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Hematopoietic stem cell-derived cancer-associated fibroblasts are novel contributors to the pro-tumorigenic microenvironment. Neoplasia 2016; 17:434-48. [PMID: 26025666 PMCID: PMC4468366 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting the tumor microenvironment is critical toward improving the effectiveness of cancer therapeutics. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are one of the most abundant cell types of the tumor microenvironment, playing an important role in tumor progression. Multiple origins for CAFs have been proposed including resident fibroblasts, adipocytes, and bone marrow. Our laboratory previously identified a novel hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) origin for CAFs; however, the functional roles of HSC-derived CAFs (HSC-CAFs) in tumor progression have not yet been examined. To test the hypothesis that HSC-CAFs promote tumor progression through contribution to extracellular matrix (ECM) and paracrine production of pro-angiogenic factors, we developed a method to isolate HSC-CAFs. HSC-CAFs were profiled on the basis of their expression of hematopoietic and fibroblastic markers in two murine tumor models. Profiling revealed production of factors associated with ECM deposition and remodeling. Functional in vivo studies showed that co-injection of HSC-CAFs with tumor cells resulted in increased tumor growth rate and significantly larger tumors than tumor cells alone. Immunohistochemical studies revealed increased blood vessel density with co-injection, demonstrating a role for HSC-CAFs in tumor vascularization. Mechanistic in vitro studies indicated that HSC-CAFs play a role in producing vascular endothelial growth factor A and transforming growth factor–β1 in endothelial tube formation and patterning. In vitro and in vivo findings suggest that HSC-CAFs are a critical component of the tumor microenvironment and suggest that targeting the novel HSC-CAF may be a promising therapeutic strategy.
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52
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Bhome R, Al Saihati H, Goh R, Bullock M, Primrose J, Thomas G, Sayan A, Mirnezami A. Translational aspects in targeting the stromal tumour microenvironment: from bench to bedside. NEW HORIZONS IN TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2016; 3:9-21. [PMID: 27275004 PMCID: PMC4888939 DOI: 10.1016/j.nhtm.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Solid tumours comprise, not only malignant cells but also a variety of stromal cells and extracellular matrix proteins. These components interact via an array of signalling pathways to create an adaptable network that may act to promote or suppress cancer progression. To date, the majority of anti-tumour chemotherapeutic agents have principally sought to target the cancer cell. Consequently, resistance develops because of clonal evolution, as a result of selection pressure during tumour expansion. The concept of activating or inhibiting other cell types within the tumour microenvironment is relatively novel and has the advantage of targeting cells which are genetically stable and less likely to develop resistance. This review outlines key players in the stromal tumour microenvironment and discusses potential targeting strategies that may offer therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Bhome
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Somers Cancer Research Building, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
- University Surgery, South Academic Block, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - H.A. Al Saihati
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Somers Cancer Research Building, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - R.W. Goh
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Somers Cancer Research Building, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
- School of Medicine, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - M.D. Bullock
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Somers Cancer Research Building, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
- University Surgery, South Academic Block, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - J.N. Primrose
- University Surgery, South Academic Block, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - G.J. Thomas
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Somers Cancer Research Building, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - A.E. Sayan
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Somers Cancer Research Building, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - A.H. Mirnezami
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Somers Cancer Research Building, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
- University Surgery, South Academic Block, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
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53
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Manipulating Cx43 expression triggers gene reprogramming events in dermal fibroblasts from oculodentodigital dysplasia patients. Biochem J 2015; 472:55-69. [PMID: 26349540 DOI: 10.1042/bj20150652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oculodentodigital dysplasia (ODDD) is primarily an autosomal dominant disorder linked to over 70 GJA1 gene [connexin43 (Cx43)] mutations. For nearly a decade, our laboratory has been investigating the relationship between Cx43 and ODDD by expressing disease-linked mutants in reference cells, tissue-relevant cell lines, 3D organ cultures and by using genetically modified mouse models of human disease. Although salient features of Cx43 mutants have been revealed, these models do not necessarily reflect the complexity of the human context. To further overcome these limitations, we have acquired dermal fibroblasts from two ODDD-affected individuals harbouring D3N and V216L mutations in Cx43, along with familial controls. Using these ODDD patient dermal fibroblasts, which naturally produce less GJA1 gene product, along with RNAi and RNA activation (RNAa) approaches, we show that manipulating Cx43 expression triggers cellular gene reprogramming. Quantitative RT-PCR, Western blot and immunofluorescent analysis of ODDD patient fibroblasts show unusually high levels of extracellular matrix (ECM)-interacting proteins, including integrin α5β1, matrix metalloproteinases as well as secreted ECM proteins collagen-I and laminin. Cx43 knockdown in familial control cells produces similar effects on ECM expression, whereas Cx43 transcriptional up-regulation using RNAa decreases production of collagen-I. Interestingly, the enhanced levels of ECM-associated proteins in ODDD V216L fibroblasts is not only a consequence of increased ECM gene expression, but also due to an apparent deficit in collagen-I secretion which may further contribute to impaired collagen gel contraction in ODDD fibroblasts. These findings further illuminate the altered function of Cx43 in ODDD-affected individuals and highlight the impact of manipulating Cx43 expression in human cells.
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Bai YP, Shang K, Chen H, Ding F, Wang Z, Liang C, Xu Y, Sun MH, Li YY. FGF-1/-3/FGFR4 signaling in cancer-associated fibroblasts promotes tumor progression in colon cancer through Erk and MMP-7. Cancer Sci 2015; 106:1278-87. [PMID: 26183471 PMCID: PMC4637995 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), as the activated fibroblasts in the tumor stroma, are important modifiers of tumour progression. In the present study, we observed that azoxymethane and dextran sodium sulfate treatments induced increasingly severe colorectal mucosal inflammation and the intratumoural accumulation of CAFs. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-1 and FGF-3 were detected in infiltrating cells, and FGFR4, the specific receptor for FGF-1 and FGF-3, was detected in colon cancer tissues. The phosphorylation of FGFR4 enhanced the production of metalloproteinase (MMP)-7 and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (Mek)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk), which was accompanied by excessive vessel generation and cell proliferation. Moreover, we separated CAFs, pericarcinoma fibroblasts (PFs), and normal fibroblasts (NFs) from human colon tissue specimens to characterize the function of CAFs. We observed that CAFs secrete more FGF-1/-3 than NFs and PFs and promote cancer cell growth and angiogenesis through the activation of FGFR4, which is followed by the activation of Mek/Erk and the modulation of MMP-7 expression. The administration of FGF-1/-3-neutralizing antibodies or the treatment of cells with FGFR4 siRNA or the FGFR4 inhibitor PD173074 markedly suppressed colon cancer cell proliferation and neovascularization. These observations suggest a crucial role for CAFs and FGF signaling in the initiation and progression of colorectal cancer. The inhibition of the FGF signaling pathway may be a useful strategy for the treatment of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Pan Bai
- Cancer Research Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Shang
- Cancer Research Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Ding
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Cancer Research Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Liang
- Cancer Research Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye Xu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng-Hong Sun
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-Yi Li
- Cancer Research Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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55
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Raudenska M, Sztalmachova M, Gumulec J, Fojtu M, Polanska H, Balvan J, Feith M, Binkova H, Horakova Z, Kostrica R, Kizek R, Masarik M. Prognostic significance of the tumour-adjacent tissue in head and neck cancers. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:9929-39. [PMID: 26168959 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3755-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Even with significant advances in operative skills and adjuvant therapies, the overall survival of patients suffering with head and neck squamous cancers (HNSCC) is unsatisfactory. Accordingly, no clinically useful prognostic biomarkers have been found yet for HNSCC. Many studies analysed the expression of potential markers in tumour tissues compared to adjacent tissues. Nevertheless, due to the sharing of the same microenvironment, adjacent tissues show molecular similarity to tumour tissues. Thus, gene expression patterns of 94 HNSCC tumorous tissues were compared with 31 adjacent tissues and with 10 tonsillectomy specimens of non-cancer individuals. The genes analysed at RNA level using quantitative RT-PCR and correlated with clinico-pathological conditions were as follows: EGF, EGFR, MKI67, BCL2, BAX, FOS, JUN, TP53, VEGF, FLT1, MMP2, MMP9, MT1A and MT2A. The elevated MT2A, BAX, EGF and JUN expression was associated with the influence of tumour cells on the rearrangement of healthy tissues, as well as a significant shift in the BAX/BCL2 ratio. Our investigation also indicated that adjacent tissues play an important role in cancerogenesis by releasing several tumour-supporting factors such as EGF. A gradual increase in the metallothionein expression, from the lowest one in tonsillectomy samples to the highest ones in tumour samples, suggests that MT expression might be tissue reaction to the presence of tumour cells. The results of this study confirmed the significance of metallothionein in tumori-genesis and gave evidences for its use as a potential HNSCC biomarker. Furthermore, this study highlighted the importance of histologically normal tumour-adjacent tissue in prediction of HNSCC progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Raudenska
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Sztalmachova
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromir Gumulec
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Fojtu
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Polanska
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Balvan
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Feith
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Binkova
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, St. Anne's Faculty Hospital, Pekarska 53, CZ-656 91, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Horakova
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, St. Anne's Faculty Hospital, Pekarska 53, CZ-656 91, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Rom Kostrica
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, St. Anne's Faculty Hospital, Pekarska 53, CZ-656 91, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Rene Kizek
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Masarik
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
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56
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Jiang SS, Ge W, Zhang K, Zheng LM, Chen G. Micrometastasis in resection margin of low rectal cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:2410-2414. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i15.2410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the most common digestive tumors in China. After normalized total mesorectal excision (TME), there is still a high rate of local recurrence. The presence of micrometastasis in the resection margin of low rectal cancer is an important factor predicting local recurrence and metastasis. In this paper, we discuss the recent progress in research of micrometastasis in circumferential and distal resection margin of rectal cancer.
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57
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Lo A, Wang LCS, Scholler J, Monslow J, Avery D, Newick K, O'Brien S, Evans RA, Bajor DJ, Clendenin C, Durham AC, Buza EL, Vonderheide RH, June CH, Albelda SM, Puré E. Tumor-Promoting Desmoplasia Is Disrupted by Depleting FAP-Expressing Stromal Cells. Cancer Res 2015; 75:2800-2810. [PMID: 25979873 PMCID: PMC4506263 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-3041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Malignant cells drive the generation of a desmoplastic and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Cancer-associated stromal cells (CASC) are a heterogeneous population that provides both negative and positive signals for tumor cell growth and metastasis. Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is a marker of a major subset of CASCs in virtually all carcinomas. Clinically, FAP expression serves as an independent negative prognostic factor for multiple types of human malignancies. Prior studies established that depletion of FAP(+) cells inhibits tumor growth by augmenting antitumor immunity. However, the potential for immune-independent effects on tumor growth have not been defined. Herein, we demonstrate that FAP(+) CASCs are required for maintenance of the provisional tumor stroma because depletion of these cells, by adoptive transfer of FAP-targeted chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, reduced extracellular matrix proteins and glycosaminoglycans. Adoptive transfer of FAP-CAR T cells also decreased tumor vascular density and restrained growth of desmoplastic human lung cancer xenografts and syngeneic murine pancreatic cancers in an immune-independent fashion. Adoptive transfer of FAP-CAR T cells also restrained autochthonous pancreatic cancer growth. These data distinguish the function of FAP(+) CASCs from other CASC subsets and provide support for further development of FAP(+) stromal cell-targeted therapies for the treatment of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Lo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Liang-Chuan S Wang
- Thoracic Oncology Research Laboratory, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - John Scholler
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - James Monslow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Diana Avery
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kheng Newick
- Thoracic Oncology Research Laboratory, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Shaun O'Brien
- Thoracic Oncology Research Laboratory, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Rebecca A Evans
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David J Bajor
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Cynthia Clendenin
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Amy C Durham
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Elizabeth L Buza
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert H Vonderheide
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Carl H June
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Steven M Albelda
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Thoracic Oncology Research Laboratory, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ellen Puré
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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58
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Deryugina EI, Quigley JP. Tumor angiogenesis: MMP-mediated induction of intravasation- and metastasis-sustaining neovasculature. Matrix Biol 2015; 44-46:94-112. [PMID: 25912949 PMCID: PMC5079283 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is a distinct stage of cancer progression that requires the development of angiogenic blood vessels serving as conduits for tumor cell dissemination. An accumulated body of evidence indicates that metastasis-supporting neovasculature should possess certain structural characteristics allowing for the process of tumor cell intravasation, an active entry of cancer cells into the vessel interior. It appears that the development of tumor vessels with lumens of a distinctive size and support of these vessels by a discontinuous pericyte coverage constitute critical microarchitectural requirements to: (a) provide accessible points for vessel wall penetration by primary tumor cells; (b) provide enough lumen space for a tumor cell or cell aggregate upon intravasation; and (c) allow for sufficient rate of blood flow to carry away intravasated cells from the primary tumor to the next, proximal or distal site. This review will primarily focus on the functional roles of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which catalytically trigger the development of an intravasation-sustaining neovasculature at the early stages of tumor growth and are also required for the maintenance of a metastasis-supporting state of blood vessels at later stages of cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena I Deryugina
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States.
| | - James P Quigley
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States.
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59
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Fullár A, Dudás J, Oláh L, Hollósi P, Papp Z, Sobel G, Karászi K, Paku S, Baghy K, Kovalszky I. Remodeling of extracellular matrix by normal and tumor-associated fibroblasts promotes cervical cancer progression. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:256. [PMID: 25885552 PMCID: PMC4409756 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1272-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Comparison of tissue microarray results of 29 cervical cancer and 27 normal cervix tissue samples using immunohistochemistry revealed considerable reorganization of the fibrillar stroma of these tumors. Preliminary densitometry analysis of laminin-1, α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) and fibronectin immunostaining demonstrated 3.8-fold upregulation of laminin-1 and 5.2-fold increase of SMA in the interstitial stroma, indicating that these proteins and the activated fibroblasts play important role in the pathogenesis of cervical cancer. In the present work we investigated the role of normal and tumor-associated fibroblasts. Methods In vitro models were used to throw light on the multifactorial process of tumor-stroma interaction, by means of studying the cooperation between tumor cells and fibroblasts. Fibroblasts from normal cervix and cervical cancers were grown either separately or in co-culture with CSCC7 cervical cancer cell line. Changes manifest in secreted glycoproteins, integrins and matrix metallo-proteases (MMPs) were explored. Results While normal fibroblasts produced components of interstitial matrix and TGF-β1 that promoted cell proliferation, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) synthesized ample amounts of laminin-1. The following results support the significance of laminin-1 in the invasion of CSCC7 cells: 1.) Tumor-associated fibroblasts produced more laminin-1 and less components of fibrillar ECM than normal cells; 2.) The production of laminin chains was further increased when CSCC7 cells were grown in co-culture with fibroblasts; 3.) CSCC7 cells were capable of increasing their laminin production; 4.) Tumor cells predominantly expressed integrin α6β4 laminin receptors and migrated towards laminin. The integrin profile of both normal and tumor-associated fibroblasts was similar, expressing receptors for fibronectin, vitronectin and osteopontin. MMP-7 secreted by CSCC7 cells was upregulated by the presence of normal fibroblasts, whereas MMP-2 produced mainly by fibroblasts was activated in the presence of CSCC7 cells. Conclusions Our results indicate that in addition to degradation of the basement membrane, invasion of cervical cancer is accomplished by the remodeling of the interstitial stroma, which process includes decrease and partial replacement of fibronectin and collagens by a laminin-rich matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Fullár
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - József Dudás
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Lászlóné Oláh
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Péter Hollósi
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. .,Tumor Progression Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Zoltán Papp
- Maternity Private Department Kútvölgyi Clinical Block, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Gábor Sobel
- 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Katalin Karászi
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Sándor Paku
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. .,Tumor Progression Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Kornélia Baghy
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Ilona Kovalszky
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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60
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Kim E, Yoon SY, Shin YJ. Oxidative Stress in Cornea. OXIDATIVE STRESS IN APPLIED BASIC RESEARCH AND CLINICAL PRACTICE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1935-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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61
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Matsuoka Y, Yoshida R, Nakayama H, Nagata M, Hirosue A, Tanaka T, Kawahara K, Nakagawa Y, Sakata J, Arita H, Hiraki A, Shinohara M. The tumour stromal features are associated with resistance to 5-FU-based chemoradiotherapy and a poor prognosis in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. APMIS 2014; 123:205-14. [PMID: 25639735 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
It has been increasingly recognized that the tumour microenvironment is a critical factor involved in cancer progression. However, little is known about the clinical value of the stromal features in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The purpose of this study was to determine the clinical significance of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) in OSCC. OSCC specimens were obtained from 60 patients who underwent surgery following 5-fluorouracil-based chemoradiotherapy. Paraffin-embedded sections obtained from biopsy specimens were immunohistochemically analysed. The associations among CAFs, TAMs and various clinicopathological features were examined, and the effects of CAFs and TAMs on the prognosis were evaluated. In the group with a high level of CAFs, the incidence of advanced pT- and pN-stage cases was significantly higher than that in the group with the low level. A high TAMs tumour expression was significantly correlated with a poor response to preoperative chemoradiotherapy. A Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that higher numbers of CAFs and TAMs were significantly correlated with a poor prognosis. These findings suggest that TAMs are a potential biomarker for predicting the clinical response to 5-FU-based chemoradiotherapy, and the expression status of the CAFs and TAMs may be useful for making treatment decisions to improve the survival of OSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Matsuoka
- Departments of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
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Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common malignant bone tumor in children and characterized by aggressive biologic behavior of metastatic propensity to the lung. Change of treatment paradigm brings survival benefit; however, 5-year survival rate is still low in patients having metastastatic foci at diagnosis for a few decades. Metastasis-associated protein (MTA) family is a group of ubiquitously expressed coregulators, which influences on tumor invasiveness or metastasis. MTA1 has been investigated in various cancers including osteosarcoma, and its overexpression is associated with high-risk features of cancers. In this review, we described various molecular studies of osteosarcoma, especially associated with MTA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Sun Kim
- Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Medical School, 160, Baekseo-ro, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 501-757, Korea,
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63
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Nakazawa T, Goi T, Hirono Y, Yamaguchi A. Prokineticin 1 protein expression is a useful new prognostic factor for human sporadic colorectal cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2014; 22:1496-503. [PMID: 25331005 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-014-4150-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hematogenous metastasis, regarded as closely related to angiogenic growth factors, is associated with colorectal cancer prognosis. The angiogenic growth factor prokineticin 1 (PROK1) has been cloned from endocrine cells. However, its protein expression in human malignant tumors has not been studied. The current study established the anti-PROK1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) and examined the relationship between the expression of PROK1 protein and human colorectal cancer. METHODS The expression of PROK1 protein was assessed in 620 resected sporadic colorectal cancer tissue samples by immunohistochemical staining with in-house-developed human PROK1 mAb to investigate the relationship of PROK1 expression to clinicopathologic factors, recurrence, and survival rate and to evaluate its prognostic significance. RESULTS The expression of PROK1 protein was detected in 36 % (223/620) of human primary colorectal cancer lesions but no in the healthy mucosa adjacent to the colorectal cancer lesions. According to the clinicopathologic examinations, the frequency of positive PROK1 expression was significantly higher in cases with serosal invasion, lymphatic invasion, venous invasion, lymph node metastasis, liver metastasis, hematogenous metastasis, and higher stage disease. The recurrence rate and prognosis for patients with PROK1 expression-positive lesions were significantly worse. In the Cox proportional hazard model, PROK1 expression was an independent prognostic factor. CONCLUSIONS The expression of PROK1 protein was identified for the first time as a new prognostic factor in colorectal cancer.
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64
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Ezrin-expressing lung adenocarcinoma cells and podoplanin-positive fibroblasts form a malignant microenvironment. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2014; 141:475-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-014-1851-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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65
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Balasubramanian SA, Krishna Kumar K, Baird PN. The role of proteases and inflammatory molecules in triggering neovascular age-related macular degeneration: basic science to clinical relevance. Transl Res 2014; 164:179-92. [PMID: 24794954 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) causes severe vision impairment in aged individuals. The health impact and cost of the disease will dramatically increase over the years, with the increase in the aging population. Currently, antivascular endothelial growth factor agents are routinely used for managing late-stage AMD, and recent data have shown that up to 15%-33% of patients do not respond to this treatment. Henceforth, there is a need to develop better treatment options. One avenue is to investigate the role proteases and inflammatory molecules might have in regulating and being regulated by vascular endothelial growth factor. Moreover, emerging data indicate that proteases and inflammatory molecules might be critical in the development and progression of AMD. This article reviews recent literature that investigates proteases and inflammatory molecules involved in the development of AMD. Gaining insights into the proteolytic and inflammatory pathways associated with the pathophysiology of AMD could enable the development of additional or alternative drug strategies for the treatment of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivaraman A Balasubramanian
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, The Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Kaavya Krishna Kumar
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul N Baird
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, The Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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66
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Wang LCS, Lo A, Scholler J, Sun J, Majumdar RS, Kapoor V, Antzis M, Cotner CE, Johnson LA, Durham AC, Solomides CC, June CH, Puré E, Albelda SM. Targeting fibroblast activation protein in tumor stroma with chimeric antigen receptor T cells can inhibit tumor growth and augment host immunity without severe toxicity. Cancer Immunol Res 2014; 2:154-66. [PMID: 24778279 PMCID: PMC4007316 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-13-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 435] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The majority of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell research has focused on attacking cancer cells. Here, we show that targeting the tumor-promoting, nontransformed stromal cells using CAR T cells may offer several advantages. We developed a retroviral CAR construct specific for the mouse fibroblast activation protein (FAP), comprising a single-chain Fv FAP [monoclonal antibody (mAb) 73.3] with the CD8α hinge and transmembrane regions, and the human CD3ζ and 4-1BB activation domains. The transduced muFAP-CAR mouse T cells secreted IFN-γ and killed FAP-expressing 3T3 target cells specifically. Adoptively transferred 73.3-FAP-CAR mouse T cells selectively reduced FAP(hi) stromal cells and inhibited the growth of multiple types of subcutaneously transplanted tumors in wild-type, but not FAP-null immune-competent syngeneic mice. The antitumor effects could be augmented by multiple injections of the CAR T cells, by using CAR T cells with a deficiency in diacylglycerol kinase, or by combination with a vaccine. A major mechanism of action of the muFAP-CAR T cells was the augmentation of the endogenous CD8(+) T-cell antitumor responses. Off-tumor toxicity in our models was minimal following muFAP-CAR T-cell therapy. In summary, inhibiting tumor growth by targeting tumor stroma with adoptively transferred CAR T cells directed to FAP can be safe and effective, suggesting that further clinical development of anti-human FAP-CAR is warranted.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer/adverse effects
- Adoptive Transfer/methods
- Animals
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Endopeptidases
- Gelatinases/immunology
- Immunity, Cellular
- Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Protein Transport
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Serine Endopeptidases/immunology
- Stromal Cells/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Transduction, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Chuan S Wang
- Thoracic Oncology Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Albert Lo
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John Scholler
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Jing Sun
- Thoracic Oncology Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Rajrupa S Majumdar
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Veena Kapoor
- Thoracic Oncology Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Michael Antzis
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Cody E. Cotner
- Thoracic Oncology Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Laura A Johnson
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Amy C Durham
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Carl H June
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Ellen Puré
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Steven M Albelda
- Thoracic Oncology Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
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67
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Fibroblasts in myocardial infarction: a role in inflammation and repair. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2013; 70:74-82. [PMID: 24321195 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblasts do not only serve as matrix-producing reparative cells, but exhibit a wide range of functions in inflammatory and immune responses, angiogenesis and neoplasia. The adult mammalian myocardium contains abundant fibroblasts enmeshed within the interstitial and perivascular extracellular matrix. The current review manuscript discusses the dynamic phenotypic and functional alterations of cardiac fibroblasts following myocardial infarction. Extensive necrosis of cardiomyocytes in the infarcted heart triggers an intense inflammatory reaction. In the early stages of infarct healing, fibroblasts become pro-inflammatory cells, activating the inflammasome and producing cytokines, chemokines and proteases. Pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as Interleukin-1) delay myofibroblast transformation, until the wound is cleared from dead cells and matrix debris. Resolution of the inflammatory infiltrate is associated with fibroblast migration, proliferation, matrix protein synthesis and myofibroblast conversion. Growth factors and matricellular proteins play an important role in myofibroblast activation during the proliferative phase of healing. Formation of a mature cross-linked scar is associated with clearance of fibroblasts, as poorly-understood inhibitory signals restrain the fibrotic response. However, in the non-infarcted remodeling myocardium, local fibroblasts may remain activated in response to volume and pressure overload and may promote interstitial fibrosis. Considering their abundance, their crucial role in cardiac inflammation and repair, and their involvement in myocardial dysfunction and arrhythmogenesis, cardiac fibroblasts may be key therapeutic targets in cardiac remodeling. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Myocyte-Fibroblast Signalling in Myocardium.
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68
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Vempati P, Popel AS, Mac Gabhann F. Extracellular regulation of VEGF: isoforms, proteolysis, and vascular patterning. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2013; 25:1-19. [PMID: 24332926 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF) is critical to neovascularization in numerous tissues under physiological and pathological conditions. VEGF has multiple isoforms, created by alternative splicing or proteolytic cleavage, and characterized by different receptor-binding and matrix-binding properties. These isoforms are known to give rise to a spectrum of angiogenesis patterns marked by differences in branching, which has functional implications for tissues. In this review, we detail the extensive extracellular regulation of VEGF and the ability of VEGF to dictate the vascular phenotype. We explore the role of VEGF-releasing proteases and soluble carrier molecules on VEGF activity. While proteases such as MMP9 can 'release' matrix-bound VEGF and promote angiogenesis, for example as a key step in carcinogenesis, proteases can also suppress VEGF's angiogenic effects. We explore what dictates pro- or anti-angiogenic behavior. We also seek to understand the phenomenon of VEGF gradient formation. Strong VEGF gradients are thought to be due to decreased rates of diffusion from reversible matrix binding, however theoretical studies show that this scenario cannot give rise to lasting VEGF gradients in vivo. We propose that gradients are formed through degradation of sequestered VEGF. Finally, we review how different aspects of the VEGF signal, such as its concentration, gradient, matrix-binding, and NRP1-binding can differentially affect angiogenesis. We explore how this allows VEGF to regulate the formation of vascular networks across a spectrum of high to low branching densities, and from normal to pathological angiogenesis. A better understanding of the control of angiogenesis is necessary to improve upon limitations of current angiogenic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Vempati
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Aleksander S Popel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Feilim Mac Gabhann
- Institute for Computational Medicine and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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69
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Gene expression profiling of the leading edge of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: IL-24-driven MMP-7. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 134:1418-1427. [PMID: 24270662 PMCID: PMC3989465 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The precise mechanisms governing invasion at the leading edge of SCC and its subsequent metastasis are not fully understood. We aimed to define the cancer related molecular changes that distinguish non-invasive tumor from invasive SCC. To this end, we combined laser capture microdissection with cDNA microarray analysis. We defined invasion-associated genes as those differentially regulated only in invasive SCC nests, but not in actinic keratosis or in situ SCC, compared to normal epidermis. There were 383 up- and 354 down-regulated genes in the “invasion set.” SCC invasion was characterized by aberrant expression of various proteolytic molecules. We noted increased expression of MMP7 and IL-24 in invasive SCC. IL-24 induced the expression of MMP7 in SCC cells in culture. In addition, blocking of MMP7 by a specific antibody significantly delayed the migration of SCC cells in culture. These results suggest a possible contribution of IL-24 to SCC invasion via enhancing focal expression of MMP7, though IL-24 has been suggested to have anti-tumor growth effects in other cancer types. Identification of regional molecular changes that regulate cancer invasion may facilitate the development of new targeted treatments for aggressive cancer.
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70
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Ono S, Ishii G, Nagai K, Takuwa T, Yoshida J, Nishimura M, Hishida T, Aokage K, Fujii S, Ikeda N, Ochiai A. Podoplanin-positive cancer-associated fibroblasts could have prognostic value independent of cancer cell phenotype in stage I lung squamous cell carcinoma: usefulness of combining analysis of both cancer cell phenotype and cancer-associated fibroblast phenotype. Chest 2013; 143:963-970. [PMID: 23081722 DOI: 10.1378/chest.12-0913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognostic significance of the tumor microenvironment, which is created by both cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), has been increasingly recognized. The purpose of this study was to analyze the prognostic markers of stage I squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC), with special reference to the immunophenotypes of both cancer cells and CAFs. METHODS A total of 142 patients with stage I SqCC were included in this study. We examined the expressions of E-cadherin, laminin-5, podoplanin, c-MET, carbonic anhydrase IX (CA-IX), CD10, and CD44 in the cancer cells and those of podoplanin, CA-IX, CD10, and CD44 in the CAFs to evaluate their prognostic value. RESULTS Patients with low E-cadherin expression in the cancer cells showed a significantly poorer prognosis than those with high E-cadherin expression in the cancer cells ( P , .001). On the other hand, high podoplanin expression in the CAFs was also associated with a significantly poorer prognosis ( P , .001). A multivariate analysis identified low E-cadherin expression in the cancer cells and high podoplanin expression in the CAFs as significantly independent prognostic factors for overall survival ( P 5 .013 and P 5 .0011, respectively). According to subgroup analyses combining E-cadherin expression in cancer cells and podoplanin expression in CAFs, 5-year overall survival of patients with low E-cadherin expression in the cancer cells and high podoplanin expression in the CAFs was 7.0% and showed a significantly poorer prognosis as compared with other groups ( P , .001). CONCLUSIONS The current study indicates that immunophenotypes of CAFs could have a prognostic value independent of those of the cancer cells in SqCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Ono
- Pathology Division, Research Center for Innovative Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba; Division of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba; Departments of Thoracic Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Genichiro Ishii
- Pathology Division, Research Center for Innovative Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba.
| | - Kanji Nagai
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba
| | - Teruhisa Takuwa
- Pathology Division, Research Center for Innovative Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba; Division of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba
| | - Junji Yoshida
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba
| | - Mitsuyo Nishimura
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba
| | - Tomoyuki Hishida
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba
| | - Keiju Aokage
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba
| | - Satoshi Fujii
- Pathology Division, Research Center for Innovative Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba
| | - Norihiko Ikeda
- Departments of Thoracic Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ochiai
- Pathology Division, Research Center for Innovative Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba
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71
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Pedron S, Becka E, Harley BAC. Regulation of glioma cell phenotype in 3D matrices by hyaluronic acid. Biomaterials 2013; 34:7408-17. [PMID: 23827186 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Human glioblastoma multiforme (hGBM) is the most common, aggressive, and deadly form of brain cancer. A major obstacle to understanding the impact of extracellular cues on glioblastoma invasion is the absence of model matrix systems able to replicate compositional and structural elements of the glioma mass as well as the surrounding brain tissue. Contact with a primary extracellular matrix component in the brain, hyaluronan, is believed to play a pivotal role in glioma cell invasion and malignancy. In this study we report use of gelatin and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) based hydrogel platforms to evaluate the effect of extracellular (composition, mechanics, HA incorporation) and intracellular (epidermal growth factor receptor overexpression) factors on the malignant transformation of U87MG glioma cells. Three-dimensional culture platforms elicit significantly different responses of U87MG glioma cells versus standard 2D culture. Critically, grafting brain-mimetic hyaluronic acid (HA) into the hydrogel network was found to induce significant, dose-dependent alterations of markers of glioma malignancy versus non-grafted 3D gelatin or PEG hydrogels. Clustering of glioma cells was observed exclusively in HA containing gels and expression profiles of malignancy-associated genes were found to vary biphasically with incorporated HA content. We also found HA-induced expression of MMP-2 is blocked by +EGFR signaling, suggesting a connection between CD44 and EGFR in glioma malignancy. Together, this work describes an adaptable platform for manipulating the local extracellular microenvironment surrounding glioma cells and highlights the importance of developing such systems for investigating the etiology and early growth of glioblastoma multiforme tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Pedron
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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72
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Götschel F, Berg D, Gruber W, Bender C, Eberl M, Friedel M, Sonntag J, Rüngeler E, Hache H, Wierling C, Nietfeld W, Lehrach H, Frischauf A, Schwartz-Albiez R, Aberger F, Korf U. Synergism between Hedgehog-GLI and EGFR signaling in Hedgehog-responsive human medulloblastoma cells induces downregulation of canonical Hedgehog-target genes and stabilized expression of GLI1. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65403. [PMID: 23762360 PMCID: PMC3677915 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of Hedgehog (HH) signaling has been identified as a key etiologic factor in many human malignancies. Signal strength, target gene specificity, and oncogenic activity of HH signaling depend profoundly on interactions with other pathways, such as epidermal growth factor receptor-mediated signaling, which has been shown to cooperate with HH/GLI in basal cell carcinoma and pancreatic cancer. Our experimental data demonstrated that the Daoy human medulloblastoma cell line possesses a fully inducible endogenous HH pathway. Treatment of Daoy cells with Sonic HH or Smoothened agonist induced expression of GLI1 protein and simultaneously prevented the processing of GLI3 to its repressor form. To study interactions between HH- and EGF-induced signaling in greater detail, time-resolved measurements were carried out and analyzed at the transcriptomic and proteomic levels. The Daoy cells responded to the HH/EGF co-treatment by downregulating GLI1, PTCH, and HHIP at the transcript level; this was also observed when Amphiregulin (AREG) was used instead of EGF. We identified a novel crosstalk mechanism whereby EGFR signaling silences proteins acting as negative regulators of HH signaling, as AKT- and ERK-signaling independent process. EGFR/HH signaling maintained high GLI1 protein levels which contrasted the GLI1 downregulation on the transcript level. Conversely, a high-level synergism was also observed, due to a strong and significant upregulation of numerous canonical EGF-targets with putative tumor-promoting properties such as MMP7, VEGFA, and IL-8. In conclusion, synergistic effects between EGFR and HH signaling can selectively induce a switch from a canonical HH/GLI profile to a modulated specific target gene profile. This suggests that there are more wide-spread, yet context-dependent interactions, between HH/GLI and growth factor receptor signaling in human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Götschel
- Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniela Berg
- Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Gruber
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christian Bender
- Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Eberl
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Myriam Friedel
- Division of Translational Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johanna Sonntag
- Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elena Rüngeler
- Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hendrik Hache
- Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Wierling
- Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wilfried Nietfeld
- Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans Lehrach
- Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Fritz Aberger
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- * E-mail: (UK); (FA)
| | - Ulrike Korf
- Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail: (UK); (FA)
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Pedron S, Harley BAC. Impact of the biophysical features of a 3D gelatin microenvironment on glioblastoma malignancy. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 101:3404-15. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Pedron
- Institute for Genomic Biology; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana IL 61801
| | - B. A. C. Harley
- Institute for Genomic Biology; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana IL 61801
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana IL 61801
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Vong S, Kalluri R. The role of stromal myofibroblast and extracellular matrix in tumor angiogenesis. Genes Cancer 2012; 2:1139-45. [PMID: 22866205 DOI: 10.1177/1947601911423940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor angiogenesis, the building of blood vessels in an expanding tumor mass, is an elegantly coordinated process that dictates tumor growth and progression. Stromal components of the tumor microenvironment, such as myofibroblasts and the extracellular matrix, collaborate with tumor cells in regulating development. Such myofibroblasts and the extracellular matrix have ever-expanding roles in the angiogenic process as well. This review summarizes how stromal myofibroblasts and the extracellular matrix can modulate tumor angiogenesis, highlighting recent findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Vong
- Division of Matrix Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Host L, Paye A, Detry B, Blacher S, Munaut C, Foidart JM, Seiki M, Sounni NE, Noel A. The proteolytic activity of MT4-MMP is required for its pro-angiogenic and pro-metastatic promoting effects. Int J Cancer 2012; 131:1537-48. [PMID: 22262494 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Membrane-type 4 matrix metalloprotease (MT4-MMP) expression in breast adenocarcinoma stimulates tumor growth and metastatic spreading to the lung. However, whether these pro-tumorigenic and pro-metastatic effects of MT4-MMP are related to a proteolytic action is not yet known. Through site directed mutagenesis MT4-MMP has been inactivated in cancer cells through Glutamic acid 249 substitution by Alanine in the active site. Active MT4-MMP triggered an angiogenic switch at day 7 after tumor implantation and drastically accelerated subcutaneous tumor growth as well as lung colonization in recombination activating gene-1-deficient mice. All these effects were abrogated upon MT4-MMP inactivation. In sharp contrast to most MMPs being primarily of stromal origin, we provide evidence that tumor-derived MT4-MMP, but not host-derived MT4-MMP contributes to angiogenesis. A genetic approach using MT4-MMP-deficient mice revealed that the status of MT4-MMP produced by host cells did not affect the angiogenic response. Despite of this tumor intrinsic feature, to exert its tumor promoting effect, MT4-MMP requires a permissive microenvironment. Indeed, tumor-derived MT4-MMP failed to circumvent the lack of an host angio-promoting factor such as plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Overall, our study demonstrates the key contribution of MT4-MMP catalytic activity in the tumor compartment, at the interface with host cells. It identifies MT4-MMP as a key intrinsic tumor cell determinant that contributes to the elaboration of a permissive microenvironment for metastatic dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorin Host
- Laboratory of Tumor and Developmental Biology, Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée-Cancer, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, Liège, Belgium
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Mayorca-Guiliani AE, Yano H, Nakashiro KI, Hamakawa H, Tanaka J. Premetastatic vasculogenesis in oral squamous cell carcinoma xenograft-draining lymph nodes. Oral Oncol 2012; 48:663-70. [PMID: 22401871 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2012.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study vascular anatomy on oral cancer-draining lymph nodes before metastasis in mice. MATERIAL AND METHODS Cell lines: highly lymph metastatic oral squamous cell carcinoma SASL1m and non-metastatic human adenoid cystic carcinoma ACC2. Bone marrow transplants and xenografts: Nude mice were lethally irradiated and transplanted with bone marrow cells from EGFP(+) mice. SASL1m or ACC2 cells were implanted in the tongue. Non-xenografted mice were used as controls. In addition, we injected conditioned medium from SASL1m or ACC2 in transplanted mice. Immunohistochemistry: Primary tumors and neck lymph nodes were resected and stained with anti-mouse Podoplanin and CD31. Images were visualized in a confocal microscope. Image analysis: Areas covered by EGFP, CD31 and Podoplanin were measured and compared statistically. Expression microarrays: Transcriptomic microarray analysis compared SASL1 to ACC2 cells. Interactomes were generated to reveal altered pathways. RESULTS SASL1m cells induced the assemblage of blood vessels in cancer-free, tumor-draining lymph nodes. These blood vessels incorporated bone marrow-derived EGFP(+)CD31(+) cells. Notably, SASL1m-conditioned medium induced a similar reaction. Non-metastatic cells failed to produce any change. Microarray and pathway analyses revealed the upregulation of Transforming Growth Factor-β, Lysyl Oxidase-like 2, Slit homolog 3 and Protease Serine 22. The upregulation of these genes was confirmed in xenografts. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that a blood supply for new tumors is established in lymph nodes before metastasis. It also suggests that premetastatic vasculogenesis and primary tumor angiogenesis may be mediated by different mechanisms.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic/blood supply
- Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/blood supply
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Disease Progression
- Humans
- Lymph Nodes/blood supply
- Lymph Nodes/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Neck
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Neoplasms, Experimental/blood supply
- Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Salivary Gland Neoplasms/blood supply
- Salivary Gland Neoplasms/metabolism
- Tongue Neoplasms/blood supply
- Tongue Neoplasms/metabolism
- Transplantation, Heterologous
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77
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Stevenson W, Cheng SF, Dastjerdi MH, Ferrari G, Dana R. Corneal neovascularization and the utility of topical VEGF inhibition: ranibizumab (Lucentis) vs bevacizumab (Avastin). Ocul Surf 2012; 10:67-83. [PMID: 22482468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Corneal avascularity is necessary for the preservation of optimal vision. The cornea maintains a dynamic balance between pro- and antiangiogenic factors that allows it to remain avascular under normal homeostatic conditions; however, corneal avascularity can be compromised by pathologic conditions that negate the cornea's "angiogenic privilege." The clinical relevance of corneal neovascularization has long been recognized, but management of this condition has been hindered by a lack of safe and effective therapeutic modalities. Herein, the etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment of corneal neovascularization are reviewed. Additionally, the authors' recent findings regarding the clinical utility of topical ranibizumab (Lucentis®) and bevacizumab (Avastin®) in the treatment of corneal neovascularization are summarized. These findings clearly indicate that ranibizumab and bevacizumab are safe and effective treatments for corneal neovascularization when appropriate precautions are observed. Although direct comparisons are not conclusive, the results suggest that ranibizumab may be modestly superior to bevacizumab in terms of both onset of action and degree of efficacy. In order to justify the increased cost of ranibizumab, it will be necessary to demonstrate meaningful treatment superiority in a prospective, randomized, head-to-head comparison study.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Stevenson
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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78
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Abstract
(1) Angiogenesis (growth of new capillaries from an existing capillary bed) may result from a mismatch in microvascular supply and metabolic demand (metabolic error signal). Krogh examined the distribution and number of capillaries to explore the correlation between O(2) delivery and O(2) consumption. Subsequently, the heterogeneity in angiogenic response within a muscle has been shown to reflect either differences in fibre type composition or mechanical load. However, local control leads to targetted angiogenesis in the vicinity of glycolytic fibre types following muscle stimulation, or oxidative fibres following endurance training, while heterogeneity of capillary spacing is maintained during ontogenetic growth. (2) Despite limited microscopy resolution and lack of specific markers, Krogh's interest in the structure of the capillary wall paved the way for understanding the mechanisms of capillary growth. Angiogenesis may be influenced by the response of perivascular or stromal cells (fibroblasts, macrophages and pericytes) to altered activity, likely acting as a source for chemical signals modulating capillary growth such as vascular endothelial growth factor. In addition, haemodynamic factors such as shear stress and muscle stretch play a significant role in adaptive remodelling of the microcirculation. (3) Most indices of capillarity are highly dependent on fibre size, resulting in possible bias because of scaling. To examine the consequences of capillary distribution, it is therefore helpful to quantify the area of tissue supplied by individual capillaries. This allows the spatial limitations inherent in most models of tissue oxygenation to be overcome generating an alternative approach to Krogh's tissue cylinder, the capillary domain, to improve descriptions of intracellular oxygen diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Egginton
- Department of Physiology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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79
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Gao Q, Wang XY, Qiu SJ, Zhou J, Shi YH, Zhang BH, Fan J. Tumor stroma reaction-related gene signature predicts clinical outcome in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2011; 102:1522-31. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2011.01981.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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80
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Vempati P, Popel AS, Mac Gabhann F. Formation of VEGF isoform-specific spatial distributions governing angiogenesis: computational analysis. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2011; 5:59. [PMID: 21535871 PMCID: PMC3113235 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-5-59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The spatial distribution of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF) is an important mediator of vascular patterning. Previous experimental studies in the mouse hindbrain and retina have suggested that VEGF alternative splicing, which controls the ability of VEGF to bind to heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) in the extracellular matrix (ECM), plays a key role in controlling VEGF diffusion and gradients in tissues. Conversely, proteolysis notably by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), plays a critical role in pathological situations by releasing matrix-sequestered VEGF and modulating angiogenesis. However, computational models have predicted that HSPG binding alone does not affect VEGF localization or gradients at steady state. RESULTS Using a 3D molecular-detailed reaction-diffusion model of VEGF ligand-receptor kinetics and transport, we test alternate models of VEGF transport in the extracellular environment surrounding an endothelial sprout. We show that differences in localization between VEGF isoforms, as observed experimentally in the mouse hindbrain, as well as the ability of proteases to redistribute VEGF in pathological situations, are consistent with a model where VEGF is endogenously cleared or degraded in an isoform-specific manner. We use our predictions of the VEGF distribution to quantify a tip cell's receptor binding and gradient sensing capacity. A novel prediction is that neuropilin-1, despite functioning as a coreceptor to VEGF₁₆₅-VEGFR2 binding, reduces the ability of a cell to gauge the relative steepness of the VEGF distribution. Comparing our model to available in vivo vascular patterning data suggests that vascular phenotypes are most consistently predicted at short range by the soluble fraction of the VEGF distributions, or at longer range by matrix-bound VEGF detected in a filopodia-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS Isoform-specific VEGF degradation provides a possible explanation for numerous examples of isoform specificity in VEGF patterning and examples of proteases relocation of VEGF upon release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Vempati
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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81
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Roybal JD, Zang Y, Ahn YH, Yang Y, Gibbons DL, Baird BN, Alvarez C, Thilaganathan N, Liu DD, Saintigny P, Heymach JV, Creighton CJ, Kurie JM. miR-200 Inhibits lung adenocarcinoma cell invasion and metastasis by targeting Flt1/VEGFR1. Mol Cancer Res 2010; 9:25-35. [PMID: 21115742 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-10-0497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The microRNA-200 (miR-200) family is part of a gene expression signature that predicts poor prognosis in lung cancer patients. In a mouse model of K-ras/p53-mutant lung adenocarcinoma, miR-200 levels are suppressed in metastasis-prone tumor cells, and forced miR-200 expression inhibits tumor growth and metastasis, but the miR-200 target genes that drive lung tumorigenesis have not been fully elucidated. Here, we scanned the genome for putative miR-200 binding sites and found them in the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of 35 genes that are amplified in human cancer. Mining of a database of resected human lung adenocarcinomas revealed that the levels of one of these genes, Flt1/VEGFR1, correlate inversely with duration of survival. Forced miR-200 expression suppressed Flt1 levels in metastasis-prone lung adenocarcinoma cells derived from K-ras/p53-mutant mice, and negatively regulated the Flt1 3'-UTR in reporter assays. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) isolated from murine lung adenocarcinomas secreted abundant VEGF and enhanced tumor cell invasion in coculture studies. CAF-induced tumor cell invasion was abrogated by VEGF neutralization or Flt1 knockdown in tumor cells. Flt1 knockdown decreased the growth and metastasis of tumor cells in syngeneic mice. We conclude that miR-200 suppresses lung tumorigenesis by targeting Flt1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon D Roybal
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Box 432, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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82
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Garcia-Albeniz X, Pericay C, Alonso-Espinaco V, Alonso V, Escudero P, Fernández-Martos C, Gallego R, Gascón P, Castellví-Bel S, Maurel J. Serum matrilysin correlates with poor survival independently of KRAS and BRAF status in refractory advanced colorectal cancer patients treated with irinotecan plus cetuximab. Tumour Biol 2010; 32:417-24. [PMID: 21104178 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-010-0136-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to prospectively explore the role of serum MMP-7 as a predictive and prognostic marker of anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) therapy and irinotecan efficacy in third-line advanced colorectal cancer therapy. One hundred patients were recruited prospectively from six Spanish hospitals. Patients were treated with biweekly irinotecan 180 mg/m(2) and cetuximab 400 mg/m(2) (loading dose) and weekly cetuximab 250 mg/m(2) until progressive disease or unacceptable toxicity. Baseline MMP-7 was determined using a quantitative solid-phase sandwich ELISA. KRAS and BRAF mutational status were also assessed. The clinical endpoints examined were overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and response rate. No association between serum MMP-7 and neither KRAS nor BRAF mutational status was found. The multivariate analysis revealed that MMP-7 predicts PFS both in wild-type (WT) KRAS patients (HR 1.03, 95% CI 1.00-1.06; p = 0.046) and in mutant KRAS patients (HR 1.18, 95% CI 1.01-1.35; p = 0.036). The presence of mutant BRAF was associated with shorter PFS (HR 8.49, 95% CI 2.88-25.0; p < 0.001) and worse OS (HR 3.55, 95% CI 1.39-9.09; p = 0.008) in the subset of WT KRAS patients. Serum MMP-7 is associated with PFS in colorectal patients treated with anti-EGFR therapy as third-line treatment independently of KRAS status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xabier Garcia-Albeniz
- Medical Oncology Department, Institut Clínic Malalties Hemato-Oncológiques (ICMHO), Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBERehd, Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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83
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Misra S, Fu AA, Misra KD, Shergill UM, Leof EB, Mukhopadhyay D. Hypoxia-induced phenotypic switch of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts through a matrix metalloproteinase 2/tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-mediated pathway: implications for venous neointimal hyperplasia in hemodialysis access. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2010; 21:896-902. [PMID: 20434368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2010.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Hemodialysis grafts fail because of venous neointimal hyperplasia formation caused by adventitial fibroblasts that have become myofibroblasts (ie, alpha-smooth muscle actin [SMA]-positive cells) and migrate to the neointima. There is increased expression of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha in venous neointimal hyperplasia formation in experimental animal models and clinical samples. It was hypothesized that, under hypoxic stimulus (ie, HIF-1alpha), fibroblasts will convert to myofibroblasts through a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2-mediated pathway. MATERIALS AND METHODS Murine AKR-2B fibroblasts were made hypoxic or normoxic for 24, 48, and 72 hours. Protein expression for HIF-1alpha, alpha-SMA, MMP-2, MMP-9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1, and TIMP-2 was performed to determine the kinetic changes of these proteins. Immunostaining for alpha-SMA, collagen, and fibronectin was performed. RESULTS At all time points, there was significantly increased expression of HIF-1alpha in the hypoxic fibroblasts compared with normoxic fibroblasts (P < .05). There was significantly increased expression of alpha-SMA at all time points, which peaked by 48 hours in hypoxic fibroblasts compared with normoxic fibroblasts (P < .05). There was a significant increase in the expression of active MMP-2 by 48-72 hours and a significant increase in TIMP-1 by 48-72 hours by hypoxic fibroblasts (P < .05). By 72 hours, there was significant increase in TIMP-2 expression (P < .05). Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated increased expression of alpha-SMA, collagen, and fibronectin as the duration of hypoxia increased. CONCLUSIONS Under hypoxic conditions, fibroblasts will convert to myofibroblasts through an MMP-2-mediated pathway, which may provide insight into the mechanism of venous neointimal hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Misra
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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84
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Ortiz CM, Ito T, Hashimoto Y, Nagayama S, Iwai A, Tsunoda S, Sato F, Martorell M, Garcia JA, Perez A, Shimada Y. Effects of small interfering RNAs targeting fascin on human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. Diagn Pathol 2010; 5:41. [PMID: 20565981 PMCID: PMC2907320 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-5-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fascin induces membrane protrusions and cell motility. Fascin overexpression was associated with poor prognosis, and its downregulation reduces cell motility and invasiveness in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Using a stable knockdown cell line, we revealed the effect of fascin on cell growth, cell adhesion and tumor formation. METHODS We examined whether fascin is a potential target in ESCC using in vitro and in vivo studies utilizing a specific siRNA. We established a stable transfectant with downregulated fascin from KYSE170 cell line. RESULTS The fascin downregulated cell lines showed a slower growth pattern by 40.3% (p < 0.01) and detachment from collagen-coated plates by 53.6% (p < 0.01), compared to mock cells, suggesting that fascin plays a role in cell growth by maintaining cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix. In vivo, the tumor size was significantly smaller in the tumor with fascin knockdown cells than in mock cells by 95% at 30 days after inoculation. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that fascin overexpression plays a role in tumor growth and progression in ESCC and that cell death caused by its downregulation might be induced by cell adhesion loss. This indicates that targeting fascin pathway could be a novel therapeutic strategy for the human ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian M Ortiz
- Department of Pathology, Valencia University, Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Avenida tres cruces N degrees 2, CP 46014, Valencia, Spain.
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85
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine A Khalil
- Department of Dermatology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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86
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Hattori N, Mochizuki S, Kishi K, Nakajima T, Takaishi H, D'Armiento J, Okada Y. MMP-13 plays a role in keratinocyte migration, angiogenesis, and contraction in mouse skin wound healing. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 175:533-46. [PMID: 19590036 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.081080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been implicated in wound healing. To analyze the roles of MMP-9 and MMP-13 in wound healing, we generated full-thickness cutaneous wounds in MMP-9 knockout (KO), MMP-13 KO, MMP-9/13 double KO, and wild-type mice. Macroscopic wound closure was delayed in all of the KO mice, as compared with wild-type mice. The rate of re-epithelialization was significantly delayed in MMP-9 KO and MMP-13 KO mice and remarkably delayed in MMP-9/13 double KO mice, as compared with wild-type mice. Both MMP-9 and MMP-13 were expressed by the leading edges of epidermal cells in wild-type mice, and the migration of keratinocytes was suppressed by treatment with an MMP inhibitor or transfection of small interfering RNAs for MMP-9 or MMP-13, as compared with controls. The vascular density in wound granulation was significantly lower in both MMP-13 KO and MMP-9/13 double KO mice than in wild-type mice. Degradation of connective tissue growth factor in wound tissue was transiently prevented in MMP-13 KO mice. Morphometric analyses demonstrated a reduction in both wound contraction and myofibroblast formation in both MMP-13 KO and MMP-9/13 double KO mice. Proliferation and transforming growth factor-beta1-induced myofibroblast differentiation of dermal fibroblasts from MMP-13 KO mice were decreased, as compared with wild-type dermal fibroblasts. These data suggest that MMP-13 plays a role in keratinocyte migration, angiogenesis, and contraction in wound healing, while MMP-9 functions in keratinocyte migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Hattori
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0016, Japan
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87
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Saitoh O, Mitsutake N, Nakayama T, Nagayama Y. Fibroblast-mediated in vivo and in vitro growth promotion of tumorigenic rat thyroid carcinoma cells but not normal Fisher rat thyroid follicular cells. Thyroid 2009; 19:735-42. [PMID: 19485776 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2009.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is known that genetic abnormalities in oncogenes and/or tumor suppressor genes promote carcinogenesis. Numerous recent articles, however, have demonstrated that epithelial-stromal interaction also plays a critical role for initiation and progression of carcinoma cells. Furthermore, ionizing radiation induces alterations in the tissue microenvironments that promote carcinogenesis. There is little or no information on epithelial-stromal interaction in thyroid carcinoma cells. The objective of this study was to determine if epithelial-stromal interaction influenced the growth of thyroid carcinoma cells in vivo and in vitro and to determine if radiation had added or interacting effects. METHODS Normal Fisher rat thyroid follicular cells (FRTL5 cells) and tumorigenic rat thyroid carcinoma cells (FRTL-Tc cells) derived from FRTL5 cells were employed. The cells were injected into thyroids or subcutaneously into left flanks of rats alone or in combination with skin-derived fibroblasts. In groups of rats, fibroblasts were irradiated with 0.1 or 4 Gy x-ray 3 days before inoculation. In vitro growth of FRTL-Tc and FRTL-5 cells were evaluated using the fibroblast-conditioned medium and in a co-culture system with fibroblasts. RESULTS The in vivo experiments demonstrated that FRTL-Tc cells injected intrathyroidally grew faster than those injected subcutaneously, and that admixed fibroblasts enhanced growth of subcutaneous FRTL-Tc tumors, indicating that the intrathyroidal milieu, particularly in the presence of fibroblasts, confer growth-promoting advantage to thyroid carcinoma cells. This in vivo growth-promoting effect of fibroblasts on FRTL-Tc cells was duplicated in the in vitro experiments using the fibroblast-conditioned medium. Thus, our data demonstrate that this effect is mediated by soluble factor(s), is reversible, and is comparable to that of 10% fetal bovine serum. However, normal FRTL5 cells did not respond to the fibroblast-conditioned medium. Furthermore, high- and low-dose irradiation enhanced and suppressed, respectively, the in vivo fibroblast-mediated growth promotion. This effect was, however, not observed in the in vitro experiment with conditioned medium or even that allowing cell-cell contact. CONCLUSIONS The intrathyroidal stromal microenvironments, particularly fibroblasts, appear to enhance the growth of thyroid carcinomas through soluble factor(s), which is modulated differently by high- and low-dose irradiation. To our knowledge this is the first study to show epithelial-stromal interaction in thyroid carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ohki Saitoh
- Department of Medical Gene Technology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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88
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Goswami S, Angkasekwinai P, Shan M, Greenlee KJ, Barranco WT, Polikepahad S, Seryshev A, Song LZ, Redding D, Singh B, Sur S, Woodruff P, Dong C, Corry DB, Kheradmand F. Divergent functions for airway epithelial matrix metalloproteinase 7 and retinoic acid in experimental asthma. Nat Immunol 2009; 10:496-503. [PMID: 19329997 PMCID: PMC5298936 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 02/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune response of airway epithelial cells to aeroallergen initiates the development of T cell responses that are central to allergic inflammation. Although proteinase allergens induce the expression of interleukin 25 we show that epithelial matrix metalloproteinase 7 (MMP7) was expressed in asthma and was required for maximal activity of IL-25 in promoting T helper type 2 cell differentiation. Allergen-challenged Mmp7−/− mice showed reduced airway hyperreactivity, allergic inflammatory cytokine production and increased expression of retinal dehydrogenase (RALDH)-1. Inhibition of RALDH-1 restored the asthma phenotype in Mmp7−/− mice and inhibited lung T regulatory cell responses while exogenous administration of retinoic acid attenuated the asthma phenotype. Thus, MMP7 coordinates allergic lung inflammation by activating IL-25 while simultaneously inhibiting retinoid-dependent T regulatory cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Goswami
- Department of Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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89
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Martínez-Fernandez A, García-Albeniz X, Pineda E, Visa L, Gallego R, Codony-Servat J, Augé JM, Longarón R, Gascón P, Lacy A, Castells A, Maurel J. Serum matrilysin levels predict outcome in curatively resected colorectal cancer patients. Ann Surg Oncol 2009; 16:1412-20. [PMID: 19259740 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-009-0405-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2009] [Revised: 02/08/2009] [Accepted: 02/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Matrix metalloproteinase 7 (MMP-7) is involved in invasion, metastasis, growth, and angiogenesis. The aim of this study is to assess the prognostic role of serum MMP-7 in curatively resected colorectal cancer (CRC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients undergoing resection for CRC (n = 175) were recruited from July 2003 to December 2004. MMP-7 was determined using a quantitative solid phase sandwich ELISA. Cox analysis was used to assess the role of MMP-7 in predicting overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). RESULTS The median length of follow-up was 45 months (range 1 to 59). Levels of MMP-7 are predictors of DFS (hazard ratio [HR] 1.119, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.038-1.207) and of OS (HR 1.113, 95% CI 1.025-1.209). Patients with MMP-7 higher than the median (4.3 ng/ml) are more likely to relapse (29.5% vs 18.4%, P = .084); median time to progression in relapsed patients is 8 months if MMP-7 is > or =4.3 ng/ml and 18 months if MMP-7 is <4.3 ng/ml. Node-negative patients with low MMP-7 have a predicted probability of relapse-free survival at 4 years of 88% (95% CI 83-92%); if the MMP-7 is higher than the median value; this probability is 77% (95% CI 73-81%). CONCLUSION MMP-7 predicts recurrence in curatively resected CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Martínez-Fernandez
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Centro de Investigación Médica de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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90
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Cicha I, Goppelt-Struebe M. Connective tissue growth factor: context-dependent functions and mechanisms of regulation. Biofactors 2009; 35:200-8. [PMID: 19449449 DOI: 10.1002/biof.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF, CCN2) is a secreted matricellular protein, the functions of which depend on the interactions with other molecules in the microcellular environment. As an example of context-dependent activity of CTGF, this review will outline different aspects of CTGF function in relation to angiogenesis. CTGF is barely expressed in normal adult tissue, but is strongly upregulated in fibrotic tissue and is also increased during development, in wound healing, or in certain types of cancer. Accordingly, gene expression of CTGF is tightly regulated. To highlight the complexity of the regulation of CTGF gene expression, we discuss here the mechanisms involved in CTGF regulation by TGFbeta in different cell types, and the mechanisms related to CTGF gene expression in cells exposed to mechanical forces. Finally, we will touch upon novel aspects of epigenetic regulation of CTGF gene expression. (c) 2009 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Cicha
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 10, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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91
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Degradation of soluble VEGF receptor-1 by MMP-7 allows VEGF access to endothelial cells. Blood 2008; 113:2363-9. [PMID: 18974372 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-08-172742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling in endothelial cells serves a critical role in physiologic and pathologic angiogenesis. Endothelial cells secrete soluble VEGF receptor-1 (sVEGFR-1/sFlt-1), an endogenous VEGF inhibitor that sequesters VEGF and blocks its access to VEGF receptors. This raises the question of how VEGF passes through this endogenous VEGF trap to reach its membrane receptors on endothelial cells, a step required for VEGF-driven angiogenesis. Here, we show that matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) degrades human sVEGFR-1, which increases VEGF bioavailability around the endothelial cells. Using a tube formation assay, migration assay, and coimmunoprecipitation assay with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), we show that the degradation of sVEGFR-1 by MMP-7 liberates the VEGF(165) isoform from sVEGFR-1. The presence of MMP-7 abrogates the inhibitory effect of sVEGFR-1 on VEGF-induced phosphorylation of VEGF receptor-2 on HUVECs. These data suggest that VEGF escapes the sequestration by endothelial sVEGFR-1 and promotes angiogenesis in the presence of MMP-7.
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92
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Masamune A, Kikuta K, Watanabe T, Satoh K, Hirota M, Shimosegawa T. Hypoxia stimulates pancreatic stellate cells to induce fibrosis and angiogenesis in pancreatic cancer. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008; 295:G709-17. [PMID: 18669622 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.90356.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is characterized by excessive desmoplastic reaction and by a hypoxic microenvironment within the solid tumor mass. Chronic pancreatitis is also characterized by fibrosis and hypoxia. Fibroblasts in the area of fibrosis in these pathological settings are now recognized as activated pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs). Recent studies have suggested that a hypoxic environment concomitantly exists not only in pancreatic cancer cells but also in surrounding PSCs. This study aimed to clarify whether hypoxia affected the cell functions in PSCs. Human PSCs were isolated and cultured under normoxia (21% O(2)) or hypoxia (1% O(2)). We examined the effects of hypoxia and conditioned media of hypoxia-treated PSCs on cell functions in PSCs and in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Hypoxia induced migration, type I collagen expression, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production in PSCs. Conditioned media of hypoxia-treated PSCs induced migration of PSCs, which was inhibited by anti-VEGF antibody but not by antibody against hepatocyte growth factor. Conditioned media of hypoxia-treated PSCs induced endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. PSCs expressed several angiogenesis-regulating molecules including VEGF receptors, angiopoietin-1, and Tie-2. In conclusion, hypoxia induced profibrogenic and proangiogenic responses in PSCs. In addition to their established profibrogenic roles, PSCs might play proangiogenic roles during the development of pancreatic fibrosis, where they are subjected to hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Masamune
- Div. of Gastroenterology, Tohoku Univ. Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan.
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93
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Hawinkels LJ, Zuidwijk K, Verspaget HW, de Jonge-Muller ES, Duijn WV, Ferreira V, Fontijn RD, David G, Hommes DW, Lamers CB, Sier CF. VEGF release by MMP-9 mediated heparan sulphate cleavage induces colorectal cancer angiogenesis. Eur J Cancer 2008; 44:1904-13. [PMID: 18691882 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2008.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2008] [Revised: 06/12/2008] [Accepted: 06/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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94
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Ghajar CM, George SC, Putnam AJ. Matrix metalloproteinase control of capillary morphogenesis. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 2008; 18:251-78. [PMID: 18540825 DOI: 10.1615/critreveukargeneexpr.v18.i3.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play crucial roles in a variety of normal (e.g., blood vessel formation, bone development) and pathophysiological (e.g., wound healing, cancer) processes. This is not only due to their ability to degrade the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM), but also because MMPs function to reveal cryptic matrix binding sites, release matrix-bound growth factors inherent to these processes, and activate a variety of cell surface molecules. The process of blood vessel formation, in particular, is regulated by what is widely classified as the angiogenic switch: a mixture of both pro- and antiangiogenic factors that function to counteract each other unless the stimuli from one side exceeds the other to disrupt the quiescent state. Although it was initially thought that MMPs were strictly proangiogenic, new functions for this proteolytic family, such as mediating vascular regression and generating matrix fragments with antiangiogenic capacities, have been discovered in the last decade. These findings cast MMPs as multifaceted pro- and antiangiogenic effectors. The purpose of this review is to introduce the reader to the general structure and characterization of the MMP family and to discuss the temporal and spatial regulation of their gene expression and enzymatic activity in the following crucial steps associated with angiogenesis: degradation of the vascular basement membrane, proliferation and invasion of endothelial cells within the subjacent ECM, organization into immature tubules, maturation of these nascent vessels, and the pruning and regression of the vascular network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrus M Ghajar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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95
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Kawase A, Ishii G, Nagai K, Ito T, Nagano T, Murata Y, Hishida T, Nishimura M, Yoshida J, Suzuki K, Ochiai A. Podoplanin expression by cancer associated fibroblasts predicts poor prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma. Int J Cancer 2008; 123:1053-9. [PMID: 18546264 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have reported increased podoplanin expression by cancer cells and stromal cells, but little is known about its expression and biological significance in adenocarcinoma of the lung. We examined podoplanin expression by both cancer cells and stromal cells in 177 consecutive lung adenocarcinoma cases and analyzed relations between podoplanin expression and both clinicopathological factors and outcome. Podoplanin expression was observed on the apical membrane of the cancer cells in only 9 of the 177 (5.1%) cases. By contrast, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) were found to express podoplanin in 54 cases (30.5%). Podoplanin (+) CAFs were found only in invasive adenocarcinoma and none were found in noninvasive adenocarcinoma. Conventional prognostic factors were significantly correlated with podoplanin expression by CAFs. The univariate analyses and log-rank test showed that podoplanin expression was significantly associated with shorter survival time (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). We divided the cases into 3 groups according grade based on the proportion of CAFs expressing podoplanin [a grade 0 group (n = 123), a grade 1 group (n = 36) and a grade 2 group (n = 18)]. The result showed that conventional prognostic factors were significantly correlated with the grade of podoplanin expression by CAFs. Furthermore, the grade 2 group tended to have a shorter survival time than the grade 1 group (p = 0.092). The results of this study highlight the importance of podoplanin expression by CAFs and provide new insights into the biology of the cancer microenvironment in adenocarcinoma of the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akikazu Kawase
- Pathology Division, Research Center for Innovative Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
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96
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Noma K, Smalley KSM, Lioni M, Naomoto Y, Tanaka N, El-Deiry W, King AJ, Nagakawa H, Herlyn M. The essential role of fibroblasts in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma-induced angiogenesis. Gastroenterology 2008; 134:1981-93. [PMID: 18439605 PMCID: PMC2562524 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2008] [Revised: 02/14/2008] [Accepted: 02/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is known to be a highly angiogenic tumor. Here, we investigated the role of the stromal fibroblasts in the ESCC-induced angiogenic response using a novel 3-dimensional model. METHODS A novel assay was developed where cocultures of ESCC and esophageal fibroblasts induced human microvascular endothelial cell (HMVEC) vascular network formation in a 3-dimensional collagen gel. Biochemical studies showed that the ESCC-induced activation of the fibroblasts was required to induce vascular network formation via a transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-dependent pathway. RESULTS Conditioned media from a panel of 4 ESCC lines transdifferentiated normal esophageal fibroblasts into myofibroblasts via TGF-beta signaling. The presence of fibroblasts was essential for efficient HMVEC network formation, and the addition of ESCC cells to these cultures greatly enhanced the angiogenic process. The role of TGF-beta in this process was shown by the complete inhibition of network formation following TGF-beta inhibitor treatment. Finally, we showed that ESCC-derived TGF-beta regulates angiogenesis through the release of VEGF from the fibroblasts and that the VEGF release was blocked following TGF-beta inhibition. CONCLUSIONS This study shows the essential role of fibroblasts in the ESCC angiogenic-induced response and suggests that the pharmacologic targeting of the TGF-beta signaling axis could be of therapeutic benefit in this deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Noma
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce St, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
| | - Keiran S. M. Smalley
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce St, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA,authors for correspondence: or
| | - Mercedes Lioni
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce St, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
| | - Yoshio Naomoto
- Departments of Gastroenterological Surgery, Transplant and Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikatacho, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Noriaki Tanaka
- Departments of Gastroenterological Surgery, Transplant and Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikatacho, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Wafik El-Deiry
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Hiroshi Nagakawa
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Meenhard Herlyn
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce St, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA,authors for correspondence: or
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Angiogenesis often occurs in the context of a wound or tumor stroma. This review will focus on the recent findings on the interactions between angiogenic endothelial cells and the other components of the stroma - fibroblasts, pericytes and extracellular matrix. RECENT FINDINGS Large-scale gene expression arrays have provided a remarkable insight into the diversity of fibroblasts in different tissues and under different conditions. These somewhat neglected cells are now understood to play a critical role in tumor growth, regulating not only the phenotype of the tumor cells but also the angiogenic response that supports them. These advances are leading to an understanding of the soil and seed hypothesis at the molecular level. In addition, there is a new focus on the role of pericytes in regulating angiogenesis and their potential as targets for tumor therapy. SUMMARY Initiation of new blood vessel formation requires metalloproteinase induction leading to the degradation of the basement membrane, sprouting of endothelial cells and regulation of pericyte attachment. Fibroblasts and their activated counterpart, the myofibroblast, play a large role in synchronizing these events through the expression of numerous extracellular matrix molecules, growth factors and morphogens, including fibroblast growth factors and transforming growth factor beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C W Hughes
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA.
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