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Malgrange B, Borgs L, Grobarczyk B, Purnelle A, Ernst P, Moonen G, Nguyen L. Using human pluripotent stem cells to untangle neurodegenerative disease mechanisms. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:635-49. [PMID: 20976521 PMCID: PMC11115022 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0557-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells, including embryonic (hES) and induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPS), retain the ability to self-renew indefinitely, while maintaining the capacity to differentiate into all cell types of the nervous system. While human pluripotent cell-based therapies are unlikely to arise soon, these cells can currently be used as an inexhaustible source of committed neurons to perform high-throughput screening and safety testing of new candidate drugs. Here, we describe critically the available methods and molecular factors that are used to direct the differentiation of hES or hiPS into specific neurons. In addition, we discuss how the availability of patient-specific hiPS offers a unique opportunity to model inheritable neurodegenerative diseases and untangle their pathological mechanisms, or to validate drugs that would prevent the onset or the progression of these neurological disorders.
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Xi J, Wang Y, Zhang P, He L, Nan X, Yue W, Pei X. Human fetal liver stromal cells that overexpress bFGF support growth and maintenance of human embryonic stem cells. PLoS One 2010; 5:e14457. [PMID: 21209880 PMCID: PMC3012692 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In guiding hES cell technology toward the clinic, one key issue to be addressed is to culture and maintain hES cells much more safely and economically in large scale. In order to avoid using mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) we isolated human fetal liver stromal cells (hFLSCs) from 14 weeks human fetal liver as new human feeder cells. hFLSCs feeders could maintain hES cells for 15 passages (about 100 days). Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is known to play an important role in promoting self-renewal of human embryonic stem (hES) cells. So, we established transgenic hFLSCs that stably express bFGF by lentiviral vectors. These transgenic human feeder cells — bFGF-hFLSCs maintained the properties of H9 hES cells without supplementing with any exogenous growth factors. H9 hES cells culturing under these conditions maintained all hES cell features after prolonged culture, including the developmental potential to differentiate into representative tissues of all three embryonic germ layers, unlimited and undifferentiated proliferative ability, and maintenance of normal karyotype. Our results demonstrated that bFGF-hFLSCs feeder cells were central to establishing the signaling network among bFGF, insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2), and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), thereby providing the framework in which hES cells were instructed to self-renew or to differentiate. We also found that the conditioned medium of bFGF-hFLSCs could maintain the H9 hES cells under feeder-free conditions without supplementing with bFGF. Taken together, bFGF-hFLSCs had great potential as feeders for maintaining pluripotent hES cell lines more safely and economically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafei Xi
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yunfang Wang
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lijuan He
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Nan
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Yue
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (WY); (XP)
| | - Xuetao Pei
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (WY); (XP)
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Lyssiotis CA, Lairson LL, Boitano AE, Wurdak H, Zhu S, Schultz PG. Chemical Control of Stem Cell Fate and Developmental Potential. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 50:200-42. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201004284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Costas A. Lyssiotis
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA), Fax: (+1) 858‐784‐9440
| | - Luke L. Lairson
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121 (USA)
| | - Anthony E. Boitano
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121 (USA)
| | - Heiko Wurdak
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA), Fax: (+1) 858‐784‐9440
| | - Shoutian Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA), Fax: (+1) 858‐784‐9440
| | - Peter G. Schultz
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA), Fax: (+1) 858‐784‐9440
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54
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Lyssiotis CA, Lairson LL, Boitano AE, Wurdak H, Zhu S, Schultz PG. Chemische Kontrolle des Schicksals und Entwicklungspotenzials von Stammzellen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201004284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Costas A. Lyssiotis
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA), Fax: (+1) 858‐784‐9440
| | - Luke L. Lairson
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121 (USA)
| | - Anthony E. Boitano
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121 (USA)
| | - Heiko Wurdak
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA), Fax: (+1) 858‐784‐9440
| | - Shoutian Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA), Fax: (+1) 858‐784‐9440
| | - Peter G. Schultz
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA), Fax: (+1) 858‐784‐9440
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55
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Haider KH, Buccini S, Ahmed RPH, Ashraf M. De novo myocardial regeneration: advances and pitfalls. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 13:1867-77. [PMID: 20695792 PMCID: PMC2971636 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The capability of adult tissue-derived stem cells for cardiogenesis has been extensively studied in experimental animals and clinical studies for treatment of postischemic cardiomyopathy. The less-than-anticipated improvement in the heart function in most clinical studies with skeletal myoblasts and bone marrow cells has warranted a search for alternative sources of stem cells. Despite their multilineage differentiation potential, ethical issues, teratogenicity, and tissue rejection are main obstacles in developing clinically feasible methods for embryonic stem cell transplantation into patients. A decade-long research on embryonic stem cells has paved the way for discovery of alternative approaches for generating pluripotent stem cells. Genetic manipulation of somatic cells for pluripotency genes reprograms the cells to pluripotent status. Efforts are currently focused to make reprogramming protocols safer for clinical applications of the reprogrammed cells. We summarize the advancements and complicating features of stem cell therapy and discuss the decade-and-a-half-long efforts made by stem cell researchers for moving the field from bench to the bedside as an adjunct therapy or as an alternative to the contemporary therapeutic modalities for routine clinical application. The review also provides a special focus on the advancements made in the field of somatic cell reprogramming.
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56
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Jones MB, Chu CH, Pendleton JC, Betenbaugh MJ, Shiloach J, Baljinnyam B, Rubin JS, Shamblott MJ. Proliferation and pluripotency of human embryonic stem cells maintained on type I collagen. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 19:1923-35. [PMID: 20367282 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2009.0326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) require a balance of growth factors and signaling molecules to proliferate and retain pluripotency. Conditioned medium (CM) from a human embryonic germ-cell-derived cell culture, SDEC, was observed to support the growth of hESC on type I collagen (COL I) and on Matrigel (MAT) biomatricies. After 1 month, the population doubling of hESC grown in SDEC CM on COL I was equivalent to that of hESC grown in mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) CM on MAT. hESC grown in SDEC CM on COL I expressed OCT4, NANOG, SSEA-4, alkaline phosphatase (AP), and TRA-1-60; retained a normal karyotype; and were capable of forming teratomas. DNA microarray analysis was used to compare the transcriptional profiles of SDEC and the less supportive WI38 and Detroit 551 human cell lines. The mRNA level of secreted frizzled-related protein (sFRP-1), a known antagonist of the WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway, was significantly reduced in SDEC as compared with the other 2 cell lines, whereas the mRNA levels of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2 or COX-2) and prostaglandin I₂ synthase (PGIS), two prostaglandin biosynthesis genes, were significantly increased in SDEC. The level of sFRP-1 protein was significantly reduced, and levels of 2 prostaglandins that are downstream products of PTGS2 and PGIS, prostaglandin E₂ and 6-keto-prostaglandin F(1α), were significantly elevated in SDEC CM compared with WI38, Detroit 551, and MEF CM. Further, addition of purified sFRP-1 to SDEC CM reduced the proliferation of hESC grown on COL I as well as MAT in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith B Jones
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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57
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Ding VMY, Ling L, Natarajan S, Yap MGS, Cool SM, Choo ABH. FGF-2 modulates Wnt signaling in undifferentiated hESC and iPS cells through activated PI3-K/GSK3beta signaling. J Cell Physiol 2010; 225:417-28. [PMID: 20506199 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) is widely used to culture human embryonic stem cells (hESC) and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. Despite its importance in maintaining undifferentiated hESC phenotype, a lack of understanding in the role of FGF-2 still exists. Here, we investigate the signaling events in hESC following the addition of exogenous FGF-2. In this study, we show that hESC express all forms of fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) which co-localize on Oct3/4 positive cells. Furthermore, downregulation of Oct3/4 in hESC occurs following treatment with an FGFR inhibitor, suggesting that FGF signaling may regulate Oct3/4 expression. This is also observed in iPS cells. Also, downstream of FGF signaling, both mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathways (PI3-K) are activated following FGF-2 stimulation. Notably, inhibition of MAPK and PI3-K signaling using specific kinase inhibitors revealed that activated PI3-K, rather than MAPK, can mediate pluripotent marker expression. To understand the importance of PI3-K activation, activation of Wnt/beta-catenin by FGF-2 was investigated. Wnt signaling had been implicated to have a role in maintaining of pluripotent hESC. We found that upon FGF-2 stimulation, GSK3beta is phosphorylated following which nuclear translocation of beta-catenin and TCF/LEF activation occurs. Interestingly, inhibition of the Wnt pathway with Dikkopf-1 (DKK-1) resulted in only partial suppression of the FGF-2 induced TCF/LEF activity. Prolonged culture of hESC with DKK-1 did not affect pluripotent marker expression. These results suggest that FGF-2 mediated PI3-K signaling may have a direct role in modulating the downstream of Wnt pathway to maintain undifferentiated hESC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M Y Ding
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Stem Cell Group, Singapore
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58
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Low concentrations of nitric oxide delay the differentiation of embryonic stem cells and promote their survival. Cell Death Dis 2010; 1:e80. [PMID: 21368853 PMCID: PMC3035898 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2010.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an intracellular messenger in several cell systems, but its contribution to embryonic stem cell (ESC) biology has not been characterized. Exposure of ESCs to low concentrations (2-20 μM) of the NO donor diethylenetriamine NO adduct confers protection from apoptosis elicited by leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) withdrawal. NO blocked caspase 3 activation, PARP degradation, downregulation of the pro-apoptotic genes Casp7, Casp9, Bax and Bak1 and upregulation of the anti-apoptotic genes Bcl-2 111, Bcl-2 and Birc6. These effects were also observed in cells overexpressing eNOS. Exposure of LIF-deprived mESCs to low NO prevented the loss of expression of self-renewal genes (Oct4, Nanog and Sox2) and the SSEA marker. Moreover, NO blocked the differentiation process promoted by the absence of LIF and bFGF in mouse and human ESCs. NO treatment decreased the expression of differentiation markers, such as Brachyury, Gata6 and Gata4. Constitutive overexpression of eNOS in cells exposed to LIF deprivation maintained the expression of self-renewal markers, whereas the differentiation genes were repressed. These effects were reversed by addition of the NOS inhibitor L-NMMA. Altogether, the data suggest that low NO has a role in the regulation of ESC differentiation by delaying the entry into differentiation, arresting the loss of self-renewal markers and promoting cell survival by inhibiting apoptosis.
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59
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Kim JJ, Lee JS, Moon BH, Lee MO, Song SH, Li H, Fornace AJ, Cha HJ. Wip1-expressing feeder cells retain pluripotency of co-cultured mouse embryonic stem cells under leukemia inhibitory factor-deprivated condition. Arch Pharm Res 2010; 33:1253-60. [PMID: 20803129 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-010-0816-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Revised: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The optimization of in vitro culture conditions for embryonic stem cells (ESCs) is a matter of critical importance; a prompt supply of a sufficient population of cells that retain their pluripotency capabilities must be secured in order to make possible future cell therapies. Despite a number of reports asserting that a variety of cytokines, signaling ligands, and small molecules can help in maintaining the pluripotency of ESCs, mammalian feeder cells continue to be broadly accepted as the method of choice for ESC cultures. This appears to be because mammalian feeder cells seem to produce some as-yet-unidentified factor that makes them very effective as feeder cells. In this study, we investigated wild-type p53 inducible phosphatase (Wip1), the knockdown of which increases Wnt inhibitory factor-1 expression, in its feeder functions toward mouse embryonic stem cells, lowering the effect of Wnt, one of key signaling in maintaining stemness of ESCs. For this purpose, Wip1 was stably expressed in mouse embryonic fibroblast cell line (STO) using retro-viral gene delivery system and then the function as a feeder cell was monitored either with or without leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) in culture medium. We demonstrated that mouse embryonic stem cells grown with Wip1 expressing STO showed higher alkaline phosphatase activity and sustained Oct-4 expression level even under LIF deprivation condition compared to both control and Wip1 phosphatase activity dead mutant expressing STO. These results imply that Wip1 phosphatase activity in feeder cells is important to retain pluripotency of mouse embryonic stem cells under LIF deprivation conditions. These results indicate that genetically engineered feeder cells such as Wip1 expressing cell lines, are alternative strategy for the optimization of maintenance and expansion of mouse embryonic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ju Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Pochon, 487-010, Korea.
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60
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Eiselleova L, Matulka K, Kriz V, Kunova M, Schmidtova Z, Neradil J, Tichy B, Dvorakova D, Pospisilova S, Hampl A, Dvorak P. A complex role for FGF-2 in self-renewal, survival, and adhesion of human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells 2010; 27:1847-57. [PMID: 19544431 PMCID: PMC2798073 DOI: 10.1002/stem.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The transcription program that is responsible for the pluripotency of human ESCs (hESCs) is believed to be comaintained by exogenous fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), which activates FGF receptors (FGFRs) and stimulates the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. However, the same pathway is stimulated by insulin receptors, insulin-like growth factor 1 receptors, and epidermal growth factor receptors. This mechanism is further complicated by intracrine FGF signals. Thus, the molecular mechanisms by which FGF-2 promotes the undifferentiated growth of hESCs are unclear. Here we show that, in undifferentiated hESCs, exogenous FGF-2 stimulated the expression of stem cell genes while suppressing cell death and apoptosis genes. Inhibition of autocrine FGF signaling caused upregulation of differentiation-related genes and downregulation of stem cell genes. Thus, exogenous FGF-2 reinforced the pluripotency maintenance program of intracrine FGF-2 signaling. Consistent with this hypothesis, expression of endogenous FGF-2 decreased during hESC differentiation and FGF-2 knockdown-induced hESC differentiation. In addition, FGF-2 signaling via FGFR2 activated MAPK kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase and AKT kinases, protected hESC from stress-induced cell death, and increased hESC adhesion and cloning efficiency. This stimulation of self-renewal, cell survival, and adhesion by exogenous and endogenous FGF-2 may synergize to maintain the undifferentiated growth of hESCs. Stem Cells2009;27:1847–1857
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Eiselleova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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61
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Zou J, Maeder ML, Mali P, Pruett-Miller SM, Thibodeau-Beganny S, Chou BK, Chen G, Ye Z, Park IH, Daley GQ, Porteus MH, Joung JK, Cheng L. Gene targeting of a disease-related gene in human induced pluripotent stem and embryonic stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 2009; 5:97-110. [PMID: 19540188 PMCID: PMC2720132 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2009.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Revised: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We report here homologous recombination (HR)-mediated gene targeting of two different genes in human iPS cells (hiPSCs) and human ES cells (hESCs). HR-mediated correction of a chromosomally integrated mutant GFP reporter gene reaches efficiencies of 0.14%-0.24% in both cell types transfected by donor DNA with plasmids expressing zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs). Engineered ZFNs that induce a sequence-specific double-strand break in the GFP gene enhanced HR-mediated correction by > 1400-fold without detectable alterations in stem cell karyotypes or pluripotency. Efficient HR-mediated insertional mutagenesis was also achieved at the endogenous PIG-A locus, with a > 200-fold enhancement by ZFNs targeted to that gene. Clonal PIG-A null hESCs and iPSCs with normal karyotypes were readily obtained. The phenotypic and biological defects were rescued by PIG-A transgene expression. Our study provides the first demonstration of HR-mediated gene targeting in hiPSCs and shows the power of ZFNs for inducing specific genetic modifications in hiPSCs, as well as hESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizhong Zou
- Stem Cell Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Morgan L. Maeder
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Center for Cancer Research, and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Prashant Mali
- Stem Cell Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Shondra M Pruett-Miller
- Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Stacey Thibodeau-Beganny
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Center for Cancer Research, and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Bin-Kuan Chou
- Stem Cell Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Guibin Chen
- Stem Cell Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Zhaohui Ye
- Stem Cell Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - In-Hyun Park
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02115
| | - George Q. Daley
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02115
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Matthew H. Porteus
- Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - J. Keith Joung
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Center for Cancer Research, and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Linzhao Cheng
- Stem Cell Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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62
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Immortalized human skin fibroblast feeder cells support growth and maintenance of both human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells. Hum Reprod 2009; 24:2567-81. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dep232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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63
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Marson A, Foreman R, Chevalier B, Bilodeau S, Kahn M, Young RA, Jaenisch R. Wnt signaling promotes reprogramming of somatic cells to pluripotency. Cell Stem Cell 2009; 3:132-5. [PMID: 18682236 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2008.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2008] [Revised: 06/17/2008] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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64
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Golestaneh N, Beauchamp E, Fallen S, Kokkinaki M, Uren A, Dym M. Wnt signaling promotes proliferation and stemness regulation of spermatogonial stem/progenitor cells. Reproduction 2009; 138:151-62. [PMID: 19419993 DOI: 10.1530/rep-08-0510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) self-renew throughout life to produce progenitor cells that are able to differentiate into spermatozoa. However, the mechanisms underlying the cell fate determination between self-renewal and differentiation have not yet been delineated. Culture conditions and growth factors essential for self-renewal and proliferation of mouse SSCs have been investigated, but no information is available related to growth factors that affect fate determination of human spermatogonia. Wnts form a large family of secreted glycoproteins, the members of which are involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, organogenesis, and cell migration. Here, we show that Wnts and their receptors Fzs are expressed in mouse spermatogonia and in the C18-4 SSC line. We demonstrate that WNT3A induces cell proliferation, morphological changes, and cell migration in C18-4 cells. Furthermore, we show that beta-catenin is activated during testis development in 21-day-old mice. In addition, our study demonstrates that WNT3A sustained adult human embryonic stem (ES)-like cells derived from human germ cells in an undifferentiated stage, expressing essential human ES cell transcription factors. These results demonstrate for the first time that Wnt/beta-catenin pathways, especially WNT3A, may play an important role in the regulation of mouse and human spermatogonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nady Golestaneh
- Departments of, Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3900 Reservoir Road, Northwest, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, USA
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65
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Yu X, Zou J, Ye Z, Hammond H, Chen G, Tokunaga A, Mali P, Li YM, Civin C, Gaiano N, Cheng L. Notch signaling activation in human embryonic stem cells is required for embryonic, but not trophoblastic, lineage commitment. Cell Stem Cell 2009; 2:461-71. [PMID: 18462696 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2008.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2007] [Revised: 01/24/2008] [Accepted: 03/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The Notch signaling pathway plays important roles in cell-fate determination during embryonic development and adult life. In this study, we focus on the role of Notch signaling in governing cell-fate choices in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Using genetic and pharmacological approaches, we achieved both blockade and conditional activation of Notch signaling in several hESC lines. We report here that activation of Notch signaling is required for undifferentiated hESCs to form the progeny of all three embryonic germ layers, but not trophoblast cells. In addition, transient Notch signaling pathway activation enhanced generation of hematopoietic cells from committed hESCs. These new insights into the roles of Notch in hESC-fate determination may help to efficiently direct hESC differentiation into therapeutically relevant cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Yu
- Stem Cell Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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66
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67
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Sun Y, Li H, Liu Y, Mattson MP, Rao MS, Zhan M. Evolutionarily conserved transcriptional co-expression guiding embryonic stem cell differentiation. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3406. [PMID: 18923680 PMCID: PMC2566604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Accepted: 09/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding the molecular mechanisms controlling pluripotency in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) is of central importance towards realizing their potentials in medicine and science. Cross-species examination of transcriptional co-expression allows elucidation of fundamental and species-specific mechanisms regulating ESC self-renewal or differentiation. Methodology/Principal Findings We examined transcriptional co-expression of ESCs from pathways to global networks under the framework of human-mouse comparisons. Using generalized singular value decomposition and comparative partition around medoids algorithms, evolutionarily conserved and divergent transcriptional co-expression regulating pluripotency were identified from ESC-critical pathways including ACTIVIN/NODAL, ATK/PTEN, BMP, CELL CYCLE, JAK/STAT, PI3K, TGFβ and WNT. A set of transcription factors, including FOX, GATA, MYB, NANOG, OCT, PAX, SOX and STAT, and the FGF response element were identified that represent key regulators underlying the transcriptional co-expression. By transcriptional intervention conducted in silico, dynamic behavior of pathways was examined, which demonstrate how much and in which specific ways each gene or gene combination effects the behavior transition of a pathway in response to ESC differentiation or pluripotency induction. The global co-expression networks of ESCs were dominated by highly connected hub genes such as IGF2, JARID2, LCK, MYCN, NASP, OCT4, ORC1L, PHC1 and RUVBL1, which are possibly critical in determining the fate of ESCs. Conclusions/Significance Through these studies, evolutionary conservation at genomic, transcriptomic, and network levels is shown to be an effective predictor of molecular factors and mechanisms controlling ESC development. Various hypotheses regarding mechanisms controlling ESC development were generated, which could be further validated by in vitro experiments. Our findings shed light on the systems-level understanding of how ESC differentiation or pluripotency arises from the connectivity or networks of genes, and provide a “road-map” for further experimental investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- Bioinformatics Unit, Research Resources Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Huai Li
- Bioinformatics Unit, Research Resources Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ying Liu
- The CRL, Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad, California, United States of America
| | - Mark P. Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mahendra S. Rao
- The CRL, Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad, California, United States of America
| | - Ming Zhan
- Bioinformatics Unit, Research Resources Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Wu Z, Zhang W, Chen G, Cheng L, Liao J, Jia N, Gao Y, Dai H, Yuan J, Cheng L, Xiao L. Combinatorial signals of activin/nodal and bone morphogenic protein regulate the early lineage segregation of human embryonic stem cells. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:24991-5002. [PMID: 18596037 PMCID: PMC2529127 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m803893200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell fate commitment of pre-implantation blastocysts, to either the inner
cell mass or trophoblast, is the first step in cell lineage segregation of the
developing human embryo. However, the intercellular signals that control fate
determination of these cells remain obscure. Human embryonic stem cells
(hESCs) provide a unique model for studying human early embryonic development.
We have previously shown that Activin/Nodal signaling contributes to
maintaining pluripotency of hESCs, which are derivatives of the inner cell
mass. Here we further demonstrate that the inhibition of Activin/Nodal
signaling results in the loss of hESC pluripotency and trophoblast
differentiation, similar to BMP4-induced trophoblast differentiation from
hESCs. We also show that the trophoblast induction effect of BMP4 correlates
with and depends on the inhibition of Activin/Nodal signaling. However, the
activation of BMP signaling is still required for trophoblast differentiation
when Activin/Nodal signaling is inhibited. These data reveal that the early
lineage segregation of hESCs is determined by the combinatorial signals of
Activin/Nodal and BMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, the Cell Bank/Stem Cell Bank, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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Mali P, Ye Z, Hommond HH, Yu X, Lin J, Chen G, Zou J, Cheng L. Improved efficiency and pace of generating induced pluripotent stem cells from human adult and fetal fibroblasts. Stem Cells 2008; 26:1998-2005. [PMID: 18511599 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2008-0346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It was reported recently that human fibroblasts can be reprogrammed into a pluripotent state that resembles that of human embryonic stem (hES) cells. This was achieved by ectopic expression of four genes followed by culture on mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) feeders under a condition favoring hES cell growth. However, the efficiency of generating human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells is low, especially for postnatal human fibroblasts. We started supplementing with an additional gene or bioactive molecules to increase the efficiency of generating iPS cells from human adult as well as fetal fibroblasts. We report here that adding SV40 large T antigen (T) to either set of the four reprogramming genes previously used enhanced the efficiency by 23-70-fold from both human adult and fetal fibroblasts. Discernible hES-like colonies also emerged 1-2 weeks earlier if T was added. With the improved efficiency, we succeeded in replacing MEFs with immortalized human feeder cells that we previously established for optimal hES cell growth. We further characterized individually picked hES-like colonies after expansion (up to 24 passages). The majority of them expressed various undifferentiated hES markers. Some but not all the hES-like clones can be induced to differentiate into the derivatives of the three embryonic germ layers in both teratoma formation and embryoid body (EB) formation assays. These pluripotent clones also differentiated into trophoblasts after EB formation or bone morphogenetic protein 4 induction as classic hES cells. Using this improved approach, we also generated hES-like cells from homozygous fibroblasts containing the sickle cell anemia mutation Hemoglobin Sickle. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Mali
- Stem Cell Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Broadway Research Building, Room 747, 733 North Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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Sampath P, Pritchard DK, Pabon L, Reinecke H, Schwartz SM, Morris DR, Murry CE. A Hierarchical Network Controls Protein Translation during Murine Embryonic Stem Cell Self-Renewal and Differentiation. Cell Stem Cell 2008; 2:448-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2008.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2007] [Revised: 02/02/2008] [Accepted: 03/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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71
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Guo W, Flanagan J, Jasuja R, Kirkland J, Jiang L, Bhasin S. The effects of myostatin on adipogenic differentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells are mediated through cross-communication between Smad3 and Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathways. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:9136-45. [PMID: 18203713 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m708968200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of myostatin on adipogenic differentiation are poorly understood, and the underlying mechanisms are unknown. We determined the effects of human recombinant myostatin protein on adipogenesis of bone marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and adipose tissue-derived preadipocytes. For both progenitor cell types, differentiation in the presence of myostatin caused a dose-dependent reduction of lipid accumulation and diminished incorporation of exogenous fatty acid into cellular lipids. Myostatin significantly down-regulated the expression of adipocyte markers PPARgamma, C/EBPalpha, leptin, and aP2, but not C/EBPbeta. Overexpression of PPARgamma, but not C/EBPbeta, blocked the inhibitory effects of myostatin on adipogenesis. Myostatin induced phosphorylation of Smad3 in hMSCs; knockdown of Smad3 by RNAi or inhibition of its upstream kinase by an Alk5 inhibitor blocked the inhibitory effect of myostatin on adipogenesis in hMSCs, implying an important role of Smad3 activation in this event. Furthermore, myostatin enhanced nuclear translocation of beta-catenin and formation of the Smad3-beta-catenin-TCF4 complex, together with the altered expression of a number of Wnt/beta-catenin pathway genes in hMSCs. The inhibitory effects of myostatin on adipogenesis were blocked by RNAi silencing of beta-catenin and diminished by overexpression of dominant-negative TCF4. The conclusion is that myostatin inhibited adipogenesis in human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and preadipocytes. These effects were mediated, in part, by activation of Smad3 and cross-communication of the TGFbeta/Smad signal to Wnt/beta-catenin/TCF4 pathway, leading to down-regulation of PPARgamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Guo
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, 670 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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Bakre MM, Hoi A, Mong JCY, Koh YY, Wong KY, Stanton LW. Generation of Multipotential Mesendodermal Progenitors from Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells via Sustained Wnt Pathway Activation. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:31703-12. [PMID: 17711862 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m704287200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are capable of differentiating into cell types belonging to all three germ layers within the body, which makes them an interesting and intense field of research. Inefficient specific differentiation and contamination with unwanted cell types are the major issues in the use of ESCs in regenerative medicine. Lineage-specific progenitors generated from ESCs could be utilized to circumvent the issue. We demonstrate here that sustained activation of the Wnt pathway (using Wnt3A or an inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta) in multiple mouse and human ESCs results in meso/endoderm-specific differentiation. Using monolayer culture conditions, we have generated multipotential "mesendodermal progenitor clones" (MPC) from mouse ESCs by sustained Wnt pathway activation. MPCs express increased levels of meso/endodermal and mesendodermal markers and exhibit a stable phenotype in culture over a year. The MPCs have enhanced potential to differentiate along endothelial, cardiac, vascular smooth muscle, and skeletal lineages than undifferentiated ESCs. In conclusion, we demonstrate that the Wnt pathway activation can be utilized to generate lineage-specific progenitors from ESCs, which can be further differentiated into desired organ-specific cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjiri Manohar Bakre
- Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis St., Genome #02-01, Singapore 138672.
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Woll PS, Morris JK, Painschab MS, Marcus RK, Kohn AD, Biechele TL, Moon RT, Kaufman DS. Wnt signaling promotes hematoendothelial cell development from human embryonic stem cells. Blood 2007; 111:122-31. [PMID: 17875805 PMCID: PMC2200802 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-04-084186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) provide an important means to effectively study soluble and cell-bound mediators that regulate development of early blood and endothelial cells in a human model system. Here, several complementary methods are used to demonstrate canonical Wnt signaling is important for development of hESC-derived cells with both hematopoietic and endothelial potential. Analyses using both standard flow cy-tometry, as well the more detailed high-throughput image scanning flow cytometry, characterizes sequential development of distinct early developing CD34(bright)CD31(+)Flk1(+) cells and a later population of CD34(dim)CD45(+) cells. While the CD34(bright)CD31(+)Flk1(+) have a more complex morphology and can develop into both endothelial cells and hematopoietic cells, the CD34(dim)CD45(+) cells have a simpler morphology and give rise to only hematopoietic cells. Treatment with dickkopf1 to inhibit Wnt signaling results in a dramatic decrease in development of cells with hematoendothelial potential. In addition, activation of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway in hESCs by coculture with stromal cells that express Wnt1, but not use of noncanonical Wnt5-expressing stromal cells, results in an accelerated differentiation and higher percentage of CD34(bright)CD31(+)Flk1(+) cells at earlier stages of differentiation. These studies effectively demonstrate the importance of canonical Wnt signaling to mediate development of early hematoendothelial progenitors during human development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petter S Woll
- . Stem Cell Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Translational Research Facility, 2001 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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