51
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van der Asdonk P, Kouwer PHJ. Liquid crystal templating as an approach to spatially and temporally organise soft matter. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:5935-5949. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00029d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Liquid crystal templating: an emerging technique to organise and control soft matter at multiple length scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pim van der Asdonk
- Radboud University
- Institute for Molecules and Materials
- 6525 AJ Nijmegen
- The Netherlands
| | - Paul H. J. Kouwer
- Radboud University
- Institute for Molecules and Materials
- 6525 AJ Nijmegen
- The Netherlands
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52
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Kumar A, Pattanayek SK, Kumari A, Prakash GV. Arrangement of chromonic liquid crystals near hydrophobic and hydrophillic surfaces. J Mol Liq 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2016.10.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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53
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Drori R, Li C, Hu C, Raiteri P, Rohl AL, Ward MD, Kahr B. A Supramolecular Ice Growth Inhibitor. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:13396-13401. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b08267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ran Drori
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Chao Li
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Chunhua Hu
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Paolo Raiteri
- Curtin
Institute for Computation and Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Andrew L. Rohl
- Curtin
Institute for Computation and Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Michael D. Ward
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Bart Kahr
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
- Department
of Advanced Science and Engineering (TWIns), Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
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54
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Yao X, Nayani K, Park JO, Srinivasarao M. Orientational Order of a Lyotropic Chromonic Liquid Crystal Measured by Polarized Raman Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:4508-12. [PMID: 27074395 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b02054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lyotropic chromonic liquid crystals are distinct from thermotropic nematics from a fundamental standpoint as the structure of the aggregating columns is a function of both the temperature and concentration. We report on the thermal evolution of orientational order parameters, both the second (=scalar) (⟨P200⟩ (=S)) and fourth (⟨P400⟩) order, of sunset yellow FCF aqueous solutions, measured using polarized Raman spectroscopy for different concentrations. The order parameter increases with the concentration, and their values are high in comparison with those of thermotropic liquid crystals. On the basis of Raman spectroscopy, we provide the strongest evidence yet that the hydrozone tautomer of SSY is the predominant form in aqueous solutions in the isotropic, nematic, and columnar phases, as well as what we believe to be the first measurements of (⟨P400⟩) for this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuxia Yao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and §Center for Advanced Research on Optical Microscopy, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Karthik Nayani
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and §Center for Advanced Research on Optical Microscopy, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Jung Ok Park
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and §Center for Advanced Research on Optical Microscopy, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Mohan Srinivasarao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and §Center for Advanced Research on Optical Microscopy, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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55
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Alvarez Fernandez A, Kouwer PHJ. Key Developments in Ionic Liquid Crystals. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E731. [PMID: 27196890 PMCID: PMC4881553 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17050731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionic liquid crystals are materials that combine the classes of liquid crystals and ionic liquids. The first one is based on the multi-billion-dollar flat panel display industry, whilst the latter quickly developed in the past decades into a family of highly-tunable non-volatile solvents. The combination yields materials with a unique set of properties, but also with many challenges ahead. In this review, we provide an overview of the key concepts in ionic liquid crystals, particularly from a molecular perspective. What are the important molecular parameters that determine the phase behavior? How should they be introduced into the molecules? Finally, which other tools does one have to realize specific properties in the material?
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Alvarez Fernandez
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Blk N4.1 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Paul H J Kouwer
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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56
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Zhang B, Kitzerow HS. Influence of Proton and Salt Concentration on the Chromonic Liquid Crystal Phase Diagram of Disodium Cromoglycate Solutions: Prospects and Limitations of a Host for DNA Nanostructures. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:3250-6. [PMID: 26964003 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b01644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lyotropic chromonic liquid crystals have recently been suggested for use as a self-organized host for dispersing and aligning self-organized DNA origami nanostructures. However, an appropriate pH value and a suitable cation concentration are necessary to stabilize such nanostructures and to avoid unfolding of the DNA. The present study shows that the nematic and columnar liquid crystal phases appearing in aqueous solutions of disodium cromoglycate are robust against the replacement of deionized water by a neutral or alkaline buffer solution. However, disodium cromoglycate precipitates when an acidic buffer is used or when the concentration of magnesium cations exceeds a critical concentration of about 0.6-0.7 mmol/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingru Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Paderborn , Warburger Strasse 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Heinz-S Kitzerow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Paderborn , Warburger Strasse 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
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57
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Im P, Kang DG, Kim DY, Choi YJ, Yoon WJ, Lee MH, Lee IH, Lee CR, Jeong KU. Flexible and Patterned Thin Film Polarizer: Photopolymerization of Perylene-based Lyotropic Chromonic Reactive Mesogens. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:762-771. [PMID: 26616135 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b09995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A perylene-based reactive mesogen (DAPDI) forming a lyotropic chromonic liquid crystal (LCLC) phase was newly designed and synthesized for the fabrication of macroscopically oriented and patterned thin film polarizer (TFP) on the flexible polymer substrates. The anisotropic optical property and molecular self-assembly of DAPDI were investigated by the combination of microscopic, scattering and spectroscopic techniques. The main driving forces of molecular self-assembly were the face-to-face π-π intermolecular interaction among aromatic cores and the nanophase separation between hydrophilic ionic groups and hydrophobic aromatic cores. Degree of polarization for the macroscopically oriented and photopolymerized DAPDI TFP was estimated to be 99.81% at the λmax = 491 nm. After mechanically shearing the DAPDI LCLC aqueous solution on the flexible polymer substrates, we successfully fabricated the patterned DAPDI TFP by etching the unpolymerized regions selectively blocked by a photomask during the photopolymerization process. Chemical and mechanical stabilities were confirmed by the solvent and pencil hardness tests, and its surface morphology was further investigated by optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and three-dimensional surface nanoprofiler. The flexible and patterned DAPDI TFP with robust chemical and mechanical stabilities can be a stepping stone for the advanced flexible optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pureun Im
- Polymer Materials Fusion Research Center, Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology & Department of Flexible and Printable Electronics, Chonbuk National University , Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-756, Korea
| | - Dong-Gue Kang
- Polymer Materials Fusion Research Center, Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology & Department of Flexible and Printable Electronics, Chonbuk National University , Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-756, Korea
| | - Dae-Yoon Kim
- Polymer Materials Fusion Research Center, Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology & Department of Flexible and Printable Electronics, Chonbuk National University , Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-756, Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Choi
- Polymer Materials Fusion Research Center, Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology & Department of Flexible and Printable Electronics, Chonbuk National University , Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-756, Korea
| | - Won-Jin Yoon
- Polymer Materials Fusion Research Center, Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology & Department of Flexible and Printable Electronics, Chonbuk National University , Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-756, Korea
| | - Myong-Hoon Lee
- Polymer Materials Fusion Research Center, Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology & Department of Flexible and Printable Electronics, Chonbuk National University , Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-756, Korea
| | - In-Hwan Lee
- Division of Advanced Materials Engineering, Chonbuk National University , Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-756, Korea
| | - Cheul-Ro Lee
- Division of Advanced Materials Engineering, Chonbuk National University , Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-756, Korea
| | - Kwang-Un Jeong
- Polymer Materials Fusion Research Center, Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology & Department of Flexible and Printable Electronics, Chonbuk National University , Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-756, Korea
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58
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Magana JR, Homs M, Solans C, Obiols-Rabasa M, Salonen LM, Rodríguez-Abreu C. Self-Assembly and Formation of Chromonic Liquid Crystals from the Dyes Quinaldine Red Acetate and Pyronin Y. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:250-8. [PMID: 26700729 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b10567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aqueous self-assembly behavior of the dyes Quinaldine red acetate and Pyronin Y in a wide range of concentrations is reported here for the first time. (1)H NMR spectroscopy, polarized-light optical microscopy, and small and wide X-ray scattering were used to get insight into molecular interactions, phase boundaries and aggregate structure. Quinaldine red acetate and Pyronin Y self-organize into unimolecular stacks driven by attractive aromatic interactions. At high concentrations, spatial correlation among the molecular stacks gives rise to nematic liquid crystals in both systems. Quinaldine red acetate additionally produces a rare chromonic O phase built of columnar aggregates with anisotropic cross-section ordered in a rectangular lattice. The O phase changes into a columnar lamellar structure as a result of a temperature-induced phase transition. Results open the possibility of finding chromonic liquid crystals in other commercially available dyes with a similar molecular structure. This would eventually expand the availability of these unique soft materials and thus introduce new applications for marketed dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Magana
- Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQAC-CSIC), CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Homs
- Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQAC-CSIC), CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Solans
- Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQAC-CSIC), CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Obiols-Rabasa
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Lund University , Getingevägen 60, SE-22241 Lund, Sweden
| | - L M Salonen
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory , Av. Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - C Rodríguez-Abreu
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory , Av. Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
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59
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Aryal GH, Huang L, Hunter KW. Highly fluorescent cucurbit[8]uril–perylenemonoimide host–guest complexes as efficient fluorescent probes for N-terminal phenylalanine. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra18012d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed host–guest fluorescent complexes based on cucurbit[8]uril and a perylenemonoimide for selective and sensitive detection of N-terminal phenylalanine peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyan Hari Aryal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology
- School of Medicine
- University of Nevada
- Reno
- USA
| | - Liming Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology
- School of Medicine
- University of Nevada
- Reno
- USA
| | - Kenneth W. Hunter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology
- School of Medicine
- University of Nevada
- Reno
- USA
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60
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Xiao XS, Zou C, Guan X, Yang C, Lu W, Che CM. Homoleptic gold(i) N-heterocyclic allenylidene complexes: excited-state properties and lyotropic chromonics. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:4983-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc09571a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorescent Au(i) bis(N-heterocyclic allenylidene) complexes exhibit panchromatic transient absorption upon electronic photo-excitation and can self-organize into lyotropic chromonic mesophases in aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Shan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry
- HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, and Department of Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong SAR
- P. R. China
| | - Chao Zou
- Department of Chemistry
- South University of Science and Technology of China
- Shenzhen 518055
- P. R. China
| | - Xiangguo Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry
- HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, and Department of Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong SAR
- P. R. China
| | - Chen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry
- HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, and Department of Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong SAR
- P. R. China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Chemistry
- South University of Science and Technology of China
- Shenzhen 518055
- P. R. China
| | - Chi-Ming Che
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry
- HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, and Department of Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong SAR
- P. R. China
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61
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Aryal GH, Huang L, Hunter KW. The donor–acceptor complexes of quantum dots and ionic perylene diimides for ratiometric detection of double-stranded DNA. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra16019k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We developed a FRET ratiometric system based on quantum dots and perylene diimides for detection of double-stranded DNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyan H. Aryal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology
- School of Medicine
- University of Nevada
- Reno
- USA
| | - Liming Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology
- School of Medicine
- University of Nevada
- Reno
- USA
| | - Kenneth W. Hunter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology
- School of Medicine
- University of Nevada
- Reno
- USA
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62
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Bell OA, Wu G, Haataja JS, Brömmel F, Fey N, Seddon AM, Harniman R, Richardson RM, Ikkala O, Zhang X, Faul CFJ. Self-Assembly of a Functional Oligo(Aniline)-Based Amphiphile into Helical Conductive Nanowires. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:14288-94. [PMID: 26496508 PMCID: PMC4694622 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b06892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A tetra(aniline)-based cationic amphiphile, TANI-NHC(O)C5H10N(CH3)3(+)Br(-) (TANI-PTAB) was synthesized, and its emeraldine base (EB) state was found to self-assemble into nanowires in aqueous solution. The observed self-assembly is described by an isodesmic model, as shown by temperature-dependent UV-vis investigations. Linear dichroism (LD) studies, combined with computational modeling using time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT), suggests that TANI-PTAB molecules are ordered in an antiparallel arrangement within nanowires, with the long axis of TANI-PTAB arranged perpendicular to the nanowire long axis. Addition of either S- or R- camphorsulfonic acid (CSA) to TANI-PTAB converted TANI to the emeraldine salt (ES), which retained the ability to form nanowires. Acid doping of TANI-PTAB had a profound effect on the nanowire morphology, as the CSA counterions' chirality translated into helical twisting of the nanowires, as observed by circular dichroism (CD). Finally, the electrical conductivity of CSA-doped helical nanowire thin films processed from aqueous solution was 2.7 mS cm(-1). The conductivity, control over self-assembled 1D structure and water-solubility demonstrate these materials' promise as processable and addressable functional materials for molecular electronics, redox-controlled materials and sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guanglu Wu
- Key
Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering,
Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Johannes S. Haataja
- Aalto
University, Department of Applied Physics,
Molecular Materials, FIN-00076 Espoo, Finland
| | | | - Natalie Fey
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
| | - Annela M. Seddon
- H.
H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University
of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom
- Bristol
Centre for Functional Nanomaterials, Nanoscience and Quantum Information
Building, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1FD, United
Kingdom
| | | | - Robert M. Richardson
- H.
H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University
of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom
| | - Olli Ikkala
- Aalto
University, Department of Applied Physics,
Molecular Materials, FIN-00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Xi Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering,
Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Charl F. J. Faul
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
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63
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Wu X, Wang D, Chen M, Wei C, Wei S, Huang N, Li L, Zhang G. Robust Ordered Bundles of Porous Helical Nanotubes Assembled from Fully Rigid Ionic Benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamides. Chemistry 2015; 21:15388-94. [PMID: 26332607 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Size-controlled and ordered assemblies of artificial nanotubes are promising for practical applications; however, the supramolecular assembly of such systems remains challenging. A novel strategy is proposed that can be used to reinforce intermolecular noncovalent interactions to construct hierarchical supramolecular structures with fixed sizes and long-range ordering by introducing ionic terminals and fully rigid arms into benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide (BTA) molecules. A series of similar BTA molecules with distinct terminal groups and arm lengths are synthesized; all form hexagonal bundles of helical rosette nanotubes spontaneously in water. Despite differences in molecular packing, the dimensions and bundling of the supramolecular nanotubes show almost identical concentration dependence for all molecules. The similarities of the hierarchical assemblies, which tolerate certain molecular irregularities, can extend to properties such as the void ratio of the nanotubular wall. This is a rational strategy that can be used to achieve supramolecular nanotubes in aqueous environments with precise size and ordering at the same time as allowing molecular modifications for functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xibo Wu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and College of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, No 96, JinZhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 20026 (P.R. China), Fax: (+86) 551-5141078
| | - Daoliang Wang
- Hefei Institute for Public Safety Research and Tsinghua University (P.R. China)
| | - Mingming Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and College of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, No 96, JinZhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 20026 (P.R. China), Fax: (+86) 551-5141078
| | - Chengsha Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China (P.R. China)
| | - Shenghui Wei
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and College of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, No 96, JinZhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 20026 (P.R. China), Fax: (+86) 551-5141078
| | - Ningdong Huang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and College of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, No 96, JinZhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 20026 (P.R. China), Fax: (+86) 551-5141078.
| | - Liangbin Li
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and College of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, No 96, JinZhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 20026 (P.R. China), Fax: (+86) 551-5141078. .,CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China (P.R. China).
| | - Guobing Zhang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and College of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, No 96, JinZhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 20026 (P.R. China), Fax: (+86) 551-5141078
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64
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Peng C, Lavrentovich OD. Chirality amplification and detection by tactoids of lyotropic chromonic liquid crystals. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:7257-63. [PMID: 26238525 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm01632k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Detection of chiral molecules requires amplification of chirality to measurable levels. Typically, amplification mechanisms are considered at the microscopic scales of individual molecules and their aggregates. Here we demonstrate chirality amplification and visualization of structural handedness in water solutions of organic molecules that extends over the scale of many micrometers. The mechanism is rooted in the long-range elastic nature of orientational order in lyotropic chromonic liquid crystals (LCLCs) formed in water solutions of achiral disc-like molecules. The nematic LCLC coexists with its isotropic counterpart, forming elongated tactoids; the spatial confinement causes a structural twist even when the material is nonchiral. Minute quantities of chiral molecules such as the amino acid l-alanine and limonene transform the racemic array of left- and right-twisted tactoids into a homochiral set. The left and right chiral enantiomers are readily distinguished from each other as the induced structural handedness is visualized through a simple polarizing microscope observation. The effect is important for developing our understanding of chirality amplification mechanisms; it also might open up new possibilities in biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhui Peng
- Liquid Crystal Institute and Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, USA.
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65
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Würthner F, Saha-Möller CR, Fimmel B, Ogi S, Leowanawat P, Schmidt D. Perylene Bisimide Dye Assemblies as Archetype Functional Supramolecular Materials. Chem Rev 2015; 116:962-1052. [PMID: 26270260 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 963] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Chantu R Saha-Möller
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Fimmel
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Soichiro Ogi
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Pawaret Leowanawat
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - David Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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66
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Van Hecke GR, Karukstis KK, Rayermann S. Deriving binary phase diagrams for chromonic materials in water mixtures via fluorescence spectroscopy: cromolyn and water. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:1047-52. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp03539a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report here the first example of a new and novel method of determining the binary temperature–composition phase diagram of a chromonic material in water using its intrinsic fluorescence.
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67
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Mercado BR, Nieser KJ, Collings PJ. Cooperativity of the assembly process in a low concentration chromonic liquid crystal. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:13312-20. [PMID: 25365417 DOI: 10.1021/jp510025j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
IR-806 is a near-infrared cyanine dye that undergoes a two-step assembly process in aqueous solutions. The final assemblies orientationally order into a liquid crystal at a very low concentration (∼0.6 wt % at room temperature). While the first step of the assembly process is continuous as the dye concentration or temperature is varied (isodesmic), the second step is more abrupt (cooperative). Because the absorption spectrum of IR-806 changes dramatically during the assembly process, careful equilibrium and kinetic absorption experiments are utilized to examine the details of the cooperative second step. These experiments involve changes in both concentration and temperature, allowing a close thermodynamic analysis of the assembly process. Both equilibrium and kinetic investigations reveal that the assembly process is highly cooperative and can be described by multiple models (for example, nucleation and growth) in the highly cooperative limit. The enthalpy associated with the growth process and the activation energy of the rate-limiting step during disassembly are determined. These findings have significant implications for the structure of the assemblies that form the liquid crystal phase in IR-806.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R Mercado
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Swarthmore College , Swarthmore, Pennsylvania 19081, United States
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68
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Zhou S, Cervenka AJ, Lavrentovich OD. Ionic-content dependence of viscoelasticity of the lyotropic chromonic liquid crystal sunset yellow. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2014; 90:042505. [PMID: 25375513 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.90.042505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A lyotropic chromonic liquid crystal (LCLC) is an orientationally ordered system made by self-assembled aggregates of charged organic molecules in water, bound by weak noncovalent attractive forces and stabilized by electrostatic repulsions. We determine how the ionic content of the LCLC, namely, the presence of mono- and divalent salts and pH enhancing agent, alter the viscoelastic properties of the LCLC. Aqueous solutions of the dye sunset yellow with a uniaxial nematic order are used as an example. By applying a magnetic field to impose orientational deformations, we measure the splay K1, twist K2, and bend K3 elastic constants and rotation viscosity γ1 as a function of concentration of additives. The data indicate that the viscoelastic parameters are influenced by ionic content in dramatic and versatile ways. For example, the monovalent salt NaCl decreases K3 and K2 and increases γ1, while an elevated pH decreases all the parameters. We attribute these features to the ion-induced changes in length and flexibility of building units of LCLC, the chromonic aggregates, a property not found in conventional thermotropic and lyotropic liquid crystals formed by covalently bound units of fixed length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhou
- Liquid Crystal Institute and Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, USA
| | - Adam J Cervenka
- Department of Chemistry, Bates College, Lewiston, Maine 04240, USA
| | - Oleg D Lavrentovich
- Liquid Crystal Institute and Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, USA
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69
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Zhou S, Neupane K, Nastishin YA, Baldwin AR, Shiyanovskii SV, Lavrentovich OD, Sprunt S. Elasticity, viscosity, and orientational fluctuations of a lyotropic chromonic nematic liquid crystal disodium cromoglycate. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:6571-81. [PMID: 25043812 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm00772g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Using dynamic light scattering, we study orientational fluctuation modes in the nematic phase of a self-assembled lyotropic chromonic liquid crystal (LCLC) disodium cromoglycate and measure the Frank elastic moduli and viscosity coefficients. The elastic moduli of splay (K1) and bend (K3) are in the order of 10 pN while the twist modulus (K2) is an order of magnitude smaller. The splay constant K1 and the ratio K1/K3 both increase substantially as the temperature T decreases, which we attribute to the elongation of the chromonic aggregates at lower temperatures. The bend viscosity is comparable to that of thermotropic liquid crystals, while the splay and twist viscosities are several orders of magnitude larger. The temperature dependence of bend viscosity is weak. The splay and twist viscosities change exponentially with the temperature. In addition to the director modes, the fluctuation spectrum reveals an additional mode that is attributed to diffusion of structural defects in the column-like aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhou
- Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA.
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70
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Mcguire A, Yi Y, Clark NA. Orthogonal orientation of chromonic liquid crystals by rubbed polyamide films. Chemphyschem 2014; 15:1376-80. [PMID: 24470318 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201301040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chromonic liquid crystals (CLCs) have drawn attention for applications to organic electronics and optical films as well as biological materials. Understanding the alignment mechanism of CLCs is important for those applications. Using a polarized transmission optical microscope, we observe the optical texture, dichroism, and birefringence of CLC films of sunset yellow (SSY) confined by polyamide (nylon) films that are rubbed with a brush. The films align with the stacks of SSY molecules oriented, surprisingly, perpendicular to the rubbing direction. We propose that this alignment is stabilized by molecular interaction between the stretched nylon chains and molecular grooves of the SSY stacks rather than elastic energy of the CLCs due to surface topography induced by the rubbing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Mcguire
- Department of Physics, Reed College, Portland, OR 97202 (USA)
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71
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Jeong J, Han G, Johnson ATC, Collings PJ, Lubensky TC, Yodh AG. Homeotropic alignment of lyotropic chromonic liquid crystals using noncovalent interactions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:2914-20. [PMID: 24559290 DOI: 10.1021/la404893t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We report on the homeotropic alignment of lyotropic chromonic liquid crystals (LCLCs). Homeotropic anchoring of LCLCs is difficult to achieve, and this challenge has limited development of applications for LCLCs. In this work, homeotropic alignment is achieved using noncovalent interactions between the LCLC molecules and various alignment layers including graphene, parylene films, poly(methyl methacrylate) films, and fluoropolymer films. The LCLC molecules are unique in that they self-assemble via noncovalent interactions in water into elongated aggregates which, in turn, form nematic and columnar liquid crystal (LC) phases. Here we exploit these same noncovalent interactions to induce homeotropic anchoring of the nematic LCLC. Homeotropic alignment is confirmed by polarized optical microscopy and conoscopy. We also report on novel transient stripe textures that occur when an initial flow-induced planar alignment transforms into the equilibrium homeotropic alignment required by boundary conditions. An understanding of this behavior could be important for switching applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonwoo Jeong
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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72
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Chiral symmetry breaking and surface faceting in chromonic liquid crystal droplets with giant elastic anisotropy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:1742-7. [PMID: 24449880 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1315121111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Confined liquid crystals (LC) provide a unique platform for technological applications and for the study of LC properties, such as bulk elasticity, surface anchoring, and topological defects. In this work, lyotropic chromonic liquid crystals (LCLCs) are confined in spherical droplets, and their director configurations are investigated as a function of mesogen concentration using bright-field and polarized optical microscopy. Because of the unusually small twist elastic modulus of the nematic phase of LCLCs, droplets of this phase exhibit a twisted bipolar configuration with remarkably large chiral symmetry breaking. Further, the hexagonal ordering of columns and the resultant strong suppression of twist and splay but not bend deformation in the columnar phase, cause droplets of this phase to adopt a concentric director configuration around a central bend disclination line and, at sufficiently high mesogen concentration, to exhibit surface faceting. Observations of director configurations are consistent with Jones matrix calculations and are understood theoretically to be a result of the giant elastic anisotropy of LCLCs.
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73
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Xiao XS, Lu W, Che CM. Phosphorescent nematic hydrogels and chromonic mesophases driven by intra- and intermolecular interactions of bridged dinuclear cyclometalated platinum(ii) complexes. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4sc00143e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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74
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Troche-Pesqueira E, Cid MM, Navarro-Vázquez A. Disodium cromoglycate: exploiting its properties as a NMR weak-aligning medium for small organic molecules. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:1957-65. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob42338g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Disodium cromoglycate (cromolyn) is an easy-to-prepare water-compatible NMR weak aligning medium for small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - María-Magdalena Cid
- Departamento de Quıímica Orgánica
- Edificio de Ciencias Experimentais
- Vigo, 36310 Spain
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75
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McGinn CK, Laderman LI, Zimmermann N, Kitzerow HS, Collings PJ. Planar anchoring strength and pitch measurements in achiral and chiral chromonic liquid crystals using 90-degree twist cells. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2013; 88:062513. [PMID: 24483474 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.88.062513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Chromonic liquid crystals are formed by molecules that spontaneously assemble into anisotropic structures in water. The ordering unit is therefore a molecular assembly instead of a molecule as in thermotropic liquid crystals. Although it has been known for a long time that certain dyes, drugs, and nucleic acids form chromonic liquid crystals, only recently has enough knowledge been gained on how to control their alignment so that studies of their fundamental liquid crystal properties can be performed. In this article, a simple method for producing planar alignment of the nematic phase in chromonic liquid crystals is described, and this in turn is used to create twisted nematic structures of both achiral and chiral chromonic liquid crystals. The optics of 90-degree twist cells allows the anchoring strength to be measured in achiral systems, which for this alignment technique is quite weak, about 3×10(-7) J/m(2) for both disodium cromoglycate and Sunset Yellow FCF. The addition of a chiral amino acid to the system causes the chiral nematic phase to form, and similar optical measurements in 90-degree twist cells produce a measurement of the intrinsic pitch of the chiral nematic phase. From these measurements, the helical twisting power for L-alanine is found to be (1.1±0.4)×10(-2) μm(-1) wt%(-1) for 15 wt% disodium cromoglycate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine K McGinn
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania 19081, USA
| | - Laura I Laderman
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania 19081, USA
| | - Natalie Zimmermann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Paderborn, 33098 Paderborn, F. R. Germany
| | - Heinz-S Kitzerow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Paderborn, 33098 Paderborn, F. R. Germany
| | - Peter J Collings
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania 19081, USA and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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76
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Zhang T, Sun D, Ren X, Liu L, Wen G, Ren Z, Li H, Yan S. Synthesis and properties of siloxane modified perylene bisimide discotic liquid crystals. SOFT MATTER 2013; 9:10739-10745. [PMID: 36380551 DOI: 10.1039/c3sm52054d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A series of symmetric and asymmetric 1,6,7,12-tetrachloroperylene bisimides (PBICls) were synthesized and modified by siloxane substituents at the imide nitrogen atom. Siloxane substitutions do not apparently affect the electronic properties of PBICIs as demonstrated by CV experiments. They display both thermotropic and lyotropic liquid crystalline behaviors. The effect of different siloxane substituents on their liquid crystal structures was investigated in detail. Small angle X-ray scattering indicates that PBICls adopt hexagonal columnar packing in thermotropic liquid crystals. In addition, PBICls exhibit good optical properties, good solubility and film-forming ability. Thus the oriented films of PBICl liquid crystals could be easily fabricated by mechanical shear, which show anisotropic properties in UV-vis absorption spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Dianming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Xiangkui Ren
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Lili Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Guanyin Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Zhongjie Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Huihui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Shouke Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
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77
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Kim YK, Shiyanovskii SV, Lavrentovich OD. Morphogenesis of defects and tactoids during isotropic-nematic phase transition in self-assembled lyotropic chromonic liquid crystals. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2013; 25:404202. [PMID: 24025849 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/25/40/404202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We explore the structure of nuclei and topological defects in the first-order phase transition between the nematic (N) and isotropic (I) phases in lyotropic chromonic liquid crystals (LCLCs). The LCLCs are formed by self-assembled molecular aggregates of various lengths and show a broad biphasic region. The defects emerge as a result of two mechanisms: (1) surface-anisotropy that endows each N nucleus ('tactoid') with topological defects thanks to preferential (tangential) orientation of the director at the closed I-N interface, and (2) Kibble mechanism with defects forming when differently oriented N tactoids merge with each other. Different scenarios of phase transition involve positive (N-in-I) and negative (I-in-N) tactoids with nontrivial topology of the director field and also multiply connected tactoid-in-tactoid configurations. The closed I-N interface limiting a tactoid shows a certain number of cusps; the lips of the interface on the opposite sides of the cusp make an angle different from π. The N side of each cusp contains a point defect-boojum. The number of cusps shows how many times the director becomes perpendicular to the I-N interface when one circumnavigates the closed boundary of the tactoid. We derive conservation laws that connect the number of cusps c to the topological strength m of defects in the N part of the simply connected and multiply connected tactoids. We demonstrate how the elastic anisotropy of the N phase results in non-circular shape of the disclination cores. A generalized Wulff construction is used to derive the shape of I and N tactoids as a function of I-N interfacial tension anisotropy in the approximation of frozen director field of various topological charges m. The complex shapes and structures of tactoids and topological defects demonstrate an important role of surface anisotropy in morphogenesis of phase transitions in liquid crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Ki Kim
- Liquid Crystal Institute and Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
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78
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Li C, Yan H, Zhang GF, Gong WL, Chen T, Hu R, Aldred MP, Zhu MQ. Photocontrolled Intramolecular Charge/Energy Transfer and Fluorescence Switching of Tetraphenylethene-Dithienylethene-Perylenemonoimide Triad with Donor-Bridge-Acceptor Structure. Chem Asian J 2013; 9:104-9. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201301071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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79
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80
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Yang S, Wang B, Cui D, Kerwood D, Wilkens S, Han J, Luk YY. Stereochemical Control of Nonamphiphilic Lyotropic Liquid Crystals: Chiral Nematic Phase of Assemblies Separated by Six Nanometers of Aqueous Solvents. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:7133-43. [DOI: 10.1021/jp401382h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sijie Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United
States
| | - Bing Wang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
02139, United States
| | - Dawei Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United
States
| | - Deborah Kerwood
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United
States
| | - Stephan Wilkens
- Department
of Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse, New York 13210, United
States
| | - Junjie Han
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United
States
| | - Yan-Yeung Luk
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United
States
- Department of Biomedical
and
Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
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81
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Wang D, Huang Y, Li J, Xu L, Chen M, Tao J, Li L. Lyotropic Supramolecular Helical Columnar Phases Formed byC3-Symmetric and Unsymmetric Rigid Molecules. Chemistry 2012; 19:685-90. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201202944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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82
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Mills EA, Regan MH, Stanic V, Collings PJ. Large Assembly Formation via a Two-Step Process in a Chromonic Liquid Crystal. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:13506-15. [DOI: 10.1021/jp306135w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Mills
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania 19081, United States
| | - Margaret H. Regan
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania 19081, United States
| | - Vesna Stanic
- Photon Sciences Directorate, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973,
United States
| | - Peter J. Collings
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania 19081, United States
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
19014, United States
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83
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Huang Y, Kim DH. Light-controlled synthesis of gold nanoparticles using a rigid, photoresponsive surfactant. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:6312-6317. [PMID: 22932823 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr31717f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We report a new strategy for shape control over the synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) by using a photoresponsive surfactant based on a modified seed growth method. Owing to photoresponsive properties of the azo group, the designed surfactant, N(1),N(3),N(5)-tris[(4'-azobenzene-4-sulphonic acid)phenyl]benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide, exhibits a distinctive molecular configuration under light leading to different growth processes of AuNPs. As a result, the blackberry-like, spherical AuNPs and multilayered Au plates were successfully prepared in high yield under visible and UV light. The size and morphological control of Au nanocrystals are described and the synthesized Au nanocrystals are evaluated for SERS applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youju Huang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 637457, Singapore
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84
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85
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Varghese N, Shetye GS, Bandyopadhyay D, Gobalasingham N, Seo J, Wang JH, Theiler B, Luk YY. Emulsion of aqueous-based nonspherical droplets in aqueous solutions by single-chain surfactants: templated assembly by nonamphiphilic lyotropic liquid crystals in water. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:10797-10807. [PMID: 22726240 DOI: 10.1021/la302396c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Single-chain surfactants usually emulsify and stabilize oily substances into droplets in an aqueous solution. Here, we report a coassembly system, in which single types of anionic or non-ionic surfactants emulsify a class of water-soluble nonamphiphilic organic salts with fused aromatic rings in aqueous solutions. The nonamphiphilic organic salts are in turn promoted to form droplets of water-based liquid crystals (chromonic liquid crystals) encapsulated by single-chain surfactants. The droplets, stabilized against coalescence by encapsulated in a layer (or layers) of single chain surfactants, are of both nonspherical tactoid (elongated ellipsoid with pointy ends) and spherical shapes. The tactoids have an average long axis of ∼9 μm and a short axis of ∼3.5 μm with the liquid crystal aligning parallel to the droplet surface. The spherical droplets are 5-10 μm in diameter and have the liquid crystal aligning perpendicular to the droplet surface and a point defect in the center. Cationic and zwitterionic surfactants studied in this work did not promote the organic salt to form droplets. These results illustrate the complex interplay of self-association and thermodynamic incompatibility of molecules in water, which can cause new assembly behavior, including potential formation of vesicles or other assemblies, from surfactants that usually form only micelles. These unprecedented tactoidal shaped droplets also provide potential for the fabrication of new soft organic microcapsules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Varghese
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
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86
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Görl D, Zhang X, Würthner F. Molecular assemblies of perylene bisimide dyes in water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:6328-48. [PMID: 22573415 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201108690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 395] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Perylene bisimides are among the most valuable functional dyes and have numerous potential applications. As a result of their chemical robustness, photostability, and outstanding optical and electronic properties, these dyes have been applied as pigments, fluorescence sensors, and n-semiconductors in organic electronics and photovoltaics. Moreover, the extended quadrupolar π system of this class of dyes has facilitated the construction of numerous supramolecular architectures with fascinating photophysical properties. However, the supramolecular approach to the formation of perylene bisimide aggregates has been restricted mostly to organic media. Pleasingly, considerable progress has been made in the last few years in developing water-soluble perylene bisimides and their application in aqueous media. This Review provides an up-to-date overview on the self-assembly of perylene bisimides through π-π interactions in aqueous media. Synthetic strategies for the preparation of water-soluble perylene bisimides and the influence of water on the π-π stacking of perylene bisimides as well as the resulting applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Görl
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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87
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Görl D, Zhang X, Würthner F. Molekülverbände von Perylenbisimid-Farbstoffen in Wasser. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201108690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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88
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89
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Park HS, Kang SW, Tortora L, Kumar S, Lavrentovich OD. Condensation of self-assembled lyotropic chromonic liquid crystal sunset yellow in aqueous solutions crowded with polyethylene glycol and doped with salt. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:4164-4175. [PMID: 21391644 DOI: 10.1021/la200505y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We use optical and fluorescence microscopy, densitometry, cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM), spectroscopy, and synchrotron X-ray scattering to study the phase behavior of the reversible self-assembled chromonic aggregates of an anionic dye Sunset Yellow (SSY) in aqueous solutions crowded with an electrically neutral polymer polyethylene glycol (PEG) and doped with the salt NaCl. PEG causes the isotropic SSY solutions to condense into a liquid-crystalline region with a high concentration of SSY aggregates, coexisting with a PEG-rich isotropic (I) region. PEG added to the homogeneous nematic (N) phase causes separation into the coexisting N and I domains; the SSY concentration in the N domains is higher than the original concentration of PEG-free N phase. Finally, addition of PEG to the highly concentrated homogeneous N phase causes separation into the coexisting columnar hexagonal (C) phase and I phase. This behavior can be qualitatively explained by the depletion (excluded volume) effects that act at two different levels: at the level of aggregate assembly from monomers and short aggregates and at the level of interaggregate packing. We also show a strong effect of a monovalent salt NaCl on phase diagrams that is different for high and low concentrations of SSY. Upon the addition of salt, dilute I solutions of SSY show appearance of the condensed N domains, but the highly concentrated C phase transforms into a coexisting I and N domains. We suggest that the salt-induced screening of electric charges at the surface of chromonic aggregates leads to two different effects: (a) increase of the scission energy and the contour length of aggregates and (b) decrease of the persistence length of SSY aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heung-Shik Park
- Liquid Crystal Institute and Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
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90
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Rodríguez-Abreu C, Torres CA, Tiddy GJT. Chromonic liquid crystalline phases of pinacyanol acetate: characterization and use as templates for the preparation of mesoporous silica nanofibers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:3067-3073. [PMID: 21314171 DOI: 10.1021/la1048024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We report on the self-aggregation of the cationic dye pinacyanol acetate and its use for the preparation of nanostructured silica via templated sol-gel reaction. The dye forms nematic and hexagonal chromonic liquid crystals at low concentrations in water (i.e., from 0.75 wt %); the type of counterion appears to play an important role in liquid crystal formation. From analysis of small X-ray scattering (SAXS) curves, it is inferred that dye aggregates have the morphology of hollow long tubes with one-molecule-thick walls; the diameter of the tubes does not to change much with concentration. The dye aggregates can be aligned by shear or by a magnetic field. The high-resolution (1)H NMR spectra show that aggregation takes place over a range of concentrations rather than having a sharp "critical" aggregation. Within the aggregates the conjugated moiety, including the three-carbon link, is in close proximity to the aromatic groups of stack neighbors. On the other hand, dye aggregates direct the formation of silica nanofibers synthesized via sol-gel reaction, mimicking the elongated structures found in aqueous media. The nanofibers show a hierarchical organization; i.e., they contain hexagonal arrays of 3 nm cylindrical mesopores left after calcination of the templating molecules, and the pore walls are 2.7 nm thick. As the nanofibers form entangled networks, the obtained materials also show interparticle porosity. The present findings open new possibilities for the use of commercial cationic dyes in the synthesis of nanostructured materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Rodríguez-Abreu
- Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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91
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Chiral symmetry breaking by spatial confinement in tactoidal droplets of lyotropic chromonic liquid crystals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:5163-8. [PMID: 21402929 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1100087108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In many colloidal systems, an orientationally ordered nematic (N) phase emerges from the isotropic (I) melt in the form of spindle-like birefringent tactoids. In cases studied so far, the tactoids always reveal a mirror-symmetric nonchiral structure, sometimes even when the building units are chiral. We report on chiral symmetry breaking in the nematic tactoids formed in molecularly nonchiral polymer-crowded aqueous solutions of low-molecular weight disodium cromoglycate. The parity is broken by twisted packing of self-assembled molecular aggregates within the tactoids as manifested by the observed optical activity. Fluorescent confocal microscopy reveals that the chiral N tactoids are located at the boundaries of cells. We explain the chirality induction as a replacement of energetically costly splay packing of the aggregates within the curved bipolar tactoidal shape with twisted packing. The effect represents a simple pathway of macroscopic chirality induction in an organic system with no molecular chirality, as the only requirements are orientational order and curved shape of confinement.
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Abstract
This Review aims to give an overview of recent research in the area of porous, organic-inorganic and purely organic, functional materials. Possibilities for introducing organic groups that exhibit chemical and/or physical functions into porous materials will be described, with a focus on the incorporation of such functional groups as a supporting part of the pore walls. The number of organic groups in the network can be increased such that porous, purely organic materials are obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Thomas
- Institute of Chemistry: Functional Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Englische Strasse 20, 10587 Berlin, Germany.
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93
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Guo F, Mukhopadhyay A, Sheldon BW, Hurt RH. Vertically aligned graphene layer arrays from chromonic liquid crystal precursors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2011; 23:508-513. [PMID: 21254253 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201003158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Guo
- Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
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94
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Bae YJ, Yang HJ, Shin SH, Jeong KU, Lee MH. A novel thin film polarizer from photocurable non-aqueous lyotropic chromonic liquid crystal solutions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm03882b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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95
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Chen Y, Li K, Lloyd HO, Lu W, Chui SSY, Che CM. Tetrakis(arylisocyanide) Rhodium(I) Salts in Water: NIR Luminescent and Conductive Supramolecular Polymeric Nanowires with Hierarchical Organization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:9968-71. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201005223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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96
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Chen Y, Li K, Lloyd HO, Lu W, Chui SSY, Che CM. Tetrakis(arylisocyanide) Rhodium(I) Salts in Water: NIR Luminescent and Conductive Supramolecular Polymeric Nanowires with Hierarchical Organization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201005223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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97
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98
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Chami F, Wilson MR. Molecular order in a chromonic liquid crystal: a molecular simulation study of the anionic azo dye sunset yellow. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:7794-802. [PMID: 20469909 DOI: 10.1021/ja102468g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have carried out a detailed atomic simulation study of molecular order within a chromonic liquid crystalline material (sunset yellow) in aqueous solution. Self-assembly occurs in dilute solutions to form stacked aggregates, which show a preference for head-to-tail stacking and antiparallel dipole order. This feature is independent of solution concentration and aggregate size. Stacks are found to be dynamic entities in which rotational transitions (flips) can occur between antiparallel and parallel configurations. At a concentration matching the nematic phase of sunset yellow, the simulations show chromonic columns with a loose hexagonal packing and an intercolumn distance of 2.36 nm. Partial condensation of sodium ions occurs around a chromonic stack, with two preferred binding sites identified for sodium ions, corresponding to strong binding with the oxygens of a sulfonate group and a bridging site between a pair of molecules in a stack. A value for the free energy of binding of a molecule to a stack of 7 k(B)T was obtained for stacks of three and eight molecules, with a slightly larger value (additional 2 kJ mol(-1)) obtained for the dimer binding energy, indicating that aggregation is approximately isodesmic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Chami
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
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99
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Pettinari C, Masciocchi N, Pandolfo L, Pucci D. Tuning the Functional Properties of Metal Complexes Containing Polytopic Heteroaromatic Nitrogen Ligands. Chemistry 2010; 16:1106-23. [PMID: 20020517 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200901923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Pettinari
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy.
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