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Sokolowski M, Wasserman J, Wasserman D. Genome-wide association studies of suicidal behaviors: a review. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 24:1567-77. [PMID: 25219938 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Suicidal behaviors represent a fatal dimension of mental ill-health, involving both environmental and heritable (genetic) influences. The putative genetic components of suicidal behaviors have until recent years been mainly investigated by hypothesis-driven research (of "candidate genes"). But technological progress in genotyping has opened the possibilities towards (hypothesis-generating) genomic screens and novel opportunities to explore polygenetic perspectives, now spanning a wide array of possible analyses falling under the term Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS). Here we introduce and discuss broadly some apparent limitations but also certain developing opportunities of GWAS. We summarize the results from all the eight GWAS conducted up to date focused on suicidality outcomes; treatment emergent suicidal ideation (3 studies), suicide attempts (4 studies) and completed suicides (1 study). Clearly, there are few (if any) genome-wide significant and reproducible findings yet to be demonstrated. We then discuss and pinpoint certain future considerations in relation to sample sizes, the units of genetic associations used, study designs and outcome definitions, psychiatric diagnoses or biological measures, as well as the use of genomic sequencing. We conclude that GWAS should have a lot more potential to show in the case of suicidal outcomes, than what has yet been realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Sokolowski
- National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention of Mental Ill-Health (NASP), Karolinska Institute (KI), S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jerzy Wasserman
- National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention of Mental Ill-Health (NASP), Karolinska Institute (KI), S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Danuta Wasserman
- National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention of Mental Ill-Health (NASP), Karolinska Institute (KI), S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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Investigation of blood mRNA biomarkers for suicidality in an independent sample. Transl Psychiatry 2014; 4:e474. [PMID: 25350297 PMCID: PMC4350518 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2014.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in the blood expression levels of SAT1, PTEN, MAP3K3 and MARCKS genes have been reported as biomarkers of high versus low suicidality state (Le-Niculescu et al.). Here, we investigate these expression biomarkers in the Genome-Based Therapeutic Drugs for Depression (GENDEP) study, of patients with major depressive disorder on a 12-week antidepressant treatment. Blood gene expression levels were available at baseline and week 8 for patients who experienced suicidal ideation during the study (n=20) versus those who did not (n=37). The analysis is well powered to detect the effect sizes reported in the original paper. Within either group, there was no significant change in the expression of these four genes over the course of the study, despite increasing suicidal ideation or initiation of antidepressant treatment. Comparison of the groups showed that the gene expression did not differ between patients with or without treatment-related suicidality. This independent study does not support the validity of the proposed biomarkers.
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53
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Duan D, Yang X, Ya T, Chen L. Hippocampal gene expression in a rat model of depression after electroacupuncture at the Baihui and Yintang acupoints. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:76-83. [PMID: 25206746 PMCID: PMC4146319 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.125333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Preliminary basic research and clinical findings have demonstrated that electroacupuncture therapy exhibits positive effects in ameliorating depression. However, most studies of the underlying mechanism are at the single gene level; there are few reports regarding the mechanism at the whole-genome level. Using a rat genomic gene-chip, we profiled hippocampal gene expression changes in rats after electroacupuncture therapy. Electroacupuncture therapy alleviated depression-related manifestations in the model rats. Using gene-chip analysis, we demonstrated that electroacupuncture at Baihui (DU20) and Yintang (EX-HN3) regulates the expression of 21 genes. Real-time PCR showed that the genes Vgf, Igf2, Tmp32, Loc500373, Hif1a, Folr1, Nmb, and Rtn were upregulated or downregulated in depression and that their expression tended to normalize after electroacupuncture therapy. These results indicate that electroacupuncture at Baihui and Yintang modulates depression by regulating the expression of particular genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Duan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine of South Building, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuyan Yang
- Institute of Health Maintenance, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tu Ya
- School of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine of South Building, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Mullins N, Perroud N, Uher R, Butler AW, Cohen-Woods S, Rivera M, Malki K, Euesden J, Power RA, Tansey KE, Jones L, Jones I, Craddock N, Owen MJ, Korszun A, Gill M, Mors O, Preisig M, Maier W, Rietschel M, Rice JP, Müller-Myhsok B, Binder EB, Lucae S, Ising M, Craig IW, Farmer AE, McGuffin P, Breen G, Lewis CM. Genetic relationships between suicide attempts, suicidal ideation and major psychiatric disorders: a genome-wide association and polygenic scoring study. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2014; 165B:428-37. [PMID: 24964207 PMCID: PMC4309466 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have recognized a genetic diathesis for suicidal behavior, which is independent of other psychiatric disorders. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on suicide attempt (SA) and ideation have failed to identify specific genetic variants. Here, we conduct further GWAS and for the first time, use polygenic score analysis in cohorts of patients with mood disorders, to test for common genetic variants for mood disorders and suicide phenotypes. Genome-wide studies for SA were conducted in the RADIANT and GSK-Munich recurrent depression samples and London Bipolar Affective Disorder Case-Control Study (BACCs) then meta-analysis was performed. A GWAS on suicidal ideation during antidepressant treatment had previously been conducted in the Genome Based Therapeutic Drugs for Depression (GENDEP) study. We derived polygenic scores from each sample and tested their ability to predict SA in the mood disorder cohorts or ideation status in the GENDEP study. Polygenic scores for major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium were used to investigate pleiotropy between psychiatric disorders and suicide phenotypes. No significant evidence for association was detected at any SNP in GWAS or meta-analysis. Polygenic scores for major depressive disorder significantly predicted suicidal ideation in the GENDEP pharmacogenetics study and also predicted SA in a combined validation dataset. Polygenic scores for SA showed no predictive ability for suicidal ideation. Polygenic score analysis suggests pleiotropy between psychiatric disorders and suicidal ideation whereas the tendency to act on such thoughts may have a partially independent genetic diathesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh Mullins
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College LondonLondon, United Kingdom,*
Correspondence to:, Niamh Mullins, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom., E-mail:
| | - Nader Perroud
- Psychiatry, University Hospital of GenevaGeneva, Switzerland
| | - Rudolf Uher
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College LondonLondon, United Kingdom,Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie UniversityHalifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Amy W Butler
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College LondonLondon, United Kingdom,Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong KongHong Kong, Special Administrative Region, China
| | | | - Margarita Rivera
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College LondonLondon, United Kingdom,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, University of GranadaGranada, Spain
| | - Karim Malki
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College LondonLondon, United Kingdom
| | - Jack Euesden
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College LondonLondon, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A Power
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College LondonLondon, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine E Tansey
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff UniversityCardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of BirminghamBirmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Jones
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff UniversityCardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Craddock
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff UniversityCardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff UniversityCardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Ania Korszun
- Barts and The London Medical School, Queen Mary University of LondonLondon, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Gill
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity Centre for Health ScienceDublin, Ireland
| | - Ole Mors
- Research Department P, Aarhus University HospitalRisskov, Denmark
| | - Martin Preisig
- University Hospital Center and University of LausanneLausanne, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Maier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of BonnBonn, Germany
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of BonnBonn, Germany,Division of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental HealthMannheim, Germany
| | - John P Rice
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. LouisMissouri
| | | | | | | | - Marcus Ising
- Max Planck Institute of PsychiatryMunich, Germany
| | - Ian W Craig
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College LondonLondon, United Kingdom
| | - Anne E Farmer
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College LondonLondon, United Kingdom
| | - Peter McGuffin
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College LondonLondon, United Kingdom
| | - Gerome Breen
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College LondonLondon, United Kingdom,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Psychiatry, King's College LondonLondon, United Kingdom
| | - Cathryn M Lewis
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College LondonLondon, United Kingdom,Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London School of Medicine, Guy's HospitalLondon, United Kingdom
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Fabbri C, Minarini A, Niitsu T, Serretti A. Understanding the pharmacogenetics of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2014; 10:1093-118. [PMID: 24930681 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2014.928693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The genetic background of antidepressant response represents a unique opportunity to identify biological markers of treatment outcome. Encouraging results alternating with inconsistent findings made antidepressant pharmacogenetics a stimulating but often discouraging field that requires careful discussion about cumulative evidence and methodological issues. AREAS COVERED The present review discusses both known and less replicated genes that have been implicated in selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) efficacy and side effects. Candidate genes studies and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were collected through MEDLINE database search (articles published till January 2014). Further, GWAS signals localized in promising genetic regions according to candidate gene studies are reported in order to assess the general comparability of results obtained through these two types of pharmacogenetic studies. Finally, a pathway enrichment approach is applied to the top genes (those harboring SNPs with p < 0.0001) outlined by previous GWAS in order to identify possible molecular mechanisms involved in SSRI effect. EXPERT OPINION In order to improve the understanding of SSRI pharmacogenetics, the present review discusses the proposal of moving from the analysis of individual polymorphisms to genes and molecular pathways, and from the separation across different methodological approaches to their combination. Efforts in this direction are justified by the recent evidence of a favorable cost-utility of gene-guided antidepressant treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Fabbri
- University of Bologna, Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences , Viale Carlo Pepoli 5, 40123 Bologna , Italy +39 051 6584233 ; +39 051 521030 ;
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56
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Wu CL, Zhao SP, Yu BL. Intracellular role of exchangeable apolipoproteins in energy homeostasis, obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2014; 90:367-76. [PMID: 24834836 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Lu Wu
- Department of Cardiology; The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Changsha Hunan 410011 China
| | - Shui-Ping Zhao
- Department of Cardiology; The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Changsha Hunan 410011 China
| | - Bi-Lian Yu
- Department of Cardiology; The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Changsha Hunan 410011 China
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57
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Read J, Cartwright C, Gibson K. Adverse emotional and interpersonal effects reported by 1829 New Zealanders while taking antidepressants. Psychiatry Res 2014; 216:67-73. [PMID: 24534123 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In the context of rapidly increasing antidepressant use internationally, and recent reviews raising concerns about efficacy and adverse effects, this study aimed to survey the largest sample of AD recipients to date. An online questionnaire about experiences with, and beliefs about, antidepressants was completed by 1829 adults who had been prescribed antidepressants in the last five years (53% were first prescribed them between 2000 and 2009, and 52% reported taking them for more than three years). Eight of the 20 adverse effects studied were reported by over half the participants; most frequently Sexual Difficulties (62%) and Feeling Emotionally Numb (60%). Percentages for other effects included: Feeling Not Like Myself - 52%, Reduction In Positive Feelings - 42%, Caring Less About Others - 39%, Suicidality - 39% and Withdrawal Effects - 55%. Total Adverse Effect scores were related to younger age, lower education and income, and type of antidepressant, but not to level of depression prior to taking antidepressants. The adverse effects of antidepressants may be more frequent than previously reported, and include emotional and interpersonal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Read
- Institute of Psychology, Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Whelan Building, Ground Floor, Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GB, UK.
| | | | - Kerry Gibson
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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58
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Mühleisen TW, Leber M, Schulze TG, Strohmaier J, Degenhardt F, Treutlein J, Mattheisen M, Forstner AJ, Schumacher J, Breuer R, Meier S, Herms S, Hoffmann P, Lacour A, Witt SH, Reif A, Müller-Myhsok B, Lucae S, Maier W, Schwarz M, Vedder H, Kammerer-Ciernioch J, Pfennig A, Bauer M, Hautzinger M, Moebus S, Priebe L, Czerski PM, Hauser J, Lissowska J, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Brennan P, McKay JD, Wright A, Mitchell PB, Fullerton JM, Schofield PR, Montgomery GW, Medland SE, Gordon SD, Martin NG, Krasnow V, Chuchalin A, Babadjanova G, Pantelejeva G, Abramova LI, Tiganov AS, Polonikov A, Khusnutdinova E, Alda M, Grof P, Rouleau GA, Turecki G, Laprise C, Rivas F, Mayoral F, Kogevinas M, Grigoroiu-Serbanescu M, Propping P, Becker T, Rietschel M, Nöthen MM, Cichon S. Genome-wide association study reveals two new risk loci for bipolar disorder. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3339. [PMID: 24618891 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a common and highly heritable mental illness and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have robustly identified the first common genetic variants involved in disease aetiology. The data also provide strong evidence for the presence of multiple additional risk loci, each contributing a relatively small effect to BD susceptibility. Large samples are necessary to detect these risk loci. Here we present results from the largest BD GWAS to date by investigating 2.3 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a sample of 24,025 patients and controls. We detect 56 genome-wide significant SNPs in five chromosomal regions including previously reported risk loci ANK3, ODZ4 and TRANK1, as well as the risk locus ADCY2 (5p15.31) and a region between MIR2113 and POU3F2 (6q16.1). ADCY2 is a key enzyme in cAMP signalling and our finding provides new insights into the biological mechanisms involved in the development of BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Mühleisen
- 1] Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany [2] Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany [3] Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany [4]
| | - Markus Leber
- 1] Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics, and Epidemiology, University of Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany [2] German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany, D-53175 Bonn, Germany [3]
| | - Thomas G Schulze
- 1] Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Go¨ttingen, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany [2]
| | - Jana Strohmaier
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, D-68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Franziska Degenhardt
- 1] Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany [2] Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jens Treutlein
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, D-68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Manuel Mattheisen
- 1] Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark [2] Institute for Genomic Mathematics, University of Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas J Forstner
- 1] Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany [2] Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Johannes Schumacher
- 1] Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany [2] Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - René Breuer
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, D-68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sandra Meier
- 1] Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, D-68159 Mannheim, Germany [2]
| | - Stefan Herms
- 1] Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany [2] Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany [3] Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel CH-4012, Switzerland
| | - Per Hoffmann
- 1] Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany [2] Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany [3] Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany [4] Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel CH-4012, Switzerland
| | - André Lacour
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany, D-53175 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stephanie H Witt
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, D-68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, D-97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bertram Müller-Myhsok
- 1] Statistical Genetics, Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, D-80804 Munich, Germany [2] Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), D-80336 Munich, Germany [3] Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, L69 3BX Liverpool, UK
| | - Susanne Lucae
- Statistical Genetics, Department of Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, D-80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Maier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Helmut Vedder
- Psychiatric Center Nordbaden, D-69168 Wiesloch, Germany
| | | | - Andrea Pfennig
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Bauer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Hautzinger
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Susanne Moebus
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry, and Epidemiology, University Duisburg-Essen, D-45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Lutz Priebe
- 1] Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany [2] Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Piotr M Czerski
- Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan PL-60-572, Poland
| | - Joanna Hauser
- Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan PL-60-572, Poland
| | - Jolanta Lissowska
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw PL-02-781, Poland
| | | | - Paul Brennan
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon CEDEX 08, France
| | - James D McKay
- Genetic Cancer Susceptibility Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon CEDEX 08, France
| | - Adam Wright
- 1] School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales 2052, Australia [2] Black Dog Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales 2031, Australia
| | - Philip B Mitchell
- 1] School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales 2052, Australia [2] Black Dog Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales 2031, Australia
| | - Janice M Fullerton
- 1] Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Sydney, New South Wales 2031, Australia [2] School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Peter R Schofield
- 1] Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Sydney, New South Wales 2031, Australia [2] School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research (QIMR), Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Sarah E Medland
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research (QIMR), Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Scott D Gordon
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research (QIMR), Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research (QIMR), Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Valery Krasnow
- Moscow Research Institute of Psychiatry, Moscow 107258, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander Chuchalin
- Institute of Pulmonology, Russian State Medical University, Moscow 105077, Russian Federation
| | - Gulja Babadjanova
- Institute of Pulmonology, Russian State Medical University, Moscow 105077, Russian Federation
| | - Galina Pantelejeva
- Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Mental Health Research Center, Moscow 115522, Russian Federation
| | - Lilia I Abramova
- Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Mental Health Research Center, Moscow 115522, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander S Tiganov
- Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Mental Health Research Center, Moscow 115522, Russian Federation
| | - Alexey Polonikov
- Department of Biology, Medical Genetics and Ecology, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk 305041, Russian Federation
| | - Elza Khusnutdinova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa 450054, Russian Federation
| | - Martin Alda
- 1] Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 2E2 [2] The International Group for the Study of Lithium-Treated Patients (IGSLI), Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul Grof
- 1] The International Group for the Study of Lithium-Treated Patients (IGSLI), Berlin, Germany [2] Mood Disorders Center of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1G 4G3 [3] Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 1R8
| | - Guy A Rouleau
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada H3G 1A4
| | - Gustavo Turecki
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Hospital Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4H 1R3
| | - Catherine Laprise
- Département des sciences fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi (UQAC), Saguenay, Canada G7H 2B1
| | - Fabio Rivas
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Regional Universitario Carlos Haya, Malaga 29009, Spain
| | - Fermin Mayoral
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Regional Universitario Carlos Haya, Malaga 29009, Spain
| | - Manolis Kogevinas
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Maria Grigoroiu-Serbanescu
- Biometric Psychiatric Genetics Research Unit, Alexandru Obregia Clinical Psychiatric Hospital, Bucharest RO-041914, Romania
| | - Peter Propping
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Tim Becker
- 1] German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany, D-53175 Bonn, Germany [2] Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics, and Epidemiology, University of Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- 1] Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, D-68159 Mannheim, Germany [2]
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- 1] Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany [2] Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany [3]
| | - Sven Cichon
- 1] Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany [2] Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany [3] Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany [4] Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel CH-4012, Switzerland [5]
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Healy D, Bechthold K, Tolias P. Antidepressant-induced suicidality: how translational epidemiology incorporating pharmacogenetics into controlled trials can improve clinical care. Per Med 2014; 11:79-88. [DOI: 10.2217/pme.13.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have been a staple of the drug development process for several decades. Here, we review the origins of RCTs and their adoption within drug development, highlighting shortcomings that tend to be ignored and possible solutions offered from personalized medicine. While RCTs play an important role in development of therapeutics, we underscore how if used indiscriminately, their adverse effects may outweigh the benefits. As an example, we focus on the development of antidepressants and how a severe adverse drug response – suicidal ideation – can be overlooked. We conclude with a discussion of how pharmacogenetics may address some of the deficiencies of RCTs, bringing the focus of drug response back to the individual patient rather than the population, using as an example the discovery of genetic markers associated with antidepressant-induced suicidal ideation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Healy
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Cardiff University, Wales, UK
| | - Kim Bechthold
- Chief Executive Officer, Sundance DX, Inc., 1630A 30th Street, Suite 378, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| | - Peter Tolias
- Center for Healthcare Innovation, Stevens Institute of Technology, 507 River Street, Room 515, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
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60
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Abstract
Pharmacogenetics brought the promise of matching individuals with treatments that would be efficacious while minimizing adverse events. This has been long needed in psychiatry, where treatment options have been empirical and treatment choices have been made largely based on clinical judgment. The efficacy and tolerability of antidepressants, the most common drugs used in mood disorders, have been widely studied in pharmacogenetics. Genetic association studies have been reported for pharmacokinetic genes such as the CYP450 isoenzymes or MDR1, and pharmacodynamic genes such as the serotonin transporter (SLC6A4) or the serotonin 2A receptor (HTR2A). However, despite the large number of reports, clinically useful predictors are still scarce for antidepressant monotherapy. Pharmacogenetic predictors of efficacy for mood stabilizers such as lithium and anticonvulsants have not had a dissimilar fate, and clinically meaningful markers are yet to emerge. The lack of consistent results may be in part due to small samples of heterogeneous populations and lack of consensus on phenotype definitions. Current pharmacogenetic recommendations include testing for HLA-B*1502 when using carbamazepine in Asian ancestry populations to prevent Stevens–Johnson syndrome, CYP2D6 genotypes when using pimozide, and CYP2D6 in polypharmacy to minimize drug interactions. This review, which is aimed at clinicians, lays the basis for understanding strengths and weaknesses of pharmacogenetic studies and outlines current clinical uses of these biomarkers.
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61
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Musil R, Zill P, Seemüller F, Bondy B, Meyer S, Spellmann I, Bender W, Adli M, Heuser I, Fisher R, Gaebel W, Maier W, Rietschel M, Rujescu D, Schennach R, Möller HJ, Riedel M. Genetics of emergent suicidality during antidepressive treatment--data from a naturalistic study on a large sample of inpatients with a major depressive episode. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 23:663-74. [PMID: 23063133 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Factors contributing to treatment-emergent suicidal ideation (TESI) using antidepressants have been in the focus of recent research strategies. We investigated previously established clinical predictors of TESI and combined these with several polymorphisms of candidate genes in patients with major depressive disorder. Common polymorphisms involved in the tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1) and 2 (TPH2), serotonin transporter, monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were investigated in a naturalistic inpatient study of the German research network on depression. We compared patients showing TESI with non-TESI suicidal patients and with non-suicidal patients using univariate tests to detect relevant factors, which were further tested in logistic regression and CART (Classification and Regression Trees) analyses. Of the 269 patients, TESI occurred in 22 patients (17 female), 117 patients were defined as non-TESI suicidal patients, and 130 patients were classified as non-suicidal. When comparing cases with both control groups we found the TPH2 rs1386494 (C/T) polymorphism to be moderately associated with TESI (Univariate tests: TESI vs. non-suicidality: p=0.005; adjusted: p=0.09; TESI vs. non-TESI suicidal patients: p=0.0024; adjusted: p=0.086). This polymorphism remained the only significant genetic factor in addition to clinical predictors in logistic regression and CART analyses. CART analyses suggested interactions with several clinical predictors. Haplotype analyses further supported a contribution of this polymorphism in TESI. The TPH2 rs1386494 (C/T) polymorphism might contribute to the genetic background of TESI. This polymorphism has been previously associated with committed suicide and major depressive disorder. The small number of cases warrants replication in larger patient samples. Lack of a placebo control group hampers definite conclusions on an association with antidepressive treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Musil
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Nussbaumstrasse 7, 80336 Munich, Germany.
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62
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Weißflog L, Scholz CJ, Jacob CP, Nguyen TT, Zamzow K, Groß-Lesch S, Renner TJ, Romanos M, Rujescu D, Walitza S, Kneitz S, Lesch KP, Reif A. KCNIP4 as a candidate gene for personality disorders and adult ADHD. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 23:436-47. [PMID: 22981920 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder in children with striking persistence into adulthood and a high co-morbidity with other psychiatric disorders, including personality disorders (PD). The 4p15.31 region was shown to be associated with ADHD in several genome wide association studies (GWAS). In the present study we also report association of the 4p15.31 locus with Cluster B and Cluster C PD as identified by a pooled genome-wide association study in 400 individuals suffering from PD. The gene coding for the Kv channel-interacting protein 4 (KCNIP4) is located in this region. KCNIP4 is an interaction partner of presenilin and plays a role in a negative feedback loop in the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Thus, we reasoned it to be a promising candidate gene for ADHD as well as for PD. To clarify the role of KCNIP4 in those disorders, we conducted candidate gene based association studies in 594 patients suffering from adult ADHD and 630 PD patients as compared to 974 healthy control individuals. In the adult ADHD sample, six single markers and one haplotype block revealed to be associated with disease (p values from 0.0079 to 0.049). Seven markers within the KCNIP4 gene showed an association with PD (p values from 0.0043 to 0.0437). The results of these studies suggest a role of KCNIP4 in the etiology of ADHD, PD and other co-morbid disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Weißflog
- Department of Psychiatry, ADHD Clinical Research Network, Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience; Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
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63
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Gürel G, Gustafson MA, Pepper JS, Horvitz HR, Koelle MR. Receptors and other signaling proteins required for serotonin control of locomotion in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 2012; 192:1359-71. [PMID: 23023001 PMCID: PMC3512144 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.112.142125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of signaling by the neurotransmitter serotonin is required to assess the hypothesis that defects in serotonin signaling underlie depression in humans. Caenorhabditis elegans uses serotonin as a neurotransmitter to regulate locomotion, providing a genetic system to analyze serotonin signaling. From large-scale genetic screens we identified 36 mutants of C. elegans in which serotonin fails to have its normal effect of slowing locomotion, and we molecularly identified eight genes affected by 19 of the mutations. Two of the genes encode the serotonin-gated ion channel MOD-1 and the G-protein-coupled serotonin receptor SER-4. mod-1 is expressed in the neurons and muscles that directly control locomotion, while ser-4 is expressed in an almost entirely non-overlapping set of sensory and interneurons. The cells expressing the two receptors are largely not direct postsynaptic targets of serotonergic neurons. We analyzed animals lacking or overexpressing the receptors in various combinations using several assays for serotonin response. We found that the two receptors act in parallel to affect locomotion. Our results show that serotonin functions as an extrasynaptic signal that independently activates multiple receptors at a distance from its release sites and identify at least six additional proteins that appear to act with serotonin receptors to mediate serotonin response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Güliz Gürel
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Megan A. Gustafson
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Judy S. Pepper
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - H. Robert Horvitz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Michael R. Koelle
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
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Chistiakov DA, Kekelidze ZI, Chekhonin VP. Endophenotypes as a measure of suicidality. J Appl Genet 2012; 53:389-413. [DOI: 10.1007/s13353-012-0113-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Fernández-Navarro P, Vaquero-Lorenzo C, Blasco-Fontecilla H, Díaz-Hernández M, Gratacòs M, Estivill X, Costas J, Carracedo Á, Fernández-Piqueras J, Saiz-Ruiz J, Baca-Garcia E. Genetic epistasis in female suicide attempters. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2012; 38:294-301. [PMID: 22554588 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Complex behaviors such as suicidal behavior likely exhibit gene-gene interactions. The main aim of this study is to explore potential single nucleotide polymorphisms combinations with epistatic effect in suicidal behavior using a data mining tool (Multifactor Dimensionality Reduction). METHODS Genomic DNA from peripheral blood samples was analyzed using SNPlex Technology. Multifactor Dimensionality Reduction was used to detect epistatic interactions between single nucleotide polymorphisms from the main central nervous system (CNS) neurotransmitters (dopamine: 9; noradrenaline: 19; serotonin: 23; inhibitory neurotransmitters: 60) in 889 individuals (417 men and 472 women) aged 18 years or older (585 psychiatric controls without a history of suicide attempts, and 304 patients with a history of suicide attempts). Individual analysis of association between single nucleotide polymorphisms and suicide attempts was estimated using logistic regression models. RESULTS Multifactor Dimensionality Reduction showed significant epistatic interactions involving four single nucleotide polymorphisms in female suicide attempters with a classification test accuracy of 60.7% (59.1%-62.4%, 95% CI): rs1522296, phenylalanine hydroxylase gene (PAH); rs7655090, dopamine receptor D5 gene (DRD5); rs11888528, chromosome 2 open reading frame 76, close to diazepam binding inhibitor gene (DBI); and rs2376481, GABA-A receptor subunit γ3 gene (GABRG3). The multivariate logistic regression model confirmed the relevance of the epistatic interaction [OR(95% CI)=7.74(4.60-13.37)] in females. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest an epistatic interaction between genes of all monoamines and GABA in female suicide attempters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Fernández-Navarro
- Cancer and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, National Centre for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Avenida Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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66
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Yu BL, Wu CL, Zhao SP. Plasma apolipoprotein O level increased in the patients with acute coronary syndrome. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:1952-7. [PMID: 22693255 PMCID: PMC3413234 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.p023028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein (apo) O is a novel apolipoprotein that is present predominantly in
high density lipoprotein (HDL). However, overexpression of apoO does not impact on
plasma HDL levels or functionality in human apoA-I transgenic mice. Thus, the
physiological function of apoO is not yet known. In the present study, we
investigated relationships between plasma apoO levels and high-sensitive C-reactive
protein (hs-CRP) levels, as well as other lipid parameters in healthy subjects (n
= 111) and patients with established acute coronary syndrome (ACS) (n =
50). ApoO was measured by the sandwich dot-blot technique with recombinant apoO as a
protein standard. Mean apoO level in healthy subjects was 2.21 ± 0.83
µg/ml whereas it was 4.94 ± 1.59 µg/ml in ACS patients. There were
significant differences in plasma level of apoO between two groups
(P < 0.001). In univariate analysis, apoO correlated
significantly with lg(hsCRP) (r = 0.48, P
< 0.001) in ACS patients. Notably, no significant correlation between apoO and
other lipid parameters was observed. Logistic regression analysis showed that plasma
apoO level was an independent predictor of ACS (OR = 5.61, 95% CI
2.16–14.60, P < 0.001). In conclusion, apoO increased in
ACS patients, and may be regarded as an independent inflammatory predictor of ACS
patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-lian Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China
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Menke A, Domschke K, Czamara D, Klengel T, Hennings J, Lucae S, Baune BT, Arolt V, Müller-Myhsok B, Holsboer F, Binder EB. Genome-wide association study of antidepressant treatment-emergent suicidal ideation. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012; 37:797-807. [PMID: 22030708 PMCID: PMC3260972 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2011.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Emergence of suicidal ideation (TESI) during treatment with antidepressants in major depression led to a black box warning. We performed a genome-wide association study to identify genetic markers, which increase the risk for this serious side effect. TESI was evaluated in depressed in-patients (N=397) and defined by an emergence of suicidal thoughts during hospitalization without suicidal thoughts at admission using the suicide item (3) of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Genotype distribution of 405.383 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in patients with TESI (N=32/8.1%) was compared to patients without increase in suicidal ideation (N=329/82.9%) and to a subgroup never reported suicidal ideation (N=79/19.9%). Top results were analyzed in an independent sample (N=501). None variant reached genome-wide significance, the best associated SNP was rs1630535 (p-value=1.3 × 10(-7)). The top 79 SNPs could be analyzed in an independent sample, and 14 variants showed nominal significant association with the same risk allele in the replication sample. A discriminant analysis classifying patients using these 79 SNPs revealed a 91% probability to classify TESI vs non-TESI cases correctly in the replication sample. Although our data need to be interpreted carefully owing to the small numbers in both cohorts, they suggest that a combination of genetic markers might indeed be used to identify patients at risk for TESI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Menke
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
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69
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Abstract
As shown by clinical genetic studies, affective and anxiety disorders are complex genetic disorders with genetic and environmental factors interactively determining their respective pathomechanism. Advances in molecular genetic techniques including linkage studies, association studies, and genome-wide association studies allow for the detailed dissection of the genetic influence on the development of these disorders. Besides the molecular genetic investigation of categorical entities according to standardized diagnostic criteria, intermediate phenotypes comprising neurobiological or neuropsychological traits (e.g., neuronal correlates of emotional processing) that are linked to the disease of interest and that are heritable, have been proposed to be closer to the underlying genotype than the overall disease phenotype. These intermediate phenotypes are dimensional and more precisely defined than the categorical disease phenotype, and therefore have attracted much interest in the genetic investigation of affective and anxiety disorders. Given the complex genetic nature of affective and anxiety disorders with an interaction of multiple risk genes and environmental influences, the interplay of genetic factors with environmental factors is investigated by means of gene-environment interaction (GxE) studies. Pharmacogenetic studies aid in the dissection of the genetically influenced heterogeneity of psychotropic drug response and may contribute to the development of a more individualized treatment of affective and anxiety disorders. Finally, there is some evidence for genetic factors potentially shared between affective and anxiety disorders pointing to a possible overlapping phenotype between anxiety disorders and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Domschke
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Würzburg, Füchsleinstrasse 15, D-97080, Würzburg, Germany,
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70
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Kang HJ, Kawasawa YI, Cheng F, Zhu Y, Xu X, Li M, Sousa AMM, Pletikos M, Meyer KA, Sedmak G, Guennel T, Shin Y, Johnson MB, Krsnik Z, Mayer S, Fertuzinhos S, Umlauf S, Lisgo SN, Vortmeyer A, Weinberger DR, Mane S, Hyde TM, Huttner A, Reimers M, Kleinman JE, Sestan N. Spatio-temporal transcriptome of the human brain. Nature 2011; 478:483-9. [PMID: 22031440 PMCID: PMC3566780 DOI: 10.1038/nature10523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1447] [Impact Index Per Article: 111.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Brain development and function depend on the precise regulation of gene expression. However, our understanding of the complexity and dynamics of the transcriptome of the human brain is incomplete. Here we report the generation and analysis of exon-level transcriptome and associated genotyping data, representing males and females of different ethnicities, from multiple brain regions and neocortical areas of developing and adult post-mortem human brains. We found that 86 per cent of the genes analysed were expressed, and that 90 per cent of these were differentially regulated at the whole-transcript or exon level across brain regions and/or time. The majority of these spatio-temporal differences were detected before birth, with subsequent increases in the similarity among regional transcriptomes. The transcriptome is organized into distinct co-expression networks, and shows sex-biased gene expression and exon usage. We also profiled trajectories of genes associated with neurobiological categories and diseases, and identified associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms and gene expression. This study provides a comprehensive data set on the human brain transcriptome and insights into the transcriptional foundations of human neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Jung Kang
- Department of Neurobiology and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
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71
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Mick E, McGough J, Loo S, Doyle AE, Wozniak J, Wilens TE, Smalley S, McCracken J, Biederman J, Faraone SV. Genome-wide association study of the child behavior checklist dysregulation profile. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2011; 50:807-17.e8. [PMID: 21784300 PMCID: PMC3143361 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A potentially useful tool for understanding the distribution and determinants of emotional dysregulation in children is a Child Behavior Checklist profile, comprising the Attention Problems, Anxious/Depressed, and Aggressive Behavior clinical subscales (CBCL-DP). The CBCL-DP indexes a heritable trait that increases susceptibility for later psychopathology, including severe mood problems and aggressive behavior. We have conducted a genome-wide association study of the CBCL-DP in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHOD Families were ascertained at Massachusetts General Hospital and University of California, Los Angeles. Genotyping was conducted with the Illumina Human1M or Human1M-Duo BeadChip platforms. Genome-wide association analyses were conducted with the MQFAM multivariate extension of PLINK. RESULTS CBCL data were available for 341 ADHD offspring from 339 ADHD affected trio families from the UCLA (N = 128) and the MGH (N = 213) sites. We found no genome-wide statistically significant associations but identified several plausible candidate genes among findings at p < 5E-05: TMEM132D, LRRC7, SEMA3A, ALK, and STIP1. CONCLUSIONS We found suggestive evidence for developmentally expressed genes operant in hippocampal dependent memory and learning with the CBCL-DP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Mick
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
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72
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Schosser A, Butler AW, Ising M, Perroud N, Uher R, Ng MY, Cohen-Woods S, Craddock N, Owen MJ, Korszun A, Jones L, Jones I, Gill M, Rice JP, Maier W, Mors O, Rietschel M, Lucae S, Binder EB, Preisig M, Perry J, Tozzi F, Muglia P, Aitchison KJ, Breen G, Craig IW, Farmer AE, Müller-Myhsok B, McGuffin P, Lewis CM. Genomewide association scan of suicidal thoughts and behaviour in major depression. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20690. [PMID: 21750702 PMCID: PMC3130038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Suicidal behaviour can be conceptualised as a continuum from suicidal ideation, to suicidal attempts to completed suicide. In this study we identify genes contributing to suicidal behaviour in the depression study RADIANT. Methodology/Principal Findings A quantitative suicidality score was composed of two items from the SCAN interview. In addition, the 251 depression cases with a history of serious suicide attempts were classified to form a discrete trait. The quantitative trait was correlated with younger onset of depression and number of episodes of depression, but not with gender. A genome-wide association study of 2,023 depression cases was performed to identify genes that may contribute to suicidal behaviour. Two Munich depression studies were used as replication cohorts to test the most strongly associated SNPs. No SNP was associated at genome-wide significance level. For the quantitative trait, evidence of association was detected at GFRA1, a receptor for the neurotrophin GDRA (p = 2e-06). For the discrete trait of suicide attempt, SNPs in KIAA1244 and RGS18 attained p-values of <5e-6. None of these SNPs showed evidence for replication in the additional cohorts tested. Candidate gene analysis provided some support for a polymorphism in NTRK2, which was previously associated with suicidality. Conclusions/Significance This study provides a genome-wide assessment of possible genetic contribution to suicidal behaviour in depression but indicates a genetic architecture of multiple genes with small effects. Large cohorts will be required to dissect this further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Schosser
- MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Amy W. Butler
- MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Marcus Ising
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Nader Perroud
- MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rudolf Uher
- MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mandy Y. Ng
- MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Cohen-Woods
- MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Craddock
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Ania Korszun
- Barts and The London Medical School, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuropharmacology and Neurobiology Section, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Jones
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Gill
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity Centre for Health Science, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John P. Rice
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Wolfgang Maier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ole Mors
- Centre for Psychiatric Research, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | | | - Martin Preisig
- University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julia Perry
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Stockley Park, United Kingdom
| | | | - Pierandrea Muglia
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Verona, Italy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- NeuroSearch A/S, Ballerup, Denmark
| | - Katherine J. Aitchison
- MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gerome Breen
- MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian W. Craig
- MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anne E. Farmer
- MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Peter McGuffin
- MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cathryn M. Lewis
- MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Crisafulli C, Fabbri C, Porcelli S, Drago A, Spina E, De Ronchi D, Serretti A. Pharmacogenetics of antidepressants. Front Pharmacol 2011; 2:6. [PMID: 21687501 PMCID: PMC3108562 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2011.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Up to 60% of depressed patients do not respond completely to antidepressants (ADs) and up to 30% do not respond at all. Genetic factors contribute for about 50% of the AD response. During the recent years the possible influence of a set of candidate genes as genetic predictors of AD response efficacy was investigated by us and others. They include the cytochrome P450 superfamily, the P-glycoprotein (ABCB1), the tryptophan hydroxylase, the catechol-O-methyltransferase, the monoamine oxidase A, the serotonin transporter (5-HTTLPR), the norepinephrine transporter, the dopamine transporter, variants in the 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors (5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, 5-HT3A, 5-HT3B, and 5-HT6), adrenoreceptor beta-1 and alpha-2, the dopamine receptors (D2), the G protein beta 3 subunit, the corticotropin releasing hormone receptors (CRHR1 and CRHR2), the glucocorticoid receptors, the c-AMP response-element binding, and the brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Marginal associations were reported for angiotensin I converting enzyme, circadian locomotor output cycles kaput protein, glutamatergic system, nitric oxide synthase, and interleukin 1-beta gene. In conclusion, gene variants seem to influence human behavior, liability to disorders and treatment response. Nonetheless, gene × environment interactions have been hypothesized to modulate several of these effects.
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