51
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Abstract
Autonomous propulsion at the nanoscale represents one of the most challenging and demanding goals in nanotechnology. Over the past decade, numerous important advances in nanotechnology and material science have contributed to the creation of powerful self-propelled micro/nanomotors. In particular, micro- and nanoscale rockets (MNRs) offer impressive capabilities, including remarkable speeds, large cargo-towing forces, precise motion controls, and dynamic self-assembly, which have paved the way for designing multifunctional and intelligent nanoscale machines. These multipurpose nanoscale shuttles can propel and function in complex real-life media, actively transporting and releasing therapeutic payloads and remediation agents for diverse biomedical and environmental applications. This review discusses the challenges of designing efficient MNRs and presents an overview of their propulsion behavior, fabrication methods, potential rocket fuels, navigation strategies, practical applications, and the future prospects of rocket science and technology at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxing Li
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Isaac Rozen
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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52
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Wang H, Moo JGS, Pumera M. From Nanomotors to Micromotors: The Influence of the Size of an Autonomous Bubble-Propelled Device upon Its Motion. ACS NANO 2016; 10:5041-50. [PMID: 27135613 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b07771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic autonomously moving nano and micromotors are in the forefront of nanotechnology. Different sizes of nano and micromotors have been prepared, but the systematic study of the influence of their sizes on motion is lacking. We synthesized different sizes of tubular micro/nanomotors by membrane template-assisted electrodeposition. The influence of dimensions on the dynamics of micro/nanotubes was studied at a significantly reduced scale than rolled-up microtubes, down to the nanometer regime. Both the geometric parameters and the chemical environment can affect the dynamics of micro/nanotubes. The bubble size and ejection frequency were investigated in correlation with the velocity of micro/nanotubes. The comparison between different sizes of micro/nanotubes showed that geometric parameters of micro/nanotubes will influence the velocity of micro/nanotubes at moderate fuel concentrations. Furthermore, it also affects the activity of micro/nanotubes at low fuel concentrations and imposes limitations on the velocity at very high fuel concentrations. Nanotubes with nanometer-sized openings need a higher concentration of H2O2 to be activated. Larger tubes can possess a higher absolute value of velocity than smaller tubes, but do not necessarily have a higher velocity by body lengths per unit time. Insight into bubble ejection/propulsion cycle is also provided. The results presented here provide important implications for the consideration of dimensions in the fabrication of tubular micro/nanomotors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - James Guo Sheng Moo
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Martin Pumera
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 637371, Singapore
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53
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Kim K, Guo J, Liang ZX, Zhu FQ, Fan DL. Man-made rotary nanomotors: a review of recent developments. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:10471-90. [PMID: 27152885 PMCID: PMC4873439 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr08768f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The development of rotary nanomotors is an essential step towards intelligent nanomachines and nanorobots. In this article, we review the concept, design, working mechanisms, and applications of state-of-the-art rotary nanomotors made from synthetic nanoentities. The rotary nanomotors are categorized according to the energy sources employed to drive the rotary motion, including biochemical, optical, magnetic, and electric fields. The unique advantages and limitations for each type of rotary nanomachines are discussed. The advances of rotary nanomotors is pivotal for realizing dream nanomachines for myriad applications including microfluidics, biodiagnosis, nano-surgery, and biosubstance delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwanoh Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Jianhe Guo
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Z X Liang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - F Q Zhu
- NovaMinds, LLC, 9535 Ketona Cv., Austin, TX 78759, USA
| | - D L Fan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA. and Materials Science and Engineering Program, Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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54
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Esplandiu MJ, Afshar Farniya A, Reguera D. Key parameters controlling the performance of catalytic motors. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:124702. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4944319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maria J. Esplandiu
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ali Afshar Farniya
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Reguera
- Departament de Física Fonamental, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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55
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Sequeira CAC, Cardoso DSP, Gameiro MLF. Bipolar Electrochemistry, a Focal Point of Future Research. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2016.1147031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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56
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Teo WZ, Zboril R, Medrik I, Pumera M. Fe0
Nanomotors in Ton Quantities (1020
Units) for Environmental Remediation. Chemistry 2016; 22:4789-93. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201504912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhe Teo
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; School of Physical and Chemical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Radek Zboril
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials; Departments of Physical Chemistry and Experimental Physics; Faculty of Science; Palacký University; 17. listopadu 1192/12 771 46 Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Ivo Medrik
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials; Departments of Physical Chemistry and Experimental Physics; Faculty of Science; Palacký University; 17. listopadu 1192/12 771 46 Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pumera
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; School of Physical and Chemical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Singapore
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57
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Bouffier L, Ravaine V, Sojic N, Kuhn A. Electric fields for generating unconventional motion of small objects. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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58
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Barbot A, Decanini D, Hwang G. On-chip Microfluidic Multimodal Swimmer toward 3D Navigation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19041. [PMID: 26791433 PMCID: PMC4726319 DOI: 10.1038/srep19041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mobile microrobots have a promising future in various applications. These include targeted drug delivery, local measurement, biopsy or microassembly. Studying mobile microrobots inside microfluidics is an essential step towards such applications. But in this environment that was not designed for the robot, integration process and propulsion robustness still pose technological challenges. In this paper, we present a helical microrobot with three different motions, designed to achieve these goals. These motions are rolling, spintop motion and swimming. Through these multiple motions, microrobots are able to selectively integrate a chip through a microfluidic channel. This enables them to perform propulsion characterizations, 3D (Three Dimensional) maneuverability, particle cargo transport manipulation and exit from the chip. The microrobot selective integration inside microfluidics could lead to various in-vitro biologic or in-vivo biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Barbot
- Laboratoire de Photonique et de Nanostructures, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marcoussis, 91460, France
| | - Dominique Decanini
- Laboratoire de Photonique et de Nanostructures, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marcoussis, 91460, France
| | - Gilgueng Hwang
- Laboratoire de Photonique et de Nanostructures, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marcoussis, 91460, France
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59
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Teo WZ, Wang H, Pumera M. Beyond platinum: silver-catalyst based bubble-propelled tubular micromotors. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:4333-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc00115g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Tubular micromotors prepared with silver catalyst exhibited high mobility and could reduce reliance on scarce Pt metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhe Teo
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
| | - Hong Wang
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
| | - Martin Pumera
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
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60
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Abstract
Solo wheel liquid metal vehicle traveling across a Petri dish under applied low electric voltage.
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Affiliation(s)
- You you Yao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- PR China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- PR China
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
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61
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Mallick A, Roy S. Autonomous movement in mixed metal based soft-oxometalates induced by CO2evolution and topological effects on their propulsion. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra24132h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exploiting the intrinsic acidic nature of mixed-metal soft-oxometalates (SOMs) motility is induced using bicarbonate as fuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apabrita Mallick
- EFAML
- Materials Science Centre
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research
- Kolkata-741246
| | - Soumyajit Roy
- EFAML
- Materials Science Centre
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research
- Kolkata-741246
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62
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Abstract
The advent of autonomous self-propulsion has instigated research towards making colloidal machines that can deliver mechanical work in the form of transport, and other functions such as sensing and cleaning. While much progress has been made in the last 10 years on various mechanisms to generate self-propulsion, the ability to steer self-propelled colloidal devices has so far been much more limited. A critical barrier in increasing the impact of such motors is in directing their motion against the Brownian rotation, which randomizes particle orientations. In this context, here we report directed motion of a specific class of catalytic motors when moving in close proximity to solid surfaces. This is achieved through active quenching of their Brownian rotation by constraining it in a rotational well, caused not by equilibrium, but by hydrodynamic effects. We demonstrate how combining these geometric constraints can be utilized to steer these active colloids along arbitrary trajectories. Self-propelled colloidal particles can be potentially used to transport cargoes at the microscale, but it is challenging to prevent randomization of their motion by Brownian rotations. Here, Das et al. quench these rotations by solid walls, which guide in-plane swimming without the need for external fields.
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63
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Ma F, Yang X, Zhao H, Wu N. Inducing Propulsion of Colloidal Dimers by Breaking the Symmetry in Electrohydrodynamic Flow. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:208302. [PMID: 26613479 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.208302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We show that dielectric colloidal dimers with broken symmetry in geometry, composition, or interfacial charges can all propel in directions that are perpendicular to the applied ac electric field. The asymmetry in particle properties ultimately results in an unbalanced electrohydrodynamic flow on two sides of the particles. Consistent with scaling laws, the propulsion direction, speed, and orientation of dimers can be conveniently tuned by frequency. The new propulsion mechanism revealed here is important for building colloidal motors and studying collective behavior of active matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuduo Ma
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
| | - Xingfu Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, USA
| | - Ning Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
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64
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Martinez-Pedrero F, Ortiz-Ambriz A, Pagonabarraga I, Tierno P. Colloidal Microworms Propelling via a Cooperative Hydrodynamic Conveyor Belt. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:138301. [PMID: 26451584 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.138301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We study propulsion arising from microscopic colloidal rotors dynamically assembled and driven in a viscous fluid upon application of an elliptically polarized rotating magnetic field. Close to a confining plate, the motion of this self-assembled microscopic worm results from the cooperative flow generated by the spinning particles which act as a hydrodynamic "conveyor belt." Chains of rotors propel faster than individual ones, until reaching a saturation speed at distances where induced-flow additivity vanishes. By combining experiments and theoretical arguments, we elucidate the mechanism of motion and fully characterize the propulsion speed in terms of the field parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Ortiz-Ambriz
- Estructura i Constituents de la Matèria, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Pagonabarraga
- Departament de Física Fonamental, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia, IN2UB, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pietro Tierno
- Estructura i Constituents de la Matèria, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia, IN2UB, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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65
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Kim K, Guo J, Xu X, Fan DL. Recent Progress on Man-Made Inorganic Nanomachines. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:4037-4057. [PMID: 26114572 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201500407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The successful development of nanoscale machinery, which can operate with high controllability, high precision, long lifetimes, and tunable driving powers, is pivotal for the realization of future intelligent nanorobots, nanofactories, and advanced biomedical devices. However, the development of nanomachines remains one of the most difficult research areas, largely due to the grand challenges in fabrication of devices with complex components and actuation with desired efficiency, precision, lifetime, and/or environmental friendliness. In this work, the cutting-edge efforts toward fabricating and actuating various types of nanomachines and their applications are reviewed, with a special focus on nanomotors made from inorganic nanoscale building blocks, which are introduced according to the employed actuation mechanism. The unique characteristics and obstacles for each type of nanomachine are discussed, and perspectives and challenges of this exciting field are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwanoh Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Jianhe Guo
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Xiaobin Xu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - D L Fan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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66
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Martin Pumera
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
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67
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Teo WZ, Wang H, Pumera M. The gating effect by thousands of bubble-propelled micromotors in macroscale channels. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:11575-11579. [PMID: 26086456 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr02562a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Increasing interest in the utilization of self-propelled micro-/nanomotors for environmental remediation requires the examination of their efficiency at the macroscale level. As such, we investigated the effect of micro-/nanomotors' propulsion and bubbling on the rate of sodium hydroxide dissolution and the subsequent dispersion of OH(-) ions across more than 30 cm, so as to understand how these factors might affect the dispersion of remediation agents in real systems which might require these agents to travel long distances to reach the pollutants. Experimental results showed that the presence of large numbers of active bubble-propelled tubular bimetallic Cu/Pt micromotors (4.5 × 10(4)) induced a gating effect on the dissolution and dispersion process, slowing down the change in pH of the solution considerably. The retardation was found to be dependent on the number of active micromotors present in the range of 1.5 × 10(4) to 4.5 × 10(4) micromotors. At lower numbers (0.75 × 10(4)), however, propelling micromotors did speed up the dissolution and dispersion process. The understanding of the combined effects of large number of micro-/nanomotors' motion and bubbling on its macroscale mixing behavior is of significant importance for future applications of these devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhe Teo
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore.
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68
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Rao KJ, Li F, Meng L, Zheng H, Cai F, Wang W. A Force to Be Reckoned With: A Review of Synthetic Microswimmers Powered by Ultrasound. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:2836-46. [PMID: 25851515 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201403621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic microswimmers are a class of artificial nano- or microscale particle capable of converting external energy into motion. They are similar to natural microswimmers such as bacteria in behavior and are, therefore, of great interest to the study of active matter. Additionally, microswimmers show promise in applications ranging from bioanalytics and environmental monitoring to particle separation and drug delivery. However, since their sizes are on the nano-/microscale and their speeds are in the μm s(-1) range, they fall into a low Reynolds number regime where viscosity dominates. Therefore, new propulsion schemes are needed for these microswimmers to be able to efficiently move. Furthermore, many of the hotly pursued applications call for innovations in the next phase of development of biocompatible microswimmers. In this review, the latest developments of microswimmers powered by ultrasound are presented. Ultrasound, especially at MHz frequencies, does little harm to biological samples and provides an advantageous and well-controlled means to efficiently power microswimmers. By critically reviewing the recent progress in this research field, an introduction of how ultrasound propels colloidal particles into autonomous motion is presented, as well as how this propulsion can be used to achieve preliminary but promising applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Jagajjanani Rao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
- Interfaces and Nanomaterials Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela-, 769 008, Orissa, India
| | - Fei Li
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P.R. China
| | - Long Meng
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P.R. China
| | - Hairong Zheng
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P.R. China
| | - Feiyan Cai
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
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69
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Electric-field-induced assembly and propulsion of chiral colloidal clusters. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:6307-12. [PMID: 25941383 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1502141112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chiral molecules with opposite handedness exhibit distinct physical, chemical, or biological properties. They pose challenges as well as opportunities in understanding the phase behavior of soft matter, designing enantioselective catalysts, and manufacturing single-handed pharmaceuticals. Microscopic particles, arranged in a chiral configuration, could also exhibit unusual optical, electric, or magnetic responses. Here we report a simple method to assemble achiral building blocks, i.e., the asymmetric colloidal dimers, into a family of chiral clusters. Under alternating current electric fields, two to four lying dimers associate closely with a central standing dimer and form both right- and left-handed clusters on a conducting substrate. The cluster configuration is primarily determined by the induced dipolar interactions between constituent dimers. Our theoretical model reveals that in-plane dipolar repulsion between petals in the cluster favors the achiral configuration, whereas out-of-plane attraction between the central dimer and surrounding petals favors a chiral arrangement. It is the competition between these two interactions that dictates the final configuration. The theoretical chirality phase diagram is found to be in excellent agreement with experimental observations. We further demonstrate that the broken symmetry in chiral clusters induces an unbalanced electrohydrodynamic flow surrounding them. As a result, they rotate in opposite directions according to their handedness. Both the assembly and propulsion mechanisms revealed here can be potentially applied to other types of asymmetric particles. Such kinds of chiral colloids will be useful for fabricating metamaterials, making model systems for both chiral molecules and active matter, or building propellers for microscale transport.
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70
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Kim K, Guo J, Xu X, Fan D(E. Micromotors with step-motor characteristics by controlled magnetic interactions among assembled components. ACS NANO 2015; 9:548-54. [PMID: 25536023 PMCID: PMC4310638 DOI: 10.1021/nn505798w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the control of the rotation dynamics of an innovative type of rotary micromotors with desired performances by tuning the magnetic interactions among the assembled micro/nanoscale components. The micromotors are made of metallic nanowires as rotors, patterned magnetic nanodisks as bearings and actuated by external electric fields. The magnetic forces for anchoring the rotors on the bearings play an essential role in the rotation dynamics of the micromotors. By varying the moment, orientation, and dimension of the magnetic components, distinct rotation behaviors can be observed, including repeatable wobbling and rolling in addition to rotation. We understood the rotation behaviors by analytical modeling, designed and realized micromotors with step-motor characteristics. The outcome of this research could inspire the development of high-performance nanomachines assembled from synthetic nanoentities, relevant to nanorobotics, microfluidics, and biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwanoh Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jianhe Guo
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Xiaobin Xu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Donglei (Emma) Fan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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71
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Nikolov SV, Yeh PD, Alexeev A. Self-Propelled Microswimmer Actuated by Stimuli-Sensitive Bilayered Hydrogel. ACS Macro Lett 2015; 4:84-88. [PMID: 35596378 DOI: 10.1021/mz5007014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Using computational modeling, we design a microscopic swimmer made of a bilayered responsive hydrogel capable of swimming in a viscous fluid when actuated by a periodically applied stimulus. The gel has an X-shaped geometry and two bonded layers, one of which is responsive to environmental changes and the other which is passive. When the stimulus is turned on, the responsive layer swells and causes the swimmer to deform. We demonstrate that when such stimulus-induced deformations occur periodically the gel swimmer effectively propels forward through the fluid. We show that the swimming speed depends on the relative stiffness of the two gel layers composing the swimmer, and we determine the optimal stiffness ratio that maximizes the swimming speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetoslav V. Nikolov
- George W. Woodruff School
of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0405, United States
| | - Peter D. Yeh
- George W. Woodruff School
of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0405, United States
| | - Alexander Alexeev
- George W. Woodruff School
of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0405, United States
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72
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Wu Z, Lin X, Zou X, Sun J, He Q. Biodegradable protein-based rockets for drug transportation and light-triggered release. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:250-5. [PMID: 25496011 DOI: 10.1021/am507680u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We describe a biodegradable, self-propelled bovine serum albumin/poly-l-lysine (PLL/BSA) multilayer rocket as a smart vehicle for efficient anticancer drug encapsulation/delivery to cancer cells and near-infrared light controlled release. The rockets were constructed by a template-assisted layer-by-layer assembly of the PLL/BSA layers, followed by incorporation of a heat-sensitive gelatin hydrogel containing gold nanoparticles, doxorubicin, and catalase. These rockets can rapidly deliver the doxorubicin to the targeted cancer cell with a speed of up to 68 μm/s, through a combination of biocatalytic bubble propulsion and magnetic guidance. The photothermal effect of the gold nanoparticles under NIR irradiation enable the phase transition of the gelatin hydrogel for rapid release of the loaded doxorubicin and efficient killing of the surrounding cancer cells. Such biodegradable and multifunctional protein-based microrockets provide a convenient and efficient platform for the rapid delivery and controlled release of therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System (HIT), Academy of Fundamental and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150080, China
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73
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Cinti S, Valdés-Ramírez G, Gao W, Li J, Palleschi G, Wang J. Microengine-assisted electrochemical measurements at printable sensor strips. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:8668-71. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc02222c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A new microengine-based built-in-platform exploiting a surprising dual action with solution mixing and control of the reaction parameters, has been applied for accelerating chemical reactions (organophosphorous nerve agents hydrolysis) and electrochemical detection of non-hazardous by-product (p-nitrophenol) using printable sensor strip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Cinti
- Department of Nanoengineering
- University of California San Diego
- La Jolla
- USA
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche
| | | | - Wei Gao
- Department of Nanoengineering
- University of California San Diego
- La Jolla
- USA
| | - Jinxing Li
- Department of Nanoengineering
- University of California San Diego
- La Jolla
- USA
| | - Giuseppe Palleschi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche
- University of Rome Tor Vergata
- 00133 Rome
- Italy
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering
- University of California San Diego
- La Jolla
- USA
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74
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Sharma N, Ojha H, Bharadwaj A, Pathak DP, Sharma RK. Preparation and catalytic applications of nanomaterials: a review. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra06778b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present review systematically summarizes the synthesis and specific catalytic applications of nanomaterials such as MSN, nanoparticles, LD hydroxides, nanobubbles, quantum dots,etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneet Sharma
- Division of CBRN Defence
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences
- India
| | - Himanshu Ojha
- Division of Radiation Biosciences
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences
- India
| | - Ambika Bharadwaj
- Division of CBRN Defence
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences
- India
| | - Dharam Pal Pathak
- Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research
- University of Delhi
- New Delhi 10017
- India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Sharma
- Division of CBRN Defence
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences
- India
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75
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Oyarzua E, Walther JH, Mejía A, Zambrano HA. Early regimes of water capillary flow in slit silica nanochannels. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:14731-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp01862e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Molecular simulation of the capillary filling of water in a silica nanoslit. An atomistic description of the capillary filling process allows us to conduct a detailed study of the validity of the Bosanquet equation at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elton Oyarzua
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Universidad de Concepcion
- Concepcion
- Chile
| | - Jens H. Walther
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Technical University of Denmark
- Kgs. Lyngby
- Denmark
- Computational Science and Engineering Laboratory
| | - Andrés Mejía
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Universidad de Concepcion
- Concepcion
- Chile
| | - Harvey A. Zambrano
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Universidad de Concepcion
- Concepcion
- Chile
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76
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Sasaki Y, Takikawa Y, Jampani VSR, Hoshikawa H, Seto T, Bahr C, Herminghaus S, Hidaka Y, Orihara H. Colloidal caterpillars for cargo transportation. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:8813-8820. [PMID: 25220483 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm01354a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Tunable transport of tiny objects in fluid systems is demanding in diverse fields of science such as drug delivery, active matter far from equilibrium, and lab-on-a-chip applications. Here, we report the directed motion of colloidal particles and self-assembled colloidal chains in a nematic liquid crystal matrix using electrohydrodynamic convection (EHC) rolls. The asymmetric distortion of the molecular orientation around the particles results - for single particles - in a hopping motion from one EHC roll to the next and - for colloidal chains - in a caterpillar-like motion in the direction perpendicular to the roll axes. We demonstrate the use of colloidal chains as microtraction engines for the transport of various types of microcargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Sasaki
- Division of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13 West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan.
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77
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Florea L, Wagner K, Wagner P, Wallace GG, Benito-Lopez F, Officer DL, Diamond D. Photo-chemopropulsion--light-stimulated movement of microdroplets. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:7339-7345. [PMID: 25236879 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201403007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The controlled movement of a chemical container by the light-activated expulsion of a chemical fuel, named here "photo-chemopropulsion", is an exciting new development in the array of mechanisms employed for controlling the movement of microvehicles, herein represented by lipid-based microdroplets. This "chemopropulsion" effect can be switched on and off, and is fully reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Florea
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin, 9, Ireland
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78
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Wang H, Moo JGS, Pumera M. Tissue cell assisted fabrication of tubular catalytic platinum microengines. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:11359-11363. [PMID: 25143056 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr03720k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We report a facile platform for mass production of robust self-propelled tubular microengines. Tissue cells extracted from fruits of banana and apple, Musa acuminata and Malus domestica, are used as the support on which a thin platinum film is deposited by means of physical vapor deposition. Upon sonication of the cells/Pt-coated substrate in water, microscrolls of highly uniform sizes are spontaneously formed. Tubular microengines fabricated with the fruit cell assisted method exhibit a fast motion of ∼100 bodylengths per s (∼1 mm s(-1)). An extremely simple and affordable platform for mass production of the micromotors is crucial for the envisioned swarms of thousands and millions of autonomous micromotors performing biomedical and environmental remediation tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore.
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79
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Wang H, Sofer Z, Eng AYS, Pumera M. Iridium-Catalyst-Based Autonomous Bubble-Propelled Graphene Micromotors with Ultralow Catalyst Loading. Chemistry 2014; 20:14946-50. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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80
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Vilela D, Orozco J, Cheng G, Sattayasamitsathit S, Galarnyk M, Kan C, Wang J, Escarpa A. Multiplexed immunoassay based on micromotors and microscale tags. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:3505-3509. [PMID: 25017813 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00596a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This work reports on the coupling of antibody-functionalized micromotors and microwire-tagged proteins for rapid and multiplexed immunoassays. While micromotor-induced mixing accelerates the immunoreaction, tagging the proteins with microscopic particles of different sizes and shapes allows for their multiplexed discrimination, alerting of the presence of a biological threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Vilela
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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81
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Abstract
Nanomachines offer considerable promise for the treatment of diseases. The ability of man-made nanomotors to rapidly deliver therapeutic payloads to their target destination represents a novel nanomedicine approach. Synthetic nanomotors, based on a multitude of propulsion mechanisms, have been developed over the past decade toward diverse biomedical applications. In this review article, we journey from the use of chemically powered drug-delivery nanovehicles to externally actuated (fuel-free) drug-delivery nanomachine platforms, and conclude with future prospects and challenges for such practical propelling drug-delivery systems. As future micro/nanomachines become more powerful and functional, these tiny devices are expected to perform more demanding biomedical tasks and benefit different drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gao
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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82
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Restrepo-Pérez L, Soler L, Martínez-Cisneros C, Sánchez S, Schmidt OG. Biofunctionalized self-propelled micromotors as an alternative on-chip concentrating system. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:2914-7. [PMID: 24935730 PMCID: PMC4120160 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00439f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Sample pre-concentration is crucial to achieve high sensitivity and low detection limits in lab-on-a-chip devices. Here, we present a system in which self-propelled catalytic micromotors are biofunctionalized and trapped acting as an alternative concentrating mechanism. This system requires no external energy source, which facilitates integration and miniaturization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Restrepo-Pérez
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences , Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden , Helmholtzstraße 20 , 01069 Dresden , Germany .
| | - Lluís Soler
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences , Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden , Helmholtzstraße 20 , 01069 Dresden , Germany .
| | - Cynthia Martínez-Cisneros
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences , Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden , Helmholtzstraße 20 , 01069 Dresden , Germany .
| | - Samuel Sánchez
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences , Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden , Helmholtzstraße 20 , 01069 Dresden , Germany .
| | - Oliver G. Schmidt
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences , Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden , Helmholtzstraße 20 , 01069 Dresden , Germany .
- Materials Systems for Nanoelectronics , TU Chemnitz , 09107 Chemnitz , Germany
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83
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Kim K, Xu X, Guo J, Fan DL. Ultrahigh-speed rotating nanoelectromechanical system devices assembled from nanoscale building blocks. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3632. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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84
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Pavel IA, Bunea AI, David S, Gáspár S. Nanorods with Biocatalytically Induced Self-Electrophoresis. ChemCatChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201301016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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85
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ATP synthase: the right size base model for nanomotors in nanomedicine. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:567398. [PMID: 24605056 PMCID: PMC3925597 DOI: 10.1155/2014/567398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanomedicine results from nanotechnology where molecular scale minute precise nanomotors can be used to treat disease conditions. Many such biological nanomotors are found and operate in living systems which could be used for therapeutic purposes. The question is how to build nanomachines that are compatible with living systems and can safely operate inside the body? Here we propose that it is of paramount importance to have a workable base model for the development of nanomotors in nanomedicine usage. The base model must placate not only the basic requirements of size, number, and speed but also must have the provisions of molecular modulations. Universal occurrence and catalytic site molecular modulation capabilities are of vital importance for being a perfect base model. In this review we will provide a detailed discussion on ATP synthase as one of the most suitable base models in the development of nanomotors. We will also describe how the capabilities of molecular modulation can improve catalytic and motor function of the enzyme to generate a catalytically improved and controllable ATP synthase which in turn will help in building a superior nanomotor. For comparison, several other biological nanomotors will be described as well as their applications for nanotechnology.
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86
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Huang TY, Qiu F, Tung HW, Peyer KE, Shamsudhin N, Pokki J, Zhang L, Chen XB, Nelson BJ, Sakar MS. Cooperative manipulation and transport of microobjects using multiple helical microcarriers. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra02260b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a cooperative transport strategy that uses engineered microbars and multiple helical microcarriers. Cooperation of microcarriers generates higher propulsive forces while application of forces at multiple locations results in motion control with multiple degrees of freedom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Yun Huang
- School of Control Science and Engineering
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian, China
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering
- Liaoning University of Science and Technology
| | - Famin Qiu
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems
- ETH Zurich
- , Switzerland
| | - Hsi-Wen Tung
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems
- ETH Zurich
- , Switzerland
| | - Kathrin E. Peyer
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems
- ETH Zurich
- , Switzerland
| | - Naveen Shamsudhin
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems
- ETH Zurich
- , Switzerland
| | - Juho Pokki
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems
- ETH Zurich
- , Switzerland
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong
- , China
| | - Xue-Bo Chen
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering
- Liaoning University of Science and Technology
- Anshan, China
| | - Bradley J. Nelson
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems
- ETH Zurich
- , Switzerland
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87
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Nourhani A, Byun YM, Lammert PE, Borhan A, Crespi VH. Nanomotor mechanisms and motive force distributions from nanorotor trajectories. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2013; 88:062317. [PMID: 24483454 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.88.062317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Nanomotors convert chemical energy into mechanical motion. For a given motor type, the underlying chemical reaction that enables motility is typically well known, but the detailed, quantitative mechanism by which this reaction breaks symmetry and converts chemical energy to mechanical motion is often less clear, since it is difficult experimentally to measure important parameters such as the spatial distribution of chemical species around the nanorotor during operation. Without this information on how motor geometry affects motor function, it is difficult to control and optimize nanomotor behavior. Here we demonstrate how one easily observable characteristic of nanomotor operation-the visible trajectory of a nanorotor-can provide quantitative information about the role of asymmetry in nanomotor operation, as well as insights into the spatial distribution of motive force along the surface of the nanomotor, the motive torques, and the effective diffusional motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Nourhani
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA and Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Young-Moo Byun
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Paul E Lammert
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Ali Borhan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Vincent H Crespi
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA and Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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88
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Soler L, Martínez-Cisneros C, Swiersy A, Sánchez S, Schmidt OG. Thermal activation of catalytic microjets in blood samples using microfluidic chips. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:4299-303. [PMID: 24089195 PMCID: PMC4151285 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50756d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that catalytic microjet engines can out-swim high complex media composed of red blood cells and serum. Despite the challenge presented by the high viscosity of the solution at room temperature, the catalytic microjets can be activated at physiological temperature and, consequently, self-propel in diluted solutions of blood samples. We prove that these microjets self-propel in 10× diluted blood samples using microfluidic chips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lluís Soler
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr. 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- , ; Tel: +49 711 689 1846
| | - Cynthia Martínez-Cisneros
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anka Swiersy
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Samuel Sánchez
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr. 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- , ; Tel: +49 711 689 1846
| | - Oliver G. Schmidt
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Materials Systems for Nanoelectronics, TU Chemnitz, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany
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89
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Loget G, Zigah D, Bouffier L, Sojic N, Kuhn A. Bipolar electrochemistry: from materials science to motion and beyond. Acc Chem Res 2013; 46:2513-23. [PMID: 23719628 DOI: 10.1021/ar400039k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar electrochemistry, a phenomenon which generates an asymmetric reactivity on the surface of conductive objects in a wireless manner, is an important concept for many purposes, from analysis to materials science as well as for the generation of motion. Chemists have known the basic concept for a long time, but it has recently attracted additional attention, especially in the context of micro- and nanoscience. In this Account, we introduce the fundamentals of bipolar electrochemistry and illustrate its recent applications, with a particular focus on the fields of materials science and dynamic systems. Janus particles, named after the Roman god depicted with two faces, are currently in the heart of many original investigations. These objects exhibit different physicochemical properties on two opposite sides. This makes them a unique class of materials, showing interesting features. They have received increasing attention from the materials science community, since they can be used for a large variety of applications, ranging from sensing to photosplitting of water. So far the great majority of methods developed for the generation of Janus particles breaks the symmetry by using interfaces or surfaces. The consequence is often a low time-space yield, which limits their large scale production. In this context, chemists have successfully used bipolar electrodeposition to break the symmetry. This provides a single-step technique for the bulk production of Janus particles with a high control over the deposit structure and morphology, as well as a significantly improved yield. In this context, researchers have used the bipolar electrodeposition of molecular layers, metals, semiconductors, and insulators at one or both reactive poles of bipolar electrodes to generate a wide range of Janus particles with different size, composition and shape. In using bipolar electrochemistry as a driving force for generating motion, its intrinsic asymmetric reactivity is again the crucial aspect, as there is no directed motion without symmetry breaking. Controlling the motion of objects at the micro- and nanoscale is of primary importance for many potential applications, ranging from medical diagnosis to nanosurgery, and has generated huge interest in the scientific community in recent years. Several original approaches to design micro- and nanomotors have been explored, with propulsion strategies based on chemical fuelling or on external fields. The first strategy is using the asymmetric particles generated by bipolar electrodeposition and employing them directly as micromotors. We have demonstrated this by using the catalytic and magnetic properties of Janus objects. The second strategy is utilizing bipolar electrochemistry as a direct trigger of motion of isotropic particles. We developed mechanisms based on a simultaneous dissolution and deposition, or on a localized asymmetric production of bubbles. We then used these for the translation, the rotation and the levitation of conducting objects. These examples give insight into two interesting fields of applications of the concept of bipolar electrochemistry, and open perspectives for future developments in materials science and for generating motion at different scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Loget
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400 Talence, France
- CNRS, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Dodzi Zigah
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400 Talence, France
- CNRS, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Laurent Bouffier
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400 Talence, France
- CNRS, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Neso Sojic
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400 Talence, France
- CNRS, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Alexander Kuhn
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400 Talence, France
- CNRS, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400 Talence, France
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90
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Wang W, Duan W, Sen A, Mallouk TE. Catalytically powered dynamic assembly of rod-shaped nanomotors and passive tracer particles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:17744-9. [PMID: 24127603 PMCID: PMC3816472 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1311543110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nano- and microscale motors powered by catalytic reactions exhibit collective behavior such as swarming, predator-prey interactions, and chemotaxis that resemble those of biological microorganisms. A quantitative understanding of the catalytically generated forces between particles that lead to these behaviors has so far been lacking. Observations and numerical simulations of pairwise interactions between gold-platinum nanorods in hydrogen peroxide solutions show that attractive and repulsive interactions arise from the catalytically generated electric field. Electrokinetic effects drive the assembly of staggered doublets and triplets of nanorods that are moving in the same direction. None of these behaviors are observed with nanorods composed of a single metal. The motors also collect tracer microparticles at their head or tail, depending on the charge of the particles, actively assembling them into close-packed rafts and aggregates of rafts. These motor-tracer particle interactions can also be understood in terms of the catalytically generated electric field around the ends of the nanorod motors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Wentao Duan
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Ayusman Sen
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Thomas E. Mallouk
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
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91
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Orozco J, Cheng G, Vilela D, Sattayasamitsathit S, Vazquez-Duhalt R, Valdés-Ramírez G, Pak OS, Escarpa A, Kan C, Wang J. Micromotor-Based High-Yielding Fast Oxidative Detoxification of Chemical Threats. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201308072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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92
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Orozco J, Cheng G, Vilela D, Sattayasamitsathit S, Vazquez-Duhalt R, Valdés-Ramírez G, Pak OS, Escarpa A, Kan C, Wang J. Micromotor-Based High-Yielding Fast Oxidative Detoxification of Chemical Threats. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:13276-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201308072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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93
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Tarn MD, Lopez-Martinez MJ, Pamme N. On-chip processing of particles and cells via multilaminar flow streams. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 406:139-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7363-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Tarn
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
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94
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Suter M, Zhang L, Siringil EC, Peters C, Luehmann T, Ergeneman O, Peyer KE, Nelson BJ, Hierold C. Superparamagnetic microrobots: fabrication by two-photon polymerization and biocompatibility. Biomed Microdevices 2013; 15:997-1003. [DOI: 10.1007/s10544-013-9791-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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95
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Orozco J, Cortés A, Cheng G, Sattayasamitsathit S, Gao W, Feng X, Shen Y, Wang J. Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Catalytic Micromotors for Selective Protein Transport. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:5336-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja4018545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jahir Orozco
- Department
of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093,
United States
| | - Allan Cortés
- Department
of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093,
United States
| | - Guanzhi Cheng
- Department
of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093,
United States
| | - Sirilak Sattayasamitsathit
- Department
of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093,
United States
| | - Wei Gao
- Department
of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093,
United States
| | - Xiaomiao Feng
- Department
of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093,
United States
| | - Yufeng Shen
- Department
of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093,
United States
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department
of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093,
United States
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96
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García M, Orozco J, Guix M, Gao W, Sattayasamitsathit S, Escarpa A, Merkoçi A, Wang J. Micromotor-based lab-on-chip immunoassays. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:1325-1331. [PMID: 23123833 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr32400h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Here we describe the first example of using self-propelled antibody-functionalized synthetic catalytic microengines for capturing and transporting target proteins between the different reservoirs of a lab-on-a-chip (LOC) device. A new catalytic polymer/Ni/Pt microtube engine, containing carboxy moieties on its mixed poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)/COOH-PEDOT polymeric outermost layer, is further functionalized with the antibody receptor to selectively recognize and capture the target protein. The new motor-based microchip immunoassay operations are carried out without any bulk fluid flow, replacing the common washing steps in antibody-based protein bioassays with the active transport of the captured protein throughout the different reservoirs, where each step of the immunoassay takes place. A first microchip format involving an 'on-the-fly' double-antibody sandwich assay (DASA) is used for demonstrating the selective capture of the target protein, in the presence of excess of non-target proteins. A secondary antibody tagged with a polymeric-sphere tracer allows the direct visualization of the binding events. In a second approach the immuno-nanomotor captures and transports the microsphere-tagged antigen through a microchannel network. An anti-protein-A modified microengine is finally used to demonstrate the selective capture, transport and convenient label-free optical detection of a Staphylococcus aureus target bacteria (containing proteinA in its cell wall) in the presence of a large excess of non-target (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cells. The resulting nanomotor-based microchip immunoassay offers considerable potential for diverse applications in clinical diagnostics, environmental and security monitoring fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel García
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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97
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Patra D, Sengupta S, Duan W, Zhang H, Pavlick R, Sen A. Intelligent, self-powered, drug delivery systems. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:1273-83. [PMID: 23166050 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr32600k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Self-propelled nano/micromotors and pumps are considered to be next generation drug delivery systems since the carriers can either propel themselves ("motor"-based drug delivery) or be delivered ("pump"-based drug delivery) to the target in response to specific biomarkers. Recently, there has been significant advancement towards developing nano/microtransporters into proof-of-concept tools for biomedical applications. This review encompasses the progress made to date on the design of synthetic nano/micromotors and pumps with respect to transportation and delivery of cargo at specific locations. Looking ahead, it is possible to imagine a day when intelligent machines navigate through the human body and perform challenging tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debabrata Patra
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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98
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Abstract
Emerging concepts for on-chip biotechnologies aim to replace microfluidic flow by active, molecular-motor driven transport of cytoskeletal filaments, including applications in bio-simulation, biocomputation, diagnostics, and drug screening. Many of these applications require reliable detection, with minimal data acquisition, of filaments at many, local checkpoints in a device consisting of a potentially complex network of channels that guide filament motion. Here we develop such a detection system using actomyosin motility. Detection points consist of pairs of gold lines running perpendicular to nanochannels that guide motion of fluorescent actin filaments. Fluorescence interference contrast (FLIC) is used to locally enhance the signal at the gold lines. A cross-correlation method is used to suppress errors, allowing reliable detection of single or multiple filaments. Optimal device design parameters are discussed. The results open for automatic read-out of filament count and velocity in high-throughput motility assays, helping establish the viability of active, motor-driven on-chip applications.
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99
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Effect of Path Persistence Length of Molecular Shuttles on Two-stage Analyte Capture in Biosensors. Cell Mol Bioeng 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12195-012-0262-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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100
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Früh SM, Steuerwald D, Simon U, Vogel V. Covalent cargo loading to molecular shuttles via copper-free "click chemistry". Biomacromolecules 2012; 13:3908-11. [PMID: 23106538 DOI: 10.1021/bm301437c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
An important prerequisite for molecular shuttle-based functional devices is the development of adequate linker chemistries to load and transport versatile cargoes. Copper-free "click chemistry" has not been applied before to covalently load cargo onto molecular shuttles propelled by biological motors such as kinesin. Due to the high biocompatibility and bioorthogonality of the strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition, this approach has pronounced advantages compared to previous methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna M Früh
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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