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Li K, Qu S, Chen X, Wu Q, Shi M. Promising Targets for Cancer Immunotherapy: TLRs, RLRs, and STING-Mediated Innate Immune Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E404. [PMID: 28216575 PMCID: PMC5343938 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant cancers employ diverse and intricate immune evasion strategies, which lead to inadequately effective responses of many clinical cancer therapies. However, emerging data suggest that activation of the tolerant innate immune system in cancer patients is able, at least partially, to counteract tumor-induced immunosuppression, which indicates triggering of the innate immune response as a novel immunotherapeutic strategy may result in improved therapeutic outcomes for cancer patients. The promising innate immune targets include Toll-like Receptors (TLRs), RIG-I-like Receptors (RLRs), and Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING). This review discusses the antitumor properties of TLRs, RLRs, and STING-mediated innate immune pathways, as well as the promising innate immune targets for potential application in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China.
| | - Shuai Qu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China.
| | - Xi Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China.
| | - Qiong Wu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China.
| | - Ming Shi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China.
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Zu Y, Ping W, Deng T, Zhang N, Fu X, Sun W. Lipopolysaccharide-induced toll-like receptor 4 signaling in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma promotes tumor proliferation and regulates inflammatory cytokines expression. Dis Esophagus 2017; 30:1-8. [PMID: 27061118 DOI: 10.1111/dote.12466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling contributes to cancer development and progression. However, the consequences of signaling via the TLR4 pathway in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) are still unclear. Here, we investigated the impact of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced TLR4 signaling on ESCC cell proliferation, inflammatory cytokines expression, and downstream molecular mechanisms. Seventy-eight ESCC and 26 normal esophageal specimens were analyzed by immunohistochemistry, and two cell lines (Eca-109 and TE-1) were used for in vitro studies. LPS, a natural agonist of TLR4, was used to activate TLR4 signaling. The effects of LPS-TLR4 signaling on cell proliferation and inflammatory cytokines regulation were examined. Specific inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) (extracellular regulated protein kinase [ERK] and p38) signaling pathways were used to investigate the role of each pathway in LPS-TLR4 signaling. TLR4 protein was increased in ESCC tumor tissues compared with the adjacent normal tissues. TLR4 over-expression was significantly correlated with tumor differentiation grade, lymph node metastasis, and UICC stage. LPS-induced activation of TLR4 signaling promoted cancer cell proliferation, increased production of proinflammatory or immunosuppressive cytokines TNF-α, TGF-β and inhibited the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. LPS-TLR4 signaling was associated with the activation of ERK and p38 MAPK signaling pathways. Further inactivation of the two pathways by specific inhibitors attenuated cell proliferation and inflammatory cytokines expression induced by LPS. Our results indicate that LPS-TLR4 signaling in cancer cells contributes to the progression of human ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukun Zu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Wei Ping
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Taoran Deng
- Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ni Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Xiangning Fu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
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Doerrenberg M, Kloetgen A, Hezaveh K, Wössmann W, Bleckmann K, Stanulla M, Schrappe M, McHardy AC, Borkhardt A, Hoell JI. T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia in infants has distinct genetic and epigenetic features compared to childhood cases. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2016; 56:159-167. [DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Doerrenberg
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology; Heinrich-Heine-University, Medical Faculty; Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Andreas Kloetgen
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology; Heinrich-Heine-University, Medical Faculty; Düsseldorf Germany
- Computational Biology of Infection Research, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research; Braunschweig Germany
| | - Kebria Hezaveh
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology; Heinrich-Heine-University, Medical Faculty; Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Wilhelm Wössmann
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology; University Hospital Gießen and Marburg; Gießen Germany
| | - Kirsten Bleckmann
- ALL BFM Trial Center; University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein; Kiel Germany
| | - Martin Stanulla
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Martin Schrappe
- Department of Pediatrics; University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein; Kiel Germany
| | - Alice C McHardy
- Computational Biology of Infection Research, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research; Braunschweig Germany
| | - Arndt Borkhardt
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology; Heinrich-Heine-University, Medical Faculty; Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Jessica I Hoell
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology; Heinrich-Heine-University, Medical Faculty; Düsseldorf Germany
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Ke X, Zhang S, Wu M, Lou J, Zhang J, Xu T, Huang L, Huang P, Wang F, Pan S. Tumor-associated macrophages promote invasion via Toll-like receptors signaling in patients with ovarian cancer. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 40:184-195. [PMID: 27608303 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) derived from peripheral blood monocytes recruit into tumor microenvironment and display functions associated with tumor progression. The mechanisms by which TAMs display roles that associated with the invasion ability of ovarian cancer have not been well investigated. In our research, we found abundant TAMs infiltrate in ovarian cancer compared with benign ovarian tumor tissues. Levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9 and MMP-10, and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) signaling proteins were evaluated in ovarian cancer. The high level of TAMs was associated with metastasis and advance of patients with ovarian cancer. TAMs and ovarian cancer cell line SKOV3 were cocultured in vitro, MMPs level and the invasion ability of SKOV3 cells were significantly up-regulated. The coculture process was correlated with the activation of TLRs signaling and downstream nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65 and microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) kinases pathway in SKOV3. In addition, pre-incubation with TLRs signaling inhibitors remarkably suppressed invasion ability of SKOV3. Levels of TLRs signaling pathways proteins were also down-regulated in this blocking process. These findings demonstrated that TAMs promoted up-regulation of MMP-2, MMP-9 and MMP-10 expressions and enhanced ovarian cancer cells invasion via TLRs signaling pathway. We conclude that TAMs could enhance ovarian cancer cells invasion and ultimately promote ovarian cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Ke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Shuping Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 210029 Nanjing, China
| | - Meng Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Jianfang Lou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Jiexin Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Ting Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Peijun Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | - Shiyang Pan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China.
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Zhe Y, Li Y, Liu D, Su DM, Liu JG, Li HY. Extracellular HSP70-peptide complexes promote the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells via TLR2/4/JNK1/2MAPK pathway. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:13951-13959. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5189-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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Polizzotto MN, Chen G, Tressler RL, Godfrey C. Leveraging Cancer Therapeutics for the HIV Cure Agenda: Current Status and Future Directions. Drugs 2016. [PMID: 26224205 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-015-0426-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) and undetectable HIV RNA in the plasma, latent replication-competent HIV persists indefinitely in long-lived cells. Cessation of ART results in rebound of HIV from these persistent reservoirs. While this was thought to be an insurmountable obstacle to viral eradication, recent cases suggest otherwise. To date one patient has been "cured" of HIV and several others have been able to interrupt ART without viral rebound for prolonged periods. These events have sparked renewed interest in developing strategies that will allow eradication of HIV in infected individuals. We review the current knowledge of HIV latency and the viral reservoir, describe the potential utility of emerging cancer therapeutics in HIV cure research with an emphasis on pathways implicated in reservoir persistence, and outline opportunities and challenges in the context of the current clinical trial and regulatory environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark N Polizzotto
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 5601 Fishers Lane, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA,
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Liu H, Zhang G, Huang J, Ma S, Mi K, Cheng J, Zhu Y, Zha X, Huang W. Atractylenolide I modulates ovarian cancer cell-mediated immunosuppression by blocking MD-2/TLR4 complex-mediated MyD88/NF-κB signaling in vitro. J Transl Med 2016; 14:104. [PMID: 27118139 PMCID: PMC4847224 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-0845-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND TLR4/MD-2 complex-mediated MyD88-dependent activation of NF-κB and Akt promotes tumor-associated immunosuppression in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) via induction of immunesuppressive cytokines and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). Atractylenolide I (AO-1) is a naturally occurring sesquiterpene lactone known to change the conformational ensemble of human MD-2 on EOC cells. This study examined the modulation by AO-1 of TLR4/MD-2 complex-mediated MyD88/NF-κB signaling. METHODS The expression and activation of NF-κB, Akt and IDO1 by MyD88(+) EOC SKOV3 cells was determined using western blot; the TLR4/MD-2 complex on SKOV3 cells and the phenotype of T lymphocytes were determined using flow cytometry; IDO activity was evaluated by measuring L-kynurenine; Immunesuppressive cytokines were detected using ELISA; T-cell proliferation to mitogen stimulation was assessed by MTT assay; the cytotoxicity of lymphocytes and NK cells was measured using LDH-cytotoxicity assay. RESULTS AO-1 could down-regulate expression of TLR4/MD-2 complex, resulting in downregulation of MyD88/NF-κB signaling and activation of NF-κB, Akt and IDO1 and secretion of IL-6, TGF-β1, VEGF and IL-17A by EOC SKOV3 cells, and further reduce increased levels of regulatory T cells (Treg cells) and improve decreased proliferative response and antitumor cytotoxicity of T lymphocytes exposed to EOC SKOV3 cell supernatant. CONCLUSION AO-1 may reverse EOC cell-mediated immunosuppression through blocking TLR4/MD-2 complex-mediated MyD88/NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 20, Section 3 of South People's Road, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, No.55, Section 4 of South People's Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Guonan Zhang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, No.55, Section 4 of South People's Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jianming Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sichuan Cancer Institute, No.55, Section 4 of South People's Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Shiqi Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sichuan Cancer Institute, No.55, Section 4 of South People's Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Kun Mi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sichuan Cancer Institute, No.55, Section 4 of South People's Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jia Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sichuan Cancer Institute, No.55, Section 4 of South People's Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, No.55, Section 4 of South People's Road, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Department of Ultrasound, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, No.55, Section 4 of South People's Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiao Zha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sichuan Cancer Institute, No.55, Section 4 of South People's Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 20, Section 3 of South People's Road, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Tropisetron suppresses colitis-associated cancer in a mouse model in the remission stage. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 36:9-16. [PMID: 27104313 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have a high risk for development of colitis-associated cancer (CAC). Serotonin is a neurotransmitter produced by enterochromaffin cells of the intestine. Serotonin and its receptors, mainly 5-HT3 receptor, are overexpressed in IBD and promote development of CAC through production of inflammatory cytokines. In the present study, we demonstrated the in vivo activity of tropisetron, a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, against experimental CAC. CAC was induced by azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sodium sulfate (DDS) in BALB/c mice. The histopathology of colon tissue was performed. Beta-catenin and Cox-2 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry as well as quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR). Alterations in the expression of 5-HT3 receptor and inflammatory-associated genes such as Il-1β, Tnf-α, Tlr4 and Myd88 were determined by qRT-PCR. Our results showed that tumor development in tropisetron-treated CAC group was significantly lower than the controls. The qRT-PCR analysis demonstrated that the expression of 5-HT3 receptor was significantly increased following CAC induction. In addition, tropisetron reduced expression of β-catenin and Cox-2 in the CAC experimental group. The levels of Il-1β, Tnf-α, Tlr4 and Myd88 were significantly decreased upon tropisetron treatment in the AOM/DSS group. Taken together, our data show that tropisetron inhibits development of CAC probably by attenuation of inflammatory reactions in the colitis.
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Zou H, Wang WK, Liu YL, Braddock M, Zheng MH, Huang DS. Toll-like receptors in hepatocellular carcinoma: potential novel targets for pharmacological intervention. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2016; 20:1127-35. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2016.1168809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Chuffa LGA, Alves MS, Martinez M, Camargo ICC, Pinheiro PFF, Domeniconi RF, Júnior LAL, Martinez FE. Apoptosis is triggered by melatonin in an in vivo model of ovarian carcinoma. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:65-76. [PMID: 26555801 DOI: 10.1530/erc-15-0463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis plays an important role in the treatment of cancer, and targeting apoptosis-related molecules in ovarian cancer (OC) is of great therapeutic value. Melatonin (Mel) is an indoleamine displaying several anti-cancer properties and has been reported to modulate apoptosis signaling in multiple tumor subtypes. We investigated OC and the role of Mel therapy on the pro-apoptotic (p53, BAX, caspase-3, and cleaved caspase-3) and anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2 and survivin) proteins in an ethanol (EtOH)-preferring rat model. To induce OC, the left ovary was injected directly with a single dose of 100 μg 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene dissolved in 10 μl of sesame oil under the bursa. Right ovaries were used as sham-surgery controls. After developing OC, half of the animals received i.p. injections of Mel (200 μg/100 g BW per day) for 60 days. Body weight gain, EtOH consumption, and energy intake were unaffected by the treatments. Interestingly, absolute and relative OC masses showed a significant reduction after Mel therapy, regardless of EtOH consumption. To accomplish OC-related apoptosis, we first observed that p53, BAX, caspase-3, and cleaved caspase-3 were downregulated in OC tissue while Bcl-2 and survivin were overexpressed. Notably, Mel therapy and EtOH intake promoted apoptosis along with the upregulation of p53, BAX, and cleaved caspase-3. Fragmentation of DNA observed by TUNEL-positive nuclei was also enhanced following Mel treatment. In addition, Bcl-2 was downregulated by the EtOH intake and lower survivin levels were observed after Mel therapy. Taken together, these results suggest that Mel induce apoptosis in OC cells of EtOH-preferring animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Gustavo A Chuffa
- Department of AnatomyInstitute of Biosciences of Botucatu, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, PO Box 18618-970, Rubião Júnior, s/n, Botucatu, São Paulo 510, BrazilDepartment of Morphology and PathologyUFSCar - Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, BrazilDepartment of Biological SciencesFaculty of Sciences and Letters, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Assis, São Paulo 19806-900, Brazil
| | - Michelly S Alves
- Department of AnatomyInstitute of Biosciences of Botucatu, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, PO Box 18618-970, Rubião Júnior, s/n, Botucatu, São Paulo 510, BrazilDepartment of Morphology and PathologyUFSCar - Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, BrazilDepartment of Biological SciencesFaculty of Sciences and Letters, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Assis, São Paulo 19806-900, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Martinez
- Department of AnatomyInstitute of Biosciences of Botucatu, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, PO Box 18618-970, Rubião Júnior, s/n, Botucatu, São Paulo 510, BrazilDepartment of Morphology and PathologyUFSCar - Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, BrazilDepartment of Biological SciencesFaculty of Sciences and Letters, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Assis, São Paulo 19806-900, Brazil
| | - Isabel Cristina C Camargo
- Department of AnatomyInstitute of Biosciences of Botucatu, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, PO Box 18618-970, Rubião Júnior, s/n, Botucatu, São Paulo 510, BrazilDepartment of Morphology and PathologyUFSCar - Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, BrazilDepartment of Biological SciencesFaculty of Sciences and Letters, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Assis, São Paulo 19806-900, Brazil
| | - Patricia F F Pinheiro
- Department of AnatomyInstitute of Biosciences of Botucatu, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, PO Box 18618-970, Rubião Júnior, s/n, Botucatu, São Paulo 510, BrazilDepartment of Morphology and PathologyUFSCar - Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, BrazilDepartment of Biological SciencesFaculty of Sciences and Letters, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Assis, São Paulo 19806-900, Brazil
| | - Raquel F Domeniconi
- Department of AnatomyInstitute of Biosciences of Botucatu, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, PO Box 18618-970, Rubião Júnior, s/n, Botucatu, São Paulo 510, BrazilDepartment of Morphology and PathologyUFSCar - Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, BrazilDepartment of Biological SciencesFaculty of Sciences and Letters, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Assis, São Paulo 19806-900, Brazil
| | - Luiz Antonio L Júnior
- Department of AnatomyInstitute of Biosciences of Botucatu, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, PO Box 18618-970, Rubião Júnior, s/n, Botucatu, São Paulo 510, BrazilDepartment of Morphology and PathologyUFSCar - Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, BrazilDepartment of Biological SciencesFaculty of Sciences and Letters, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Assis, São Paulo 19806-900, Brazil
| | - Francisco Eduardo Martinez
- Department of AnatomyInstitute of Biosciences of Botucatu, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, PO Box 18618-970, Rubião Júnior, s/n, Botucatu, São Paulo 510, BrazilDepartment of Morphology and PathologyUFSCar - Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, BrazilDepartment of Biological SciencesFaculty of Sciences and Letters, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Assis, São Paulo 19806-900, Brazil
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Lopes JAG, Borges-Canha M, Pimentel-Nunes P. Innate immunity and hepatocarcinoma: Can toll-like receptors open the door to oncogenesis? World J Hepatol 2016; 8:162-182. [PMID: 26839640 PMCID: PMC4724579 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v8.i3.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocarcinoma (HCC) is a highly prevalent cancer worldwide and its inflammatory background was established long ago. Recent studies have shown that innate immunity is closely related to the HCC carcinogenesis. An effective innate immunity response relies on the toll-like receptors (TLR) found in several different liver cells which, through different ligands and many signaling pathways can elicit, not only a pro-inflammatory but also an oncogenic or anti-oncogenic response. Our aim was to study the role of TLRs in the liver oncogenesis and as a consequence their value as potential therapeutic targets. We performed a systematic review of PubMed searching for original articles studying the relationship between HCC and TLRs until March 2015. TLR2 appears to be a fundamental stress-sensor as its absence reveals an augmented tendency to accumulate DNA-damages and to cell survival. However, pathways are still not fully understood as TLR2 up-regulation was also associated to enhanced tumorigenesis. TLR3 has a well-known protective role influencing crucial processes like angiogenesis, cell growth or proliferation. TLR4 works as an interesting epithelial-mesenchymal transition’s inducer and a promoter of cell survival probably inducing HCC carcinogenesis even though an anti-cancer role has already been observed. TLR9’s influence on carcinogenesis is also controversial and despite a potential anti-cancer capacity, a pro-tumorigenic role is more likely. Genetic polymorphisms in some TLRs have been found and its influence on the risk of HCC has been reported. As therapeutic targets, TLRs are already in use and have a great potential. In conclusion, TLRs have been shown to be an interesting influence on the HCC’s microenvironment, with TLR3 clearly determining an anti-tumour influence. TLR4 and TLR9 are considered to have a positive relationship with tumour development even though, in each of them anti-tumorigenic signals have been described. TLR2 presents a more ambiguous role, possibly depending on the stage of the inflammation-HCC axis.
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Taghavi Pourianazar N, Gunduz U. CpG oligodeoxynucleotide-loaded PAMAM dendrimer-coated magnetic nanoparticles promote apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 78:81-91. [PMID: 26898428 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
One major application of nanotechnology in cancer treatment involves designing nanoparticles to deliver drugs, oligonucleotides, and genes to cancer cells. Nanoparticles should be engineered so that they could target and destroy tumor cells with minimal damage to healthy tissues. This research aims to develop an appropriate and efficient nanocarrier, having the ability of interacting with and delivering CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODNs) to tumor cells. CpG-ODNs activate Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), which can generate a signal cascade for cell death. In our study, we utilized three-layer magnetic nanoparticles composed of a Fe3O4 magnetic core, an aminosilane (APTS) interlayer and a cationic poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer. This will be a novel targeted delivery system to enhance the accumulation of CpG-ODN molecules in tumor cells. The validation of CpG-ODN binding to DcMNPs was performed using agarose gel electrophoresis, UV-spectrophotometer, XPS analyses. Cytotoxicity of conjugates was assessed in MDA-MB231 and SKBR3 cancer cells based on cell viability by XTT assay and flow cytometric analysis. Our results indicated that the synthesized DcMNPs having high positive charges on their surface could attach to CpG-ODN molecules via electrostatic means. These nanoparticles with the average sizes of 40±10nm bind to CpG-ODN molecules efficiently and induce cell death in MDA-MB231 and SKBR3 tumor cells and could be considered a suitable targeted delivery system for CpG-ODN in biomedical applications. The magnetic core of these nanoparticles represents a promising option for selective drug targeting as they can be concentrated and held in position by means of an external magnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ufuk Gunduz
- Middle East Technical University, Department of Biotechnology, 06800 Ankara, Turkey; Middle East Technical University, Department of Biological Sciences, 06800 Ankara, Turkey.
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Huang WS, Yang JT, Lu CC, Chang SF, Chen CN, Su YP, Lee KC. Fulvic Acid Attenuates Resistin-Induced Adhesion of HCT-116 Colorectal Cancer Cells to Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:29370-82. [PMID: 26690142 PMCID: PMC4691117 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A high level of serum resistin has recently been found in patients with a number of cancers, including colorectal cancer (CRC). Hence, resistin may play a role in CRC development. Fulvic acid (FA), a class of humic substances, possesses pharmacological properties. However, the effect of FA on cancer pathophysiology remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of resistin on the endothelial adhesion of CRC and to determine whether FA elicits an antagonistic mechanism to neutralize this resistin effect. Human HCT-116 (p53-negative) and SW-48 (p53-positive) CRC cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were used in the experiments. Treatment of both HCT-116 and SW-48 cells with resistin increases the adhesion of both cells to HUVECs. This result indicated that p53 may not regulate this resistin effect. A mechanistic study in HCT-116 cells further showed that this resistin effect occurs via the activation of NF-κB and the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). Co-treating cells with both FA and resistin revealed that FA significantly attenuated the resistin-increased NF-κB activation and ICAM-1/VCAM-1 expression and the consequent adhesion of HCT-116 cells to HUVECs. These results demonstrate the role of resistin in promoting HCT-116 cell adhesion to HUVECs and indicate that FA might be a potential candidate for the inhibition of the endothelial adhesion of CRC in response to resistin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Shih Huang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613, Taiwan.
| | - Jen-Tsung Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Chiayi, Chang-Gung University College of Medicine, Chiayi 613, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Chang Lu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan.
| | - Shun-Fu Chang
- Department of Medical Research and Development, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Chiayi Branch, Chiayi 613, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Nan Chen
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 600, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Ping Su
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital & School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
| | - Ko-Chao Lee
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan.
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SAG-UPS regulates malignant transformation--from chronic inflammation to pro-tumorigenesis to liver cancer. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1941. [PMID: 26492374 PMCID: PMC4632326 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Nijaguna MB, Schröder C, Patil V, Shwetha SD, Hegde AS, Chandramouli BA, Arivazhagan A, Santosh V, Hoheisel JD, Somasundaram K. Definition of a serum marker panel for glioblastoma discrimination and identification of Interleukin 1β in the microglial secretome as a novel mediator of endothelial cell survival induced by C-reactive protein. J Proteomics 2015; 128:251-61. [PMID: 26232108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant adult primary brain tumor. We profiled 724 cancer-associated proteins in sera of healthy individuals (n=27) and GBM (n=28) using antibody microarray. While 69 proteins exhibited differential abundance in GBM sera, a three-marker panel (LYAM1, BHE40 and CRP) could discriminate GBM sera from that of healthy donors with an accuracy of 89.7% and p<0.0001. The high abundance of C-reactive protein (CRP) in GBM sera was confirmed in 264 independent samples. High levels of CRP protein was seen in GBM but without a change in transcript levels suggesting a non-tumoral origin. Glioma-secreted Interleukin 6 (IL6) was found to induce hepatocytes to secrete CRP, involving JAK-STAT pathway. The culture supernatant from CRP-treated microglial cells induced endothelial cell survival under nutrient-deprivation condition involving CRP-FcγRIII signaling cascade. Transcript profiling of CRP-treated microglial cells identified Interleukin 1β (IL1β) present in the microglial secretome as the key mediator of CRP-induced endothelial cell survival. IL1β neutralization by antibody-binding or siRNA-mediated silencing in microglial cells reduced the ability of the supernatant from CRP-treated microglial cells to induce endothelial cell survival. Thus our study identifies a serum based three-marker panel for GBM diagnosis and provides leads for developing targeted therapies. Biological significance A complex antibody microarray based serum marker profiling identified a three-marker panel - LYAM1, BHE40 and CRP as an accurate discriminator of glioblastoma sera from that of healthy individuals. CRP protein is seen in high levels without a concomitant increase of CRP transcripts in glioblastoma. Glioma-secreted IL6 induced hepatocytes to produce CRP in a JAK-STAT signaling dependent manner. CRP induced microglial cells to release IL1β which in turn promoted endothelial cell survival. This study, besides defining a serum panel for glioblastoma discrimination, identified IL1β as a potential candidate for developing targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamatha B Nijaguna
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Christoph Schröder
- Functional Genome Analysis, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vikas Patil
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Shivayogi D Shwetha
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore 560029, India
| | - Alangar S Hegde
- Sri Satya Sai Institute of Higher Medical Sciences, Bangalore 560066, India
| | - Bangalore A Chandramouli
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore 560029, India
| | - Arimappamagan Arivazhagan
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore 560029, India
| | - Vani Santosh
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore 560029, India
| | - Jörg D Hoheisel
- Functional Genome Analysis, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Kumaravel Somasundaram
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
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66
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Ke X, Wu M, Lou J, Zhang S, Huang P, Sun R, Huang L, Xie E, Wang F, Gu B. Activation of Toll-like receptors signaling in non-small cell lung cancer cell line induced by tumor-associated macrophages. Chin J Cancer Res 2015; 27:181-9. [PMID: 25937780 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.1000-9604.2015.03.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation is often linked with the progress and poor outcome of lung cancer. The understanding of the relationship between tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and lung cancer cells involves in the underlying mechanism of inflammatory cytokine production. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are engaged in promoting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and play an important role in tumor immunology. METHODS To investigate the mechanisms by which TAMs influence the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in lung cancer cells, we established an in vitro coculture system using TAMs and human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell line SPC-A1. Levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 in SPC-A1 were evaluated by RT-PCR and cytometric bead array assay after being cocultured with TAMs. Expression changes of TLRs and TLRs signaling pathway proteins in SPC-A1 were further confirmed by RT-PCR and western blot. The level changes of IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 in SPC-A1 were also detected after the stimulation of TLRs agonists. RESULTS We found that the phenotype markers of TAMs were highly expressed after stimulating human monocyte cell line THP-1 by phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA). Higher mRNA and supernate secretion levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 were detected in SPC-A1 after being cocultured with TAMs. We also found that TLR1, TLR6 and TLR7 were up-regulated in SPC-A1 in the coculture system with TAMs. Meanwhile, TLRs signaling pathway proteins were also significantly activated. Moreover, pre-treatment with agonist ligands for TLR1, TLR6 and TLR7 could dramatically promote inductions of IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrated that TAMs may enhance IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 expressions via TLRs signaling pathway. We conclude that TAMs contribute to maintain the inflammation microenvironment and ultimately promote the development and progression of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Ke
- 1 Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 2 National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Meng Wu
- 1 Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 2 National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Jianfang Lou
- 1 Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 2 National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Shuping Zhang
- 1 Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 2 National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Peijun Huang
- 1 Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 2 National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Ruihong Sun
- 1 Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 2 National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Lei Huang
- 1 Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 2 National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Erfu Xie
- 1 Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 2 National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Fang Wang
- 1 Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 2 National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Bing Gu
- 1 Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 2 National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
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Heiserman JP, Chen L, Kim BS, Kim SC, Tran AL, Siebenborn N, Knowlton AA. TLR4 mutation and HSP60-induced cell death in adult mouse cardiac myocytes. Cell Stress Chaperones 2015; 20:527-35. [PMID: 25716072 PMCID: PMC4406935 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-015-0577-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular (ex) HSP60 is increasingly recognized as an agent of cell injury. Previously, we reported that low endotoxin exHSP60 causes cardiac myocyte apoptosis. Our findings supported a role for Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 in HSP60 mediated apoptosis. To further investigate the involvement of TLR4 in cardiac injury, we studied adult cardiac myocytes from C3H/HeJ (HeJ) mice, which have a mutant, nonfunctional TLR4, and compared the results with parallel studies using wild-type (WT) mice. Nuclear factor κB (NFκB) activation is an early step downstream of TLR4. NFκB was activated 1 h after treatment with HSP60 in WT, but not HeJ mouse myocytes. ExHSP60 caused apoptosis in cardiac myocytes from WT mice, but not in myocytes from the HeJ mutants. To further elucidate the importance of exHSP60 in cardiac myocyte injury, both WT and HeJ mutant isolated mouse adult cardiac myocytes were exposed to hypoxia/reoxygenation. Anti-HSP60 antibody treatment reduced apoptosis in the WT group, but had no effect on the HeJ mutant myocytes. Unexpectedly, necrosis was also decreased in the HeJ mutants. Necrosis after hypoxia/reoxygenation in WT cardiac myocytes was mediated in part by TLR2 and TLR4 through rapid activation of PKCα, followed by increased expression of Nox2, and this was ameliorated by blocking antibodies to TLR2/4. These studies provide further evidence that TLR4 mediates exHSP60-associated apoptosis and that exHSP60 has an important role in cardiac myocyte injury, both apoptotic and necrotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. P. Heiserman
- />Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - L. Chen
- />Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - B. S. Kim
- />Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- />Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - S. C. Kim
- />Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - A. L. Tran
- />Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - N. Siebenborn
- />Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - A. A. Knowlton
- />Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- />VA Medical Center, Sacramento, CA USA
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Yoon HJ, Jeon SB, Koh HS, Song JY, Kim SS, Kim IH, Park EJ. Distinctive responses of brain tumor cells to TLR2 ligands. Glia 2015; 63:894-905. [PMID: 25628091 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Malignant brain tumor mass contains significant numbers of infiltrating glial cells that may intimately interact with tumor cells and influence cancer treatments. Understanding of characteristic discrepancies between normal GLIA and tumor cells would, therefore, be valuable for improving anticancer therapeutics. Here, we report distinct differences in toll-like receptors (TLR)-2-mediated responses between normal glia and primary brain tumor cell lines. We found that tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT1 by TLR2 ligands and its downstream events did not occur in mouse, rat, or human brain tumor cell lines, but were markedly induced in normal primary microglia and astrocytes. Using TLR2-deficient, interferon (IFN)-γ-deficient, and IFNγ-receptor-1-deficient mice, we revealed that the impaired phosphorylation of STAT1 might be linked with defective TLR2 system in tumor cells, and that a TLR2-dependent pathway, not IFNγ-receptor machinery, might be critical for tyrosine STAT1 phosphorylation by TLR2 ligands. We also found that TLR2 and its heterodimeric partners, TLR1 and 6, on brain tumor cells failed to properly respond to TLR2 ligands, and representative TLR2-dependent cellular events, such as inflammatory responses and cell death, were not detected in brain tumor cells. Similar results were obtained in in vitro and in vivo experiments using orthotopic mouse and rat brain tumor models. Collectively, these results suggest that primary brain tumor cells may exhibit a distinctive dysfunction of TLR2-associated responses, resulting in abnormal signaling and cellular events. Careful targeting of this distinctive property could serve as the basis for effective therapeutic approaches against primary brain tumors.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Brain Neoplasms/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cells, Cultured
- Cerebral Cortex/cytology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Interferon-gamma
- Ligands
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neuroblastoma/pathology
- Neuroglia/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Interferon/deficiency
- Receptors, Interferon/genetics
- Toll-Like Receptor 2/genetics
- Toll-Like Receptor 2/metabolism
- Interferon gamma Receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jung Yoon
- Cancer Immunology Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
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69
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Liu WT, Jing YY, Yu GF, Han ZP, Yu DD, Fan QM, Ye F, Li R, Gao L, Zhao QD, Wu MC, Wei LX. Toll like receptor 4 facilitates invasion and migration as a cancer stem cell marker in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2015; 358:136-143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Melatonin attenuates the TLR4-mediated inflammatory response through MyD88- and TRIF-dependent signaling pathways in an in vivo model of ovarian cancer. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:34. [PMID: 25655081 PMCID: PMC4322437 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1032-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are effector molecules expressed on the surface of ovarian cancer (OC) cells, but the functions of the TLR2/TLR4 signaling pathways in these cells remain unclear. Melatonin (mel) acts as an anti-inflammatory factor and has been reported to modulate TLRs in some aggressive tumor cell types. Therefore, we investigated OC and the effect of long-term mel therapy on the signaling pathways mediated by TLR2 and TLR4 via myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and toll-like receptor-associated activator of interferon (TRIF) in an ethanol-preferring rat model. Methods To induce OC, the left ovary of animals either consuming 10% (v/v) ethanol or not was injected directly under the bursa with a single dose of 100 μg of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) dissolved in 10 μL of sesame oil. The right ovaries were used as sham-surgery controls. After developing OC, half of the animals received i.p. injections of mel (200 μg/100 g b.w./day) for 60 days. Results Although mel therapy was unable to reduce TLR2 levels, it was able to suppress the OC-associated increase in the levels of the following proteins: TLR4, MyD88, nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB p65), inhibitor of NFkB alpha (IkBα), IkB kinase alpha (IKK-α), TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), TRIF, interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), interferon β (IFN-β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin (IL)-6. In addition, mel significantly attenuated the expression of IkBα, NFkB p65, TRIF and IRF-3, which are involved in TLR4-mediated signaling in OC during ethanol intake. Conclusion Collectively, our results suggest that mel attenuates the TLR4-induced MyD88- and TRIF-dependent signaling pathways in ethanol-preferring rats with OC.
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71
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Zhang Y, Li Y, Li Y, Li R, Ma Y, Wang H, Wang Y. Chloroquine inhibits MGC803 gastric cancer cell migration via the Toll-like receptor 9/nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:1366-71. [PMID: 25369757 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulation of Toll‑like receptor 9 (TLR9) has been associated with invasion in various types of cancer cell in vitro. The present study aimed to evaluate the expression of TLR9 in MGC803 gastric cancer cells and investigate the effect of a non‑specific TLR9 inhibitor, chloroquine (CQ), on MGC803 cell migration via the TLR9/nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) signaling pathway. The expression of TLR9 was investigated using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‑PCR), flow cytometry and western blot analysis. The effects of CQ on MGC803 cell proliferation were measured by MTT colorimetric assay. The mRNA expression levels of cyclooxygenase‑2 (COX‑2), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‑2, MMP‑7 and NFκB p65 were evaluated by RT‑PCR in MGC803 cells stimulated by various concentrations of CQ. The migration of gastric cancer cells treated with CQ at 12, 24 and 36 h was measured by wound healing assay. The results indicated that MGC803 cells expressed TLR9 and that CQ had anti‑proliferative effects on MGC803 cells and inhibited mRNA expression of COX‑2, MMP‑2, MMP‑7 and NFκB p65 (P<0.05). Furthermore, CQ inhibited the bioactivity of NFκB p65 and prevented the migration of MGC803 cells in a dose‑dependent manner (P<0.05). In conclusion, the results indicated that the TLR9/NFκB signaling pathway was involved in gastric cancer cell migration and that CQ had anti‑tumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medicine, Ningixia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Yunhong Li
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Yalan Li
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medicine, Ningixia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medicine, Ningixia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Yajun Ma
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medicine, Ningixia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medicine, Ningixia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Yin Wang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
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Braganhol E, Kukulski F, Lévesque SA, Fausther M, Lavoie EG, Zanotto-Filho A, Bergamin LS, Pelletier J, Bahrami F, Ben Yebdri F, Fonseca Moreira JC, Battastini AMO, Sévigny J. Nucleotide receptors control IL-8/CXCL8 and MCP-1/CCL2 secretions as well as proliferation in human glioma cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1852:120-30. [PMID: 25445541 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glioma cells release cytokines to stimulate inflammation that facilitates cell proliferation. Here, we show that Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment could induce glioma cells to proliferate and this process was dependent on nucleotide receptor activation as well as interleukin-8 (IL-8/CXCL8) secretion. We observed that extracellular nucleotides controlled IL-8/CXCL8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1/CCL2) release by U251MG and U87MG human glioma cell lines via P2X7 and P2Y6 receptor activation. The LPS-induced release of these cytokines was also modulated by purinergic receptor activation since IL-8 and MCP-1 release was decreased by the nucleotide scavenger apyrase as well as by the pharmacological P2Y6 receptor antagonists suramin and MRS2578. In agreement with these observations, the knockdown of P2Y6 expression decreased LPS-induced IL-8 release as well as the spontaneous release of IL-8 and MCP-1, suggesting an endogenous basal release of nucleotides. Moreover, high millimolar concentrations of ATP increased IL-8 and MCP-1 release by the glioma cells stimulated with suboptimal LPS concentration which were blocked by P2X7 and P2Y6 antagonists. Altogether, these data suggest that extracellular nucleotides control glioma growth via P2 receptor-dependent IL-8 and MCP-1 secretions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizandra Braganhol
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d'Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Filip Kukulski
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d'Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Sébastien A Lévesque
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d'Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Michel Fausther
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d'Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Elise G Lavoie
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d'Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Alfeu Zanotto-Filho
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Leticia S Bergamin
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Julie Pelletier
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d'Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Fariborz Bahrami
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d'Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Fethia Ben Yebdri
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d'Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | | | - Ana Maria O Battastini
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Jean Sévigny
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d'Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada.
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Langhe R, Norris L, Saadeh FA, Blackshields G, Varley R, Harrison A, Gleeson N, Spillane C, Martin C, O'Donnell DM, D'Arcy T, O'Leary J, O'Toole S. A novel serum microRNA panel to discriminate benign from malignant ovarian disease. Cancer Lett 2014; 356:628-36. [PMID: 25451316 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the seventh most common cancer in women and the most frequent cause of gynaecological malignancy-related mortality in women. Currently, no standardized reliable screening test exists. MicroRNA profiling has allowed the identification of signatures associated with diagnosis, prognosis and response to treatment of human tumours. The aim of this study was to determine if a microRNA signature could distinguish between malignant and benign ovarian disease. A training set of 5 serous ovarian carcinomas and 5 benign serous cystadenomas were selected for the initial experiments. The validation set included 20 serous ovarian carcinomas and 20 benign serous cystadenomas. The serum/plasma focus microRNA Exiqon panel was used for the training set. For the validation set a pick and mix Exiqon panel, which focuses on microRNAs of interest was used. A panel of 4 microRNAs (let-7i-5p, miR-122, miR-152-5p and miR-25-3p) was significantly down regulated in cancer patients. These microRNAs target WNT signalling, AKT/mTOR and TLR-4/MyD88, which have previously been found to play a role in ovarian carcinogenesis and chemoresistance. let-7i-5p, miR-122, miR-152-5p and miR-25-3p could act as diagnostic biomarkers in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ream Langhe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland; Department of Histopathology, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
| | - Lucy Norris
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Feras Abu Saadeh
- Department of Gynaecological-Oncology, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Gordon Blackshields
- Department of Histopathology, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Rachel Varley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Ashling Harrison
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Noreen Gleeson
- Department of Gynaecological-Oncology, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Cathy Spillane
- Department of Histopathology, Trinity College Dublin, Coombe Women's and Infants University Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Cara Martin
- Department of Histopathology, Trinity College Dublin, Coombe Women's and Infants University Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | | | - Tom D'Arcy
- Department of Gynaecological-Oncology, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - John O'Leary
- Department of Histopathology, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland; Department of Histopathology, Trinity College Dublin, Coombe Women's and Infants University Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Sharon O'Toole
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland; Department of Histopathology, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
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74
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Ferreira GM, Martinez M, Camargo ICC, Domeniconi RF, Martinez FE, Chuffa LGA. Melatonin Attenuates Her-2, p38 MAPK, p-AKT, and mTOR Levels in Ovarian Carcinoma of Ethanol-Preferring Rats. J Cancer 2014; 5:728-35. [PMID: 25368672 PMCID: PMC4216796 DOI: 10.7150/jca.10196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptors 2 (Her-2) and 4 (Her-4) are closely associated with ovarian cancer (OC) progression and metastasis, and a more complete understanding of these signaling pathways allow the development of new therapeutic strategies. Melatonin (Mel) is recognized as having several anticancer properties and has been reported to modulate Her-2 system in aggressive tumors. Here, we investigated OC and the role of Mel therapy on the Her-2- and Her-4-signaling pathway related to downstream molecules in an ethanol-preferring rat model. To induce OC, the left ovary was injected directly with a single dose of 100 µg 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) dissolved in 10 µL of sesame oil under the bursa. Right ovaries were used as sham-surgery controls. After developing OC, half of the animals received i.p. injections of Mel (200 µg/100 g b.w./day) for 60 days. While Mel therapy was unable to reduce Her-4 and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) levels, it was able to suppress the OC-related increase in the levels of the Her-2, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38 MAPK), protein kinase B (phospho-AKT), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). In addition, Mel significantly attenuated the expression of Her-2, p38 MAPK, and p-AKT, which are involved in OC signaling during ethanol intake. Collectively, our results suggest that Mel attenuates the Her-2-signaling pathway in OC of ethanol-preferring rats, providing an effective contribution for further development of adjuvant therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazielle M Ferreira
- 1. Department of Anatomy, Biosciences Institute, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Botucatu-SP, Brazil, 18618-970
| | - Marcelo Martinez
- 2. Department of Morphology and Pathology, UFSCar - Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos-SP, Brazil, 13565-905
| | - Isabel Cristina C Camargo
- 3. Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Letters, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Assis-SP, Brazil, 19806-900
| | - Raquel F Domeniconi
- 1. Department of Anatomy, Biosciences Institute, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Botucatu-SP, Brazil, 18618-970
| | - Francisco Eduardo Martinez
- 1. Department of Anatomy, Biosciences Institute, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Botucatu-SP, Brazil, 18618-970
| | - Luiz Gustavo A Chuffa
- 1. Department of Anatomy, Biosciences Institute, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Botucatu-SP, Brazil, 18618-970
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75
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Muccioli M, Benencia F. Toll-like Receptors in Ovarian Cancer as Targets for Immunotherapies. Front Immunol 2014; 5:341. [PMID: 25101083 PMCID: PMC4105689 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, it has become apparent that toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling can play an important role in ovarian cancer (OC) progression. Interestingly, TLR activation in immune cells can help activate an anti-tumor response, while TLR signaling in tumor cells themselves is often associated with cancer-promoting inflammation. For example, it has been shown that TLR activation in dendritic cells can result in more effective antigen presentation to T cells, thereby favoring tumor eradication. However, aberrant TLR expression in OC cells is associated with more aggressive disease (likely due to recruitment of pro-tumoral leukocytes to the tumor site) and has also been implicated in resistance to mainstream chemotherapy. The delicate balance of TLR activation in the tumor microenvironment in different cell types altogether help shape the inflammatory profile and outcome of tumor growth or regression. With further studies, specific activation or repression of TLRs may be harnessed to offer novel immunotherapies or adjuvants to traditional chemotherapy for some OC patients. Herewith, we review recent literature on basic and translational research concerning therapeutic targeting of TLR pathways for the treatment of OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Muccioli
- Molecular and Cell Biology Program, Ohio University , Athens, OH , USA
| | - Fabian Benencia
- Molecular and Cell Biology Program, Ohio University , Athens, OH , USA ; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University , Athens, OH , USA
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76
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Wang Y, Sun C, Li T, Xu H, Zhou Y, Dan H, Jiang L, Zeng X, Li L, Li J, Liao G, Chen Q. Integrative approach detected association between genetic variants of microRNA binding sites of TLRs pathway genes and OSCC susceptibility in Chinese Han population. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101695. [PMID: 24999832 PMCID: PMC4085003 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a leading malignancy worldwide; the overall 5-year survival rate is approximately 50%. A variety of proteins in Toll-like receptors (TLRs) pathway have been related with the risk of OSCC. However, the influence of genetic variations in TLRs pathway genes on OSCC susceptibility is unclear. Previous studies mainly focused on the coding region of genes, while the UTR region remains unstudied. In the current study, a bioinformatics approach was performed to select candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on microRNA binding sites of TLRs pathway genes related with OSCC. After screening 90 OSCC related TLRs pathway genes, 16 SNPs were selected for genotyping. We found that rs5030486, the polymorphisms on 3′ UTR of TRAF6, was significantly associated with OSCC risk. AG genotype of TRAF6 was strongly associated with a decreased risk of OSCC (OR = 0.252; 95% CI = 0.106, 0.598; p = 0.001). In addition, AG genotype was also related with a reduced risk of OSCC progression both in univariable analysis (HR = 0.303, 95% CI = 0.092, 0.995) and multivariable analysis (HR = 0.272, 95% CI = 0.082, 0.903). Furthermore, after detecting the mRNA expression level of TRAF6 in 24 OSCC patients, we found that TRAF6 expression level was significantly different between patients carrying different genotypes at locus rs5030486 (p = 0.013), indicating that rs5030486 of TRAF6 might contribute to OSCC risk by altering TRAF6 expression level. In general, these data indicated that SNP rs5030486 could be a potential bio-marker for OSCC risk and our results might provide new insights into the association of polymorphisms within the non-coding area of genes with cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chongkui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Taiwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongxia Dan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Longjiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- * E-mail: (GL); (JL)
| | - Ga Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- * E-mail: (GL); (JL)
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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d'Adhemar CJ, Spillane CD, Gallagher MF, Bates M, Costello KM, Barry-O'Crowley J, Haley K, Kernan N, Murphy C, Smyth PC, O'Byrne K, Pennington S, Cooke AA, Ffrench B, Martin CM, O'Donnell D, Hennessy B, Stordal B, Finn S, McCann A, Gleeson N, D'Arcy T, Flood B, O'Neill LAJ, Sheils O, O'Toole S, O'Leary JJ. The MyD88+ phenotype is an adverse prognostic factor in epithelial ovarian cancer. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100816. [PMID: 24977712 PMCID: PMC4076208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of epithelial ovarian cancer is poor in part due to the high frequency of chemoresistance. Recent evidence points to the Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4), and particularly its adaptor protein MyD88, as one potential mediator of this resistance. This study aims to provide further evidence that MyD88 positive cancer cells are clinically significant, stem-like and reproducibly detectable for the purposes of prognostic stratification. Expression of TLR4 and MyD88 was assessed immunohistochemically in 198 paraffin-embedded ovarian tissues and in an embryonal carcinoma model of cancer stemness. In parallel, expression of TLR4 and MyD88 mRNA and regulatory microRNAs (miR-21 and miR-146a) was assessed, as well as in a series of chemosensitive and resistant cancer cells lines. Functional analysis of the pathway was assessed in chemoresistant SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cells. TLR4 and MyD88 expression can be reproducibly assessed via immunohistochemistry using a semi-quantitative scoring system. TLR4 expression was present in all ovarian epithelium (normal and neoplastic), whereas MyD88 was restricted to neoplastic cells, independent of tumour grade and associated with reduced progression-free and overall survival, in an immunohistological specific subset of serous carcinomas, p<0.05. MiR-21 and miR-146a expression was significantly increased in MyD88 negative cancers (p<0.05), indicating their participation in regulation. Significant alterations in MyD88 mRNA expression were observed between chemosensitive and chemoresistant cells and tissue. Knockdown of TLR4 in SKOV-3 ovarian cells recovered chemosensitivity. Knockdown of MyD88 alone did not. MyD88 expression was down-regulated in differentiated embryonal carcinoma (NTera2) cells, supporting the MyD88+ cancer stem cell hypothesis. Our findings demonstrate that expression of MyD88 is associated with significantly reduced patient survival and altered microRNA levels and suggest an intact/functioning TLR4/MyD88 pathway is required for acquisition of the chemoresistant phenotype. Ex vivo manipulation of ovarian cancer stem cell (CSC) differentiation can decrease MyD88 expression, providing a potentially valuable CSC model for ovarian cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology
- Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/diagnosis
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/drug therapy
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/genetics
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/mortality
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genotype
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Middle Aged
- Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88/genetics
- Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/diagnosis
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/drug therapy
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/genetics
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/mortality
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Ovarian Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Ovarian Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Ovarian Neoplasms/genetics
- Ovarian Neoplasms/mortality
- Paclitaxel/pharmacology
- Phenotype
- Prognosis
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Survival Analysis
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/antagonists & inhibitors
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/genetics
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cathy D. Spillane
- Department of Histopathology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Mark Bates
- Department of Histopathology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Katie M. Costello
- Department of Pathology, Coombe Women's & Infants University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Kathryn Haley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niamh Kernan
- Department of Pathology, Coombe Women's & Infants University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ciara Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Coombe Women's & Infants University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paul C. Smyth
- Department of Histopathology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ken O'Byrne
- Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Stephen Pennington
- College of Health Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aoife A. Cooke
- Department of Histopathology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brendan Ffrench
- Department of Histopathology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cara M. Martin
- Department of Histopathology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Bryan Hennessy
- Department of Medical Oncology, Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Britta Stordal
- Department of Histopathology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephen Finn
- Department of Histopathology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Amanda McCann
- College of Health Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Noreen Gleeson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tom D'Arcy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brian Flood
- Department of Histopathology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Orla Sheils
- Department of Histopathology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sharon O'Toole
- Department of Histopathology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- * E-mail:
| | - John J. O'Leary
- Department of Histopathology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Pathology, Coombe Women's & Infants University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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78
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Rezania S, Amirmozaffari N, Rashidi N, Mirzadegan E, Zarei S, Ghasemi J, Zarei O, Katouzian L, Zarnani AH. The same and not the same: heterogeneous functional activation of prostate tumor cells by TLR ligation. Cancer Cell Int 2014; 14:54. [PMID: 24966802 PMCID: PMC4069277 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-14-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Many types of tumors are organized in a hierarchy of heterogeneous cell populations with different molecular signature. Such heterogeneity may be associated with different responsiveness to microenvironment stimuli. In the present study, the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA), as well-known mediators of inflammation, on cancerous behavior of three prostate tumor cells, LNCaP, PC3 and DU145, were investigated. Methods Expression of TLR1-10, CD14 and MyD88 transcripts was investigated by RT-PCR. Protein expression of TLR2 and 4 was scrutinized by flow cytometry, immunofluorescent staining and Western blotting. Experiments were set up to assess the effects of LPS and LTA at different concentrations and times on cell proliferation, extracellular matrix invasion, adhesion and cytokine production. Results We showed that prostate cancer cell lines differentially express TLR1-10, MyD88 and CD14 transcripts. DU145 failed to express TLR4 gene. Positively-identified TLR2 protein in all prostate cancer cells and TLR4 protein in PC3 and LNCaP by Western blotting was not accompanied by cell surface expression, as judged by flow cytometry. Immunofluorescent staining clearly demonstrated predominantly perinuclear localization of TLR2 and TLR4. LTA activation of all prostate cancer cells significantly increased cell proliferation. Regardless of lacking TLR4, DU145 cells proliferated in response to LPS treatment. While LPS caused increased invasiveness of LNCaP, invasive capacity of PC3 was significantly reduced after LPS or LTA stimulation. Stimulation of all prostate tumor cells with LTA was associated with increased cell adhesion and IL-8 production. IL-6 production, however, was differentially regulated by LPS stimulation in prostate tumor cells. Conclusion The data shows that cancer cells originated from the same histologically origin exhibit heterogeneous response to the same TLR ligand. Therefore, a thorough and comprehensive judgment on how and to what extent a particular cancer is affected by TLR agonist could not be inferred by studying an individual cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Rezania
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Biophysics Institute, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Noor Amirmozaffari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nesa Rashidi
- Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Mirzadegan
- Reproductive Immunology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Zarei
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jamileh Ghasemi
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Zarei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leila Katouzian
- Reproductive Immunology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir-Hassan Zarnani
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran ; Immunology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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79
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Rossmann A, Mandic R, Heinis J, Höffken H, Küssner O, Kinscherf R, Weihe E, Bette M. Intraperitoneal oxidative stress in rabbits with papillomavirus-associated head and neck cancer induces tumoricidal immune response that is adoptively transferable. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:4289-301. [PMID: 24944316 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-0677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE How tumors evade or suppress immune surveillance is a key question in cancer research, and overcoming immune escape is a major goal for lengthening remission after cancer treatment. Here, we used the papillomavirus-associated rabbit auricular VX2 carcinoma, a model for studying human head and neck cancer, to reveal the mechanisms underlying the antitumorigenic effects of intraperitoneal oxidative stress following O3/O2-pneumoperitoneum (O3/O2-PP) treatment. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Solid auricular VX2 tumors were induced in immune-competent adult New Zealand White Rabbits. Animals were O3/O2-PP- or sham-treated, after which they underwent tumor ablation upon reaching no-go criteria. CD3(+) tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) were evaluated by immunohistochemistry, and expression levels of 84 immune response genes were measured by quantitative real-time PCR. Adoptive transfer of peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL)-derived from animals with tumor regression-into control animals with progressing tumors was implemented to assess acquired tumor resistance functionally. RESULTS Auricular VX2 tumors regressing after O3/O2-PP treatment exhibited increased levels of CD3(+) TILs; they also exhibited enhanced expression of genes that encode receptors involved in pattern recognition, molecules that are required for antigen presentation and T cell activation, and inflammatory mediators. Adoptive cell transfer of PBLs from donor rabbits with regressing tumors to recipient rabbits with newly implanted VX2 carcinoma resulted in acquired tumor resistance of the host and tumor regression. CONCLUSION Intraperitoneal oxidative stress effectively converts the immune response against the papillomavirus-associated rabbit VX2 carcinoma from tumor permissive to tumoricidal and leads to a sustainable, adoptively transferable oncolytic immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Rossmann
- Departments of Molecular Neuroscience and Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and
| | | | - Jochen Heinis
- Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Campus Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Helmut Höffken
- Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Campus Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Küssner
- Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Campus Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Kinscherf
- Medical Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps University; Departments of
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80
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Toll-like receptor (TLR)-1/2 triggering of multiple myeloma cells modulates their adhesion to bone marrow stromal cells and enhances bortezomib-induced apoptosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96608. [PMID: 24794258 PMCID: PMC4008602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In multiple myeloma (MM), the malignant plasma cells usually localize to the bone marrow where they develop drug resistance due to adhesion to stromal cells and various environmental signals. Hence, modulation of this interaction is expected to influence drug sensitivity of MM cells. Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands have displayed heterogeneous effects on B-cell malignancies and also on MM cells in a few recent studies, but effects on adhesion and drug sensitivity of myeloma cells in the context of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) have never been investigated. In the present study, we explored the modulatory effects of TLR1/2 ligand (Pam3CSK4) on adhesion of human myeloma cells to BMSCs. It is shown that TLR1/2 triggering has opposite effects in different HMCLs on their adhesion to BMSCs. Fravel, L363, UM-6, UM-9 and U266 showed increased adhesion to BMSC in parallel with an increased surface expression of integrin molecules α4 and αVβ3. OPM-1, OPM-2 and NCI-H929 showed a dose-dependent decrease in adhesion upon TLR activation following a downregulation of β7 integrin expression. Importantly, TLR1/2 triggering increased cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of bortezomib in myeloma cells independent of the effect on stromal cell adhesion. Moreover, the apoptosis-enhancing effect of Pam3CSK4 paralleled induction of cleaved caspase-3 protein in FACS analysis suggesting a caspase-dependent mechanism. Our findings uncover a novel role of TLR activation in MM cells in the context of bone marrow microenvironment. Stimulation of TLR1/2 bypasses the protective shield of BMSCs and may be an interesting strategy to enhance drug sensitivity of multiple myeloma cells.
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81
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Ubiquitination by SAG regulates macrophage survival/death and immune response during infection. Cell Death Differ 2014; 21:1388-98. [PMID: 24786833 PMCID: PMC4131172 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The checkpoint between the life and death of macrophages is crucial for the host's frontline immune defense during acute phase infection. However, the mechanism as to how the immune cell equilibrates between apoptosis and immune response is unclear. Using in vitro and ex vivo approaches, we showed that macrophage survival is synchronized by SAG (sensitive to apoptosis gene), which is a key member of the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS). When challenged by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), we observed a reciprocal expression profile of pro- and antiapoptotic factors in macrophages. However, SAG knockdown disrupted this balance. Further analysis revealed that ubiquitination of Bax and SARM (sterile α- and HEAT/armadillo-motif-containing protein) by SAG-UPS confers survival advantage to infected macrophages. SAG knockdown caused the accumulation of proapoptotic Bax and SARM, imbalance of Bcl-2/Bax in the mitochondria, induction of cytosolic cytochrome c and activation of caspase-9 and -3, all of which led to disequilibrium between life and death of macrophages. In contrast, SAG-overexpressing macrophages challenged with PAMPs exhibited upregulation of protumorigenic cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α), and downregulation of antitumorigenic cytokine (IL-12p40) and anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10). This suggests that SAG-dependent UPS is a key switch between immune defense and apoptosis or immune overactivation and tumorigenesis. Altogether, our results indicate that SAG-UPS facilitates a timely and appropriate level of immune response, prompting future development of potential immunomodulators of SAG-UPS.
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82
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Jiang DS, Wang YW, Jiang J, Li SM, Liang SZ, Fang HY. MicroRNA-26a involved in Toll-like receptor 9‑mediated lung cancer growth and migration. Int J Mol Med 2014; 34:307-12. [PMID: 24788552 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) has been shown to have a significant role in cancer. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a group of small non-coding RNAs that fine tune translation of multiple target mRNAs, are involved in the development and progression of human cancers. The present study was undertaken to determine the roles of TLR9 on lung cancer and whether miR-26a is involved in TLR9‑mediated lung cancer growth and migration. The lung cancer models were elicited by injecting human lung cancer cells into the left ventricle. The expression of TLR9 and miR-26a in lung cancer tissues obtained from lung cancer patients was increased. TLR9 ligand CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODN) caused an increase in the mean tumor weight and the size of tumor mass in nude mice, and the proliferation and migration of H460 human lung cancer cells. CpG-ODN also induced an increase in the expression of miR-26a in H460 cells. The overexpression of miR-26a increased the weight and size of the tumor mass in the nude mice, and the proliferation and migration of H460 cells. Expression of phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K) and phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt) was increased after miR-26a overexpression in the H460 cells. PI3K inhibitor wortmannin (WM) or Akt inhibitor triciribine hydrate (TCN) eliminated the increase in the proliferation and migration induced by the overexpression of miR-26a in H460 cells. These results suggested that miR-26a is involved in the TLR9‑mediated growth and migration of lung cancer through the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Sheng Jiang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The 454 Hospital of PLA, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Wei Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The 454 Hospital of PLA, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Jing Jiang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The 454 Hospital of PLA, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Meng Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The 454 Hospital of PLA, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Shun-Zhi Liang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The 454 Hospital of PLA, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Yan Fang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The 454 Hospital of PLA, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
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83
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Zhang Y, Lin A, Zhang C, Tian Z, Zhang J. Phosphorothioate-modified CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG ODN) induces apoptosis of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells independent of TLR9. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2014; 63:357-67. [PMID: 24452201 PMCID: PMC11029435 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-014-1518-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) expressed on cancer cells are closely associated with tumor development. In this study, we investigated the biological functions of the TLR9 ligand, CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG ODN), on TLR9 expressed in the cytoplasm of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. In vitro, human HCC cell lines were transfected with phosphorothioate-modified oligodeoxynucleotides TLR9 agonist OND M362 and its negative control ODN M362 ctrl, which inhibited the proliferation of HCC cells by inducing apoptosis without altering the cell cycle. Interestingly, ODN M362 and ODN M362 Ctrl displayed a similar proapoptotic effect on HCC, possibly related to phosphorothioate modification of the structure of CpG ODN. Although both of them resulted in the upregulation of the TLR9 receptor, their effect on HCC apoptosis was independent of TLR9. They also upregulated inflammatory cytokines, but did not activate the NF-κB signaling pathway. Finally, the activities of ODN M362 and ODN M362 Ctrl were demonstrated in nude mice inoculated with HCC cells. These findings suggest that the phosphorothioate-modified TLR9 agonist ODN M362, and its control, elicit antitumor activity in HCC cells and may serve as a novel therapeutic target for HCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyi Zhang
- Institute of Immunopharmacology and Immunotherapy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua West Road, Jinan, 250012 China
| | - Ang Lin
- Institute of Immunopharmacology and Immunotherapy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua West Road, Jinan, 250012 China
| | - Cai Zhang
- Institute of Immunopharmacology and Immunotherapy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua West Road, Jinan, 250012 China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Institute of Immunopharmacology and Immunotherapy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua West Road, Jinan, 250012 China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Institute of Immunopharmacology and Immunotherapy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua West Road, Jinan, 250012 China
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84
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Barnie PA, Zhang P, Lu P, Chen X, Su Z, Wang S, Xu H. CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides suppress the proliferation of A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells via toll-like receptor 9 signaling and upregulation of Runt-related transcription factor 3 expression. Biomed Rep 2014; 2:374-377. [PMID: 24748977 PMCID: PMC3990193 DOI: 10.3892/br.2014.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of CpG-oligodeoxynucelotides (CpG-ODN) on the proliferation of the A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cell line and the expression of Runt-related transcription factor 3 (Runx3) and investigate the association between the toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) signaling pathway and Runx3 expression during A549 cell proliferation. Different concentrations of CpG-ODN were used in this study to stimulate A549 cells and the expression of Runx3 at the mRNA or protein level was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction or western blot analysis. Moreover, Runx3 siRNA was synthesized and transiently transfected into the A549 cells and the MTT assay was used to detect the effects of CpG-ODN on transfected cell growth. Our data demonstrated that CpG-ODN significantly inhibited the proliferation of A549 cells. The expression of Runx3 in the mRNA and protein level was increased in A549 cells stimulated by CpG-ODN. The CpG-ODN-stimulated cell proliferation was significantly inhibited in Runx3 siRNA-transfected A549 cells. In conclusion, CpG-ODN may bind to TLR9, inhibit the proliferation of A549 cells and upregulate the expression of Runx3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prince Amoah Barnie
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Pan Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Ping Lu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobo Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoliang Su
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Shengjun Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
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85
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Atractylenolide-I sensitizes human ovarian cancer cells to paclitaxel by blocking activation of TLR4/MyD88-dependent pathway. Sci Rep 2014; 4:3840. [PMID: 24452475 PMCID: PMC3899591 DOI: 10.1038/srep03840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Paclitaxel, a known TLR4 ligand, leads to activation of TLR4/MyD88-dependent pathway that mediates chemoresistance and tumor progression in epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC). Atractylenolide-I (AO-I), a novel TLR4-antagonizing agent, inhibits TLR4 signaling by interfering with the binding of LPS or paclitaxel to membrane TLR4 of human leukocytes. In this study, AO-I was found to attenuate paclitaxel-induced protein expression of IL-6, VEGF and survivin, and to enhance early apoptosis and growth inhibition in MyD88+ EOC cells; AO-I was shown to fit into the hydrophobic pocket of human MD-2 and to partially overlap with the binding site of paclitaxel by docking simulations, suggesting that AO-I may block the MD-2-mediated TLR4/MyD88-dependent paclitaxel signaling in MyD88+ EOC cells. Therefore, AO-I could significantly sensitize the response of MyD88+ EOC cells to paclitaxel by blocking MD-2-mediated TLR4/MyD88 signaling, and that AO-I-paclitaxel combination could be a promising strategy for the treatment of EOC with a functional TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway.
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86
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Zhu L, Yuan H, Jiang T, Wang R, Ma H, Zhang S. Association of TLR2 and TLR4 polymorphisms with risk of cancer: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82858. [PMID: 24376595 PMCID: PMC3869723 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS The activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) may be an important event in the immune evasion of tumor cell. Recently, numerous studies have investigated the associations between TLR2 -196 to -174 del and two SNPs of TLR4 (rs4986790 and rs4986791) and the susceptibility to different types of cancer; however, the results remain conflicting. The aim of this study was to assess the association between TLR2 and TLR4 polymorphisms and cancer risk in a meta-analysis with eligible published studies. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPLE FINDINGS A dataset composed of 14627 cases and 17438 controls from 34 publications were included in a meta-analysis to evaluate the association between overall cancer risk or cancer-specific risk and three SNPs of TLRs (TLR2 -196 to -174 del, TLR4 rs4986790 and rs4986791). The results showed that all of these three polymorphisms were significantly associated with the increased cancer risk (dominant model: OR = 1.64, 95% CI: 1.04-2.60 for TLR2 -196 to -174 del; OR = 1.19, 95% CI: 1.01-1.41 for TLR4 rs4986790; and OR = 1.47, 95% CI: 1.120-1.80 for TLR4 rs4986791; respectively). In stratified analysis, we found the effect of TLR2 -196 to -174 del on cancer risk remained significant in the subgroup of Caucasians and South Asians, but not in East Asians. However, the association between rs4986791 and cancer risk was significant in both South Asians and East Asians, but not in Caucasians. Furthermore, the association between rs4986790 and cancer risk was statistically significant in digestive cancers (dominant model: OR = 1.76, 95% CI: 1.13-2.73) and female-specific cancers (dominant model: OR = 1.50, 95% CI: 1.16-1.94). However, no significant association with risk of digestive system cancers was observed for TLR2 -196 to -174 del and TLR4 rs4986791. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This meta-analysis presented additional evidence for the association between TLR2 and TLR4 polymorphisms and cancer risk. Further well-designed investigations with large sample sizes are required to confirm this conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longbiao Zhu
- Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Section of Clinical Epidemiology, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hua Yuan
- Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Section of Clinical Epidemiology, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MOE Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruixia Wang
- Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongxia Ma
- Section of Clinical Epidemiology, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MOE Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (HM); (SZ)
| | - Shuangyue Zhang
- Central Lab, Huai’an First People’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai’an, China
- * E-mail: (HM); (SZ)
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87
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De Schutter T, Andrei G, Topalis D, Duraffour S, Mitera T, van den Oord J, Matthys P, Snoeck R. Reduced tumorigenicity and pathogenicity of cervical carcinoma SiHa cells selected for resistance to cidofovir. Mol Cancer 2013; 12:158. [PMID: 24325392 PMCID: PMC4029382 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-12-158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insights into the mechanisms associated with chemotherapy-resistance are important for implementation of therapeutic strategies and for unraveling the mode of action of chemotherapeutics. Although cidofovir (CDV) has proven efficacious in the treatment of human papillomavirus (HPV)-induced proliferation, no studies concerning the development of resistance to CDV in HPV-positive tumor cells have been performed yet. Methods From the cervical carcinoma SiHa cells (SiHaparental), which are HPV-16 positive, cidofovir-resistant cells (SiHaCDV) were selected, and differential gene expression profiles were analyzed by means of microarrays. We examined in vitro phenotyping of resistant cells compared to parental cells as well as tumorigenicity and pathogenicity in a mouse-xenograft model. Results SiHaCDV had a resistant phenotype and a reduced growth both in vitro and in vivo. A markedly diminished inflammatory response (as measured by production of host- and tumor-derived cytokines and number of neutrophils and macrophages in spleen) was induced by SiHaCDV than by SiHaparental in the xenograft model. Gene expression profiling identified several genes with differential expression upon acquisition of CDV-resistance and pointed to a diminished induction of inflammatory response in SiHaCDV compared to SiHaparental. Conclusions Our results indicate that acquisition of resistance to cidofovir in SiHa cells is linked to reduced pathogenicity. The present study contributes to our understanding on the antiproliferative effects of CDV and on the mechanisms involved, the inflammatory response playing a central role.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Robert Snoeck
- Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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88
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Zhan Z, Xie X, Cao H, Zhou X, Zhang XD, Fan H, Liu Z. Autophagy facilitates TLR4- and TLR3-triggered migration and invasion of lung cancer cells through the promotion of TRAF6 ubiquitination. Autophagy 2013; 10:257-68. [PMID: 24321786 DOI: 10.4161/auto.27162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy contributes to the pathogenesis of cancer, whereas toll-like receptors (TLRs) also play an important role in cancer development and immune escape. However, little is known about the potential interaction between TLR signaling and autophagy in cancer cells. Here we show that autophagy induced by TLR4 or TLR3 activation enhances various cytokine productions through promoting TRAF6 (TNF receptor-associated factor 6, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase) ubiquitination and thus facilitates migration and invasion of lung cancer cells. Stimulation of TLR4 and TLR3 with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)] respectively triggered autophagy in lung cancer cells. This was mediated by the adaptor protein, toll-like receptor adaptor molecule 1 (TICAM1/TRIF), and was required for TLR4- and TLR3-induced increases in the production of IL6, CCL2/MCP-1 [chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2], CCL20/MIP-3α [chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20], VEGFA (vascular endothelial growth factor A), and MMP2 [matrix metallopeptidase 2 (gelatinase A, 72 kDa gelatinase, 72 kDa type IV collagenase)]. These cytokines appeared to be necessary for enhanced migration and invasion of lung cancer cells upon TLR activation. Remarkably, inhibition of autophagy by chemical or genetic approaches blocked TLR4- or TLR3-induced Lys63 (K63)-linked ubiquitination of TRAF6 that was essential for activation of MAPK and NFKB (nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells) pathways, both of which were involved in the increased production of the cytokines. Collectively, these results identify induction of autophagy by TLR4 and TLR3 as an important mechanism that drives lung cancer progression, and indicate that inhibition of autophagy may be a useful strategy in the treatment of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Zhan
- Research Center for Translational Medicine & Institute of Heart Failure; East Hospital; Tongji University School of Medicine; Shanghai, China
| | - Xuefeng Xie
- School of Pharmacology; Anhui Medical University; Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hao Cao
- Department of Cardiac Surgery; East Hospital; Tongji University School of Medicine; Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhou
- Research Center for Translational Medicine & Institute of Heart Failure; East Hospital; Tongji University School of Medicine; Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Dong Zhang
- School of Medicine and Public Health; University of Newcastle; NSW, Australia
| | - Huimin Fan
- Research Center for Translational Medicine & Institute of Heart Failure; East Hospital; Tongji University School of Medicine; Shanghai, China; Department of Cardiac Surgery; East Hospital; Tongji University School of Medicine; Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongmin Liu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine & Institute of Heart Failure; East Hospital; Tongji University School of Medicine; Shanghai, China; Department of Cardiac Surgery; East Hospital; Tongji University School of Medicine; Shanghai, China
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89
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Yeyeodu ST, Kidd LR, Oprea-Ilies GM, Burns BG, Vancleave TT, Shim JY, Kimbro KS. IRAK4 and TLR3 Sequence Variants may Alter Breast Cancer Risk among African-American Women. Front Immunol 2013; 4:338. [PMID: 24194738 PMCID: PMC3810674 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that imbalances in immune regulation contribute to cell transformation. Women of African descent are an understudied group at high risk for developing aggressive breast cancer (BrCa). Therefore, we examined the role of 16 innate immune single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in relation to BrCa susceptibility among 174 African-American women in Atlanta, GA, USA. SNPs were examined in germ-line DNA collected from 102 BrCa patients and 72 women with benign nodules using SNPstream methodology. Inheritance of the TLR3 rs10025405 GG genotype was associated with an 82% decrease in BrCa risk. In contrast, individuals who possessed at least one IRAK4 rs4251545 T allele had a 1.68- to 4.99-fold increase in the risk of developing BrCa relative to those with the referent genotype (OR = 4.99; 95% CI = 1.00, 25.00; p = 0.0605). However, the IRAK4 rs4251545 locus was only significant under the additive genetic model (p trend = 0.0406). In silico predictions suggest IRAK4 rs4251545 SNP falls within a transcription enhancer/silencer region of the gene and codes for an Ala428Thr amino acid change. This missense mutation introduces a potential phosphorylation site in the extreme carboxy terminus (XCT) of the IRAK4 kinase domain. Preliminary molecular modeling predicts that this SNP stabilizes two alpha helices within the XCT on the surface of the IRAK4 kinase domain and increases the size of the groove between them. Our in silico results, combined with previous reports noting the presence of IRAK4 and XCT fragments in mouse and human serum, suggest the possibility that the XCT subdomain of IRAK4 possesses biological function. These findings require further evaluation and validation in larger populations, additional molecular modeling as well as functional studies to explore the role of IRAK4 and its XCT in cell transformation and innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan T Yeyeodu
- Department of Biology, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University , Durham, NC , USA
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90
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LaRue H, Ayari C, Bergeron A, Fradet Y. Toll-like receptors in urothelial cells—targets for cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Urol 2013; 10:537-45. [DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2013.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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91
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Stender JD, Glass CK. Epigenomic control of the innate immune response. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2013; 13:582-7. [PMID: 23816801 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play important roles in initiation of innate immune responses and promotion of pathological forms of inflammation. Recent technological advances have enabled the visualization of transcription factor binding and histone modifications in response to TLR signaling at genome-wide levels. Findings emerging from these studies are beginning to provide a picture of how signal-dependent transcription factors regulate the inflammatory response in a cell-specific manner by controlling the recruitment of nucleosome remodeling factors and histone modifying enzymes. Of particular interest, new small molecule inhibitors have been developed that influence inflammatory responses by altering the reading or erasure of histone modifications required for inflammatory gene activation. These findings suggest new approaches for treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Stender
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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92
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Kumar DM, Patil V, Ramachandran B, Nila MV, Dharmalingam K, Somasundaram K. Temozolomide-modulated glioma proteome: Role of interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 (IRAK4) in chemosensitivity. Proteomics 2013; 13:2113-24. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Durairaj M. Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore India
| | - Vikas Patil
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore India
| | - Bini Ramachandran
- Department of Genetic Engineering; School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University; Madurai India
| | - Murugesan V. Nila
- Department of Genetic Engineering; School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University; Madurai India
| | - Kuppamuthu Dharmalingam
- Department of Genetic Engineering; School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University; Madurai India
| | - Kumaravel Somasundaram
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore India
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93
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Xu Y, Xu Q, Yang L, Liu F, Ye X, Wu F, Ni S, Tan C, Cai G, Meng X, Cai S, Du X. Gene expression analysis of peripheral blood cells reveals Toll-like receptor pathway deregulation in colorectal cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62870. [PMID: 23650534 PMCID: PMC3641099 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The disease is curable when detected at an early stage. However, the compliance rate with current screening recommendations remains poor. An accurate, minimally invasive blood test that has the potential for greater patient compliance would be a welcome addition to the current methods. Recent data have shown that gene expression profile of peripheral blood cells can reflect disease states and thus have diagnostic value. In this study, genome-wide gene expression profiling of peripheral blood cells from 20 healthy controls and 20 colorectal cancer patients were performed using PAXgene™ technology and Affymetrix GeneChip® microarrays. We identified a list of 1,469 genes that were differentially expressed between the healthy controls and cancer patients. Gene annotation and functional enrichment analysis revealed that those genes are mainly related to immune functions. Particularly, a set of genes belonging to the Toll-Like Receptor pathways were up-regulated in the colorectal cancer patients. These findings provide a new understanding of blood gene expression profile in colorectal cancer. Our result may serve as the basis for further development of blood biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Xu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinghua Xu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center – Institut Mérieux Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- bioMérieux (Shanghai) Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (XD); (SJC); (LY)
| | - Fang Liu
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center – Institut Mérieux Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- bioMérieux (Shanghai) Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Xun Ye
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center – Institut Mérieux Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- bioMérieux (Shanghai) Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Wu
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center – Institut Mérieux Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- bioMérieux (Shanghai) Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Shujuan Ni
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cong Tan
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoxiang Cai
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Meng
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center – Institut Mérieux Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- bioMérieux (Shanghai) Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Sanjun Cai
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (XD); (SJC); (LY)
| | - Xiang Du
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (XD); (SJC); (LY)
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94
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Resler AJ, Malone KE, Johnson LG, Malkki M, Petersdorf EW, McKnight B, Madeleine MM. Genetic variation in TLR or NFkappaB pathways and the risk of breast cancer: a case-control study. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:219. [PMID: 23634849 PMCID: PMC3651307 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the transcription factor nuclear factor-κB (NFκB) are important in inflammation and cancer. Methods We examined the association between breast cancer risk and 233 tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms within 31 candidate genes involved in TLR or NFκB pathways. This population-based study in the Seattle area included 845 invasive breast cancer cases, diagnosed between 1997 and 1999, and 807 controls aged 65–79. Results Variant alleles in four genes were associated with breast cancer risk based on gene-level tests: MAP3K1, MMP9, TANK, and TLR9. These results were similar when the risk of breast cancer was examined within ductal and luminal subtypes. Subsequent exploratory pathway analyses using the GRASS algorithm found no associations for genes in TLR or NFκB pathways. Using publicly available CGEMS GWAS data to validate significant findings (N = 1,145 cases, N = 1,142 controls), rs889312 near MAP3K1 was confirmed to be associated with breast cancer risk (P = 0.04, OR 1.15, 95% CI 1.01–1.30). Further, two SNPs in TANK that were significant in our data, rs17705608 (P = 0.05) and rs7309 (P = 0.04), had similar risk estimates in the CGEMS data (rs17705608 OR 0.83, 95% CI 0.72–0.96; CGEMS OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.80–1.01 and rs7309 OR 0.83, 95% CI 0.73–0.95; CGEMS OR 0.91, 95% CI 0.81–1.02). Conclusions Our findings suggest plausible associations between breast cancer risk and genes in TLR or NFκB pathways. Given the few suggestive associations in our data and the compelling biologic rationale for an association between genetic variation in these pathways and breast cancer risk, further studies are warranted that examine these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa J Resler
- Program in Epidemiology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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95
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Characterization of the Toll-like receptor expression profile in human multiple myeloma cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60671. [PMID: 23593278 PMCID: PMC3620465 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression and function of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in multiple myeloma (MM) has recently become the focus of several studies. Knowledge of expression and biology of these receptors in MM will provide us with a new insight into the role of an inflammatory environment in disease progression or pathogenesis of MM. However, to date a quite heterogeneous expression pattern of TLRs in MM particularly at gene level has been described while information on the TLR expression at the protein level is largely unavailable. In this study, we investigated the TLR expression in human myeloma cell lines (HMCLs) Fravel, L363, UM6, UM9, OPM1, OPM2, U266, RPMI 8226, XG1, and NCI H929 and primary cells from MM patients at both mRNA and protein level (western blot and flow cytometry). We found that all cell lines and primary cells expressed TLR1, TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9 mRNA and protein. TLR2 and TLR5 were expressed by the majority of HMCLs at mRNA but were not detectable at protein level, while primary samples showed a low level of TLR2, TLR3 and TLR5 protein expression. Our results indicate that MM cells express a broad range of TLRs with a degree of disparity between gene and protein expression pattern. The clear expression of TLRs in MM cells indicates a propensity for responding to tumor-induced inflammatory signals, which seem inevitable in the MM bone marrow environment.
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96
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Gambara G, De Cesaris P, De Nunzio C, Ziparo E, Tubaro A, Filippini A, Riccioli A. Toll-like receptors in prostate infection and cancer between bench and bedside. J Cell Mol Med 2013; 17:713-22. [PMID: 23551576 PMCID: PMC3823175 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-Like receptors (TLRs) are a family of evolutionary conserved transmembrane proteins that recognize highly conserved molecules in pathogens. TLR-expressing cells represent the first line of defence sensing pathogen invasion, triggering innate immune responses and subsequently priming antigen-specific adaptive immunity. In vitro and in vivo studies on experimental cancer models have shown both anti- and pro-tumoural activity of different TLRs in prostate cancer, indicating these receptors as potential targets for cancer therapy. In this review, we highlight the intriguing duplicity of TLR stimulation by pathogens: their protective role in cases of acute infections, and conversely their negative role in favouring hyperplasia and/or cancer onset, in cases of chronic infections. This review focuses on the role of TLRs in the pathophysiology of prostate infection and cancer by exploring the biological bases of the strict relation between TLRs and prostate cancer. In particular, we highlight the debated question of how reliable mutations or deregulated expression of TLRs are as novel diagnostic or prognostic tools for prostate cancer. So far, the anticancer activity of numerous TLR ligands has been evaluated in clinical trials only in organs other than the prostate. Here we review recent clinical trials based on the most promising TLR agonists in oncology, envisaging a potential application also in prostate cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Gambara
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics, Section of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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97
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Gupta P, Ghosh S, Nagarajan A, Mehta VS, Sen E. β-defensin-3 negatively regulates TLR4–HMGB1 axis mediated HLA-G expression in IL-1β treated glioma cells. Cell Signal 2013; 25:682-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 11/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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98
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Wu Y, Lu J, Antony S, Juhasz A, Liu H, Jiang G, Meitzler JL, Hollingshead M, Haines DC, Butcher D, Roy K, Doroshow JH. Activation of TLR4 is required for the synergistic induction of dual oxidase 2 and dual oxidase A2 by IFN-γ and lipopolysaccharide in human pancreatic cancer cell lines. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2013; 190:1859-72. [PMID: 23296709 PMCID: PMC3563939 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatitis is associated with release of proinflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species and plays an important role in the development of pancreatic cancer. We recently demonstrated that dual oxidase (Duox)2, an NADPH oxidase essential for reactive oxygen species-related, gastrointestinal host defense, is regulated by IFN-γ-mediated Stat1 binding to the Duox2 promoter in pancreatic tumor lines. Because LPS enhances the development and invasiveness of pancreatic cancer in vivo following TLR4-related activation of NF-κB, we examined whether LPS, alone or combined with IFN-γ, regulated Duox2. We found that upregulation of TLR4 by IFN-γ in BxPC-3 and CFPAC-1 pancreatic cancer cells was augmented by LPS, resulting in activation of NF-κB, accumulation of NF-κB (p65) in the nucleus, and increased binding of p65 to the Duox2 promoter. TLR4 silencing with small interfering RNAs, as well as two independent NF-κB inhibitors, attenuated LPS- and IFN-γ-mediated Duox2 upregulation in BxPC-3 cells. Induction of Duox2 expression by IFN-γ and LPS may result from IFN-γ-related activation of Stat1 acting in concert with NF-κB-related upregulation of Duox2. Sustained extracellular accumulation of H(2)O(2) generated by exposure to both LPS and IFN-γ was responsible for an ∼50% decrease in BxPC-3 cell proliferation associated with a G(1) cell cycle block, apoptosis, and DNA damage. We also demonstrated upregulation of Duox expression in vivo in pancreatic cancer xenografts and in patients with chronic pancreatitis. These results suggest that inflammatory cytokines can interact to produce a Duox-dependent pro-oxidant milieu that could increase the pathologic potential of pancreatic inflammation and pancreatic cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhong Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology of the Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jiamo Lu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology of the Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Smitha Antony
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology of the Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Agnes Juhasz
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology of the Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Han Liu
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Guojian Jiang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology of the Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jennifer L. Meitzler
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology of the Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Melinda Hollingshead
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Diana C. Haines
- Pathology/Histotechnology Laboratory, SAIC Frederick, Inc./Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Donna Butcher
- Pathology/Histotechnology Laboratory, SAIC Frederick, Inc./Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Krishnendu Roy
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - James H. Doroshow
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology of the Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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99
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Xu L, Wen Z, Zhou Y, Liu Z, Li Q, Fei G, Luo J, Ren T. MicroRNA-7–regulated TLR9 signaling–enhanced growth and metastatic potential of human lung cancer cells by altering the phosphoinositide-3-kinase, regulatory subunit 3/Akt pathway. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 24:42-55. [PMID: 23135998 PMCID: PMC3530778 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e12-07-0519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This article reports that TLR9 signaling can reduce intrinsic microRNA-7 (miR-7) expression in human lung cancer cells and that overexpression of miR-7 can significantly inhibit TLR9 signaling–enhanced growth and metastatic potential of lung cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Recent evidence shows that microRNAs (miRNAs) contribute to the biological effects of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling on various cells. Our previous data showed that TLR9 signaling could enhance the growth and metastatic potential of human lung cancer cells. However, the potential role of miRNAs in the effects of TLR9 signaling on tumor biology remains unknown. In this paper, we first report that TLR9 signaling could reduce intrinsic miR-7 expression in human lung cancer cells. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-7 can significantly inhibit TLR9 signaling–enhanced growth and metastatic potential of lung cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Notably, we identify phosphoinositide-3-kinase, regulatory subunit 3 (PIK3R3) as a novel target molecule of miR-7 in lung cancer cells by Western blotting and luciferase report assay. Further study shows that miR-7 inhibits the effects of TLR9 signaling on lung cancer cells through regulation of the PIK3R3/Akt pathway. These data suggest that miR-7 could act as a fine-tuner in regulating the biological effects of TLR9 signaling on human lung cancer cells, which might be helpful to the understanding of the potential role of miRNAs in TLR signaling effects on tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xu
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical College, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Zhenke Wen
- Institute for Immunobiology and Department of Immunology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ya Zhou
- Department of Medical Physics, Zunyi Medical College, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Zhongmin Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Qinchuan Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Guangru Fei
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical College, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Junmin Luo
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical College, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Tao Ren
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
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100
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Patel AK, Hackam AS. Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) protects retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) cells from oxidative stress through a STAT3-dependent mechanism. Mol Immunol 2012; 54:122-31. [PMID: 23267850 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are essential receptors of the innate immune system and are first responders for protection against bacterial and viral pathogens. Recently, several TLRs have also been implicated in regulating cell death and survival in non-pathogen injuries such as stroke and oxidative stress. Investigating the role of TLRs during central nervous system damage is an important focus of research that may reveal new mechanisms underlying the cellular response to injury and survival. Retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) cells form an epithelial layer underneath the neural retina that maintains the function of photoreceptors and are the primary cell type affected in the retinal disease age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Predicted loss of function polymorphisms in the TLR3 gene are associated with protection from AMD but the role of TLR3 in regulating RPE survival during AMD-like injury, such as high oxidative stress, is not known. Therefore the purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of TLR3 signaling on RPE viability during oxidative stress. We demonstrated that TLR3 activation in the presence of oxidative stress injury significantly increased RPE cell viability, in contrast to TLR3 reducing cell viability in the absence of cellular injury. Furthermore, we show signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling as an essential mediator of TLR3-regulated protection of RPE cells. STAT3 signaling was increased by TLR3 activation and knockdown of STAT3 transcripts using siRNA abolished the protective effect of TLR3 during oxidative stress. Together, these results demonstrate a novel pro-survival role for TLR3 signaling within the RPE during injury. These findings support the concept that dysregulation of TLR3 activity may contribute to the development of AMD, suggesting that precise regulation of the TLR3 pathway during AMD-associated injury could be of therapeutic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit K Patel
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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