51
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Nannini LJ, Nemat SJ, Carreira EM. Total Synthesis of (+)‐Sarcophytin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:823-826. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201711372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo J. Nannini
- Laboratorium für Organische ChemieETH Zurich, HCl H335 Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Suren J. Nemat
- Laboratorium für Organische ChemieETH Zurich, HCl H335 Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Erick M. Carreira
- Laboratorium für Organische ChemieETH Zurich, HCl H335 Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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52
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Scesa P, Wangpaichitr M, Savaraj N, West L, Roche SP. A Kinetic Dearomatization Strategy for an Expedient Biomimetic Route to the Bielschowskysin Skeleton. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:1316-1321. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201711780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Scesa
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry; Florida Atlantic University; 777 Glades Road Boca Raton FL 33431 USA
| | - Medhi Wangpaichitr
- University of Miami School of Medicine; 1475 NW 12 Ave Miami FL 33136 USA
| | - Niramol Savaraj
- University of Miami School of Medicine; 1475 NW 12 Ave Miami FL 33136 USA
| | - Lyndon West
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry; Florida Atlantic University; 777 Glades Road Boca Raton FL 33431 USA
| | - Stéphane P. Roche
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry; Florida Atlantic University; 777 Glades Road Boca Raton FL 33431 USA
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53
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Roizen JL, Jones AC, Smith RC, Virgil SC, Stoltz BM. Model Studies To Access the [6,7,5,5]-Core of Ineleganolide Using Tandem Translactonization-Cope or Cyclopropanation-Cope Rearrangements as Key Steps. J Org Chem 2017; 82:13051-13067. [PMID: 29111725 PMCID: PMC5732049 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we reported a convergent cyclopropanation-Cope approach to the core of ineleganolide, which was the first disclosed synthesis of the core of the norditerpene natural product ineleganolide. In this complementary work, a model system for the core of ineleganolide has been prepared through a series of tandem cyclopropanation-Cope and translactonization-Cope rearrangements. Work with this model system has enriched our understanding of the cyclopropanation-Cope rearrangement sequence. Additionally, research into this model system has driven the development of tandem translactonization-Cope rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Roizen
- Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, MC 101–20, Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
| | - Amanda C. Jones
- Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, MC 101–20, Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
| | - Russell C. Smith
- Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, MC 101–20, Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
| | - Scott C. Virgil
- Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, MC 101–20, Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
| | - Brian M. Stoltz
- Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, MC 101–20, Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA)
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54
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo J. Nannini
- Laboratorium für Organische ChemieETH Zurich, HCl H335 Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Suren J. Nemat
- Laboratorium für Organische ChemieETH Zurich, HCl H335 Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Erick M. Carreira
- Laboratorium für Organische ChemieETH Zurich, HCl H335 Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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55
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Villa-Pérez P, Cueto M, Díaz-Marrero AR, Lobatón CD, Moreno A, Perdomo G, Cózar-Castellano I. Leptolide Improves Insulin Resistance in Diet-Induced Obese Mice. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15090289. [PMID: 28914811 PMCID: PMC5618428 DOI: 10.3390/md15090289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is a complex disease linked to pancreatic beta-cell failure and insulin resistance. Current antidiabetic treatment regimens for T2DM include insulin sensitizers and insulin secretagogues. We have previously demonstrated that leptolide, a member of the furanocembranolides family, promotes pancreatic beta-cell proliferation in mice. Considering the beneficial effects of leptolide in diabetic mice, in this study, we aimed to address the capability of leptolide to improve insulin resistance associated with the pathology of obesity. To this end, we tested the hypothesis that leptolide should protect against fatty acid-induced insulin resistance in hepatocytes. In a time-dependent manner, leptolide (0.1 µM) augmented insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of protein kinase B (PKB) by two-fold above vehicle-treated HepG2 cells. In addition, leptolide (0.1 µM) counteracted palmitate-induced insulin resistance by augmenting by four-fold insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of PKB in HepG2 cells. In vivo, acute intraperitoneal administration of leptolide (0.1 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg) improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in lean mice. Likewise, prolonged leptolide treatment (0.1 mg/kg) in diet-induced obese mice improved insulin sensitivity. These effects were paralleled with an ~50% increased of insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of PKB in liver and skeletal muscle and reduced circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines in obese mice. We concluded that leptolide significantly improves insulin sensitivity in vitro and in obese mice, suggesting that leptolide may be another potential treatment for T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Villa-Pérez
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, University of Valladolid-CSIC, Valladolid 47005, Spain.
| | - Mercedes Cueto
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (CSIC), La Laguna 38206, Spain.
| | - Ana R Díaz-Marrero
- Instituto Universitario de Bioorgánica "A. González", University of La Laguna, La Laguna 38206, Spain.
| | - Carmen D Lobatón
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, University of Valladolid-CSIC, Valladolid 47005, Spain.
| | - Alfredo Moreno
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, University of Valladolid-CSIC, Valladolid 47005, Spain.
| | - Germán Perdomo
- School of Nursery, University of Burgos, Burgos 09001, Spain.
| | - Irene Cózar-Castellano
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, University of Valladolid-CSIC, Valladolid 47005, Spain.
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56
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Craig RA, Stoltz BM. Polycyclic Furanobutenolide-Derived Cembranoid and Norcembranoid Natural Products: Biosynthetic Connections and Synthetic Efforts. Chem Rev 2017; 117:7878-7909. [PMID: 28520418 PMCID: PMC5497599 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The polycyclic furanobutenolide-derived cembranoid and norcembranoid natural products are a family of congested, stereochemically complex, and extensively oxygenated polycyclic diterpenes and norditerpenes. Although the elegant architectures and biological activity profiles of these natural products have captured the attention of chemists since the isolation of the first members of the family in the 1990s, the de novo synthesis of only a single polycyclic furanobutenolide-derived cembranoid and norcembranoid has been accomplished. This article begins with a brief discussion of the proposed biosyntheses and biosynthetic connections among the polycyclic furanobutenolide-derived cembranoids and norcembranoids and then provides a comprehensive review of the synthetic efforts toward each member of the natural product family, including biomimetic, semisynthetic, and de novo synthetic strategies. This body of knowledge has been gathered to provide insight into the reactivity and constraints of these compact and highly oxygenated polycyclic structures, as well as to offer guidance for future synthetic endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Craig
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Brian M. Stoltz
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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57
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McAulay K, Clark JS. Total Synthesis of 7-epi
-Pukalide and 7-Acetylsinumaximol B. Chemistry 2017; 23:9761-9765. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten McAulay
- WestCHEM; School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow; University Avenue Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - J. Stephen Clark
- WestCHEM; School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow; University Avenue Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
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New Bicyclic Cembranoids from the South China Sea Soft Coral Sarcophyton trocheliophorum. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46584. [PMID: 28429730 PMCID: PMC5399464 DOI: 10.1038/srep46584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nine new bicyclic cembranoids, sarcophytrols M–U(1–9), were isolated from the South China Sea soft coral Sarcophyton trocheliophorum as minor components, along with one known related cembranoid 10. Their structures were elucidated by detailed spectroscopic analysis and chemical conversion. The chemical structures of these metabolites are characterized by the different patterns of the additional cyclization within the 14-member skeleton, which leading to the formation of furan, pyran, oxepane, and peroxyl rings, respectively. Among them, sarcophytrols R and S(6 and 7) share a rare decaryiol skeleton with an unusual C12/C15 cyclization. In addition, the absolute configurations of sarcophytrols M and T(1 and 8) were determined by the modified Mosher’s method. The research of these new secondary metabolites provided a further understanding of the diversity of cyclized cembranoids from the title species.
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59
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Fragilolides A-Q, norditerpenoid and briarane diterpenoids from the gorgonian coral Junceella fragilis. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Craig, II RA, Roizen JL, Smith RC, Jones AC, Virgil SC, Stoltz BM. Enantioselective, Convergent Synthesis of the Ineleganolide Core by a Tandem Annulation Cascade. Chem Sci 2017; 8:507-514. [PMID: 28239443 PMCID: PMC5321630 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc03347d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An enantioselective and diastereoselective approach toward the synthesis of the polycyclic norditerpenoid ineleganolide is disclosed. A palladium-catalyzed enantioselective allylic alkylation is employed to stereoselectively construct the requisite chiral tertiary ether and facilitate the synthesis of a 1,3-cis-cyclopentenediol building block. Careful substrate design enabled the convergent assembly of the ineleganolide [6,7,5,5]-tetracyclic scaffold by a diastereoselective cyclopropanation-Cope rearrangement cascade under unusually mild conditions. Computational evaluation of ground state energies of late-stage synthetic intermediates was used to guide synthetic development and aid in the investigation of the conformational rigidity of these highly constrained and compact polycyclic structures. This work represents the first successful synthesis of the core structure of any member of the polycyclic norcembranoid diterpene family of natural products. Advanced synthetic manipulations generated a series of natural product-like compounds that were shown to possess selective secretory antagonism of either interleukin-5 or interleukin-17. This bioactivity stands in contrast to the known antileukemic activity of ineleganolide and suggests the norcembranoid natural product core may serve as a useful scaffold for the development of diverse therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Craig, II
- Warren and Katherine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , USA .
| | - Jennifer L. Roizen
- Warren and Katherine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , USA .
| | - Russell C. Smith
- Warren and Katherine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , USA .
| | - Amanda C. Jones
- Warren and Katherine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , USA .
| | - Scott C. Virgil
- Warren and Katherine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , USA .
| | - Brian M. Stoltz
- Warren and Katherine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , USA .
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61
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Shaaban M, Ghani MA, Shaaban KA. Unusual pyranosyl cembranoid diterpene from Sarcophyton trocheliophorum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/znb-2016-0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
9-Hydroxy-10,11-dehydro-sarcotrocheliol (1), a new pyrane-based cembranoid diterpene, has been isolated along with three other known compounds, namely, sarcotrocheliol acetate (2), (+)-sarcophytol A (3), and (−)-sarcophytonin A (4), from the organic extract of the soft coral Sarcophyton trocheliophorum. The chemical structures of compounds 1–4 were determined on the basis of their 1D and 2D NMR [1H, 13C, 1H–1H correlation spectroscopy, heteronuclear multiple-quantum coherence, heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation, and nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE)] and mass spectra [electron ionization (EI), electrospray ionization, and high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS)], and by comparison with related structures. The compounds 1–4 showed neither antimicrobial activity against 11 diverse tested microorganisms, nor cytotoxicity against brine shrimp, whereas the soft coral extract showed low cytotoxicity with a mortality rate of 1.7%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Shaaban
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, Division of Pharmaceutical Industries, National Research Centre, El-Behoos st. 33, Dokki-Cairo 12622, A.R. Egypt
| | | | - Khaled A. Shaaban
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States of America
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States of America
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62
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Farcet JB, Mulzer J, Himmelbauer MK. An Approach Toward the Bridged 14-Membered Carbon Macrocycle of Bielschowskysin. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Farcet
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Vienna; Währinger Straße 38 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Johann Mulzer
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Vienna; Währinger Straße 38 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Martin K. Himmelbauer
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Vienna; Währinger Straße 38 1090 Vienna Austria
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63
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Takamura H, Kikuchi T, Endo N, Fukuda Y, Kadota I. Total Synthesis of Sarcophytonolide H and Isosarcophytonolide D: Structural Revision of Isosarcophytonolide D and Structure–Antifouling Activity Relationship of Sarcophytonolide H. Org Lett 2016; 18:2110-3. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b00737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyoshi Takamura
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kikuchi
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Endo
- Himeji EcoTech
Co., Ltd., 841-49 Koh, Shirahama-cho, Himeji 672-8023, Japan
| | - Yuji Fukuda
- Himeji EcoTech
Co., Ltd., 841-49 Koh, Shirahama-cho, Himeji 672-8023, Japan
| | - Isao Kadota
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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64
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Chitturi BR, Tatipamula VB, Dokuburra CB, Mangamuri UK, Tuniki VR, Kalivendi SV, Bunce RA, Yenamandra V. Pambanolides A–C from the South Indian soft coral Sinularia inelegans. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.02.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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65
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Bogdanov A, Hertzer C, Kehraus S, Nietzer S, Rohde S, Schupp PJ, Wägele H, König GM. Defensive Diterpene from the Aeolidoidean Phyllodesmium longicirrum. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2016; 79:611-615. [PMID: 26649919 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Phyllodesmium is a tropical marine slug genus with about 30 described species. None of them have a protective shell, and all of them feed on octocorals that are generally known to provide defensive compounds and thus help to defend the naked slugs against sympatric predators, such as fish, crabs, cephalopods, and echinoderms. Phyllodesmium longicirrum is the species that grows the biggest and that is least protected by camouflage on its respective food, usually a soft coral of the genus Sarcophyton. Investigation of the lipophilic extract of a single specimen of P. longicirrum from the Great Barrier Reef (Australia) led to the isolation of four new polycyclic diterpenes. Compound 1 showed significant deterrent activity in a fish feeding assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Bogdanov
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn , Nussallee 6, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Cora Hertzer
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn , Nussallee 6, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Kehraus
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn , Nussallee 6, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Samuel Nietzer
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg , Schleusenstraße 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Sven Rohde
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg , Schleusenstraße 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Peter J Schupp
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg , Schleusenstraße 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Heike Wägele
- Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig , Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Gabriele M König
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn , Nussallee 6, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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66
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Zhu H, Guo Z, Liu W. Biomimetic water-collecting materials inspired by nature. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:3863-79. [PMID: 26898232 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc09867j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, water shortage is a severe issue all over the world, especially in some arid and undeveloped areas. Interestingly, a variety of natural creatures can collect water from fog, which can provide a source of inspiration to develop novel and functional water-collecting materials. Recently, as an increasingly hot research topic, bioinspired materials with the water collection ability have captured vast scientific attention in both practical applications and fundamental research studies. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of water collection in various natural creatures and present the fabrications, functions, applications, and new developments of bioinspired materials in recent years. The theoretical basis related to the phenomenon of water collection containing wetting behaviors and water droplet transportations is described in the beginning, i.e., the Young's equation, Wenzel model, Cassie model, surface energy gradient model and Laplace pressure equation. Then, the water collection mechanisms of three typical and widely researched natural animals and plants are discussed and their corresponding bioinspired materials are simultaneously detailed, which are cactus, spider, and desert beetles, respectively. This is followed by introducing another eight animals and plants (butterfly, shore birds, wheat awns, green bristlegrass, the Cotula fallax plant, Namib grass, green tree frogs and Australian desert lizards) that are rarely reported, exhibiting water collection properties or similar water droplet transportation. Finally, conclusions and outlook concerning the future development of bioinspired fog-collecting materials are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Zhu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Centre for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, People's Republic of China.
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67
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Horn EJ, Silverston JS, Vanderwal CD. A Failed Late-Stage Epimerization Thwarts an Approach to Ineleganolide. J Org Chem 2016; 81:1819-38. [PMID: 26863401 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Significant efforts were made to complete a synthesis of the complex norcembranoid ineleganolide via a seemingly attractive strategy involving late-stage creation of the central seven-membered ring. While the two key enantioenriched building blocks were made via high-yielding sequences and their convergent union was efficient, the critical C4-C5 bond of this sterically congested natural product could never be forged. Several interesting examples of unexpected acid-base behavior and unanticipated proximity-induced reactivity accounted for most of the problems in the execution of the synthesis plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan J Horn
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Joel S Silverston
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Christopher D Vanderwal
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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68
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Terpenoids from the Octocoral Sinularia gaweli. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:19508-17. [PMID: 26295226 PMCID: PMC4581310 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160819508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Two eudesmane sesquiterpenoids, verticillatol (1) and 5α-acetoxy-4(14)-eudesmene-1β-ol (2) and two cembrane diterpenoids, (–)-leptodiol acetate (3) and sinulacembranolide A (4) were isolated from the octocoral Sinularia gaweli and compounds 2–4 are new isolates. The structures of new terpenoids 2–4 were elucidated by spectroscopic methods and by comparison the spectral data with those of known analogues. Terpenoid 4 was found to inhibit the accumulation of the pro-inflammatory inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 marcophage cells.
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69
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Heidt T, Baro A, Köhn A, Laschat S. Synthesis of Cembranoid Analogues through Ring-Closing Metathesis of Terpenoid Precursors: A Challenge Regarding Ring-Size Selectivity. Chemistry 2015; 21:12396-404. [PMID: 26227568 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Heidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart (Germany)
| | - Angelika Baro
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart (Germany)
| | - Andreas Köhn
- Institut für Theoretische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart (Germany)
| | - Sabine Laschat
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart (Germany).
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70
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Palframan MJ, Pattenden G. The versatility of furfuryl alcohols and furanoxonium ions in synthesis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 50:7223-42. [PMID: 24728307 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc01196a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Substituted furfuryl alcohols are extraordinarily versatile starting materials in synthesis. They are precursors to furanoxonium ion intermediates which are implicated in the Piancatelli reaction (leading to 2-cyclopentenones) and in the synthesis of novel dihydrofuran-based exo enol ether/cyclic ketal natural products. They are also intermediates in a recently discovered (4+3) cycloaddition reaction with 1,3-dienes leading to furan ring-fused cycloheptenes. Here we provide a perspective on recent developments in these areas of synthesis, alongside recent applications of the Achmatowicz reaction and [5+2] cycloaddition reactions of the resulting oxidopyrylium ions.
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71
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Chen WT, Yao LG, Li XW, Guo YW. Sarcophytrols A–C, new capnosane diterpenoids from the South China Sea soft coral Sarcophyton trocheliophorum. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.01.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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72
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Zhao YM, Maimone TJ. Short, enantioselective total synthesis of chatancin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:1223-6. [PMID: 25470723 PMCID: PMC4300267 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201410443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
An enantioselective total synthesis of the polycyclic diterpene (+)-chatancin, a potent PAF antagonist, is reported. Proceeding in seven steps from dihydrofarnesal, this synthetic route was designed to circumvent macrocyclization-based strategies to complex, cyclized cembranoids. The described synthesis requires only six chromatographic purifications, is high yielding, and avoids protecting-group manipulations. An X-ray crystal structure of this fragile marine natural product was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ming Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, 826 Latimer Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 (USA)
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73
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74
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Vasamsetty L, Khan FA, Mehta G. A model approach towards the polycyclic framework present in cembranoid natural products dissectolide A, plumarellide and mandapamate. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.10.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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75
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Liu Z, Cheng W, Liu D, van Ofwegen L, Proksch P, Lin W. Capnosane-type cembranoids from the soft coral Sarcophyton trocheliophorum with antibacterial effects. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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76
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Li Y, Palframan MJ, Pattenden G, Winne JM. A strategy towards the synthesis of plumarellide based on biosynthesis speculation, featuring a transannular 4+2 type cyclisation from a cembranoid furanoxonium ion intermediate. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.06.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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77
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Al-Footy KO, Alarif WM, Asiri F, Aly MM, Ayyad SEN. Rare pyrane-based cembranoids from the Red Sea soft coral Sarcophyton trocheliophorum as potential antimicrobial–antitumor agents. Med Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-014-1147-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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78
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Toelle N, Weinstabl H, Gaich T, Mulzer J. Light-mediated total synthesis of 17-deoxyprovidencin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:3859-62. [PMID: 24604885 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201400617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
An asymmetric synthesis of the diterpenoid 17-deoxyprovidencin is described. Key steps include an aldol addition, a base-catalyzed Wipf-type furan formation, a Z-selective ring-closing metathesis for macrocyclization, a photochemical E/Z isomerization to a highly strained and conformationally restricted ring system, and the stereoselective formation of two epoxides on the ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Toelle
- Universität Wien, Institute für Organische Chemie, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090 Wien (Austria)
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79
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Toelle N, Weinstabl H, Gaich T, Mulzer J. Lichtinduzierte Totalsynthese von 17-Desoxyprovidencin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201400617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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80
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Lygo B, Palframan MJ, Pattenden G. Investigation of transannular cycloaddition reactions involving furanoxonium ions using DFT calculations. Implications for the origin of plumarellide and rameswaralide and related polycyclic metabolites isolated from corals. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:7270-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00734d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
DFT calculations probing potential cycloaddition pathways leading to the polycyclic ring systems found in the coral secondary metabolites plumarellide, mandapamate and rameswaralide are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Lygo
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Nottingham
- University Park
- Nottingham, UK
| | - M. J. Palframan
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Nottingham
- University Park
- Nottingham, UK
| | - G. Pattenden
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Nottingham
- University Park
- Nottingham, UK
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81
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Palframan MJ, Pattenden G. Searching for radical intermediates and pathways implied in the biosynthesis of some polycyclic cembranoids. A new plausible mechanism for the origin of sinulanocembranolide A in the coral Sinularia gyrosa. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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82
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Himmelbauer M, Farcet JB, Gagnepain J, Mulzer J. An Approach to the Carbon Backbone of Bielschowskysin, Part 1: Photocyclization Strategy. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201300869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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83
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Townsend SD, Sulikowski GA. Progress toward the Total Synthesis of Bielschowskysin. Org Lett 2013; 15:5096-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ol402379m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven D. Townsend
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1822, United States
| | - Gary A. Sulikowski
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1822, United States
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84
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Himmelbauer M, Farcet JB, Gagnepain J, Mulzer J. A palladium-catalyzed carbo-oxygenation: the bielschowskysin case. Org Lett 2013; 15:3098-101. [PMID: 23724910 PMCID: PMC3691719 DOI: 10.1021/ol401285d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
An asymmetric synthesis of an advanced tetracyclic intermediate toward the synthesis of bielschowskysin (1) is described. A biomimetic [2 + 2]-photocyclization was used to establish the cyclobutane core of bielschowskysin. Macrocyclization under Heck conditions led to an unprecedented carbo-oxygenation of a 1,1-disubstituted double bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Himmelbauer
- University of Vienna, Department of Organic Chemistry, Währinger Str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jean-Baptiste Farcet
- University of Vienna, Department of Organic Chemistry, Währinger Str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Julien Gagnepain
- University of Vienna, Department of Organic Chemistry, Währinger Str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johann Mulzer
- University of Vienna, Department of Organic Chemistry, Währinger Str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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85
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Farcet JB, Himmelbauer M, Mulzer J. Photochemical and Thermal [2 + 2] Cycloaddition to Generate the Bicyclo[3.2.0]heptane Core of Bielschowskysin. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201300382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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86
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Abstract
An efficient stereoselective synthesis of furanoverrillin (5), a highly functionalized core of verrillin (1), is reported. The synthetic strategy is based on constructing bicyclic lactone 17 prior to the 10-membered ring macrocyclization. The effect of the C4 methyl group on the furan reactivity is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec Saitman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC: 0358, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Emmanuel A. Theodorakis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC: 0358, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
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Abstract
This review covers the literature published in 2011 for marine natural products, with 870 citations (558 for the period January to December 2011) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green, brown and red algae, sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates, echinoderms, mangroves and other intertidal plants and microorganisms. The emphasis is on new compounds (1152 for 2011), together with the relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Biosynthetic studies, first syntheses, and syntheses that lead to the revision of structures or stereochemistries, have been included.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Blunt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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88
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Saitman A, Sullivan SDE, Theodorakis EA. A strategy toward the synthesis of C 13-oxidized cembrenolides. Tetrahedron Lett 2013; 54:1612-1615. [PMID: 23626379 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.01.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An efficient strategy for the construction of C13-oxidized cembrenolides is reported. Central to this strategy is the installation of the C13 hydroxyl group prior to cembrane macrocyclization (via formation of the C1-C2 bond), allowing access to both C13 alcohol epimers. The orientation of the C13 alcohol was found to influence the cyclization mode of the cembranolide scaffold upon furan oxidation, leading to motifs reminiscent to bipinnatolide F, bielschowskysin, and verrillin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec Saitman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, United States
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89
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90
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Elaboration of the carbocyclic ring systems in plumarellide and rameswaralide using a coordinated intramolecular cycloaddition approach, based on a common biosynthesis model. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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91
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Craig RA, Roizen JL, Smith RC, Jones AC, Stoltz BM. Enantioselective synthesis of a hydroxymethyl-cis-1,3-cyclopentenediol building block. Org Lett 2012; 14:5716-9. [PMID: 23101616 DOI: 10.1021/ol3027297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A brief, enantioselective synthesis of a hydroxymethyl-cis-1,3-cyclopentenediol building block is presented. This scaffold allows access to the cis-1,3-cyclopentanediol fragments found in a variety of biologically active natural and non-natural products. This rapid and efficient synthesis is highlighted by the utilization of the palladium-catalyzed enantioselective allylic alkylation of dioxanone substrates to prepare tertiary alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Craig
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 101-20, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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92
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93
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Weinstabl H, Gaich T, Mulzer J. Application of the Rodriguez–Pattenden Photo-Ring Contraction: Total Synthesis and Configurational Reassignment of 11-Gorgiacerol and 11-Epigorgiacerol. Org Lett 2012; 14:2834-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol301068h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harald Weinstabl
- University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tanja Gaich
- University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johann Mulzer
- University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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94
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Nicolaou KC, Hale CRH, Ebner C, Nilewski C, Ahles CF, Rhoades D. Synthese von Makroheterocyclen durch intramolekulare oxidative Kupplung von furanoiden β-Ketoestern. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201201538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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95
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Nicolaou KC, Hale CRH, Ebner C, Nilewski C, Ahles CF, Rhoades D. Synthesis of macroheterocycles through intramolecular oxidative coupling of furanoid β-ketoesters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:4726-30. [PMID: 22489095 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201201538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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96
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Goulitquer S, Potin P, Tonon T. Mass spectrometry-based metabolomics to elucidate functions in marine organisms and ecosystems. Mar Drugs 2012; 10:849-880. [PMID: 22690147 PMCID: PMC3366679 DOI: 10.3390/md10040849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine systems are very diverse and recognized as being sources of a wide range of biomolecules. This review provides an overview of metabolite profiling based on mass spectrometry (MS) approaches in marine organisms and their environments, focusing on recent advances in the field. We also point out some of the technical challenges that need to be overcome in order to increase applications of metabolomics in marine systems, including extraction of chemical compounds from different matrices and data management. Metabolites being important links between genotype and phenotype, we describe added value provided by integration of data from metabolite profiling with other layers of omics, as well as their importance for the development of systems biology approaches in marine systems to study several biological processes, and to analyze interactions between organisms within communities. The growing importance of MS-based metabolomics in chemical ecology studies in marine ecosystems is also illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Goulitquer
- Plate-forme MetaboMER, CNRS & UPMC, FR2424, Station Biologique, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Philippe Potin
- UMR 7139 Marine Plants and Biomolecules, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Station Biologique, 29680 Roscoff, France; (P.P.); (T.T.)
- UMR 7139 Marine Plants and Biomolecules, CNRS, Station Biologique, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Thierry Tonon
- UMR 7139 Marine Plants and Biomolecules, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Station Biologique, 29680 Roscoff, France; (P.P.); (T.T.)
- UMR 7139 Marine Plants and Biomolecules, CNRS, Station Biologique, 29680 Roscoff, France
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97
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Bao J, Ren J, Wang Z. Synthesis of Substituted Furans through Domino Aldol/Homo-Michael Reactions of Formylcyclopropane 1,1-Diesters with 1,3-Dicarbonyls. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201200162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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98
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99
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100
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Li Y, Pattenden G. Biomimetic syntheses of ineleganolide and sinulochmodin C from 5-episinuleptolide via sequences of transannular Michael reactions. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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