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Żabka A, Gocek N, Winnicki K, Szczeblewski P, Laskowski T, Polit JT. Changes in Epigenetic Patterns Related to DNA Replication in Vicia faba Root Meristem Cells under Cadmium-Induced Stress Conditions. Cells 2021; 10:3409. [PMID: 34943918 PMCID: PMC8699714 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Experiments on Vicia faba root meristem cells exposed to 150 µM cadmium chloride (CdCl2) were undertaken to analyse epigenetic changes, mainly with respect to DNA replication stress. Histone modifications examined by means of immunofluorescence labeling included: (1) acetylation of histone H3 on lysine 56 (H3K56Ac), involved in transcription, S phase, and response to DNA damage during DNA biosynthesis; (2) dimethylation of histone H3 on lysine 79 (H3K79Me2), correlated with the replication initiation; (3) phosphorylation of histone H3 on threonine 45 (H3T45Ph), engaged in DNA synthesis and apoptosis. Moreover, immunostaining using specific antibodies against 5-MetC-modified DNA was used to determine the level of DNA methylation. A significant decrease in the level of H3K79Me2, noted in all phases of the CdCl2-treated interphase cell nuclei, was found to correspond with: (1) an increase in the mean number of intranuclear foci of H3K56Ac histones (observed mainly in S-phase), (2) a plethora of nuclear and nucleolar labeling patterns (combined with a general decrease in H3T45Ph), and (3) a decrease in DNA methylation. All these changes correlate well with a general viewpoint that DNA modifications and post-translational histone modifications play an important role in gene expression and plant development under cadmium-induced stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Żabka
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (N.G.); (K.W.); (J.T.P.)
| | - Natalia Gocek
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (N.G.); (K.W.); (J.T.P.)
| | - Konrad Winnicki
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (N.G.); (K.W.); (J.T.P.)
| | - Paweł Szczeblewski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland; (P.S.); (T.L.)
| | - Tomasz Laskowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland; (P.S.); (T.L.)
| | - Justyna Teresa Polit
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (N.G.); (K.W.); (J.T.P.)
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Vakili-Samiani S, Turki Jalil A, Abdelbasset WK, Yumashev AV, Karpisheh V, Jalali P, Adibfar S, Ahmadi M, Hosseinpour Feizi AA, Jadidi-Niaragh F. Targeting Wee1 kinase as a therapeutic approach in Hematological Malignancies. DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 107:103203. [PMID: 34390915 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Hematologic malignancies include various diseases that develop from hematopoietic stem cells of bone marrow or lymphatic organs. Currently, conventional DNA-damage-based chemotherapy drugs are approved as standard therapeutic regimens for these malignancies. Although many improvements have been made, patients with relapsed or refractory hematological malignancies have a poor prognosis. Therefore, novel and practical therapeutic approaches are required for the treatment of these diseases. Interestingly several studies have shown that targeting Wee1 kinase in the Hematological malignancies, including AML, ALL, CML, CLL, DLBCL, BL, MCL, etc., can be an effective therapeutic strategy. It plays an essential role in regulating the cell cycle process by abrogating the G2-M cell-cycle checkpoint, which provides time for DNA damage repair before mitotic entry. Consistently, Wee1 overexpression is observed in various Hematological malignancies. Also, in healthy normal cells, repairing DNA damages occurs due to G1-S checkpoint function; however, in the cancer cells, which have an impaired G1-S checkpoint, the damaged DNA repair process depends on the G2-M checkpoint function. Thus, Wee1 inhibition could be a promising target in the presence of DNA damage in order to potentiate multiple therapeutic drugs. This review summarized the potentials and challenges of Wee1 inhibition combined with other therapies as a novel effective therapeutic strategy in Hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Vakili-Samiani
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Walid Kamal Abdelbasset
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia; Department of Physical Therapy, Kasr Al-Aini Hospital, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Vahid Karpisheh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Pooya Jalali
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sara Adibfar
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Majid Ahmadi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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53
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Nishida H, Matsuo M, Konishi S, Ohno N, Manni L, Onuma TA. Germline development during embryogenesis of the larvacean, Oikopleura dioica. Dev Biol 2021; 481:188-200. [PMID: 34755656 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Germ cells develop into eggs and sperms and represent a lineage that survives through multiple generations. Germ cell specification during embryogenesis proceeds through one of two basic modes: either the cell-autonomous mode or the inductive mode. In the cell-autonomous mode, specification of germ cell fate involves asymmetric partitioning of the specialized maternal cytoplasm, known as the germplasm. Oikopleura dioica is a larvacean (class Appendicularia) and a chordate. It is regarded as a promising animal model for studying chordate development because of its short life cycle (5 days) and small genome size (∼60 Mb). We show that their embryos possess germplasm, as observed in ascidians (class Ascidiacea). The vegetal cytoplasm shifted towards the future posterior pole before the first cleavage occurred. A bilateral pair of primordial germ cells (PGC, B11 cells) was formed at the posterior pole at the 32-cell stage through two rounds of unequal cleavage. These B11 cells did not undergo further division before hatching of the tadpole-shaped larvae. The centrosome-attracting body (CAB) is a subcellular structure that contains the germplasm and plays crucial roles in germ cell development in ascidians. The presence of CAB with germplasm was observed in the germline lineage cells of larvaceans via electron microscopy and using extracted embryos. The CAB appeared at the 8-cell stage and persisted until the middle stage of embryogenesis. The antigen for the phosphorylated histone 3 antibody was localized to the CAB and persisted in the PGC until hatching after the CAB disappeared. Maternal snail mRNA, which encodes a transcription factor, was co-localized with the antigen for the H3S28p antibody. Furthermore, we found a novel PGC-specific subcellular structure that we call the germ body (GB). This study thus highlights the conserved and non-conserved features of germline development between ascidians and larvaceans. The rapid development and short life cycle (five days) of O. dioica would open the way to genetically analyze germ cell development in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Nishida
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan.
| | - Masaki Matsuo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Shohei Konishi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Ohno
- Division of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8787, Japan; Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Lucia Manni
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Padova, via U. Bassi 58/B, I-35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Takeshi A Onuma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
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54
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Esfandiari Nazzaro E, Sabei FY, Vogel WK, Nazari M, Nicholson KS, Gafken PR, Taratula O, Taratula O, Davare MA, Leid M. Discovery and Validation of a Compound to Target Ewing's Sarcoma. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101553. [PMID: 34683845 PMCID: PMC8538197 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing’s sarcoma, characterized by pathognomonic t (11; 22) (q24; q12) and related chromosomal ETS family translocations, is a rare aggressive cancer of bone and soft tissue. Current protocols that include cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents effectively treat localized disease; however, these aggressive therapies may result in treatment-related morbidities including second-site cancers in survivors. Moreover, the five-year survival rate in patients with relapsed, recurrent, or metastatic disease is less than 30%, despite intensive therapy with these cytotoxic agents. By using high-throughput phenotypic screening of small molecule libraries, we identified a previously uncharacterized compound (ML111) that inhibited in vitro proliferation of six established Ewing’s sarcoma cell lines with nanomolar potency. Proteomic studies show that ML111 treatment induced prometaphase arrest followed by rapid caspase-dependent apoptotic cell death in Ewing’s sarcoma cell lines. ML111, delivered via methoxypoly(ethylene glycol)-polycaprolactone copolymer nanoparticles, induced dose-dependent inhibition of Ewing’s sarcoma tumor growth in a murine xenograft model and invoked prometaphase arrest in vivo, consistent with in vitro data. These results suggest that ML111 represents a promising new drug lead for further preclinical studies and is a potential clinical development for the treatment of Ewing’s sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie Esfandiari Nazzaro
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (E.E.N.); (F.Y.S.); (W.K.V.); (M.N.); (O.T.); (M.L.)
| | - Fahad Y. Sabei
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (E.E.N.); (F.Y.S.); (W.K.V.); (M.N.); (O.T.); (M.L.)
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 88723, Saudi Arabia
| | - Walter K. Vogel
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (E.E.N.); (F.Y.S.); (W.K.V.); (M.N.); (O.T.); (M.L.)
| | - Mohamad Nazari
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (E.E.N.); (F.Y.S.); (W.K.V.); (M.N.); (O.T.); (M.L.)
| | - Katelyn S. Nicholson
- Division of Pediatric Hematology & Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA;
| | - Philip R. Gafken
- Proteomics & Metabolomics Shared Resource, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA;
| | - Olena Taratula
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (E.E.N.); (F.Y.S.); (W.K.V.); (M.N.); (O.T.); (M.L.)
| | - Oleh Taratula
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (E.E.N.); (F.Y.S.); (W.K.V.); (M.N.); (O.T.); (M.L.)
- Correspondence: (O.T.); (M.A.D.)
| | - Monika A. Davare
- Division of Pediatric Hematology & Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA;
- Papé Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Correspondence: (O.T.); (M.A.D.)
| | - Mark Leid
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (E.E.N.); (F.Y.S.); (W.K.V.); (M.N.); (O.T.); (M.L.)
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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55
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Di Domenico M, Jokwitz M, Witke W, Pilo Boyl P. Specificity and Redundancy of Profilin 1 and 2 Function in Brain Development and Neuronal Structure. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092310. [PMID: 34571959 PMCID: PMC8467068 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Profilin functions have been discussed in numerous cellular processes, including actin polymerization. One puzzling aspect is the concomitant expression of more than one profilin isoform in most tissues. In neuronal precursors and in neurons, profilin 1 and profilin 2 are co-expressed, but their specific and redundant functions in brain morphogenesis are still unclear. Using a conditional knockout mouse model to inactivate both profilins in the developing CNS, we found that threshold levels of profilin are necessary for the maintenance of the neuronal stem-cell compartment and the generation of the differentiated neurons, irrespective of the specific isoform. During embryonic development, profilin 1 is more abundant than profilin 2; consequently, modulation of profilin 1 levels resulted in a more severe phenotype than depletion of profilin 2. Interestingly, the relevance of the isoforms was reversed in the postnatal brain. Morphology of mature neurons showed a stronger dependence on profilin 2, since this is the predominant isoform in neurons. Our data highlight redundant functions of profilins in neuronal precursor expansion and differentiation, as well as in the maintenance of pyramidal neuron dendritic arborization. The specific profilin isoform is less relevant; however, a threshold profilin level is essential. We propose that the common activity of profilin 1 and profilin 2 in actin dynamics is responsible for the observed compensatory effects.
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56
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Deryckere A, Styfhals R, Elagoz AM, Maes GE, Seuntjens E. Identification of neural progenitor cells and their progeny reveals long distance migration in the developing octopus brain. eLife 2021; 10:e69161. [PMID: 34425939 PMCID: PMC8384421 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cephalopods have evolved nervous systems that parallel the complexity of mammalian brains in terms of neuronal numbers and richness in behavioral output. How the cephalopod brain develops has only been described at the morphological level, and it remains unclear where the progenitor cells are located and what molecular factors drive neurogenesis. Using histological techniques, we located dividing cells, neural progenitors and postmitotic neurons in Octopus vulgaris embryos. Our results indicate that an important pool of progenitors, expressing the conserved bHLH transcription factors achaete-scute or neurogenin, is located outside the central brain cords in the lateral lips adjacent to the eyes, suggesting that newly formed neurons migrate into the cords. Lineage-tracing experiments then showed that progenitors, depending on their location in the lateral lips, generate neurons for the different lobes, similar to the squid Doryteuthis pealeii. The finding that octopus newborn neurons migrate over long distances is reminiscent of vertebrate neurogenesis and suggests it might be a fundamental strategy for large brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Deryckere
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Ruth Styfhals
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton DohrnNaplesItaly
| | - Ali Murat Elagoz
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Gregory E Maes
- Center for Human Genetics, Genomics Core, UZ-KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook UniversityTownsvilleAustralia
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, Department of Biology, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Eve Seuntjens
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
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57
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Cavender KR, Ricker TA, Lyon MO, Shelby EA, Miller CW, Moore PJ. The trade-off between investment in weapons and fertility is mediated through spermatogenesis in the leaf-footed cactus bug Narnia femorata. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:8776-8782. [PMID: 34257927 PMCID: PMC8258196 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Males have the ability to compete for fertilizations through both precopulatory and postcopulatory intrasexual competition. Precopulatory competition has selected for large weapons and other adaptations to maximize access to females and mating opportunities, while postcopulatory competition has resulted in ejaculate adaptations to maximize fertilization success. Negative associations between these strategies support the hypothesis that there is a trade-off between success at pre- and postcopulatory mating success. Recently, this trade-off has been demonstrated with experimental manipulation. Males of the leaf-footed cactus bug Narnia femorata use hind limbs as the primary weapon in male-male competition. However, males can drop a hind limb to avoid entrapment. When this autotomy occurs during development, they invest instead in large testes. While evolutionary outcomes of the trade-offs between pre- and postcopulatory strategies have been identified, less work has been done to identify proximate mechanisms by which the trade-off might occur, perhaps because the systems in which the trade-offs have been investigated are not ones that have the molecular tools required for exploring mechanism. Here, we applied knowledge from a related model species for which we have developmental knowledge and molecular tools, the milkweed bug Oncopeltus fasciatus, to investigate the proximate mechanism by which autotomized N. femorata males developed larger testes. Autotomized males had evidence of a higher rate of transit amplification divisions in the spermatogonia, which would result more spermatocytes and thus in greater sperm numbers. Identification of mechanisms underlying a trade-off can help our understanding of the direction and constraints on evolutionary trajectories and thus the evolutionary potential under multiple forms of selection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tessa A. Ricker
- Entomology and Nematology DepartmentUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
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58
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Ge Y, Rosendahl P, Duran C, Topfner N, Ciucci S, Guck J, Cannistraci CV. Cell Mechanics Based Computational Classification of Red Blood Cells Via Machine Intelligence Applied to Morpho-Rheological Markers. IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS 2021; 18:1405-1415. [PMID: 31670675 DOI: 10.1109/tcbb.2019.2945762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite fluorescent cell-labelling being widely employed in biomedical studies, some of its drawbacks are inevitable, with unsuitable fluorescent probes or probes inducing a functional change being the main limitations. Consequently, the demand for and development of label-free methodologies to classify cells is strong and its impact on precision medicine is relevant. Towards this end, high-throughput techniques for cell mechanical phenotyping have been proposed to get a multidimensional biophysical characterization of single cells. With this motivation, our goal here is to investigate the extent to which an unsupervised machine learning methodology, which is applied exclusively on morpho-rheological markers obtained by real-time deformability and fluorescence cytometry (RT-FDC), can address the difficult task of providing label-free discrimination of reticulocytes from mature red blood cells. We focused on this problem, since the characterization of reticulocytes (their percentage and cellular features) in the blood is vital in multiple human disease conditions, especially bone-marrow disorders such as anemia and leukemia. Our approach reports promising label-free results in the classification of reticulocytes from mature red blood cells, and it represents a step forward in the development of high-throughput morpho-rheological-based methodologies for the computational categorization of single cells. Besides, our methodology can be an alternative but also a complementary method to integrate with existing cell-labelling techniques.
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59
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Machado CB, DA Silva EL, Dias Nogueira BM, DA Silva JBS, DE Moraes Filho MO, Montenegro RC, DE Moraes MEA, Moreira-Nunes CA. The Relevance of Aurora Kinase Inhibition in Hematological Malignancies. CANCER DIAGNOSIS & PROGNOSIS 2021; 1:111-126. [PMID: 35399305 DOI: 10.21873/cdp.10016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Aurora kinases are a family of serine/threonine protein kinases that play a central role in eukaryotic cell division. Overexpression of aurora kinases in cancer and their role as major regulators of the cell cycle quickly inspired the idea that their inhibition might be a potential pathway when treating oncologic patients. Over the past couple of decades, the search for designing and testing of molecules capable of inhibiting aurora activities fueled many pre-clinical and clinical studies. In this study, data from the past 10 years of in vitro and in vivo investigations, as well as clinical trials, utilizing aurora kinase inhibitors as therapeutics for hematological malignancies were compiled and discussed, aiming to highlight potential uses of these inhibitors as a novel monotherapy model or alongside conventional chemotherapies. While there is still much to be elucidated, it is clear that these kinases play a key role in oncogenesis, and their manageable toxicity and potentially synergistic effects still render them a focus of interest for future investigations in combinatorial clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio Bezerra Machado
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM),Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Emerson Lucena DA Silva
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM),Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Maria Dias Nogueira
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM),Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Jean Breno Silveira DA Silva
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM),Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Manoel Odorico DE Moraes Filho
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM),Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Raquel Carvalho Montenegro
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM),Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | - Caroline Aquino Moreira-Nunes
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM),Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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60
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Crocker KL, Marischuk K, Rimkus SA, Zhou H, Yin JCP, Boekhoff-Falk G. Neurogenesis in the adult Drosophila brain. Genetics 2021; 219:6297258. [PMID: 34117750 PMCID: PMC8860384 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyab092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's currently affect ∼25 million people worldwide (Erkkinen et al. 2018). The global incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is estimated at ∼70 million/year (Dewan et al. 2018). Both neurodegenerative diseases and TBI remain without effective treatments. We are utilizing adult Drosophila melanogaster to investigate the mechanisms of brain regeneration with the long term goal of identifying targets for neural regenerative therapies. We specifically focused on neurogenesis, i.e. the generation of new cells, as opposed to the regrowth of specific subcellular structures such as axons. Like mammals, Drosophila have few proliferating cells in the adult brain. Nonetheless, within 24 hours of a Penetrating Traumatic Brain Injury (PTBI) to the central brain, there is a significant increase in the number of proliferating cells. We subsequently detect both new glia and new neurons and the formation of new axon tracts that target appropriate brain regions. Glial cells divide rapidly upon injury to give rise to new glial cells. Other cells near the injury site upregulate neural progenitor genes including asense and deadpan and later give rise to the new neurons. Locomotor abnormalities observed after PTBI are reversed within two weeks of injury, supporting the idea that there is functional recovery. Together, these data indicate that adult Drosophila brains are capable of neuronal repair. We anticipate that this paradigm will facilitate the dissection of the mechanisms of neural regeneration and that these processes will be relevant to human brain repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassi L Crocker
- Genetics Graduate Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA.,Science and Medicine Graduate Research Scholars Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA.,Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Khailee Marischuk
- Genetics Graduate Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA.,Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Stacey A Rimkus
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Jerry C P Yin
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Grace Boekhoff-Falk
- Genetics Graduate Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA.,Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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61
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Achache H, Falk R, Lerner N, Beatus T, Tzur YB. Oocyte aging is controlled by mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. Aging Cell 2021; 20:e13386. [PMID: 34061407 PMCID: PMC8208789 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oogenesis is one of the first processes to fail during aging. In women, most oocytes cannot successfully complete meiotic divisions already during the fourth decade of life. Studies of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans have uncovered conserved genetic pathways that control lifespan, but our knowledge regarding reproductive aging in worms and humans is limited. Specifically, little is known about germline internal signals that dictate the oogonial biological clock. Here, we report a thorough characterization of the changes in the worm germline during aging. We found that shortly after ovulation halts, germline proliferation declines, while apoptosis continues, leading to a gradual reduction in germ cell numbers. In late aging stages, we observed that meiotic progression is disturbed and crossover designation and DNA double-strand break repair decrease. In addition, we detected a decline in the quality of mature oocytes during aging, as reflected by decreasing size and elongation of interhomolog distance, a phenotype also observed in human oocytes. Many of these altered processes were previously attributed to MAPK signaling variations in young worms. In support of this, we observed changes in activation dynamics of MPK-1 during aging. We therefore tested the hypothesis that MAPK controls oocyte quality in aged worms using both genetic and pharmacological tools. We found that in mutants with high levels of activated MPK-1, oocyte quality deteriorates more rapidly than in wild-type worms, whereas reduction of MPK-1 levels enhances quality. Thus, our data suggest that MAPK signaling controls germline aging and could be used to attenuate the rate of oogenesis quality decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Achache
- Department of GeneticsInstitute of Life SciencesThe Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
| | - Roni Falk
- Department of GeneticsInstitute of Life SciencesThe Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
| | - Noam Lerner
- Department of NeurobiologyThe Institute of Life ScienceThe Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
- The Alexander Grass Center for BioengineeringThe Rachel and Selim Benin School of Computer Science and EngineeringThe Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
| | - Tsevi Beatus
- Department of NeurobiologyThe Institute of Life ScienceThe Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
- The Alexander Grass Center for BioengineeringThe Rachel and Selim Benin School of Computer Science and EngineeringThe Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
| | - Yonatan B. Tzur
- Department of GeneticsInstitute of Life SciencesThe Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
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62
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Tong DR, Zhou W, Katz C, Regunath K, Venkatesh D, Ihuegbu C, Manfredi JJ, Laptenko O, Prives C. p53 Frameshift Mutations Couple Loss-of-Function with Unique Neomorphic Activities. Mol Cancer Res 2021; 19:1522-1533. [PMID: 34045312 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-0691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
p53 mutations that result in loss of transcriptional activity are commonly found in numerous types of cancer. While the majority of these are missense mutations that map within the central DNA-binding domain, truncations and/or frameshift mutations can also occur due to various nucleotide substitutions, insertions, or deletions. These changes result in mRNAs containing premature stop codons that are translated into a diverse group of C-terminally truncated proteins. Here we characterized three p53 frameshift mutant proteins expressed from the endogenous TP53 locus in U2OS osteosarcoma and HCT116 colorectal cancer cell lines. These mutants retain intact DNA-binding domains but display altered oligomerization properties. Despite their abnormally high expression levels, they are mostly transcriptionally inactive and unable to initiate a stimuli-induced transcriptional program characteristic of wild-type p53. However, one of these variant p53 proteins, I332fs*14, which resembles naturally expressed TAp53 isoforms β and γ, retains some residual antiproliferative activity and can induce cellular senescence in HCT116 cells. Cells expressing this mutant also display decreased motility in migration assays. Hence, this p53 variant exhibits a combination of loss-of-gain and gain-of-function characteristics, distinguishing it from both wild type p53 and p53 loss. IMPLICATIONS: p53 frameshift mutants display a mixture of residual antiproliferative and neomorphic functions that may be differentially exploited for targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Tong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Wen Zhou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Chen Katz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Kausik Regunath
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Divya Venkatesh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Chinyere Ihuegbu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - James J Manfredi
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Oleg Laptenko
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York.
| | - Carol Prives
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York.
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63
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Narayanan B, Prado de Maio D, La Porta J, Voskoboynik Y, Ganapathi U, Xie P, Covey LR. A Posttranscriptional Pathway of CD40 Ligand mRNA Stability Is Required for the Development of an Optimal Humoral Immune Response. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:2552-2565. [PMID: 34031147 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD40 ligand (CD40L) mRNA stability is dependent on an activation-induced pathway that is mediated by the binding complexes containing the multifunctional RNA-binding protein, polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 (PTBP1) to a 3' untranslated region of the transcript. To understand the relationship between regulated CD40L and the requirement for variegated expression during a T-dependent response, we engineered a mouse lacking the CD40L stability element (CD40LΔ5) and asked how this mutation altered multiple aspects of the humoral immunity. We found that CD40LΔ5 mice expressed CD40L at 60% wildtype levels, and lowered expression corresponded to significantly decreased levels of T-dependent Abs, loss of germinal center (GC) B cells and a disorganized GC structure. Gene expression analysis of B cells from CD40LΔ5 mice revealed that genes associated with cell cycle and DNA replication were significantly downregulated and genes linked to apoptosis upregulated. Importantly, somatic hypermutation was relatively unaffected although the number of cells expressing high-affinity Abs was greatly reduced. Additionally, a significant loss of plasmablasts and early memory B cell precursors as a percentage of total GL7+ B cells was observed, indicating that differentiation cues leading to the development of post-GC subsets was highly dependent on a threshold level of CD40L. Thus, regulated mRNA stability plays an integral role in the optimization of humoral immunity by allowing for a dynamic level of CD40L expression on CD4 T cells that results in the proliferation and differentiation of pre-GC and GC B cells into functional subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bitha Narayanan
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ; and
| | - Diego Prado de Maio
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ; and
| | - James La Porta
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ; and
| | | | - Usha Ganapathi
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ; and
| | - Ping Xie
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ; and.,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Lori R Covey
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ; and .,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ
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Washington JT, Cavender KR, Amukamara AU, McKinney EC, Schmitz RJ, Moore PJ. The essential role of Dnmt1 in gametogenesis in the large milkweed bug Oncopeltus fasciatus. eLife 2021; 10:62202. [PMID: 33843583 PMCID: PMC8064748 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the importance of DNA methylation in protection of the genome against transposable elements and transcriptional regulation in other taxonomic groups, the diversity in both levels and patterns of DNA methylation in the insects raises questions about its function and evolution. We show that the maintenance DNA methyltransferase, DNMT1, affects meiosis and is essential to fertility in milkweed bugs, Oncopeltus fasciatus, while DNA methylation is not required in somatic cells. Our results support the hypothesis that Dnmt1 is required for the transition of germ cells to gametes in O. fasciatus and that this function is conserved in male and female gametogenesis. They further suggest that DNMT1 has a function independent of DNA methylation in germ cells. Our results raise thequestion as to how a gene that is so critical to fitness across multiple insect species is able to diverge widely across the insect tree of life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Robert J Schmitz
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, United States
| | - Patricia J Moore
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, United States
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65
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Xu C, Hu Y, Chen B, Li D, Liang R, Shen M, Wu M, Tao M. Metastasis-associated gene 1 (MTA1) enhances cisplatin resistance of malignant pleural mesothelioma by ATR-Chk1-mediated DNA repair. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:670. [PMID: 33987368 PMCID: PMC8106096 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) chemoresistance remains a challenge to oncologists. In our previous study, we demonstrated that the aberrant expression of metastasis-associated gene 1 (MTA1) is associated with carcinogenesis and metastasis in MPM. The aim of the present study was to investigate the mechanism of MTA1 and chemo-resistance in MPM. Methods Western blotting and real-time polymerase chain reaction were used to analyze the protein and mRNA levels. A stable clone with a knockdown of MTA1 was generated with shRNA via lentivirus technology in MPM cell lines. Cell Counting Kit-8 assay and crystal violet assay were used to measure cell viability. Immunochemical staining was employed to detect MTA1 expression in MPM tissues. The cell cycle of MPM cells was determined by phosphohistone H3 staining and flow cytometric analysis. Results The MTA1 protein was upregulated and enhanced cisplatin resistance in MPM. Cisplatin stabilized the expression of the MTA1 protein by inhibiting its ubiquitination, and MTA1 enhanced G2/M cell cycle delay and regulated and protected the tumor genome from chemotherapeutic drugs via participating in the phosphorylation of the ataxia telangiectasia mutated and rad3 related-checkpoint kinase 1 (ATR-Chk1) pathway. Conclusions These data suggest that MTA1 enhances cisplatin resistance by ATR-Chk1-mediated DNA damage repairment and cisplatin stabilizes MTA1 expression via affecting on the ubiquitination pathway of MTA1 in MPM. Our findings indicate that MTA1 could serve as a novel therapeutic target to overcome chemoresistance in MPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihua Xu
- Department of Oncology of the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yufeng Hu
- Department of Oncology of the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Dapeng Li
- Department of Oncology of the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Rongrui Liang
- Department of Oncology of the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Meng Shen
- Department of Oncology of the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Mengyao Wu
- Department of Oncology of the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Min Tao
- Department of Oncology of the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Oncology, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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66
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Xu Y, Wei W, Lin G, Yan S, Zhang J, Shen J, Wang D. The Ras/MAPK pathway is required for regenerative growth of wing discs in the black cutworm Agrotis ypsilon. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 131:103552. [PMID: 33577967 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2021.103552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Regeneration is a common phenomenon in various organisms by which tissues restore the damaged or naturally detached parts. In insects, appendage regeneration takes place during the embryonic, larval and pupal stages for individual survival. The wing disc of black cutworm Agrotis ypsilon has the capacity of regeneration after ablation, but understanding of molecular mechanisms in wing disc regeneration is still limited. After ablation of partial or whole wing discs before the fifth instar larval stage, the adult wings appeared to be normal. In the last two larval stages, ablation of the left wing disc led to smaller corresponding adult wing. Cell proliferation was reduced in the ablated wing disc but was gradually recovered two days post ablation. Transcriptome analysis found that genes in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway were upregulated. Repression of gene expression in this pathway, including Ras oncogene at 64B (Ras64B), Downstream of raf1 (Dsor1), and cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit 3 (Pka-C3) by RNA interference after ablation, led to diminishment of both adult wings, suggesting that the MAPK signaling is essential for wing growth. Additionally, cell proliferation was still decelerated by injecting Ras64B, Dsor, or Pka-C3 dsRNA two days after ablation, indicating that the MAPK signaling-regulated cell proliferation is essential for growth. These results provide molecular clues to the regulation of cell proliferation during regeneration in lepidopteran insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Xu
- Department of Entomology and MOA Lab for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Entomology and MOA Lab for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Guangze Lin
- Department of Entomology and MOA Lab for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shuo Yan
- Department of Entomology and MOA Lab for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Junzheng Zhang
- Department of Entomology and MOA Lab for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Entomology and MOA Lab for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Entomology and MOA Lab for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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67
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Castellano-Pellicena I, Morrison CG, Bell M, O’Connor C, Tobin DJ. Melanin Distribution in Human Skin: Influence of Cytoskeletal, Polarity, and Centrosome-Related Machinery of Stratum basale Keratinocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063143. [PMID: 33808676 PMCID: PMC8003549 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanin granules cluster within supra-nuclear caps in basal keratinocytes (KCs) of the human epidermis, where they protect KC genomic DNA against ultraviolet radiation (UVR) damage. While much is known about melanogenesis in melanocytes (MCs) and a moderate amount about melanin transfer from MC to KC, we know little about the fate of melanin once inside KCs. We recently reported that melanin fate in progenitor KCs is regulated by rare asymmetric organelle movement during mitosis. Here, we explore the role of actin, microtubules, and centrosome-associated machinery in distributing melanin within KCs. Short-term cultures of human skin explants were treated with cytochalasin-B and nocodazole to target actin filaments and microtubules, respectively. Treatment effects on melanin distribution were assessed by the Warthin-Starry stain, on centrosome-associated proteins by immunofluorescence microscopy, and on co-localisation with melanin granules by brightfield microscopy. Cytochalasin-B treatment disassembled supra-nuclear melanin caps, while nocodazole treatment moved melanin from the apical to basal KC domain. Centrosome and centriolar satellite-associated proteins showed a high degree of co-localisation with melanin. Thus, once melanin granules are transferred to KCs, their preferred apical distribution appears to be facilitated by coordinated movement of centrosomes and centriolar satellites. This mechanism may control melanin's strategic position within UVR-exposed KCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Castellano-Pellicena
- The Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Ciaran G. Morrison
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 W2TY Galway, Ireland;
| | - Mike Bell
- Walgreens Boots Alliance, Nottingham NG90 1BS, UK; (M.B.); (C.O.)
| | - Clare O’Connor
- Walgreens Boots Alliance, Nottingham NG90 1BS, UK; (M.B.); (C.O.)
| | - Desmond J. Tobin
- The Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland;
- The Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +353-(0)-1-716-6262
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68
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Moffat JJ, Jung EM, Ka M, Jeon BT, Lee H, Kim WY. Differential roles of ARID1B in excitatory and inhibitory neural progenitors in the developing cortex. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3856. [PMID: 33594090 PMCID: PMC7886865 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82974-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic evidence indicates that haploinsufficiency of ARID1B causes intellectual disability (ID) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but the neural function of ARID1B is largely unknown. Using both conditional and global Arid1b knockout mouse strains, we examined the role of ARID1B in neural progenitors. We detected an overall decrease in the proliferation of cortical and ventral neural progenitors following homozygous deletion of Arid1b, as well as altered cell cycle regulation and increased cell death. Each of these phenotypes was more pronounced in ventral neural progenitors. Furthermore, we observed decreased nuclear localization of β-catenin in Arid1b-deficient neurons. Conditional homozygous deletion of Arid1b in ventral neural progenitors led to pronounced ID- and ASD-like behaviors in mice, whereas the deletion in cortical neural progenitors resulted in minor cognitive deficits. This study suggests an essential role for ARID1B in forebrain neurogenesis and clarifies its more pronounced role in inhibitory neural progenitors. Our findings also provide insights into the pathogenesis of ID and ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Moffat
- Developmental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94153, USA
| | - Eui-Man Jung
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhan Ka
- Research Center for Substance Abuse Pharmacology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong Tak Jeon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | - Hyunkyoung Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | - Woo-Yang Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA.
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69
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Downregulation of Cell Cycle and Checkpoint Genes by Class I HDAC Inhibitors Limits Synergism with G2/M Checkpoint Inhibitor MK-1775 in Bladder Cancer Cells. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12020260. [PMID: 33670166 PMCID: PMC7916885 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since genes encoding epigenetic regulators are often mutated or deregulated in urothelial carcinoma (UC), they represent promising therapeutic targets. Specifically, inhibition of Class-I histone deacetylase (HDAC) isoenzymes induces cell death in UC cell lines (UCC) and, in contrast to other cancer types, cell cycle arrest in G2/M. Here, we investigated whether mutations in cell cycle genes contribute to G2/M rather than G1 arrest, identified the precise point of arrest and clarified the function of individual HDAC Class-I isoenzymes. Database analyses of UC tissues and cell lines revealed mutations in G1/S, but not G2/M checkpoint regulators. Using class I-specific HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) with different isoenzyme specificity (Romidepsin, Entinostat, RGFP966), cell cycle arrest was shown to occur at the G2/M transition and to depend on inhibition of HDAC1/2 rather than HDAC3. Since HDAC1/2 inhibition caused cell-type-specific downregulation of genes encoding G2/M regulators, the WEE1 inhibitor MK-1775 could not overcome G2/M checkpoint arrest and therefore did not synergize with Romidepsin inhibiting HDAC1/2. Instead, since DNA damage was induced by inhibition of HDAC1/2, but not of HDAC3, combinations between inhibitors of HDAC1/2 and of DNA repair should be attempted.
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70
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Huang CR, Kuo CJ, Huang CW, Chen YT, Liu BY, Lee CT, Chen PL, Chang WT, Chen YW, Lee TM, Hsieh HC, Chen CS. Host CDK-1 and formin mediate microvillar effacement induced by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Nat Commun 2021; 12:90. [PMID: 33397943 PMCID: PMC7782584 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20355-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) induces changes to the intestinal cell cytoskeleton and formation of attaching and effacing lesions, characterized by the effacement of microvilli and then formation of actin pedestals to which the bacteria are tightly attached. Here, we use a Caenorhabditis elegans model of EHEC infection to show that microvillar effacement is mediated by a signalling pathway including mitotic cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) and diaphanous-related formin 1 (CYK1). Similar observations are also made using EHEC-infected human intestinal cells in vitro. Our results support the use of C. elegans as a host model for studying attaching and effacing lesions in vivo, and reveal that the CDK1-formin signal axis is necessary for EHEC-induced microvillar effacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Rung Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ju Kuo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wen Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Bang-Yu Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ta Lee
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Po-Lin Chen
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Tsan Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Wen Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tzer-Min Lee
- School of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Institute of Oral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chen Hsieh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Shi Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Gray JI, Al-Khabouri S, Morton F, Clambey ET, Gapin L, Matsuda JL, Kappler JW, Marrack P, Garside P, Otto TD, MacLeod MKL. Tolerance induction in memory CD4 T cells is partial and reversible. Immunology 2020; 162:68-83. [PMID: 32931017 PMCID: PMC7730012 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory T cells respond rapidly in part because they are less reliant on a heightened levels of costimulatory molecules. This enables rapid control of secondary infecting pathogens but presents challenges to efforts to control or silence memory CD4 T cells, for example in antigen‐specific tolerance strategies for autoimmunity. We have examined the transcriptional and functional consequences of reactivating memory CD4 T cells in the absence of an adjuvant. We find that memory CD4 T cells generated by infection or immunisation survive secondary activation with antigen delivered without adjuvant, regardless of their location in secondary lymphoid organs or peripheral tissues. These cells were, however, functionally altered following a tertiary immunisation with antigen and adjuvant, proliferating poorly but maintaining their ability to produce inflammatory cytokines. Transcriptional and cell cycle analysis of these memory CD4 T cells suggests they are unable to commit fully to cell division potentially because of low expression of DNA repair enzymes. In contrast, these memory CD4 T cells could proliferate following tertiary reactivation by viral re‐infection. These data indicate that antigen‐specific tolerogenic strategies must examine multiple parameters of Tcell function, and provide insight into the molecular mechanisms that may lead to deletional tolerance of memory CD4 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua I Gray
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Shaima Al-Khabouri
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Fraser Morton
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Eric T Clambey
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Paul Garside
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Thomas D Otto
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Megan K L MacLeod
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Rodríguez-Matellán A, Alcazar N, Hernández F, Serrano M, Ávila J. In Vivo Reprogramming Ameliorates Aging Features in Dentate Gyrus Cells and Improves Memory in Mice. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 15:1056-1066. [PMID: 33096049 PMCID: PMC7663782 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational epigenetic modifications take place in mouse neurons of the dentate gyrus (DG) with age. Here, we report that age-dependent reduction in H3K9 trimethylation (H3K9me3) is prevented by cyclic induction of the Yamanaka factors used for cell reprogramming. Interestingly, Yamanaka factors elevated the levels of migrating cells containing the neurogenic markers doublecortin and calretinin, and the levels of the NMDA receptor subunit GluN2B. These changes could result in an increase in the survival of newborn DG neurons during their maturation and higher synaptic plasticity in mature neurons. Importantly, these cellular changes were accompanied by an improvement in mouse performance in the object recognition test over long time. We conclude that transient cyclic reprogramming in vivo in the central nervous system could be an effective strategy to ameliorate aging of the central nervous system and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Rodríguez-Matellán
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CBMSO, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain; Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Noelia Alcazar
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Félix Hernández
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CBMSO, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain; Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Serrano
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jesús Ávila
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CBMSO, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain; Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.
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Decary S, Berne PF, Nicolazzi C, Lefebvre AM, Dabdoubi T, Cameron B, Rival P, Devaud C, Prades C, Bouchard H, Cassé A, Henry C, Amara C, Brillac C, Ferrari P, Maçon L, Lacoste E, Combeau C, Beys E, Naimi S, García-Echeverría C, Mayaux JF, Blanc V. Preclinical Activity of SAR408701: A Novel Anti-CEACAM5-maytansinoid Antibody-drug Conjugate for the Treatment of CEACAM5-positive Epithelial Tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:6589-6599. [PMID: 33046521 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-4051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 5 (CEACAM5) is a glycoprotein that has limited expression in normal adult tissues, but is overexpressed in carcinomas of the gastrointestinal tract, the genitourinary and respiratory systems, and breast cancer. As such, CEACAM5 is an attractive target for antibody-based therapies designed to selectively deliver cytotoxic drugs to certain epithelial tumors. Here, we describe preclinical data for a novel antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), SAR408701, which consists of an anti-CEACAM5 antibody (SAR408377) coupled to a maytansinoid agent DM4 via a cleavable linker. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The specificity and binding affinity of SAR408701 to human and cynomolgus monkey CEACAM5 were tested in vitro. The cytotoxic activity of SAR408701 was assessed in CEACAM5-expressing tumor cell lines and using patient-derived xenograft mouse models of CEACAM5-positive tumors. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic-efficacy relationships were established. SAR408701 toxicity was evaluated in cynomolgus monkey. RESULTS SAR408701 bound selectively to human and cynomolgus monkey CEACAM5 with similar apparent Kd values (0.017 nmol/L and 0.024 nmol/L, respectively). Both in vitro and in vivo evaluations showed that SAR408701 has cytotoxic activity, leading to in vivo efficacy in single and repeated dosing. Single doses of SAR408701 induced significant increases in the tumor expression of phosphorylated histone H3, confirming the tubulin-targeting mechanism of action. The overall toxicity profile of SAR408701 in cynomolgus monkey was similar to that observed after intravenous administration of DM4 alone. CONCLUSIONS On the basis of these preclinical data, the ADC SAR408701 is a promising candidate for development as a potential treatment for patients with CEACAM5-positive tumors.
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Maxwell JW, Payne RJ. Revealing the functional roles of tyrosine sulfation using synthetic sulfopeptides and sulfoproteins. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2020; 58:72-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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75
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Regionalized cell proliferation in the symbiont-bearing gill of the hydrothermal vent mussel Bathymodiolus azoricus. Symbiosis 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-020-00720-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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76
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Morita A, Goko T, Matsumura M, Asaso D, Arima S, Mori A, Sakamoto K, Nagamitsu T, Nakahara T. The process of revascularization in the neonatal mouse retina following short-term blockade of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 382:529-549. [PMID: 32897421 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03276-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Misdirected vascular growth frequently occurs in the neovascular diseases in the retina. However, the mechanisms are still not fully understood. In the present study, we created capillary-free zones in the central and peripheral retinas in neonatal mice by pharmacological blockade of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling. Using this model, we investigated the process and mechanisms of revascularization in the central and peripheral avascular areas. After the completion of a 2-day treatment with the VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor KRN633 on postnatal day (P) 4 and P5, revascularization started on P8 in the central avascular area where capillaries had been dropped out. The expression levels of VEGF were higher in the peripheral than in the central avascular area. However, the expansion of the vasculature in the peripheral avascular retina remained suppressed until revascularization had been completed in the central avascular area. Additionally, we found disorganized endothelial cell division, misdirected blood vessels with irregular diameters, and abnormal fibronectin networks at the border of the vascular front and the avascular retina. In the central avascular area, a slight amount of fibronectin as non-vascular component re-formed to provide a scaffold for revascularization. Mechanistic analysis revealed that higher levels of VEGF attenuated the migratory response of endothelial cells without decreasing the proliferative activity. These results suggest that the presence of concentration range of VEGF, which enhances both migration and proliferation of the endothelial cells, and the structurally normal fibronectin network contribute to determine the proper direction of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akane Morita
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Tomomi Goko
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Mami Matsumura
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Daiki Asaso
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Shiho Arima
- Department of Organic Synthesis, Kitasato University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Asami Mori
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
- Laboratory of Medical Pharmacology, Department of Clinical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
| | - Kenji Sakamoto
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
- Laboratory of Medical Pharmacology, Department of Clinical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
| | - Tohru Nagamitsu
- Department of Organic Synthesis, Kitasato University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Nakahara
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan.
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Reduced replication origin licensing selectively kills KRAS-mutant colorectal cancer cells via mitotic catastrophe. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:499. [PMID: 32612138 PMCID: PMC7330027 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2704-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
To unravel vulnerabilities of KRAS-mutant CRC cells, a shRNA-based screen specifically inhibiting MAPK pathway components and targets was performed in CaCo2 cells harboring conditional oncogenic KRASG12V. The custom-designed shRNA library comprised 121 selected genes, which were previously identified to be strongly regulated in response to MEK inhibition. The screen showed that CaCo2 cells expressing KRASG12V were sensitive to the suppression of the DNA replication licensing factor minichromosome maintenance complex component 7 (MCM7), whereas KRASwt CaCo2 cells were largely resistant to MCM7 suppression. Similar results were obtained in an isogenic DLD-1 cell culture model. Knockdown of MCM7 in a KRAS-mutant background led to replication stress as indicated by increased nuclear RPA focalization. Further investigation showed a significant increase in mitotic cells after simultaneous MCM7 knockdown and KRASG12V expression. The increased percentage of mitotic cells coincided with strongly increased DNA damage in mitosis. Taken together, the accumulation of DNA damage in mitotic cells is due to replication stress that remained unresolved, which results in mitotic catastrophe and cell death. In summary, the data show a vulnerability of KRAS-mutant cells towards suppression of MCM7 and suggest that inhibiting DNA replication licensing might be a viable strategy to target KRAS-mutant cancers.
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78
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Besnoitia besnoiti-driven endothelial host cell cycle alteration. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:2563-2577. [PMID: 32548739 PMCID: PMC7366594 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06744-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Besnoitia besnoiti is an important obligate intracellular parasite of cattle which primarily infects host endothelial cells of blood vessels during the acute phase of infection. Similar to the closely related parasite Toxoplasma gondii, B. besnoiti has fast proliferating properties leading to rapid host cell lysis within 24–30 h p.i. in vitro. Some apicomplexan parasites were demonstrated to modulate the host cellular cell cycle to successfully perform their intracellular development. As such, we recently demonstrated that T. gondii tachyzoites induce G2/M arrest accompanied by chromosome missegregation, cell spindle alteration, formation of supernumerary centrosomes, and cytokinesis impairment when infecting primary bovine umbilical vein endothelial cells (BUVEC). Here, we follow a comparative approach by using the same host endothelial cell system for B. besnoiti infections. The current data showed that—in terms of host cell cycle modulation—infections of BUVEC by B. besnoiti tachyzoites indeed differ significantly from those by T. gondii. As such, cyclin expression patterns demonstrated a significant upregulation of cyclin E1 in B. besnoiti–infected BUVEC, thereby indicating parasite-driven host cell stasis at G1-to-S phase transition. In line, the mitotic phase of host cell cycle was not influenced since alterations of chromosome segregation, mitotic spindle formation, and cytokinesis were not observed. In contrast to respective T. gondii–related data, we furthermore found a significant upregulation of histone H3 (S10) phosphorylation in B. besnoiti–infected BUVEC, thereby indicating enhanced chromosome condensation to occur in these cells. In line to altered G1/S-transition, we here additionally showed that subcellular abundance of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), a marker for G1 and S phase sub-stages, was affected by B. besnoiti since infected cells showed increased nuclear PCNA levels when compared with that of control cells.
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79
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Singla S, Iwamoto-Stohl LK, Zhu M, Zernicka-Goetz M. Autophagy-mediated apoptosis eliminates aneuploid cells in a mouse model of chromosome mosaicism. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2958. [PMID: 32528010 PMCID: PMC7290028 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16796-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The high incidence of aneuploidy in the embryo is considered the principal cause for low human fecundity. However, the prevalence of aneuploidy dramatically declines as pregnancy progresses, with the steepest drop occurring as the embryo completes implantation. Despite the fact that the plasticity of the embryo in dealing with aneuploidy is fundamental to normal development, the mechanisms responsible for eliminating aneuploid cells are unclear. Here, using a mouse model of chromosome mosaicism, we show that aneuploid cells are preferentially eliminated from the embryonic lineage in a p53-dependent process involving both autophagy and apoptosis before, during and after implantation. Moreover, we show that diploid cells in mosaic embryos undertake compensatory proliferation during the implantation stages to confer embryonic viability. Together, our results indicate a close link between aneuploidy, autophagy, and apoptosis to refine the embryonic cell population and ensure only chromosomally fit cells proceed through development of the fetus. The mechanisms behind the plasticity of embryos and how they deal with aneuploid cells are unclear. Here, the authors show that aneuploid cells in a mouse embryo are preferentially eliminated during pre- and peri-implantation development in a p53-dependent process involving both autophagy and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Singla
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Lisa K Iwamoto-Stohl
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Meng Zhu
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Magdalena Zernicka-Goetz
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK. .,Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
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80
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Camacho J, Moon R, Smith SK, Lin JD, Randolph C, Rasweiler JJ, Behringer RR, Abzhanov A. Differential cellular proliferation underlies heterochronic generation of cranial diversity in phyllostomid bats. EvoDevo 2020; 11:11. [PMID: 32514331 PMCID: PMC7268441 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-020-00156-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Skull diversity in the neotropical leaf-nosed bats (Phyllostomidae) evolved through a heterochronic process called peramorphosis, with underlying causes varying by subfamily. The nectar-eating (subfamily Glossophaginae) and blood-eating (subfamily Desmondontinae) groups originate from insect-eating ancestors and generate their uniquely shaped faces and skulls by extending the ancestral ontogenetic program, appending new developmental stages and demonstrating peramorphosis by hypermorphosis. However, the fruit-eating phyllostomids (subfamilies Carollinae and Stenodermatinae) adjust their craniofacial development by speeding up certain developmental processes, displaying peramorphosis by acceleration. We hypothesized that these two forms of peramorphosis detected by our morphometric studies could be explained by differential growth and investigated cell proliferation during craniofacial morphogenesis. Results We obtained cranial tissues from four wild-caught bat species representing a range of facial diversity and labeled mitotic cells using immunohistochemistry. During craniofacial development, all bats display a conserved spatiotemporal distribution of proliferative cells with distinguishable zones of elevated mitosis. These areas were identified as modules by the spatial distribution analysis. Ancestral state reconstruction of proliferation rates and patterns in the facial module between species provided support, and a degree of explanation, for the developmental mechanisms underlying the two models of peramorphosis. In the long-faced species, Glossophaga soricina, whose facial shape evolved by hypermorphosis, cell proliferation rate is maintained at lower levels and for a longer period of time compared to the outgroup species Miniopterus natalensis. In both species of studied short-faced fruit bats, Carollia perspicillata and Artibeus jamaicensis, which evolved under the acceleration model, cell proliferation rate is increased compared to the outgroup. Conclusions This is the first study which links differential cellular proliferation and developmental modularity with heterochronic developmental changes, leading to the evolution of adaptive cranial diversity in an important group of mammals.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Camacho
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.,Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Rachel Moon
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Samantha K Smith
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
| | - Jacky D Lin
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Charles Randolph
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - John J Rasweiler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, State University Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, USA
| | - Richard R Behringer
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Arhat Abzhanov
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY UK.,Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD UK
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81
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Garriock RJ, Chalamalasetty RB, Zhu J, Kennedy MW, Kumar A, Mackem S, Yamaguchi TP. A dorsal-ventral gradient of Wnt3a/β-catenin signals controls mouse hindgut extension and colon formation. Development 2020; 147:dev.185108. [PMID: 32156757 DOI: 10.1242/dev.185108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite the importance of Wnt signaling for adult intestinal stem cell homeostasis and colorectal cancer, relatively little is known about its role in colon formation during embryogenesis. The development of the colon starts with the formation and extension of the hindgut. We show that Wnt3a is expressed in the caudal embryo in a dorsal-ventral (DV) gradient across all three germ layers, including the hindgut. Using genetic and lineage-tracing approaches, we describe novel dorsal and ventral hindgut domains, and show that ventrolateral hindgut cells populate the majority of the colonic epithelium. A Wnt3a-β-catenin-Sp5/8 pathway, which is active in the dorsal hindgut endoderm, is required for hindgut extension and colon formation. Interestingly, the absence of Wnt activity in the ventral hindgut is crucial for proper hindgut morphogenesis, as ectopic stabilization of β-catenin in the ventral hindgut via gain- or loss-of-function mutations in Ctnnb1 or Apc, respectively, leads to severe colonic hyperplasia. Thus, the DV Wnt gradient is required to coordinate growth between dorsal and ventral hindgut domains to regulate the extension of the hindgut that leads to colon formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Garriock
- Center for Cancer Research, Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Cell Signaling in Vertebrate Development Section, NCI-Frederick, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Ravindra B Chalamalasetty
- Center for Cancer Research, Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Cell Signaling in Vertebrate Development Section, NCI-Frederick, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - JianJian Zhu
- Center for Cancer Research, Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Cell Signaling in Vertebrate Development Section, NCI-Frederick, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Mark W Kennedy
- Center for Cancer Research, Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Cell Signaling in Vertebrate Development Section, NCI-Frederick, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Amit Kumar
- Center for Cancer Research, Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Cell Signaling in Vertebrate Development Section, NCI-Frederick, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Susan Mackem
- Center for Cancer Research, Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Cell Signaling in Vertebrate Development Section, NCI-Frederick, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Terry P Yamaguchi
- Center for Cancer Research, Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Cell Signaling in Vertebrate Development Section, NCI-Frederick, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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82
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Mitz CA, Viloria-Petit AM. Contrasting effects of transforming growth factor β1 on programmed cell death of bovine mammary epithelial cell lines MAC-T and BME-UV1. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:5532-5549. [PMID: 32229120 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A previous study in the bovine mammary epithelial cell line BME-UV1 demonstrated that suppression of the phosphatidylinositol-4,5-biphosphate 3 kinase (PI3K)/AKT (somatotropic) signaling pathway was required for transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1)-induced programmed cell death (PCD). To investigate whether this is a universal mechanism for TGFβ1 to induce PCD in bovine mammary epithelium, we compared TGFβ1 modulation of PI3K/AKT and its role in PCD in 2 bovine mammary epithelial cell lines: MAC-T and BME-UV1. In MAC-T cells, TGFβ1 promoted cell survival, and this paralleled a reduction in PI3K/AKT activity, rather than an increase. In BME-UV1 cells, TGFβ1 induced PCD, and this was accompanied by a time-dependent effect on PI3K/AKT activity, including an initial significant increase in the phosphorylation of AKT at 3 h, followed by a reduction between 12 and 24 h, and then an increase at 48 h. Inhibition of AKT activity enhanced TGFβ1-induced PCD in BME-UV1 cells but had no effect on MAC-T cells, suggesting that TGFβ1 mediates PCD in BME-UV1 cells through suppression of AKT activity. Inhibition of TGFβ receptor type I (TβRI) kinase activity completely abrogated TGFβ1-induced PCD in BME-UV1 cells but had no effect on TGFβ1-induced suppression of PCD in MAC-T cells, demonstrating that TGFβ1-induced PCD in BME-UV1 cells is dependent on TβRI/SMAD signaling. These and previous observations suggest that the different effects of TGFβ1 on PCD in these cell lines might involve noncanonical signaling pathways other than PI3K/AKT, and may reflect their different lineages. Future studies should address this finding, taking into consideration the effect that different culture conditions might have on cell phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Mitz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - A M Viloria-Petit
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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83
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Mateus R, Holtzer L, Seum C, Hadjivasiliou Z, Dubois M, Jülicher F, Gonzalez-Gaitan M. BMP Signaling Gradient Scaling in the Zebrafish Pectoral Fin. Cell Rep 2020; 30:4292-4302.e7. [PMID: 32209485 PMCID: PMC7109522 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Secreted growth factors can act as morphogens that form spatial concentration gradients in developing organs, thereby controlling growth and patterning. For some morphogens, adaptation of the gradients to tissue size allows morphological patterns to remain proportioned as the organs grow. In the zebrafish pectoral fin, we found that BMP signaling forms a two-dimensional gradient. The length of the gradient scales with tissue length and its amplitude increases with fin size according to a power-law. Gradient scaling and amplitude power-laws are signatures of growth control by time derivatives of morphogenetic signaling: cell division correlates with the fold change over time of the cellular signaling levels. We show that Smoc1 regulates BMP gradient scaling and growth in the fin. Smoc1 scales the gradient by means of a feedback loop: Smoc1 is a BMP agonist and BMP signaling represses Smoc1 expression. Our work uncovers a layer of morphogen regulation during vertebrate appendage development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Mateus
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Holtzer
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Carole Seum
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Zena Hadjivasiliou
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marine Dubois
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
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84
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Chojnowski A, Ong PF, Foo MXR, Liebl D, Hor L, Stewart CL, Dreesen O. Heterochromatin loss as a determinant of progerin-induced DNA damage in Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria. Aging Cell 2020; 19:e13108. [PMID: 32087607 PMCID: PMC7059134 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hutchinson-Gilford progeria is a premature aging syndrome caused by a truncated form of lamin A called progerin. Progerin expression results in a variety of cellular defects including heterochromatin loss, DNA damage, impaired proliferation and premature senescence. It remains unclear how these different progerin-induced phenotypes are temporally and mechanistically linked. To address these questions, we use a doxycycline-inducible system to restrict progerin expression to different stages of the cell cycle. We find that progerin expression leads to rapid and widespread loss of heterochromatin in G1-arrested cells, without causing DNA damage. In contrast, progerin triggers DNA damage exclusively during late stages of DNA replication, when heterochromatin is normally replicated, and preferentially in cells that have lost heterochromatin. Importantly, removal of progerin from G1-arrested cells restores heterochromatin levels and results in no permanent proliferative impediment. Taken together, these results delineate the chain of events that starts with progerin expression and ultimately results in premature senescence. Moreover, they provide a proof of principle that removal of progerin from quiescent cells restores heterochromatin levels and their proliferative capacity to normal levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Chojnowski
- Developmental and Regenerative BiologyInstitute of Medical BiologySingaporeSingapore
| | - Peh Fern Ong
- Cell Ageing, Skin Research Institute SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | | | - David Liebl
- A*STAR Microscopy PlatformSingaporeSingapore
| | - Louis‐Peter Hor
- Cell Ageing, Skin Research Institute SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Colin L. Stewart
- Developmental and Regenerative BiologyInstitute of Medical BiologySingaporeSingapore
| | - Oliver Dreesen
- Cell Ageing, Skin Research Institute SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
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85
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Synergistic lethality between PARP-trapping and alantolactone-induced oxidative DNA damage in homologous recombination-proficient cancer cells. Oncogene 2020; 39:2905-2920. [PMID: 32029902 PMCID: PMC7118026 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1191-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
PARP1 and PARP2 play critical roles in regulating DNA repair and PARP inhibitors have been approved for the treatment of BRCA1/2-mutated ovarian and breast cancers. It has long been known that PARP inhibition sensitizes cancer cells to DNA-damaging cytotoxic agents independent of BRCA status, however, clinical use of PARP inhibitors in combination with DNA-damaging chemotherapy is limited by the more-than-additive cytotoxicity. The natural compound alantolactone (ATL) inhibits the thioredoxin reductase to induce ROS accumulation and oxidative DNA damage selectively in cancer cells. Here, we showed that nontoxic doses of ATL markedly synergized with the PARP inhibitor olaparib to result in synthetic lethality irrespective of homologous recombination status. Synergistic cytotoxicity was seen in cancer but not noncancerous cells and was reduced by the ROS inhibitor NAC or knockdown of OGG1, demonstrating that the cytotoxicity resulted from the repair of ATL-induced oxidative DNA damage. PARP1 knockdown suppressed the synergistic lethality and olaparib was much more toxic than veliparib when combined with ATL, suggesting PARP-trapping as the primary inducer of cytotoxicity. Consistently, combined use of ATL and olaparib caused intense signs of replication stress and formation of double strand DNA breaks, leading to S and G2 arrest followed by apoptosis. In vivo, the combination effectively induced regression of tumor xenografts, while either agent alone had no effect. Hence, PARP trapping combined with specific pro-oxidative agents may provide safe and effective ways to broaden the therapeutic potential of PARP inhibitors.
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86
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Slaby S, Titran P, Marchand G, Hanotel J, Lescuyer A, Leprêtre A, Bodart JF, Marin M, Lemiere S. Effects of glyphosate and a commercial formulation Roundup® exposures on maturation of Xenopus laevis oocytes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:3697-3705. [PMID: 30835066 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04596-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are often found at high concentrations in small ponds near agricultural field where amphibians are used to live and reproduce. Even if there are many studies on the impacts of phytopharmaceutical active ingredients in amphibian toxicology, only a few are interested in the earlier steps of their life cycle. While their populations are highly threatened with extinction. The aim of this work is to characterize the effects of glyphosate and its commercial formulation Roundup® GT Max on the Xenopus laevis oocyte maturation which is an essential preparation for the laying and the fertilization. Glyphosate is an extensively used herbicide, not only known for its effectiveness but also for its indirect impacts on non-target organisms. Our results showed that exposures to both forms of glyphosate delayed this hormone-dependent process and were responsible for spontaneous maturation. Severe and particular morphogenesis abnormalities of the meiotic spindle were also observed. The MAPK pathway and the MPF did not seem to be affected by exposures. The xenopus oocyte is particularly affected by the exposures and appears as a relevant model for assessing the effects of environmental contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Slaby
- CNRS, INRA, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, University Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
- URAFPA, Unité de Recherche Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux, University de Lorraine, INRA, 2 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, Nancy, France
- EA 4515-LGCgE-Laboratoire Génie Civil et géo-Environnement, Cité scientifique, SN3, University Lille, F-59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Pauline Titran
- CNRS, INRA, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, University Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Guillaume Marchand
- CNRS, INRA, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, University Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Julie Hanotel
- CNRS, INRA, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, University Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Arlette Lescuyer
- CNRS, INRA, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, University Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Alain Leprêtre
- EA 4515-LGCgE-Laboratoire Génie Civil et géo-Environnement, Cité scientifique, SN3, University Lille, F-59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Jean-François Bodart
- CNRS, INRA, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, University Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Matthieu Marin
- CNRS, INRA, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, University Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Sébastien Lemiere
- EA 4515-LGCgE-Laboratoire Génie Civil et géo-Environnement, Cité scientifique, SN3, University Lille, F-59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
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87
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Constantinou SJ, Duan N, Nagy LM, Chipman AD, Williams TA. Elongation during segmentation shows axial variability, low mitotic rates, and synchronized cell cycle domains in the crustacean, Thamnocephalus platyurus. EvoDevo 2020; 11:1. [PMID: 31988708 PMCID: PMC6969478 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-020-0147-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Segmentation in arthropods typically occurs by sequential addition of segments from a posterior growth zone. However, the amount of tissue required for growth and the cell behaviors producing posterior elongation are sparsely documented. Results Using precisely staged larvae of the crustacean, Thamnocephalus platyurus, we systematically examine cell division patterns and morphometric changes associated with posterior elongation during segmentation. We show that cell division occurs during normal elongation but that cells in the growth zone need only divide ~ 1.5 times to meet growth estimates; correspondingly, direct measures of cell division in the growth zone are low. Morphometric measurements of the growth zone and of newly formed segments suggest tagma-specific features of segment generation. Using methods for detecting two different phases in the cell cycle, we show distinct domains of synchronized cells in the posterior trunk. Borders of cell cycle domains correlate with domains of segmental gene expression, suggesting an intimate link between segment generation and cell cycle regulation. Conclusions Emerging measures of cellular dynamics underlying posterior elongation already show a number of intriguing characteristics that may be widespread among sequentially segmenting arthropods and are likely a source of evolutionary variability. These characteristics include: the low rates of posterior mitosis, the apparently tight regulation of cell cycle at the growth zone/new segment border, and a correlation between changes in elongation and tagma boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savvas J Constantinou
- 1Biology Department, Trinity College, Hartford, CT USA.,4Present Address: Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Nicole Duan
- 1Biology Department, Trinity College, Hartford, CT USA.,5Present Address: Bioinformatics and Quantitative Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, North Avenue, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
| | - Lisa M Nagy
- 2Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
| | - Ariel D Chipman
- 3The Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
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88
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Leonel ECR, Campos SGP, Bedolo CMB, Guerra LHA, Vilamaior PSL, Calmon MF, Rahal P, Amorim CA, Taboga SR. Perinatal exposure to bisphenol A impacts in the mammary gland morphology of adult Mongolian gerbils. Exp Mol Pathol 2020; 113:104374. [PMID: 31917966 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2020.104374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The endocrine disruptive effects caused by bisphenol A (BPA) are well known. Despite this, to date, evaluation of its long term effects is limited, meaning that there is still much to be unveiled in terms of alterations caused by perinatal exposure to BPA. Our aim was to determine if perinatal exposure to two different doses of BPA causes long term morphological and molecular alteration effects in the mammary gland (MG). We evaluated MG from Mongolian gerbil offspring exposed perinatally (during gestation and lactation) to 50 or 5000 μg/kg/day BPA. At 90 days of age the animals were subjected to a single dose of N-nitroso-N-methylurea in order to mimic a carcinogenic environment. At 6 months of age, animals in estrous were euthanized for morphological evaluation of the MGs. The MG architecture presented considerable changes in terms of detached epithelial cells, inflammation, glandular hyperplasia, and collagen fiber deposition. Furthermore, a higher index of epithelial cell proliferation was detected in comparison to the intact control group. In addition, we verified a higher molecular expression of EZH2 in the vehicle treated group, indicating that corn oil applied alone can alter the expression of this epigenetic biomarker. In conclusion, BPA perinatal exposure promotes significant changes in glandular cytoarchitecture and increases glandular epithelium proliferation rate, leading to the retention of stem-like properties. This event could compromise the fate and differentiation potential of mammary epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Cristina Rivas Leonel
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo 2265, Jardim Nazareth, 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvana Gisele Pegorin Campos
- Federal University of São João del Rei, Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu, Avenida Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400, Bairro Chanadour, 35501-296 Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carolina Marques Baraldi Bedolo
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo 2265, Jardim Nazareth, 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Henrique Alves Guerra
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo 2265, Jardim Nazareth, 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Simone Leite Vilamaior
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo 2265, Jardim Nazareth, 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marilia Freitas Calmon
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo 2265, Jardim Nazareth, 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula Rahal
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo 2265, Jardim Nazareth, 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christiani Andrade Amorim
- Laboratory of Gynecology, Institute of Experimental and Clinique Research, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Avenue Mounier 52, bte B1.52.02, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sebastião Roberto Taboga
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo 2265, Jardim Nazareth, 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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89
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Lough KJ, Byrd KM, Descovich CP, Spitzer DC, Bergman AJ, Beaudoin GM, Reichardt LF, Williams SE. Telophase correction refines division orientation in stratified epithelia. eLife 2019; 8:49249. [PMID: 31833472 PMCID: PMC6959978 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During organogenesis, precise control of spindle orientation balances proliferation and differentiation. In the developing murine epidermis, planar and perpendicular divisions yield symmetric and asymmetric fate outcomes, respectively. Classically, division axis specification involves centrosome migration and spindle rotation, events occurring early in mitosis. Here, we identify a novel orientation mechanism which corrects erroneous anaphase orientations during telophase. The directionality of reorientation correlates with the maintenance or loss of basal contact by the apical daughter. While the scaffolding protein LGN is known to determine initial spindle positioning, we show that LGN also functions during telophase to reorient oblique divisions toward perpendicular. The fidelity of telophase correction also relies on the tension-sensitive adherens junction proteins vinculin, α-E-catenin, and afadin. Failure of this corrective mechanism impacts tissue architecture, as persistent oblique divisions induce precocious, sustained differentiation. The division orientation plasticity provided by telophase correction may enable progenitors to adapt to local tissue needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendall J Lough
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States.,Department of Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centre, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Kevin M Byrd
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States.,Department of Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centre, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States.,Department of Oral & Craniofacial Health Sciences, The University of North Carolina School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Carlos P Descovich
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States.,Department of Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centre, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Danielle C Spitzer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States.,Department of Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centre, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Abby J Bergman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States.,Department of Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centre, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Gerard Mj Beaudoin
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Louis F Reichardt
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Scott E Williams
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States.,Department of Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centre, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States
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90
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Im I, Son YS, Jung KB, Kang I, Teh BE, Lee KB, Son MY, Kim J. Mass cytometry-based single-cell analysis of human stem cell reprogramming uncovers differential regulation of specific pluripotency markers. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:18547-18556. [PMID: 31570522 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are reprogrammed from somatic cells and are regarded as promising sources for regenerative medicine and disease research. Recently, techniques for analyses of individual cells, such as single-cell RNA-Seq and mass cytometry, have been used to understand the stem cell reprogramming process in the mouse. However, the reprogramming process in hiPSCs remains poorly understood. Here we used mass cytometry to analyze the expression of pluripotency and cell cycle markers in the reprogramming of human stem cells. We confirmed that, during reprogramming, the main cell population was shifted to an intermediate population consisting of neither fibroblasts nor hiPSCs. Detailed population analyses using computational approaches, including dimensional reduction by spanning-tree progression analysis of density-normalized events, PhenoGraph, and diffusion mapping, revealed several distinct cell clusters representing the cells along the reprogramming route. Interestingly, correlation analysis of various markers in hiPSCs revealed that the pluripotency marker TRA-1-60 behaves in a pattern that is different from other pluripotency markers. Furthermore, we found that the expression pattern of another pluripotency marker, octamer-binding protein 4 (OCT4), was distinctive in the pHistone-H3high population (M phase) of the cell cycle. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first mass cytometry-based investigation of human reprogramming and pluripotency. Our analysis elucidates several aspects of hiPSC reprogramming, including several intermediate cell clusters active during the process of reprogramming and distinctive marker expression patterns in hiPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilkyun Im
- Stem Cell Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahag-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Seul Son
- Stem Cell Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahag-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Functional Genomics, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Bo Jung
- Stem Cell Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahag-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Functional Genomics, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Insoo Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520; Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520; Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Boon-Eng Teh
- Fluidigm Corporation, South San Francisco, California 94080-7603
| | - Kyung-Bok Lee
- Center for Research Equipment, Korea Basic Science Institute, 162 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Young Son
- Stem Cell Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahag-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Functional Genomics, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Janghwan Kim
- Stem Cell Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahag-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Functional Genomics, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
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91
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Loss of Tiparp Results in Aberrant Layering of the Cerebral Cortex. eNeuro 2019; 6:ENEURO.0239-19.2019. [PMID: 31704703 PMCID: PMC6883171 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0239-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-inducible poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (TIPARP) is an enzyme that adds a single ADP-ribose moiety to itself or other proteins. Tiparp is highly expressed in the brain; however, its function in this organ is unknown. Here, we used Tiparp–/– mice to determine Tiparp’s role in the development of the prefrontal cortex. 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-inducible poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (TIPARP) is an enzyme that adds a single ADP-ribose moiety to itself or other proteins. Tiparp is highly expressed in the brain; however, its function in this organ is unknown. Here, we used Tiparp–/– mice to determine Tiparp’s role in the development of the prefrontal cortex. Loss of Tiparp resulted in an aberrant organization of the mouse cortex, where the upper layers presented increased cell density in the knock-out mice compared with wild type. Tiparp loss predominantly affected the correct distribution and number of GABAergic neurons. Furthermore, neural progenitor cell proliferation was significantly reduced. Neural stem cells (NSCs) derived from Tiparp–/– mice showed a slower rate of migration. Cytoskeletal components, such as α-tubulin are key regulators of neuronal differentiation and cortical development. α-tubulin mono-ADP ribosylation (MAR) levels were reduced in Tiparp–/– cells, suggesting that Tiparp plays a role in the MAR of α-tubulin. Despite the mild phenotype presented by Tiparp–/– mice, our findings reveal an important function for Tiparp and MAR in the correct development of the cortex. Unravelling Tiparp’s role in the cortex, could pave the way to a better understanding of a wide spectrum of neurological diseases which are known to have increased expression of TIPARP.
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92
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Adil MT, Simons CM, Sonam S, Henry JJ. Understanding cornea homeostasis and wound healing using a novel model of stem cell deficiency in Xenopus. Exp Eye Res 2019; 187:107767. [PMID: 31437439 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Limbal Stem Cell Deficiency (LSCD) is a painful and debilitating disease that results from damage or loss of the Corneal Epithelial Stem Cells (CESCs). Therapies have been developed to treat LSCD by utilizing epithelial stem cell transplants. However, effective repair and recovery depends on many factors, such as the source and concentration of donor stem cells, and the proper conditions to support these transplanted cells. We do not yet fully understand how CESCs heal wounds or how transplanted CESCs are able to restore transparency in LSCD patients. A major hurdle has been the lack of vertebrate models to study CESCs. Here we utilized a short treatment with Psoralen AMT (a DNA cross-linker), immediately followed by UV treatment (PUV treatment), to establish a novel frog model that recapitulates the characteristics of cornea stem cell deficiency, such as pigment cell invasion from the periphery, corneal opacity, and neovascularization. These PUV treated whole corneas do not regain transparency. Moreover, PUV treatment leads to appearance of the Tcf7l2 labeled subset of apical skin cells in the cornea region. PUV treatment also results in increased cell death, immediately following treatment, with pyknosis as a primary mechanism. Furthermore, we show that PUV treatment causes depletion of p63 expressing basal epithelial cells, and can stimulate mitosis in the remaining cells in the cornea region. To study the response of CESCs, we created localized PUV damage by focusing the UV radiation on one half of the cornea. These cases initially develop localized stem cell deficiency characteristics on the treated side. The localized PUV treatment is also capable of stimulating some mitosis in the untreated (control) half of those corneas. Unlike the whole treated corneas, the treated half is ultimately able to recover and corneal transparency is restored. Our study provides insight into the response of cornea cells following stem cell depletion, and establishes Xenopus as a suitable model for studying CESCs, stem cell deficiency, and other cornea diseases. This model will also be valuable for understanding the nature of transplanted CESCs, which will lead to progress in the development of therapeutics for LSCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Tayyab Adil
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 601 S. Goodwin Ave. Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| | - Claire M Simons
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 601 S. Goodwin Ave. Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| | - Surabhi Sonam
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 601 S. Goodwin Ave. Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| | - Jonathan J Henry
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 601 S. Goodwin Ave. Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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93
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Evaluation of phospho-histone H3 in Asian triple-negative breast cancer using multiplex immunofluorescence. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2019; 178:295-305. [PMID: 31410680 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-019-05396-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We used multiplex immunofluorescence (mIF) to determine whether mitotic rate represents an independent prognostic marker in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Secondary aims were to confirm the prognostic significance of immune cells in TNBC, and to investigate the relationship between immune cells and proliferating tumour cells. METHODS A retrospective Asian cohort of 298 patients with TNBC diagnosed from 2003 to 2015 at the Singapore General Hospital was used in the present study. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded breast cancer samples were analysed on tissue microarrays using mIF, which combined phospho-histone H3 (pHH3) expression with cytokeratin (CK) and leukocyte common antigen (CD45) expression to identify tumour and immune cells, respectively. RESULTS Multivariate analysis showed that a high pHH3 index was associated with significantly improved overall survival (OS; p = 0.004), but this was not significantly associated with disease-free survival (DFS; p = 0.22). Similarly, multivariate analysis also revealed that a pHH3 positive count of > 1 cell per high-power field in the malignant epithelial compartment was an independent favourable prognostic marker for OS (p = 0.033) but not for DFS (p = 0.250). Furthermore, a high CD45 index was an independent favourable prognostic marker for DFS (p = 0.018), and there was a significant positive correlation between CD45 and pHH3 index (Spearman rank correlation coefficient, 0.250; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Mitotic rates as determined by pHH3 expression in epithelial cells are significantly associated with improved survival in TNBC. mIF analysis of pHH3 in combination with CK and CD45 could help clinicians in prognosticating patients with TNBC.
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94
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Ying H, Ying B, Zhang J, Kong D. Sirt1 modulates H3 phosphorylation and facilitates osteosarcoma cell autophagy. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 47:3374-3381. [PMID: 31390921 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1648280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Ying
- Department of Orthopaedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Boda Ying
- Department of Joint Surgery of Orthopaedic Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinrui Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Daliang Kong
- Department of Orthopaedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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95
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Flavopereirine Suppresses the Growth of Colorectal Cancer Cells through P53 Signaling Dependence. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11071034. [PMID: 31336690 PMCID: PMC6678721 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11071034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The outcome of CRC patients remains poor. Thus, a new strategy for CRC treatment is urgently needed. Flavopereirine is a β-carboline alkaloid extracted from Geissospermum vellosii, which can reduce the viability of various cancer cells through an unknown mode of action. The aim of the present study was to investigate the functional mechanism and therapeutic potential of flavopereirine on CRC cells in vitro and in vivo. Our data showed that flavopereirine significantly lowered cellular viability, caused intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis, and induced G2/M-phase cell cycle arrest in CRC cells. Flavopereirine downregulated Janus kinases-signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAKs-STATs) and cellular myelocytomatosis (c-Myc) signaling in CRC cells. In contrast, the enforced expressions of constitutive active STAT3 and c-Myc could not restore flavopereirine-induced viability reduction. Moreover, flavopereirine enhanced P53 expression and phosphorylation in CRC cells. CRC cells with P53 knockout or loss-of-function mutation significantly diminished flavopereirine-mediated viability reduction, indicating that P53 activity plays a major role in flavopereirine-mediated CRC cell growth suppression. Flavopereirine also significantly repressed CRC cell xenograft growth in vivo by upregulating P53 and P21 and inducing apoptosis. In conclusion, flavopereirine-mediated growth suppression in CRC cells depended on the P53-P21, but not the JAKs-STATs-c-Myc signaling pathway. The present study suggests that flavopereirine may be efficacious in the clinical treatment of CRC harboring functional P53 signaling.
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96
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Steevens AR, Glatzer JC, Kellogg CC, Low WC, Santi PA, Kiernan AE. SOX2 is required for inner ear growth and cochlear nonsensory formation before sensory development. Development 2019; 146:dev.170522. [PMID: 31152002 DOI: 10.1242/dev.170522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor sex determining region Y-box 2 (SOX2) is required for the formation of hair cells and supporting cells in the inner ear and is a widely used sensory marker. Paradoxically, we demonstrate via fate mapping that, initially, SOX2 primarily marks nonsensory progenitors in the mouse cochlea, and is not specific to all sensory regions until late otic vesicle stages. SOX2 fate mapping reveals an apical-to-basal gradient of SOX2 expression in the sensory region of the cochlea, reflecting the pattern of cell cycle exit. To understand SOX2 function, we undertook a timed-deletion approach, revealing that early loss of SOX2 severely impaired morphological development of the ear, whereas later deletions resulted in sensory disruptions. During otocyst stages, SOX2 shifted dramatically from a lateral to medial domain over 24-48 h, reflecting the nonsensory-to-sensory switch observed by fate mapping. Early loss or gain of SOX2 function led to changes in otic epithelial volume and progenitor proliferation, impacting growth and morphological development of the ear. Our study demonstrates a novel role for SOX2 in early otic morphological development, and provides insights into the temporal and spatial patterns of sensory specification in the inner ear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleta R Steevens
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Jenna C Glatzer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Courtney C Kellogg
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Walter C Low
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Peter A Santi
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Amy E Kiernan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA .,Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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97
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Saiyin T, Engineer A, Greco ER, Kim MY, Lu X, Jones DL, Feng Q. Maternal voluntary exercise mitigates oxidative stress and incidence of congenital heart defects in pre-gestational diabetes. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:5553-5565. [PMID: 31211496 PMCID: PMC6653048 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Women with pre‐gestational diabetes have a higher risk of producing children with congenital heart defects (CHDs), caused predominantly by hyperglycemia‐induced oxidative stress. In this study, we evaluated if exercise during pregnancy could mitigate oxidative stress and reduce the incidence of CHDs in the offspring of diabetic mice. Female mice were treated with streptozotocin to induce pre‐gestational diabetes, then mated with healthy males to produce offspring. They were also given access to running wheels 1 week before mating and allowed to exercise voluntarily until E18.5. Heart morphology, gene expression, and oxidative stress were assessed in foetal hearts. Maternal voluntary exercise results in a significantly lower incidence of CHDs from 59.5% to 25%. Additionally, diabetes‐induced defects in coronary artery and capillary morphogenesis were also lower with exercise. Myocardial cell proliferation and epithelial‐mesenchymal transition at E12.5 was significantly lower with pre‐gestational diabetes which was mitigated with maternal exercise. Cardiac gene expression of Notch1, Snail1, Gata4 and CyclinD1 was significantly higher in the embryos of diabetic mice that exercised compared to the non‐exercised group. Furthermore, maternal exercise produced lower reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress in the foetal heart. In conclusion, maternal exercise mitigates ROS and oxidative damage in the foetal heart, and results in a lower incidence of CHDs in the offspring of pre‐gestational diabetes. Exercise may be an effective intervention to compliment clinical management and further minimize CHD risk in mothers with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tana Saiyin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - Anish Engineer
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - Elizabeth R Greco
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - Mella Y Kim
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - Xiangru Lu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - Douglas L Jones
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - Qingping Feng
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
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98
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Kuo CY, Schelz Z, Tóth B, Vasas A, Ocsovszki I, Chang FR, Hohmann J, Zupkó I, Wang HC. Investigation of natural phenanthrenes and the antiproliferative potential of juncusol in cervical cancer cell lines. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 58:152770. [PMID: 31005716 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phenanthrenes isolated from Juncus species possess different biological activities, including antiproliferative and antimigratory effects. PURPOSE In this study, nine phenanthrenes isolated from the roots of Juncus inflexus were investigated for their antiproliferative activity on several gynecological cancer cell lines, using non-cancerous cells as controls. METHODS Antiproliferative activities of the compounds were determined by means of MTT assay. Flow cytometry was used for cell cycle analysis and determination of mitotic cells. Activities of caspase-3, -8, and -9 were detected by colorimetric kits. Tubulin polymerization was followed by kinetic absorbance determination. Action on tumor cell migration was described using wound healing assay. Western blot assays were used to determine apoptosis-related factors at protein level. RESULTS Among the compounds tested, juncusol exhibited the most substantial antiproliferative effect against cervical cancer HeLa cells. It was also revealed that juncusol has a distinct growth inhibitory effect in cervical cancer cell lines of various HPV status: it was highly active in HPV type 18-positive HeLa cells, while it was inactive in HPV type 16-positive SiHa and CaSki cells. Cell cycle analysis showed an increase in G2/M and subG1 cell populations after juncusol treatment. Caspase-3, -8, and -9 were detected to be activated by juncusol in HeLa cells, indicating that juncusol induces apoptotic cell death. Moreover, juncusol inhibited tubulin polymerization, as well as EGFR activation, suggesting two possible additional mechanisms that may account for juncusol's inducing a G2/M-phase cell cycle arrest and inhibiting cell migration. CONCLUSION These results suggest that juncusol is a potent antiproliferative agent against HPV-18 related cervical cancer and may be considered as a lead compound for the development of innovative anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Ying Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 80708 Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Schelz
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Barbara Tóth
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Andrea Vasas
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Imre Ocsovszki
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Fang-Rong Chang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 80708 Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Judit Hohmann
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; Interdisciplinary Centre of Natural Products, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - István Zupkó
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; Interdisciplinary Centre of Natural Products, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Hui-Chun Wang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 80708 Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan; PhD Program in Translational Medicine, College of Medicine and PhD Program in Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 80708 Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research Center and Translational Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan.
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99
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Achache H, Laurent L, Hecker-Mimoun Y, Ishtayeh H, Rappaport Y, Kroizer E, Colaiácovo MP, Tzur YB. Progression of Meiosis Is Coordinated by the Level and Location of MAPK Activation Via OGR-2 in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 2019; 212:213-229. [PMID: 30867196 PMCID: PMC6499523 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.119.302080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During meiosis, a series of evolutionarily conserved events allow for reductional chromosome division, which is required for sexual reproduction. Although individual meiotic processes have been extensively studied, we currently know far less about how meiosis is regulated and coordinated. In the Caenorhabditis elegans gonad, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling drives oogenesis while undergoing spatial activation and deactivation waves. However, it is currently unclear how MAPK activation is governed and how it facilitates the progression of oogenesis. Here, we show that the oocyte and germline-related 2 (ogr-2) gene affects proper progression of oogenesis. Complete deletion of ogr-2 results in delayed meiotic entry and late spatial onset of double-strand break repair. Elevated levels of apoptosis are observed in this mutant, independent of the meiotic canonical checkpoints; however, they are dependent on the MAPK terminal member MPK-1/ERK. MPK-1 activation is elevated in diplotene in ogr-2 mutants and its aberrant spatial activation correlates with stages where meiotic progression defects are evident. Deletion of ogr-2 significantly reduces the expression of lip-1, a phosphatase reported to repress MPK-1, which is consistent with OGR-2 localization at chromatin in germ cells. We suggest that OGR-2 modulates the expression of lip-1 to promote the timely progression of meiosis through MPK-1 spatial deactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Achache
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Lévana Laurent
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Yaël Hecker-Mimoun
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Hasan Ishtayeh
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Yisrael Rappaport
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Eitan Kroizer
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | | | - Yonatan B Tzur
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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100
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Ju C, Liu C, Yan S, Wang Y, Mao X, Liang M, Huang K. Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase-1 is required for hepatocyte proliferation and liver regeneration in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 511:531-535. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.02.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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