor cessation. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that despite the complexity of the gut microbiota, exposure to a single microbial strain can protect against certain stress-induced behaviours and systemic immune alterations without preventing dysbiosis. This work supports microbe-based interventions for stress-related disorders.
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94
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Khajavi N, Mergler S, Biebermann H. 3-Iodothyronamine, a Novel Endogenous Modulator of Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 8? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:198. [PMID: 28861042 PMCID: PMC5561014 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The decarboxylated and deiodinated thyroid hormone (TH) derivative, 3-iodothyronamine (3-T1AM), is suggested to be involved in energy metabolism and thermoregulation. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are known as the main targets for 3-T1AM; however, transient receptor potential channels (TRPs) were also recently identified as new targets of 3-T1AM. This article reviews the current knowledge of a putative novel role of 3-T1AM in the modulation of TRPs. Specifically, the TRP melastatin 8 (TRPM8) was identified as a target of 3-T1AM in different cell types including neoplastic cells, whereby 3-T1AM significantly increased cytosolic Ca2+ through TRPM8 activation. Similarly, the β-adrenergic receptor is involved in 3-T1AM-induced Ca2+ influx. Therefore, it has been suggested that 3-T1AM-induced Ca2+ mobilization might be due to β-adrenergic receptor/TRPM8 channel interaction, which adds to the complexity of GPCR regulation by TRPs. It has been revealed that TRPM8 activation leads to a decline in TRPV1 activity, which may be of therapeutic benefit in clinical circumstances such as treatment of TRPV1-mediated inflammatory hyperalgesia, colitis, and dry eye syndrome. This review also summarizes the inverse association between changes in TRPM8 and TRPV1 activity after 3-T1AM stimulation. This finding prompted further detailed investigations of the interplay between 3-T1AM and the GPCR/TRPM8 axis and indicated the probability of additional GPCR/TRP constellations that are modulated by this TH derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noushafarin Khajavi
- Institute for Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité University of Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Noushafarin Khajavi,
| | - Stefan Mergler
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charité University of Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heike Biebermann
- Institute for Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité University of Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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95
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Cichero E, Tonelli M. New insights into the structure of the trace amine-associated receptor 2: Homology modelling studies exploring the binding mode of 3-iodothyronamine. Chem Biol Drug Des 2016; 89:790-796. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Cichero
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Genoa; Genoa Italy
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96
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Khan MZ, Nawaz W. The emerging roles of human trace amines and human trace amine-associated receptors (hTAARs) in central nervous system. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 83:439-449. [PMID: 27424325 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human trace amines (TAs) are endogenous compounds, previously almost ignored in human pathology for many reasons (difficulty of their measurement in biological fluids, unknown receptors for elusive amines), are now considered to play a significant role in synaptic transmission within the central nervous system (CNS) acting as neuromodulators. The recent discovery of a novel family of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that includes individual members that are highly specific for TAs indicates a potential role for TAs as vertebrate neurotransmitters or neuromodulators, although the majority of these GPCRs so far have not been demonstrated to be activated by TAs. Human trace amine receptors (including TAAR1 TAAR2 TAAR5 TAAR6 TAAR8 TAAR9) are expressed in the brain and play significant physiological and neuropathological roles by activation of trace amines. We herein discuss the recent findings that provide insights into the functional roles of human trace amines (including P-Octopamine, β phenylethylamine, Tryptamine, Tyramine, Synephrine, 3-Iodothyronamine, 3-Methoxytyramine, N-Methyltyramine, N-Methylphenethylamine) in brain. Furthermore, we discuss the known functions of human trace amine receptors in brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zahid Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Waqas Nawaz
- School of basic medicine and clinical pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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97
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Wong JMT, Malec PA, Mabrouk OS, Ro J, Dus M, Kennedy RT. Benzoyl chloride derivatization with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for targeted metabolomics of neurochemicals in biological samples. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1446:78-90. [PMID: 27083258 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Widely targeted metabolomic assays are useful because they provide quantitative data on large groups of related compounds. We report a high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method that utilizes benzoyl chloride labeling for 70 neurologically relevant compounds, including catecholamines, indoleamines, amino acids, polyamines, trace amines, antioxidants, energy compounds, and their metabolites. The method includes neurotransmitters and metabolites found in both vertebrates and insects. This method was applied to analyze microdialysate from rats, human cerebrospinal fluid, human serum, fly tissue homogenate, and fly hemolymph, demonstrating its broad versatility for multiple physiological contexts and model systems. Limits of detection for most assayed compounds were below 10nM, relative standard deviations were below 10%, and carryover was less than 5% for 70 compounds separated in 20min, with a total analysis time of 33min. This broadly applicable method provides robust monitoring of multiple analytes, utilizes small sample sizes, and can be applied to diverse matrices. The assay will be of value for evaluating normal physiological changes in metabolism in neurochemical systems. The results demonstrate the utility of benzoyl chloride labeling with HPLC-MS/MS for widely targeted metabolomics assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny-Marie T Wong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Paige A Malec
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Omar S Mabrouk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Jennifer Ro
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Monica Dus
- Deparment of Molecular, Cellular, Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Robert T Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
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98
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Eyun SI, Moriyama H, Hoffmann FG, Moriyama EN. Molecular Evolution and Functional Divergence of Trace Amine-Associated Receptors. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151023. [PMID: 26963722 PMCID: PMC4786312 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs) are a member of the G-protein-coupled receptor superfamily and are known to be expressed in olfactory sensory neurons. A limited number of molecular evolutionary studies have been done for TAARs so far. To elucidate how lineage-specific evolution contributed to their functional divergence, we examined 30 metazoan genomes. In total, 493 TAAR gene candidates (including 84 pseudogenes) were identified from 26 vertebrate genomes. TAARs were not identified from non-vertebrate genomes. An ancestral-type TAAR-like gene appeared to have emerged in lamprey. We found four therian-specific TAAR subfamilies (one eutherian-specific and three metatherian-specific) in addition to previously known nine subfamilies. Many species-specific TAAR gene duplications and losses contributed to a large variation of TAAR gene numbers among mammals, ranging from 0 in dolphin to 26 in flying fox. TAARs are classified into two groups based on binding preferences for primary or tertiary amines as well as their sequence similarities. Primary amine-detecting TAARs (TAAR1-4) have emerged earlier, generally have single-copy orthologs (very few duplication or loss), and have evolved under strong functional constraints. In contrast, tertiary amine-detecting TAARs (TAAR5-9) have emerged more recently and the majority of them experienced higher rates of gene duplications. Protein members that belong to the tertiary amine-detecting TAAR group also showed the patterns of positive selection especially in the area surrounding the ligand-binding pocket, which could have affected ligand-binding activities and specificities. Expansions of the tertiary amine-detecting TAAR gene family may have played important roles in terrestrial adaptations of therian mammals. Molecular evolution of the TAAR gene family appears to be governed by a complex, species-specific, interplay between environmental and evolutionary factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-il Eyun
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, United States of America
- Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, United States of America
| | - Hideaki Moriyama
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, United States of America
| | - Federico G. Hoffmann
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology and Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing, and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, United States of America
| | - Etsuko N. Moriyama
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, United States of America
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Animals share an intimate and life-long partnership with a myriad of resident microbial species, collectively referred to as the microbiota. Symbiotic microbes have been shown to regulate nutrition and metabolism and are critical for the development and function of the immune system. More recently, studies have suggested that gut bacteria can impact neurological outcomes--altering behavior and potentially affecting the onset and/or severity of nervous system disorders. In this review, we highlight emerging evidence that the microbiome extends its influence to the brain via various pathways connecting the gut to the central nervous system. While understanding and appreciation of a gut microbial impact on neurological function is nascent, unraveling gut-microbiome-brain connections holds the promise of transforming the neurosciences and revealing potentially novel etiologies for psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Sampson
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Sarkis K Mazmanian
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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100
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Liu JF, Thorn DA, Zhang Y, Li JX. Effects of Trace Amine-associated Receptor 1 Agonists on the Expression, Reconsolidation, and Extinction of Cocaine Reward Memory. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 19:pyw009. [PMID: 26822713 PMCID: PMC4966273 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyw009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a modulator of dopaminergic system, trace amine-associated receptor 1 has been shown to play a critical role in regulating the rewarding properties of additive drugs. It has been demonstrated that activation of trace amine-associated receptor 1 decreased the abuse-related behaviors of cocaine in rats. However, the role of trace amine-associated receptor 1 in specific stages of cocaine reward memory is still unclear. METHODS Here, using a cocaine-induced conditioned place preference model, we tested the effects of a selective trace amine-associated receptor 1 agonist RO5166017 on the expression, reconsolidation, and extinction of cocaine reward memory. RESULTS We found that RO5166017 inhibited the expression but not retention of cocaine-induced conditioned place preference. RO5166017 had no effect on the reconsolidation of cocaine reward memory. Pretreatment with RO5166017 before extinction hindered the formation of extinction long-term memory. RO5166017 did not affect the movement during the conditioned place preference test, indicating the inhibitory effect of RO5166017 on the expression of cocaine-induced conditioned place preference was not caused by locomotion inhibition. Using a cocaine i.v. self-administration model, we found that the combined trace amine-associated receptor 1 partial agonist RO5263397 with extinction had no effect on the following cue- and drug-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior. Repeated administration of the trace amine-associated receptor 1 agonist during extinction showed a continually inhibitory effect on the expression of cocaine reward memory both in cocaine-induced conditioned place preference and cocaine self-administration models. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results indicate that activation of trace amine-associated receptor 1 specifically inhibited the expression of cocaine reward memory. The inhibitory effect of trace amine-associated receptor 1 agonists on cocaine reward memory suggests that trace amine-associated receptor 1 agonists could be a promising agent to prevent cocaine relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jun-Xu Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY (Drs Liu, Thorn, and Li); Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC (Dr Zhang).
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