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Mai B, Gao Y, Li M, Wang X, Zhang K, Liu Q, Xu C, Wang P. Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy for Staphylococcus aureus and multidrug-resistant bacterial burn infection in vitro and in vivo. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:5915-5931. [PMID: 28860757 PMCID: PMC5566361 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s138185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives Antibiotic resistance has emerged as one of the most important determinants of outcome in patients with serious infections, along with the virulence of the underlying pathogen. Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) has been proposed as an alternative approach for the inactivation of bacteria. This study aims to evaluate the antibacterial effect of sinoporphyrin sodium (DVDMS)-mediated PACT on Staphylococcus aureus and multidrug resistant S. aureus in vitro and in vivo. Materials and methods Bacteria were incubated with DVDMS and exposed to treatment with light. After PACT treatment, colony-forming units were counted to estimate the bactericidal effect. Intracellular reactive oxygen-species production was detected by flow cytometry. Flow cytometry and fluorescence-microscopy detection of bacterial cell-membrane permeability. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to determine expression of VEGF, TGFβ1, TNFα, IL6, and bFGF factors in burn infection. Results DVDMS-PACT effectively killed bacterial proliferation. Intracellular ROS levels were enhanced obviously in the PACT-treatment group. SYTO 9 and propidium iodide staining showed a decrease in the ratio of green:red fluorescence intensity in the PACT-treatment group in comparison to the control group. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent-assay results revealed that in the healing process, the expression of bFGF, TGFβ1, and VEGF in the treatment group were higher than in the control group, which inhibited inflammation-factor secretion. In addition, skin-tissue bacteria were reduced after treatment. Conclusion These results indicate that DVDMS-PACT presents significant bactericidal activity and promotes wound healing after burn infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjie Mai
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ministry of Education.,National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an
| | - Yiru Gao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ministry of Education.,National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an
| | - Min Li
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ministry of Education.,National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an
| | - Xiaobing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ministry of Education.,National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an
| | - Kun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ministry of Education.,National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an
| | - Quanhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ministry of Education.,National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an
| | - Chuanshan Xu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ministry of Education.,National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an
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52
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Abana CM, Brannon JR, Ebbott RA, Dunigan TL, Guckes KR, Fuseini H, Powers J, Rogers BR, Hadjifrangiskou M. Characterization of blue light irradiation effects on pathogenic and nonpathogenic Escherichia coli. Microbiologyopen 2017; 6. [PMID: 28332311 PMCID: PMC5552948 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Blue light irradiation (BLI) is an FDA-approved method for treating certain types of infections, like acne, and is becoming increasingly attractive as an antimicrobial strategy as the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant "superbugs" rises. However, no study has delineated the effectiveness of BLI throughout different bacterial growth phases, especially in more BLI-tolerant organisms such as Escherichia coli. While the vast majority of E. coli strains are nonpathogenic, several E. coli pathotypes exist that cause infection within and outside the gastrointestinal tract. Here, we compared the response of E. coli strains from five phylogenetic groups to BLI with a 455 nm wavelength (BLI455 ), using colony-forming unit and ATP measurement assays. Our results revealed that BLI455 is not bactericidal, but can retard E. coli growth in a manner that is dependent on culture age and strain background. This observation is critical, given that bacteria on and within mammalian hosts are found in different phases of growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney M Abana
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - John R Brannon
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rebecca A Ebbott
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Taryn L Dunigan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kirsten R Guckes
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Hubaida Fuseini
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jennifer Powers
- Vanderbilt Dermatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bridget R Rogers
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Maria Hadjifrangiskou
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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53
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El-Khordagui L, El-Sayed N, Galal S, El-Gowelli H, Omar H, Mohamed M. Photosensitizer-eluting nanofibers for enhanced photodynamic therapy of wounds: A preclinical study in immunocompromized rats. Int J Pharm 2017; 520:139-148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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54
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Tseng SP, Hung WC, Chen HJ, Lin YT, Jiang HS, Chiu HC, Hsueh PR, Teng LJ, Tsai JC. Effects of toluidine blue O (TBO)-photodynamic inactivation on community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2017; 50:46-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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55
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Rodríguez Sartori D, Lillo CR, Romero JJ, Laura Dell Arciprete M, Miñán A, Fernández Lorenzo de Mele M, Gonzalez MC. Polyethylene glycol-coated blue-emitting silicon dots with improved properties for uses in aqueous and biological environments. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:475704. [PMID: 27775926 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/47/475704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Grafting of polyethylene glycol (PEG) to ultrasmall photoluminescent silicon dots (SiDs) is expected to improve and expand the applications of these particles to aqueous environments and biological systems. Herein we report a novel one-pot synthesis of robust, highly water compatible PEG-coated SiDs (denoted as PEG-SiDs) of (3.3 ± 0.5) nm size. The nanoparticles' synthesis is based on the liquid phase oxidation of magnesium silicide using PEG as reaction media and leading to high PEG density grafting. PEG-SiDs enhanced photophysical, photosensitising, and solution properties in aqueous environments are described and compared to those of 2 nm size PEG-coated SiDs with low PEG density grafting (denoted as PEG-NHSiDs) obtained from a multistep synthesis strategy. PEG-SiDs form highly dispersed suspensions in water showing stable photoluminescence and quantum yields of Φ = 0.13 ± 0.04 at 370 nm excitation in air-saturated suspensions. These particles exhibited the capacity of photosensitising the formation of singlet molecular oxygen, not observed for PEG-NHSiDs. PEG robust shielding of the silicon core luminescent properties is further demonstrated in bio-imaging experiments stressing the strong interaction between PEG-SiDs and Staphylococcus aureus smears by observing the photoluminescence of particles. PEG-SiDs were found to be nontoxic to S. aureus cells at concentrations of 100 mg ml-1, though a bacteriostatic effect on S. aureus biofilms was observed upon UV-A irradiation under conditions where light alone has no effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damián Rodríguez Sartori
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Casilla de Correo 16, Suc. 4, (1900) La Plata, Argentina
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56
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Hoffmann G, Hartel M, Mercer JB. Heat for wounds - water-filtered infrared-A (wIRA) for wound healing - a review. GERMAN MEDICAL SCIENCE : GMS E-JOURNAL 2016; 14:Doc08. [PMID: 27408610 PMCID: PMC4928028 DOI: 10.3205/000235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Background: Water-filtered infrared-A (wIRA) is a special form of heat radiation with high tissue penetration and a low thermal load to the skin surface. wIRA corresponds to the major part of the sun’s heat radiation, which reaches the surface of the Earth in moderate climatic zones filtered by water and water vapour of the atmosphere. wIRA promotes healing of acute and chronic wounds both by thermal and thermic as well as by non-thermal and non-thermic cellular effects. Methods: This publication includes a literature review with search in PubMed/Medline for “water-filtered infrared-A” and “wound”/”ulcus” or “wassergefiltertes Infrarot A” and “Wunde”/”Ulkus”, respectively (publications in English and German), and additional analysis of study data. Seven prospective clinical studies (of these six randomized controlled trials (RCT), the largest study with n=400 patients) were identified and included. All randomized controlled clinical trials compare a combination of high standard care plus wIRA treatment vs. high standard care alone. The results below marked with “vs.” present these comparisons. Results: wIRA increases tissue temperature (+2.7°C at a tissue depth of 2 cm), tissue oxygen partial pressure (+32% at a tissue depth of 2 cm) and tissue perfusion (effect sizes within the wIRA group). wIRA promotes normal as well as disturbed wound healing by diminishing inflammation and exudation, by promotion of infection defense and regeneration, and by alleviation of pain (with respect to alleviation of pain, without any exception during 230 irradiations, 13.4 vs. 0.0 on a visual analogue scale (VAS 0–100), median difference between groups 13.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) 12.3/16.7, p<0.000001) with a substantially reduced need for analgesics (52–69% less in the three groups with wIRA compared to the three control groups in visceral surgery, p=0.000020 and 0.00037 and 0.0045, respectively; total of 6 vs. 14.5 analgesic tablets on 6 surveyed days (of weeks 1–6) in chronic venous stasis ulcers, median difference –8, 95% CI –10/–5, p=0.000002).
Further effects are: Faster reduction of wound area (in severely burned children: 90% reduction of wound size after 9 vs. 13 days, after 9 days 89.2% vs. 49.5% reduction in wound area, median difference 39.5% wound area reduction, 95% CI 36.7%/42.2%, p=0.000011; complete wound closure of chronic venous stasis ulcers after 14 vs. 42 days, median difference –21 days, 95% CI –28/–10, p=0.000005). Better overall evaluation of wound healing (surgical wounds: 88.6 vs. 78.5 on a VAS 0–100, median difference 8.9, 95% CI 6.1/12.0, p<0.000001). Better overall evaluation of the effect of irradiation (79.0 vs. 46.8 on a VAS 0–100 with 50 as neutral point, median difference 27.9, 95% CI 19.8/34.6, p<0.000001). Higher tissue oxygen partial pressure during irradiation with wIRA (at a tissue depth of 2 cm 41.6 vs. 30.2 mmHg, median difference 11.9 mmHg, 95% CI 9.6/14.2 mmHg, p<0.000001). Higher tissue temperature during irradiation with wIRA (at a tissue depth of 2 cm 38.9 vs. 36.4°C, median difference 2.6°C, 95% CI 2.2/2.9°C, p<0.000001). Better cosmetic result (84.5 vs. 76.5 on a VAS 0–100, median difference 7.9, 95% CI 3.7/12.0, p=0.00027). Lower wound infection rate (single preoperative irradiation: 5.1% vs. 12.1% wound infections in total, difference –7.0%, 95% CI –12.8%/–1.3%, p=0.017, of these: late wound infections (postoperative days 9-30) 1.7% vs. 7.7%, difference –6.0%, 95% CI –10.3%/–1.7%, p=0.007). Shorter hospital stay (9 vs. 11 postoperative days, median difference –2 days, 95% CI –3/0 days, p=0.022).
Most of the effects have been proven with an evidence level of 1a or 1b. Conclusion: Water-filtered infrared-A is a useful complement for the treatment of acute and chronic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Hoffmann
- Institute of Sports Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Mark Hartel
- Department of Surgery, Klinikzentrum Mitte, Dortmund, Germany
| | - James B Mercer
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
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Ahmadov TO, Ding R, Zhang J, Wang P, Tang H, Zhang P. Silver nanoparticle-enhanced hybrid photosensitizer for photoinactivation of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra11072j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a type of silver nanoparticle-enhanced hybrid photosensitizers for photodynamic inactivation against MRSA with outstanding killing efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rui Ding
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cincinnati
- Cincinnati
- USA
| | - Jinnan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cincinnati
- Cincinnati
- USA
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cincinnati
- Cincinnati
- USA
| | - Hong Tang
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cincinnati
- Cincinnati
- USA
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cincinnati
- Cincinnati
- USA
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58
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Caffarel-Salvador E, Kearney MC, Mairs R, Gallo L, Stewart SA, Brady AJ, Donnelly RF. Methylene Blue-Loaded Dissolving Microneedles: Potential Use in Photodynamic Antimicrobial Chemotherapy of Infected Wounds. Pharmaceutics 2015; 7:397-412. [PMID: 26426040 PMCID: PMC4695826 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics7040397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy involves delivery of a photosensitising drug that is activated by light of a specific wavelength, resulting in generation of highly reactive radicals. This activated species can cause destruction of targeted cells. Application of this process for treatment of microbial infections has been termed “photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy” (PACT). In the treatment of chronic wounds, the delivery of photosensitising agents is often impeded by the presence of a thick hyperkeratotic/necrotic tissue layer, reducing their therapeutic efficacy. Microneedles (MNs) are an emerging drug delivery technology that have been demonstrated to successfully penetrate the outer layers of the skin, whilst minimising damage to skin barrier function. Delivering photosensitising drugs using this platform has been demonstrated to have several advantages over conventional photodynamic therapy, such as, painless application, reduced erythema, enhanced cosmetic results and improved intradermal delivery. The aim of this study was to physically characterise dissolving MNs loaded with the photosensitising agent, methylene blue and assess their photodynamic antimicrobial activity. Dissolving MNs were fabricated from aqueous blends of Gantrez® AN-139 co-polymer containing varying loadings of methylene blue. A height reduction of 29.8% was observed for MNs prepared from blends containing 0.5% w/w methylene blue following application of a total force of 70.56 N/array. A previously validated insertion test was used to assess the effect of drug loading on MN insertion into a wound model. Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans biofilms were incubated with various methylene blue concentrations within the range delivered by MNs in vitro (0.1–2.5 mg/mL) and either irradiated at 635 nm using a Paterson Lamp or subjected to a dark period. Microbial susceptibility to PACT was determined by assessing the total viable count. Kill rates of >96%, were achieved for S. aureus and >99% for E. coli and C. albicans with the combination of PACT and methylene blue concentrations between 0.1 and 2.5 mg/mL. A reduction in the colony count was also observed when incorporating the photosensitiser without irradiation, this reduction was more notable in S. aureus and E. coli strains than in C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary-Carmel Kearney
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Co. Antrim BT9 7BL, UK.
| | - Rachel Mairs
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Co. Antrim BT9 7BL, UK.
| | - Luigi Gallo
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Co. Antrim BT9 7BL, UK.
| | - Sarah A Stewart
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Co. Antrim BT9 7BL, UK.
| | - Aaron J Brady
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Co. Antrim BT9 7BL, UK.
| | - Ryan F Donnelly
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Co. Antrim BT9 7BL, UK.
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Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) combines visible light and photosensitizing dyes. Different animal models have been used to test PDT for cancer, infectious disease and cardiovascular disease. Mouse models of tumours include subcutaneous, orthotopic, syngeneic, xenograft, autochthonous and genetically modified. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) employs non-toxic dyes called photosensitizers (PSs), which absorb visible light to give the excited singlet state, followed by the long-lived triplet state that can undergo photochemistry. In the presence of ambient oxygen, reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radicals are formed that are able to kill cancer cells, inactivate microbial pathogens and destroy unwanted tissue. Although there are already several clinically approved PSs for various disease indications, many studies around the world are using animal models to investigate the further utility of PDT. The present review will cover the main groups of animal models that have been described in the literature. Cancer comprises the single biggest group of models including syngeneic mouse/rat tumours that can either be subcutaneous or orthotopic and allow the study of anti-tumour immune response; human tumours that need to be implanted in immunosuppressed hosts; carcinogen-induced tumours; and mice that have been genetically engineered to develop cancer (often by pathways similar to those in patients). Infections are the second biggest class of animal models and the anatomical sites include wounds, burns, oral cavity, ears, eyes, nose etc. Responsible pathogens can include Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites. A smaller and diverse group of miscellaneous animal models have been reported that allow PDT to be tested in ophthalmology, atherosclerosis, atrial fibrillation, dermatology and wound healing. Successful studies using animal models of PDT are blazing the trail for tomorrow's clinical approvals.
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60
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Hamblin MR, Chiang LY, Lakshmanan S, Huang YY, Garcia-Diaz M, Karimi M, de Souza Rastelli AN, Chandran R. Nanotechnology for photodynamic therapy: a perspective from the Laboratory of Dr. Michael R. Hamblin in the Wellman Center for Photomedicine at Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School. NANOTECHNOLOGY REVIEWS 2015; 4:359-372. [PMID: 26640747 PMCID: PMC4666539 DOI: 10.1515/ntrev-2015-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The research interests of the Hamblin Laboratory are broadly centered on the use of different kinds of light to treat many different diseases. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) uses the combination of dyes with visible light to produce reactive oxygen species and kill bacteria, cancer cells and destroy unwanted tissue. Likewise, UV light is also good at killing especially pathogens. By contrast, red or near-infrared light can have the opposite effect, to act to preserve tissue from dying and can stimulate healing and regeneration. In all these applications, nanotechnology is having an ever-growing impact. In PDT, self-assembled nano-drug carriers (micelles, liposomes, etc.) play a great role in solubilizing the photosensitizers, metal nanoparticles can carry out plasmon resonance enhancement, and fullerenes can act as photosensitizers, themselves. In the realm of healing, single-walled carbon nanotubes can be electrofocused to produce nano-electonic biomedical devices, and nanomaterials will play a great role in restorative dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Long Y. Chiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Shanmugamurthy Lakshmanan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ying-Ying Huang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Mahdi Karimi
- Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Rakkiyappan Chandran
- Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina, Greensboro, NC, USA
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61
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Daeschlein G, Lutze S, Arnold A, von Podewils S, Jünger M. [Importance of modern treatment procedures for infected and colonized wounds in dermatology]. Hautarzt 2015; 65:949-59. [PMID: 25336295 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-014-3526-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the coming years increasing numbers of patients with chronic ulcers and tumor wounds are to be expected, both of which are typically multifaceted diseases requiring complex and increasingly long-term ambulatory therapy. Therefore, in recent years special medical emphasis has been placed on efficacious therapies with good tolerability and also suitability regarding feasibility for outpatient treatment. Some of these methods, such as cold plasma therapy, extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT), water-filtered infrared therapy (wIRA), electrostimulation (ES) and low level laser therapy (LLLT) have a good chance of success when applied as an adjuvant method in the multimodal treatment concept for patients with recalcitrant wounds. All of these methods have at least indirect antimicrobial properties which can be advantageous in cases of microbial infiltration of wounds. As for all other methods for treating recalcitrant wounds, the promising application of the aforementioned methods requires great expertise in wound healing together with a broad and continuous interdisciplinary diagnostics and therapy (wound center).
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Affiliation(s)
- G Daeschlein
- Department of Dermatology, Ernst Moritz Arndt University, Sauerbruchstraße, 17489, Greifswald, Deutschland,
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62
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Synthesis, photophysical characterization, and photoinduced antibacterial activity of methylene blue-loaded amino- and mannose-targeted mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Molecules 2015; 20:6284-98. [PMID: 25859784 PMCID: PMC6272360 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20046284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last 20 years, the number of pathogenic multi-resistant microorganisms has grown steadily, which has stimulated the search for new strategies to combat antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), also called photodynamic inactivation, is emerging as a promising alternative to treatments based on conventional antibiotics. We have explored the effectiveness of methylene blue-loaded targeted mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNP) in the photodynamic inactivation of two Gram negative bacteria, namely Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. For E. coli, nanoparticle association clearly reduced the dark toxicity of MB while preserving its photoinactivation activity. For P. aeruginosa, a remarkable difference was observed between amino- and mannose-decorated nanoparticles. The details of singlet oxygen production in the nanoparticles have been characterized, revealing the presence of two populations of this cytotoxic species. Strong quenching of singlet oxygen within the nanoparticles is observed.
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63
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Rudenko TG, Shekhter AB, Guller AE, Aksenova NA, Glagolev NN, Ivanov AV, Aboyants RK, Kotova SL, Solovieva AB. Specific features of early stage of the wound healing process occurring against the background of photodynamic therapy using fotoditazin photosensitizer-amphiphilic polymer complexes. Photochem Photobiol 2014; 90:1413-22. [PMID: 25185511 DOI: 10.1111/php.12340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing demand on the studies of the wound healing potentials of photodynamic therapy. Here we analyze the effects of Fotoditazin, an e6 chlorine derivative, and its complexes with amphiphilic polymers, on the early stage of wound healing in a rat model. A skin excision wound model with prevented contraction was developed in male albino rats divided into eight groups according to the treatment mode. All animals received injections of one of the studied compositions into their wound beds and underwent low-intensity laser irradiation or stayed un-irradiated. The clinical monitoring and histological examination of the wounds were performed. It has been found that all the Fotoditazin formulations have significant effects on the early stage of wound healing. The superposition of the inflammation and regeneration was the main difference between groups. The aqueous solution of Fotoditazin alone induced a significant capillary hemorrhage, while its combinations with amphiphilic polymers did not. The best clinical and morphological results were obtained for the Fotoditazin-Pluronic F127 composition. Compositions of Fotoditazin and amphiphilic polymers, especially Pluronic F127, probably, have a great potential for therapy of wounds. Their effects can be attributed to the increased regeneration and suppressed reactions changes at the early stages of repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana G Rudenko
- I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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64
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Beirão S, Fernandes S, Coelho J, Faustino MAF, Tomé JPC, Neves MGPMS, Tomé AC, Almeida A, Cunha A. Photodynamic inactivation of bacterial and yeast biofilms with a cationic porphyrin. Photochem Photobiol 2014; 90:1387-96. [PMID: 25112506 DOI: 10.1111/php.12331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The efficiency of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(1-methylpyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin tetra-iodide (Tetra-Py(+)-Me) in the photodynamic inactivation of single-species biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans and mixed biofilms of S. aureus and C. albicans was evaluated. The effect on the extracellular matrix of P. aeruginosa was also assessed. Irradiation with white light up to an energy dose of 64.8 J cm(-2) in the presence of 20 μm of Tetra-Py(+)-Me caused significant inactivation in all single-species biofilms (3-6 log reductions), although the susceptibility was attenuated in relation to planktonic cells. In mixed biofilms, the inactivation of S. aureus was as efficient as in single-species biofilms but the susceptibility of C. albicans decreased. In P. aeruginosa biofilms, a reduction of 81% in the polysaccharide content of the matrix was observed after treatment with a 20 μm PS concentration and a total light dose of 64.8 J cm(-2). The results show that the Tetra-Py(+)-Me causes significant inactivation of the microorganisms, either in biofilms or in the planktonic form, and demonstrate that polysaccharides of the biofilm matrix may be a primary target of photodynamic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Beirão
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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Percival SL, Suleman L, Francolini I, Donelli G. The effectiveness of photodynamic therapy on planktonic cells and biofilms and its role in wound healing. Future Microbiol 2014; 9:1083-94. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.14.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is the application of a photoactive dye followed by irradiation that leads to the death of microbial cells in the presence of oxygen. Its use for controlling biofilms has been documented in many areas, particularly oral care. However, the potential use of PDT in the treatment of chronic wound-associated microbial biofilms has sparked much interest in the field of wound care. The aim of this article is to provide an overview on the effectiveness of PDT on in vitro and in vivo biofilms, their potential application in both the prevention and management of wound biofilm infections and their prospective role in the enhancement of wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Percival
- Surface Science Research Centre, University of Liverpool, Liverpool. UK
- Institute of Ageing & Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool. UK
| | - Louise Suleman
- Institute of Ageing & Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool. UK
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Reginato E, Wolf P, Hamblin MR. Immune response after photodynamic therapy increases anti-cancer and anti-bacterial effects. World J Immunol 2014; 4:1-11. [PMID: 25364655 PMCID: PMC4214901 DOI: 10.5411/wji.v4.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a clinically approved procedure for treatment of cancer and infections. PDT involves systemic or topical administration of a photosensitizer (PS), followed by irradiation of the diseased area with light of a wavelength corresponding to an absorbance band of the PS. In the presence of oxygen, a photochemical reaction is initiated, leading to the generation of reactive oxygen species and cell death. Besides causing direct cytotoxic effects on illuminated tumor cells, PDT is known to cause damage to the tumor vasculature and induce the release of pro-inflammatory molecules. Pre-clinical and clinical studies have demonstrated that PDT is capable of affecting both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. Immune stimulatory properties of PDT may increase its beneficial effects giving the therapy wider potential to become more extensively used in clinical practice. Be sides stimulating tumor-specific cytotoxic T-cells capable to destroy distant untreated tumor cells, PDT leads to development of anti-tumor memory immunity that can potentially prevent the recurrence of cancer. The immunological effects of PDT make the therapy more effective also when used for treatment of bacterial infections, due to an augmented infiltration of neutrophils into the infected regions that seems to potentiate the outcome of the treatment.
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Johnson GA, Ellis EA, Kim H, Muthukrishnan N, Snavely T, Pellois JP. Photoinduced membrane damage of E. coli and S. aureus by the photosensitizer-antimicrobial peptide conjugate eosin-(KLAKLAK)2. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91220. [PMID: 24608860 PMCID: PMC3946741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives Upon irradiation with visible light, the photosensitizer-peptide conjugate eosin-(KLAKLAK)2 kills a broad spectrum of bacteria without damaging human cells. Eosin-(KLAKLAK)2 therefore represents an interesting lead compound for the treatment of local infection by photodynamic bacterial inactivation. The mechanisms of cellular killing by eosin-(KLAKLAK)2, however, remain unclear and this lack of knowledge hampers the development of optimized therapeutic agents. Herein, we investigate the localization of eosin-(KLAKLAK)2 in bacteria prior to light treatment and examine the molecular basis for the photodynamic activity of this conjugate. Methodology/Principal Findings By employing photooxidation of 3,3-diaminobenzidine (DAB), (scanning) transmission electron microscopy ((S)TEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) methodologies, eosin-(KLAKLAK)2 is visualized at the surface of E. coli and S. aureus prior to photodynamic irradiation. Subsequent irradiation leads to severe membrane damage. Consistent with these observations, eosin-(KLAKLAK)2 binds to liposomes of bacterial lipid composition and causes liposomal leakage upon irradiation. The eosin moiety of the conjugate mediates bacterial killing and lipid bilayer leakage by generating the reactive oxygen species singlet oxygen and superoxide. In contrast, the (KLAKLAK)2 moiety targets the photosensitizer to bacterial lipid bilayers. In addition, while (KLAKLAK)2 does not disrupt intact liposomes, the peptide accelerates the leakage of photo-oxidized liposomes. Conclusions/Significance Together, our results suggest that (KLAKLAK)2 promotes the binding of eosin Y to bacteria cell walls and lipid bilayers. Subsequent light irradiation results in membrane damage from the production of both Type I & II photodynamic products. Membrane damage by oxidation is then further aggravated by the (KLAKLAK)2 moiety and membrane lysis is accelerated by the peptide. These results therefore establish how photosensitizer and peptide act in synergy to achieve bacterial photo-inactivation. Learning how to exploit and optimize this synergy should lead to the development of future bacterial photoinactivation agents that are effective at low concentrations and at low light doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A. Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - E. Ann Ellis
- Microscopy & Imaging Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hansoo Kim
- Microscopy & Imaging Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nandhini Muthukrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Thomas Snavely
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jean-Philippe Pellois
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kashef N, Akbarizare M, Kamrava SK. Effect of sub-lethal photodynamic inactivation on the antibiotic susceptibility and biofilm formation of clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2013; 10:368-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Vatansever F, Ferraresi C, de Sousa MVP, Yin R, Rineh A, Sharma SK, Hamblin MR. Can biowarfare agents be defeated with light? Virulence 2013; 4:796-825. [PMID: 24067444 PMCID: PMC3925713 DOI: 10.4161/viru.26475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological warfare and bioterrorism is an unpleasant fact of 21st century life. Highly infectious and profoundly virulent diseases may be caused in combat personnel or in civilian populations by the appropriate dissemination of viruses, bacteria, spores, fungi, or toxins. Dissemination may be airborne, waterborne, or by contamination of food or surfaces. Countermeasures may be directed toward destroying or neutralizing the agents outside the body before infection has taken place, by destroying the agents once they have entered the body before the disease has fully developed, or by immunizing susceptible populations against the effects. A range of light-based technologies may have a role to play in biodefense countermeasures. Germicidal UV (UVC) is exceptionally active in destroying a wide range of viruses and microbial cells, and recent data suggests that UVC has high selectivity over host mammalian cells and tissues. Two UVA mediated approaches may also have roles to play; one where UVA is combined with titanium dioxide nanoparticles in a process called photocatalysis, and a second where UVA is combined with psoralens (PUVA) to produce "killed but metabolically active" microbial cells that may be particularly suitable for vaccines. Many microbial cells are surprisingly sensitive to blue light alone, and blue light can effectively destroy bacteria, fungi, and Bacillus spores and can treat wound infections. The combination of photosensitizing dyes such as porphyrins or phenothiaziniums and red light is called photodynamic therapy (PDT) or photoinactivation, and this approach cannot only kill bacteria, spores, and fungi, but also inactivate viruses and toxins. Many reports have highlighted the ability of PDT to treat infections and stimulate the host immune system. Finally pulsed (femtosecond) high power lasers have been used to inactivate pathogens with some degree of selectivity. We have pointed to some of the ways light-based technology may be used to defeat biological warfare in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Vatansever
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine; Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston MA USA
- Harvard Medical School; Department of Dermatology; Boston, MA USA
| | - Cleber Ferraresi
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine; Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston MA USA
- Laboratory of Electro-thermo-phototherapy; Department of Physical Therapy; Federal University of São Carlos; São Paulo, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program in Biotechnology; Federal University of São Carlos; São Paulo, Brazil
- Optics Group; Physics Institute of Sao Carlos; University of São Paulo; São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Victor Pires de Sousa
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine; Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston MA USA
- Laboratory of Radiation Dosimetry and Medical Physics; Institute of Physics, São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rui Yin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine; Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston MA USA
- Harvard Medical School; Department of Dermatology; Boston, MA USA
- Department of Dermatology; Southwest Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing, PR China
| | - Ardeshir Rineh
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine; Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston MA USA
- School of Chemistry; University of Wollongong; Wollongong, NSW Australia
| | - Sulbha K Sharma
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine; Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston MA USA
- Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology; Indore, India
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine; Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston MA USA
- Harvard Medical School; Department of Dermatology; Boston, MA USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology; Cambridge, MA USA
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Association between susceptibility to photodynamic oxidation and the genetic background of Staphylococcus aureus. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 33:577-86. [PMID: 24158686 PMCID: PMC3953553 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-013-1987-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus are a major cause of skin and soft tissue infections requiring the development of novel and alternative therapeutic options. Photodynamic oxidation is the cornerstone of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) involving the combined use of light and a photosensitizer, which, in the presence of oxygen, originates cytotoxic species capable of oxidizing biological molecules and leads to inactivation of target cells. We have previously shown that susceptibility to aPDT differs significantly across S. aureus isolates and could be associated with several genetic elements. However, the effect of the photodynamic process regarding the S. aureus genetic background has never been reported. We have compared the genetic backgrounds of the strains (SCCmec types, spa types and main clonal complexes) with respect to their susceptibility to protoporphyrin IX-mediated photodynamic inactivation. SCCmec typing revealed no differences in response to photoinactivation. However, detection of spa types and clonal complexes clustered the studied population of MRSA strains according to their response to photodynamic oxidation. Clonal complex 1 (CC1) accounted for elevated resistance and CC30 (ST36) for susceptibility to photoinactivation. Moreover, spa typing identified isolates resistant (t032) and susceptible to photodynamic oxidation (t051, t015). The very tight association between clonal lineages and response to photodynamic inactivation indicates the important role of genetic background for aPDT efficacy. These results make a case for the development of a diagnostic tool with the predictive value of aPDT efficacy according to an identified genetic background of S. aureus isolates.
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Shining light on materials--a self-sterilising revolution. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:570-80. [PMID: 22819684 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the development of light activated antimicrobial surfaces. These surfaces kill microbes by the action of light and have potential applications in domestic and healthcare settings. The inspiration for the new self-cleaning surfaces originates from photodynamic therapy where light is used to locate and destroy tumours. The first generation photosensitiser molecules, based on a porphyrin ring structure, could be considered as bioinspired and chemically related to chlorophyll. The review looks at developments of both soft polymeric surfaces with either surface bound or impregnated photosensitiser molecules; and hard inorganic surfaces such as modified titanium dioxide. The bacterial kill mechanisms are looked into with both surface types showing primary microbial kill through a radical induced pathway. The hard inorganic surfaces also show low bacterial adherence by means of a light activated photo-wetting of the surfaces meaning that they are "Easy Clean" and wash off microbes uniformly.
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72
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Kossakowska M, Nakonieczna J, Kawiak A, Kurlenda J, Bielawski KP, Grinholc M. Discovering the mechanisms of strain-dependent response of Staphylococcus aureus to photoinactivation: oxidative stress toleration, endogenous porphyrin level and strain's virulence. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2013; 10:348-55. [PMID: 24284084 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus is generally known to be susceptible to photoinactivation. However, the phenomenon of its strain-dependent response to photodynamic treatment has been reported. Moreover, the factors determining the emerging variation among strains according to photoinactivation remain unclear. METHODS This work aimed to investigate any relevant correlation between bacterial toleration of oxidative stress, porphyrin level, photosensitizer uptake and strain's virulence of studied methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains and their response to photodynamic inactivation (using protoporphyrin diarginate, toluidine blue O and 5-aminolevulinic acid). RESULTS Obtained data let to demonstrate that studied factors have limited impact on strain response to PDI. However, we have shown that multicomponent sensitizing agent i.e. consisted of PPArg2, ALA and TBO would eliminate the S. aureus elevated resistance to photoinactivation and that both highly virulent and low virulent S. aureus strains could be easily eradicated with the use of PDI. Moreover, we have shown that photodynamic inactivation could decrease the virulence of S. aureus extracellular fraction. CONCLUSION The mechanism underlying strain-dependent response to photoinactivation is complex and multifactorial nevertheless with the use of several sensitizing agents the elevated resistance to photodynamic treatment can be omitted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kossakowska
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Kladki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland
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73
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Study of photodynamic therapy in the control of isolated microorganisms from infected wounds—an in vitro study. Lasers Med Sci 2013; 29:113-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-013-1283-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Topaloglu N, Gulsoy M, Yuksel S. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy of resistant bacterial strains by indocyanine green and 809-nm diode laser. Photomed Laser Surg 2013; 31:155-62. [PMID: 23402392 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2012.3430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This research aimed to investigate the bactericidal effect of indocyanine green (ICG) with 809-diode laser on wild type and resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro. BACKGROUND DATA ICG and 809 nm combination can be a powerful tool for the treatment of wound-infecting, antibiotic-resistant bacteria. METHODS The effect of ICG and 809 nm laser light on wild type and resistant strains of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa was examined in vitro. ICG concentrations and laser doses were initially optimized for wild type S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. After determining the most effective ICG concentrations with specified light dose, they were applied on resistant strains. Viable bacterial cells were counted by serial dilution method. RESULTS Photodynamic therapy (PDT) with ICG was totally efficient to kill all of these bacterial strains, and light/ICG alone did not cause any lethal effect on any of the strains. Optimum ICG laser doses varied with respect to the bacteria type: 84 J/cm(2) of light dose with 6 μg/mL of ICG concentration caused more than 95% killing of wild type S. aureus strains. The same bactericidal effect was achieved with a lower amount of ICG (4 μg/mL) on resistant strain S. aureus. Optimum parameters for 99% killing of wild type P. aeruginosa were 125 μg/mL ICG and 252 J/cm(2) of light dose. Similarly, their bactericidal effect was stronger on resistant strain; 100 μg/mL ICG with 252 J/cm(2) was enough to cause a 99% decrease in viable cells. CONCLUSIONS The combination of ICG and 809 nm laser light was found as an effective antibacterial method to destroy antibiotic-resistant strains of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nermin Topaloglu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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75
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Morley S, Griffiths J, Philips G, Moseley H, O’Grady C, Mellish K, Lankester C, Faris B, Young R, Brown S, Rhodes L. Phase IIa randomized, placebo-controlled study of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in bacterially colonized, chronic leg ulcers and diabetic foot ulcers: a new approach to antimicrobial therapy. Br J Dermatol 2013; 168:617-24. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.12098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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76
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Dosselli R, Tampieri C, Ruiz-González R, De Munari S, Ragàs X, Sánchez-García D, Agut M, Nonell S, Reddi E, Gobbo M. Synthesis, characterization, and photoinduced antibacterial activity of porphyrin-type photosensitizers conjugated to the antimicrobial peptide apidaecin 1b. J Med Chem 2013; 56:1052-63. [PMID: 23231466 DOI: 10.1021/jm301509n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is an emerging treatment for bacterial infections that is becoming increasingly more attractive because of its effectiveness against multi-antibiotic-resistant strains and unlikelihood of inducing bacterial resistance. Among the strategies to enhance the efficacy of PDT against Gram-negative bacteria, the binding to a cationic antimicrobial peptide offers the attractive prospect for improving both the water solubilty and the localization of the photoactive drug in bacteria. In this work we have compared a number of free and apidaecin-conjugated photosensitizers (PSs) differing in structure and charge. Our results indicate that the conjugation of per se ineffective highly hydrophobic PSs to a cationic peptide produces a photosensitizing agent effective against Gram-negative bacteria. Apidaecin cannot improve the phototoxic activity of cationic PSs, which mainly depends on a very high yield of singlet oxygen production in the surroundings of the bacterial outer membrane. Apidaecin-PS conjugates appear most promising for treatment protocols requiring repeated washing after sensitizer delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Dosselli
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, via U. Bassi 58/B, I-35121 Padova, Italy
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Huang YY, Tanaka M, Vecchio D, Garcia-Diaz M, Chang J, Morimoto Y, Hamblin MR. Photodynamic therapy induces an immune response against a bacterial pathogen. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2012; 8:479-94. [PMID: 22882222 DOI: 10.1586/eci.12.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) employs the triple combination of photosensitizers, visible light and ambient oxygen. When PDT is used for cancer, it has been observed that both arms of the host immune system (innate and adaptive) are activated. When PDT is used for infectious disease, however, it has been assumed that the direct antimicrobial PDT effect dominates. Murine arthritis caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the knee failed to respond to PDT with intravenously injected Photofrin(®). PDT with intra-articular Photofrin produced a biphasic dose response that killed bacteria without destroying host neutrophils. Methylene blue was the optimum photosensitizer to kill bacteria while preserving neutrophils. We used bioluminescence imaging to noninvasively monitor murine bacterial arthritis and found that PDT with intra-articular methylene blue was not only effective, but when used before infection, could protect the mice against a subsequent bacterial challenge. The data emphasize the importance of considering the host immune response in PDT for infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying Huang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Kim MH, Yamayoshi I, Mathew S, Lin H, Nayfach J, Simon SI. Magnetic nanoparticle targeted hyperthermia of cutaneous Staphylococcus aureus infection. Ann Biomed Eng 2012; 41:598-609. [PMID: 23149904 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-012-0698-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of wound infections that do not adequately respond to standard-of-care antimicrobial treatment has been increasing. To address this challenge, a novel antimicrobial magnetic thermotherapy platform has been developed in which a high-amplitude, high-frequency, alternating magnetic field is used to rapidly heat magnetic nanoparticles that are bound to Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The antimicrobial efficacy of this platform was evaluated in the treatment of both an in vitro culture model of S. aureus biofilm and a mouse model of cutaneous S. aureus infection. We demonstrated that an antibody-targeted magnetic nanoparticle bound to S. aureus was effective at thermally inactivating S. aureus and achieving accelerated wound healing without causing tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ho Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California at Davis, 451 E. Health Sciences Dr., Davis, CA 95616, USA
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79
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Galanzha EI, Shashkov E, Sarimollaoglu M, Beenken KE, Basnakian AG, Shirtliff ME, Kim JW, Smeltzer MS, Zharov VP. In vivo magnetic enrichment, photoacoustic diagnosis, and photothermal purging of infected blood using multifunctional gold and magnetic nanoparticles. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45557. [PMID: 23049814 PMCID: PMC3458934 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections are a primary cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Bacteremia is a particular concern owing to the possibility of septic shock and the development of metastatic infections. Treatment of bacteremia is increasingly compromised by the emergence of antibiotic resistant strains, creating an urgent need for alternative therapy. Here, we introduce a method for in vivo photoacoustic (PA) detection and photothermal (PT) eradication of Staphylococcus aureus in tissue and blood. We show that this method could be applicable for label-free diagnosis and treatment of in the bloodstream using intrinsic near-infrared absorption of endogenous carotenoids with nonlinear PA and PT contrast enhancement. To improve sensitivity and specificity for detection of circulating bacteria cells (CBCs), two-color gold and multilayer magnetic nanoparticles with giant amplifications of PA and PT contrasts were functionalized with an antibody cocktail for molecular targeting of S. aureus surface-associated markers such as protein A and lipoprotein. With a murine model, the utility of this approach was demonstrated for ultrasensitive detection of CBCs with threshold sensitivity as low as 0.5 CBCs/mL, in vivo magnetic enrichment of CBCs, PT eradication of CBCs, and real-time monitoring of therapeutic efficacy by CBC counting. Our PA-PT nano-theranostic platform, which integrates in vivo multiplex targeting, magnetic enrichment, signal amplification, multicolor recognition, and feedback control, could be used as a biological tool to gain insights on dissemination pathways of CBCs, infection progression by bacteria re-seeding, and sepsis development and treatment, and could potentially be feasible in humans, especially using bypass schematic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina I. Galanzha
- Phillips Classic Laser and Nanomedicine Laboratories, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Evgeny Shashkov
- Phillips Classic Laser and Nanomedicine Laboratories, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Mustafa Sarimollaoglu
- Phillips Classic Laser and Nanomedicine Laboratories, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Karen E. Beenken
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Alexei G. Basnakian
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Mark E. Shirtliff
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland-Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jin-Woo Kim
- Bio/Nano Technology Laboratory, Institute for Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Mark S. Smeltzer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Vladimir P. Zharov
- Phillips Classic Laser and Nanomedicine Laboratories, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
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80
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Electrically-responsive anti-adherent hydrogels for photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2012; 114:61-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2012.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sharma SK, Mroz P, Dai T, Huang YY, St. Denis TG, Hamblin MR. Photodynamic Therapy for Cancer and for Infections: What Is the Difference? Isr J Chem 2012; 52:691-705. [PMID: 23248387 PMCID: PMC3522418 DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201100062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) was discovered over one hundred years ago when it was observed that certain dyes could kill microorganisms when exposed to light in the presence of oxygen. Since those early days, PDT has mainly been developed as a cancer therapy and as a way to destroy proliferating blood vessels. However, recently it has become apparent that PDT may also be used as an effective antimicrobial modality and a potential treatment for localized infections. This review discusses the similarities and differences between the application of PDT for the treatment of microbial infections and for cancer lesions. Type I and type II photodynamic processes are described, and the structure-function relationships of optimal anticancer and antimicrobial photosensitizers are outlined. The different targeting strategies, intracellular photosensitizer localization, and pharmacokinetic properties of photosensitizers required for these two different PDT applications are compared and contrasted. Finally, the ability of PDT to stimulate an adaptive or innate immune response against pathogens and tumors is also covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulbha K. Sharma
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA (USA)
| | - Pawel Mroz
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA (USA)
- Department of Dermatology Harvard Medical School Boston, MA (USA)
| | - Tianhong Dai
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA (USA)
- Department of Dermatology Harvard Medical School Boston, MA (USA)
| | - Ying-Ying Huang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA (USA)
- Department of Dermatology Harvard Medical School Boston, MA (USA)
- Aesthetic and Plastic Center of Guangxi Medical University Nanning (P. R. China)
| | - Tyler G. St. Denis
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA (USA)
- Columbia University New York City, NY (USA)
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA (USA)
- Department of Dermatology Harvard Medical School Boston, MA (USA)
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology Cambridge, MA (USA)
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82
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Tanaka M, Mroz P, Dai T, Huang L, Morimoto Y, Kinoshita M, Yoshihara Y, Nemoto K, Shinomiya N, Seki S, Hamblin MR. Photodynamic therapy can induce a protective innate immune response against murine bacterial arthritis via neutrophil accumulation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39823. [PMID: 22761911 PMCID: PMC3383702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Local microbial infections induced by multiple-drug-resistant bacteria in the orthopedic field can be intractable, therefore development of new therapeutic modalities is needed. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising alternative modality to antibiotics for intractable microbial infections, and we recently reported that PDT has the potential to accumulate neutrophils into the infected site which leads to resolution of the infection. PDT for cancer has long been known to be able to stimulate the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. Methodology/Principal Findings In the present study, a murine methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) arthritis model using bioluminescent MRSA and polystyrene microparticles was established, and both the therapeutic (Th-PDT) and preventive (Pre-PDT) effects of PDT using methylene blue as photosensitizer were examined. Although Th-PDT could not demonstrate direct bacterial killing, neutrophils were accumulated into the infectious joint space after PDT and MRSA arthritis was reduced. With the preconditioning Pre-PDT regimen, neutrophils were quickly accumulated into the joint immediately after bacterial inoculation and bacterial growth was suppressed and the establishment of infection was inhibited. Conclusions/Significance This is the first demonstration of a protective innate immune response against a bacterial pathogen produced by PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamitsu Tanaka
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Pawel Mroz
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tianhong Dai
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Liyi Huang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yuji Morimoto
- Department of Integrated Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
- * E-mail: (YM); (MRH)
| | - Manabu Kinoshita
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasuo Yoshihara
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Koichi Nemoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Nariyoshi Shinomiya
- Department of Integrated Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Suhji Seki
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YM); (MRH)
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83
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Ruiz-González R, White JH, Agut M, Nonell S, Flors C. A genetically-encoded photosensitiser demonstrates killing of bacteria by purely endogenous singlet oxygen. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2012; 11:1411-3. [PMID: 22729069 DOI: 10.1039/c2pp25126d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
TagRFP, a fluorescent protein capable of photosensitizing the production of singlet oxygen, was expressed in E. coli. Subsequent exposure to green light induced bacterial cell death in a light-dose dependent manner. It is demonstrated for the first time that intracellular singlet oxygen is sufficient to kill bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Ruiz-González
- IQS School of Engineering, Universitat Ramon Llull, Vía Augusta 390, E-08017, Barcelona, Spain
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84
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Moxifloxacin-gelrite In Situ ophthalmic gelling system against photodynamic therapy for treatment of bacterial corneal inflammation. Arch Pharm Res 2011; 34:1663-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-011-1011-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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85
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Alves E, Costa L, Cunha A, Faustino MAF, Neves MGPMS, Almeida A. Bioluminescence and its application in the monitoring of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 92:1115-28. [PMID: 22038247 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3639-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Light output from bioluminescent microorganisms is a highly sensitive reporter of their metabolic activity and therefore can be used to monitor in real time the effects of antimicrobials. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is receiving considerable attention for its potentialities as a new antimicrobial treatment modality. This therapy combines oxygen, a nontoxic photoactive photosensitizer, and visible light to generate reactive oxygen species (singlet oxygen and free radicals) that efficiently destroy microorganisms. To monitor this photoinactivation process, faster methods are required instead of laborious conventional plating and overnight incubation procedures. The bioluminescence method is a very interesting approach to achieve this goal. This review covers recent developments on the use of microbial bioluminescence in aPDT in the clinical and environmental areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Alves
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Portugal
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86
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Blue dye and red light, a dynamic combination for prophylaxis and treatment of cutaneous Candida albicans infections in mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:5710-7. [PMID: 21930868 DOI: 10.1128/aac.05404-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate photodynamic therapy (PDT), using blue dye and red light, for prophylaxis and treatment of cutaneous Candida albicans infections in mice. A mouse model of skin abrasion infected with C. albicans was developed by inoculating wounds measuring 1.2 cm by 1.2 cm with 10(6) or 10(7) CFU. The use of a luciferase-expressing strain of C. albicans allowed real-time monitoring of the extent of infection in mice noninvasively through bioluminescence imaging. The phenothiazinium salts toluidine blue O (TBO), methylene blue (MB), and new methylene blue (NMB) were compared as photosensitizers (PS) for the photodynamic inactivation of C. albicans in vitro. PDT in vivo was initiated either at 30 min or at 24 h after fungal inoculation to investigate the efficacies of PDT for both prophylaxis and treatment of infections. Light at 635 ± 15 nm or 660 ± 15 nm was delivered with a light dose of 78 J/cm(2) (for PDT at 30 min postinfection) or 120 J/cm(2) (for PDT at 24 h postinfection) in multiple exposures with bioluminescence imaging taking place after each exposure of light. In vitro studies showed that NMB was superior to TBO and MB as the PS in the photodynamic inactivation of C. albicans. The efficacy of PDT was related to the ratio of PS concentration to fungal cell density. PDT in vivo initiated either at 30 min or at 24 h postinfection significantly reduced C. albicans burden in the infected mouse skin abrasion wounds. These data suggest that PDT is a viable approach for prophylaxis and treatment of cutaneous C. albicans infections.
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87
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Tanaka M, Kinoshita M, Yoshihara Y, Shinomiya N, Seki S, Nemoto K, Hamblin MR, Morimoto Y. Photodynamic therapy using intra-articular Photofrin for murine MRSA arthritis: biphasic light dose response for neutrophil-mediated antibacterial effect. Lasers Surg Med 2011; 43:221-9. [PMID: 21412806 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.21037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Bacterial arthritis does not respond well to antibiotics and moreover multidrug resistance is spreading. We previously tested photodynamic therapy (PDT) mediated by systemic Photofrin® in a mouse model of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) arthritis, but found that neutrophils were killed by PDT and therefore the infection was potentiated. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS The present study used an intra-articular injection of Photofrin® and optimized the light dosimetry in order to maximize bacterial killing and minimize killing of host neutrophils. MRSA (5 × 10(7) CFU) was injected into the mouse knee followed 3 days later by 1 µg of Photofrin® and 635-nm diode laser illumination with a range of fluences within 5 minutes. Synovial fluid was sampled 6 hours or 1-3, 5, and 7 days after PDT to determine MRSA colony-forming units (CFU), neutrophil numbers, and levels of cytokines. RESULTS A biphasic light dose response was observed with the greatest reduction of MRSA CFU seen with a fluence of 20 J cm(-2), whereas lower antibacterial efficacy was observed with fluences that were either lower or higher. Consistent with these results, a significantly higher concentration of macrophage inflammatory protein-2, a CXC chemokine, and greater accumulation of neutrophils were seen in the infected knee joint after PDT with a fluence of 20 J cm(-2) compared to fluences of 5 or 70 J cm(-2). CONCLUSION PDT for murine MRSA arthritis requires appropriate light dosimetry to simultaneously maximize bacterial killing and neutrophil accumulation into the infected site, while too little light does not kill sufficient bacteria and too much light kills neutrophils and damages host tissue as well as bacteria and allows bacteria to grow unimpeded by host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamitsu Tanaka
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
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88
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Dai T, Kharkwal GB, Tanaka M, Huang YY, Bil de Arce VJ, Hamblin MR. Animal models of external traumatic wound infections. Virulence 2011; 2:296-315. [PMID: 21701256 DOI: 10.4161/viru.2.4.16840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite advances in traumatic wound care and management, infections remain a leading cause of mortality,morbidity and economic disruption in millions of wound patients around the world. Animal models have become standard tools for studying a wide array of external traumatic wound infections and testing new antimicrobial strategies. RESULTS Animal models of external traumatic wound infections reported by different investigators vary in animal species used, microorganism strains, the number of microorganisms applied, the size of the wounds and for burn infections, the length of time the heated object or liquid is in contact with the skin. METHODS This review covers experimental infections in animal models of surgical wounds, skin abrasions, burns, lacerations,excisional wounds and open fractures. CONCLUSIONS As antibiotic resistance continues to increase,more new antimicrobial approaches are urgently needed.These should be tested using standard protocols for infections in external traumatic wounds in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhong Dai
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, USA
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89
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Simonetti O, Cirioni O, Orlando F, Alongi C, Lucarini G, Silvestri C, Zizzi A, Fantetti L, Roncucci G, Giacometti A, Offidani A, Provinciali M. Effectiveness of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy with a single treatment of RLP068/Cl in an experimental model of Staphylococcus aureus wound infection. Br J Dermatol 2011; 164:987-95. [PMID: 21275941 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10232.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic leg ulceration is a common health problem. It is well known that a clinically relevant bacterial load in chronic cutaneous wounds interferes significantly with the normal process of healing. Staphylococcus aureus is the most important representative of the staphylococcal group which causes clinically relevant infections within immunocompetent patients. OBJECTIVES To investigate the efficacy of a single treatment of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) with RLP068/Cl in a mouse model of a surgical wound infection induced with a methicillin-resistant strain of S. aureus (MRSA). METHODS Wounds, established through the panniculus carnosus of BALB/c and CD1 mice, were inoculated with 5 x 10(7) c.f.u. of MRSA. Mice were randomized into four groups respectively receiving no treatment, APDT with placebo, APDT with a new phthalocyanine derivative (RLP068/Cl) and intraperitoneal teicoplanin. RESULTS On day 2 from infection, a strong reduction of bacterial counts (≈ 3 logs) was observed in mice treated with RLP068/Cl in comparison with infected untreated mice. On day 9 from infection, a comparable and significant (≈ 2 logs) reduction of bacterial counts was found in mice treated with RLP068/Cl or with teicoplanin. At this time, histological examinations revealed that wounds treated with RLP068/Cl showed a complete re-epithelialization with a continuous epithelial lining. CONCLUSIONS The results of the in vivo study demonstrated that APDT with RLP068/Cl may be useful in the management of chronic infected wounds, accelerating the repair process through a significant bacterial inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Simonetti
- Dermatological Clinic, Department of Clinical Medicine and Applied Biotechnology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
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90
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Su Y, Sun J, Rao S, Cai Y, Yang Y. Photodynamic antimicrobial activity of hypocrellin A. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2011; 103:29-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2011.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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91
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Kashef N, Esmaeeli Djavid G, Siroosy M, Taghi Khani A, Hesami Zokai F, Fateh M. Photodynamic inactivation of drug-resistant bacteria isolated from diabetic foot ulcers. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2011; 3:36-41. [PMID: 22347581 PMCID: PMC3279799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Due to the extensive use of antibiotics, the spread of drug-resistant bacteria is one of the most worrisome threats to public health. One strategy that can be used to overcome potential shortcomings might be the inactivation of these organisms by photodynamic therapy. In this study, we have investigated whether drug-resistant wound-associated organisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli) are sensitive to lethal photosensitization using the dye methylene blue coupled with laser light of 660 nm. MATERIALS AND METHODS Effect of photosensitizer concentration (25, 50, 100 µg/ml) and laser light dose (27.3, 54.6 and 109.2 J/cm(2)) on lethal photosensitization was investigated. RESULTS All species were susceptible to killing by photodynamic inactivation. The bactericidal effect was not dependent on the concentration of methylene blue but it was dependent on the light dose. Methylene blue photosensitization using red laser light (109.2 J/cm(2)) was able to achieve reductions of 99.03% and 98.95% in the viable counts of S. aureus and S. epidermidis (using starting concentrations of 10(4)-10(5) CFU/ml). Eradication of 92.23% were obtained for E. coli (initial concentration 10(4)-10(5) CFU/ml) photosensitized by the red light (109.2 J/cm(2)). CONCLUSION These findings imply that MB in combination with red light may be an effective means of eradicating drug- resistant bacteria from wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kashef
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.,Corresponding author: Nasim Kashef Address: Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Tel.: +98-21-61113558. Fax: +98-21-66492992. E-mail:
| | - G Esmaeeli Djavid
- Iranian Center for Medical Lasers (ICML), Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Tehran, Iran
| | - M Siroosy
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Taghi Khani
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - F Hesami Zokai
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Fateh
- Iranian Center for Medical Lasers (ICML), Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Tehran, Iran
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92
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Sperandio FF, Simões A, Aranha ACC, Corrêa L, Orsini Machado de Sousa SC. Photodynamic therapy mediated by methylene blue dye in wound healing. Photomed Laser Surg 2011; 28:581-7. [PMID: 20961226 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2009.2601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate the wound-healing process after photodynamic therapy (PDT) mediated by methylene blue dye (MB). BACKGROUND DATA Few scientific studies show the PDT roles in wound healing. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred rats were given a circular wound on the back, inflicted with a 6-mm-diameter punch. The animals were divided into four groups: control (no treatment); dye (topical application of MB); laser (InGaAlP, 117.85 J/cm(2), 100 mW, 660 nm, single point); and PDT (topical application of MB followed by laser irradiation). After 1, 3, 5, 7, and 14 days, the cutaneous wounds were photographed and assessed with histopathologic examination by using light microscope. Changes seen in edema, necrosis, inflammation, granulation tissue, re-epithelialization, and number of young fibroblasts were semiquantitatively evaluated. The wound-area changes were measured with special software and submitted to statistical analysis. RESULTS The laser group demonstrated the smallest wound area at 14 days after the surgical procedure (p < 0.01). Concerning complete re-epithelialization, the laser group showed it at 5-7 days after surgery, whereas the PDT and the other groups showed it at 14 days. CONCLUSIONS Laser interaction with tissue is somehow changed when exposed to the MB. PDT mediated by MB was not prejudicial to wound healing, as no delay occurred compared with the control group.
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93
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Ferraz RCMC, Fontana CR, Ribeiro APD, Trindade FZ, Bartoloni FH, Baader JW, Lins EC, Bagnato VS, Kurachi C. Chemiluminescence as a PDT light source for microbial control. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2011; 103:87-92. [PMID: 21349738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2011.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Revised: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a combination of using a photosensitizer agent, light and oxygen that can cause oxidative cellular damage. This technique is applied in several cases, including for microbial control. The most extensively studied light sources for this purpose are lasers and LED-based systems. Few studies treat alternative light sources based PDT. Sources which present flexibility, portability and economic advantages are of great interest. In this study, we evaluated the in vitro feasibility for the use of chemiluminescence as a PDT light source to induce Staphylococcus aureus reduction. The Photogem® concentration varied from 0 to 75 μg/ml and the illumination time varied from 60 min to 240 min.The long exposure time was necessary due to the low irradiance achieved with chemiluminescence reaction at μW/cm² level. The results demonstrated an effective microbial reduction of around 98% for the highest photosensitizer concentration and light dose. These data suggest the potential use of chemiluminescence as a light source for PDT microbial control, with advantages in terms of flexibility, when compared with conventional sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruy C M C Ferraz
- Institute of Physics of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, USP, São Carlos, Brazil.
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94
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Pudziuvyte B, Bakiene E, Bonnett R, Shatunov PA, Magaraggia M, Jori G. Alterations of Escherichia coli envelope as a consequence of photosensitization with tetrakis(N-ethylpyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin tetratosylate. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:1046-55. [DOI: 10.1039/c1pp05028a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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95
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Goto B, Iriuchishima T, Horaguchi T, Tokuhashi Y, Nagai Y, Harada T, Saito A, Aizawa S. Therapeutic effect of photodynamic therapy using Na-pheophorbide a on osteomyelitis models in rats. Photomed Laser Surg 2010; 29:183-9. [PMID: 21194297 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2010.2803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, we examined the therapeutic effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) using the photosensitizer Na-Pheophorbide a (Na-Phde a) on osteomyelitis models in rats. BACKGROUND Osteomyelitis is one of the most serious infectious problems in the orthopedic field. Recently, as a new clinical approach against septic arthritis, an experimental in vivo and in vitro model for the inactivation of methicillin-resistant-Staphylococcus aureus by PDT using Na-Phde a has been developed. METHODS Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) was injected into the tibia of the rats to create osteomyelitis models (n = 10, 10 legs). A total of 560 μmol/l of Na-Phde a solution was injected into five of these tibial osteomyelitis models (five legs) 48 h after the initial MSSA infection. Sixty minutes after the Na-Phde a injection, a semiconductor laser (125 mW, 670 nm) was used to irradiate the models for 10 min with a total energy of 93.8 J/mm(2). As a control group, five rats (five legs) were treated with a phosphate buffered saline injection at 48 h after MSSA infection. Weight and leg perimeter changes were plotted. Bacterial growth, histological examination and radiological examination were evaluated at 14 days after initial treatment. RESULTS PDT with Na-Phde a significantly prevented leg swelling. In the PDT group, bone destruction owing to osteomyelitis was inhibited not only histologically but also radiographically. CONCLUSIONS The results in these experiments show that PDT using Na-Phde a improved osteomyelitis in rats. This suggests that PDT using Na- Phde a can be a useful treatment for osteomyelitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bunsei Goto
- Nihon University School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokyo, Japan
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96
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Nakonieczna J, Michta E, Rybicka M, Grinholc M, Gwizdek-Wiśniewska A, Bielawski KP. Superoxide dismutase is upregulated in Staphylococcus aureus following protoporphyrin-mediated photodynamic inactivation and does not directly influence the response to photodynamic treatment. BMC Microbiol 2010; 10:323. [PMID: 21167031 PMCID: PMC3022707 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-10-323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus, a major human pathogen causes a wide range of disease syndromes. The most dangerous are methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains, resistant not only to all β-lactam antibiotics but also to other antimicrobials. An alarming increase in antibiotic resistance spreading among pathogenic bacteria inclines to search for alternative therapeutic options, for which resistance can not be developed easily. Among others, photodynamic inactivation (PDI) of S. aureus is a promising option. Photodynamic inactivation is based on a concept that a non toxic chemical, called a photosensitizer upon excitation with light of an appropriate wavelength is activated. As a consequence singlet oxygen and other reactive oxygen species (e.g. superoxide anion) are produced, which are responsible for the cytotoxic effect towards bacterial cells. As strain-dependence in photodynamic inactivation of S. aureus was observed, determination of the molecular marker(s) underlying the mechanism of the bacterial response to PDI treatment would be of great clinical importance. We examined the role of superoxide dismutases (Sod) in photodynamic inactivation of S. aureus as enzymes responsible for oxidative stress resistance. RESULTS The effectiveness of photodynamic inactivation towards S. aureus and its Sod isogenic mutants deprived of either of the two superoxide dismutase activities, namely SodA or SodM or both of them showed similar results, regardless of the Sod status in TSB medium. On the contrary, in the CL medium (without Mn++ ions) the double SodAM mutant was highly susceptible to photodynamic inactivation. Among 8 clinical isolates of S. aureus analyzed (4 MRSA and 4 MSSA), strains highly resistant and strains highly vulnerable to photodynamic inactivation were noticed. We observed that Sod activity as well as sodA and sodM transcript level increases after protoporphyrin IX-based photodynamic treatment but only in PDI-sensitive strains. CONCLUSIONS We confirmed that porphyrin-based photokilling efficacy is a strain-dependent phenomenon. We showed that oxidative stress sensitivity caused by the lack of both Sod enzymes can be relieved in the presence of Mn ions and partially in the presence of Fe ions. The fact that Sod activity increase is observed only in PDI-susceptible cells emphasizes that this is probably not a direct factor affecting S. aureus vulnerability to porphyrin-based PDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Nakonieczna
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Kladki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Ewelina Michta
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Kladki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Magda Rybicka
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Kladki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Mariusz Grinholc
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Kladki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Anna Gwizdek-Wiśniewska
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Kladki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof P Bielawski
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Kladki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland
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97
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98
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Optical method for monitoring of photodynamic inactivation of bacteria. J Biol Phys 2010; 37:107-16. [PMID: 22210965 DOI: 10.1007/s10867-010-9202-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic inactivation is a new promising approach to treat bacterial infections. Usually, the evaluation of the efficacy of this method is done through time-consuming and labor-intensive microbiological test methods. This paper describes the development and implementation of an optical method to evaluate the photodynamic inactivation of bacteria based on non-invasive diffuse reflectance measurements. Five Staphylococcus aureus cultures and 15 mice have been used in this study. A skin lesion was created on the back of all animals, and it was contaminated with S. aureus (5.16 ± 0.013 log CFU/ml). Toluidine Blue O (c = 8.67 × 10 (- 3) M) has been used as a photosensitiser agent. The bacterial cultures and animals were exposed to laser radiation (λ = 635 nm, P = 15 mW, DE = 8.654 J/cm(2)) for 20 min. The photodynamic inactivation of bacteria was monitored by acquiring the wounds' reflection spectra at different time points and by microbiological exams on the bioptical material. The good correlation between the diffuse reflectance and colony-forming units demonstrates the value of this optical method based on diffuse reflectance measurements as a rapid technique to monitor photodynamic bacterial inactivation.
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Abstract
AbstractPhotodynamic antimicrobial therapy (PACT) involves the utilisation of photosensitizers activated by exposure to visible light in order to eradicate microbes (this method has already been applied in photodynamic therapy of tumours). Photodynamic effect of the particular photosensitive substance (PS) is attributed to its ability to penetrate susceptible microorganisms, to absorb the light of certain wavelength, and to generate reactive cytotoxic oxygen products. The target microorganisms for photoinactivation are bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoa. Photodynamic antimicrobial therapy is proposed as a potentially topical, non-invasive approach suitable for treatment of locally occurring infection. The fact that bacteria are becoming increasingly resistant to antibiotics and antiseptics has lead to an increased interest in the development of new alternative eradication methods, such as PACT. Research and development of photosensitive substances are aimed at finding effective antimicrobial substances, which would have a broad-spectrum potency.
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Dai T, Huang YY, Sharma SK, Hashmi JT, Kurup DB, Hamblin MR. Topical antimicrobials for burn wound infections. RECENT PATENTS ON ANTI-INFECTIVE DRUG DISCOVERY 2010; 5:124-51. [PMID: 20429870 PMCID: PMC2935806 DOI: 10.2174/157489110791233522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Throughout most of history, serious burns occupying a large percentage of body surface area were an almost certain death sentence because of subsequent infection. A number of factors such as disruption of the skin barrier, ready availability of bacterial nutrients in the burn milieu, destruction of the vascular supply to the burned skin, and systemic disturbances lead to immunosuppression combined together to make burns particularly susceptible to infection. In the 20th century the introduction of antibiotic and antifungal drugs, the use of topical antimicrobials that could be applied to burns, and widespread adoption of early excision and grafting all helped to dramatically increase survival. However the relentless increase in microbial resistance to antibiotics and other antimicrobials has led to a renewed search for alternative approaches to prevent and combat burn infections. This review will cover patented strategies that have been issued or filed with regard to new topical agents, preparations, and methods of combating burn infections. Animal models that are used in preclinical studies are discussed. Various silver preparations (nanocrystalline and slow release) are the mainstay of many approaches but antimicrobial peptides, topical photodynamic therapy, chitosan preparations, new iodine delivery formulations, phage therapy and natural products such as honey and essential oils have all been tested. This active area of research will continue to provide new topical antimicrobials for burns that will battle against growing multidrug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhong Dai
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ying-Ying Huang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Aesthetic and Plastic Center of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, P.R China
| | - Sulbha K. Sharma
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Javad T. Hashmi
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Divya B. Kurup
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA
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