51
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Wu X, Smet E, Brandi F, Raikwar D, Zhang Z, Maes BUW, Sels BF. Advancements and Perspectives toward Lignin Valorization via O-Demethylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317257. [PMID: 38128012 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Lignin represents the largest aromatic carbon resource in plants, holding significant promise as a renewable feedstock for bioaromatics and other cyclic hydrocarbons in the context of the circular bioeconomy. However, the methoxy groups of aryl methyl ethers, abundantly found in technical lignins and lignin-derived chemicals, limit their pertinent chemical reactivity and broader applicability. Unlocking the phenolic hydroxyl functionality through O-demethylation (ODM) has emerged as a valuable approach to mitigate this need and enables further applications. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the progress in the valorization of technical lignin and lignin-derived chemicals via ODM, both catalytic and non-catalytic reactions. Furthermore, a detailed analysis of the properties and potential applications of the O-demethylated products is presented, accompanied by a systematic overview of available ODM reactions. This review primarily focuses on enhancing the phenolic hydroxyl content in lignin-derived species through ODM, showcasing its potential in the catalytic funneling of lignin and value-added applications. A comprehensive synopsis and future outlook are included in the concluding section of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Wu
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ewoud Smet
- Organic Synthesis Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Francesco Brandi
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Deepak Raikwar
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Zhenlei Zhang
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bert U W Maes
- Organic Synthesis Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bert F Sels
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
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52
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Holland C, Shapira P. Building the bioeconomy: A targeted assessment approach to identifying biobased technologies, challenges and opportunities. ENGINEERING BIOLOGY 2024; 8:1-15. [PMID: 38525250 PMCID: PMC10959757 DOI: 10.1049/enb2.12030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The authors explore opportunities, challenges, and strategies to translate and responsibly scale innovative biobased technologies to build more sustainable bioeconomies. The pandemic and other recent disruptions increased exposure to issues of resilience and regional imbalance, highlighting a need for production and consumption regimes centred more on local biobased resources and dispersed production. The authors review potential biobased technology strategies and identify promising and feasible options for the United Kingdom. Initial landscape and bibliometric analysis identified 50 potential existing and emerging biobased technologies, which were assessed for their ability to fulfil requirements related to biobased production, national applicability, and economic-, societal-, and environmental-benefits, leading to identification of 18 promising biobased production technologies. Further analysis and focus-group discussion with industrial, governmental, academic, agricultural, and social stakeholders, identified three technology clusters for targeted assessment, drawing on cellulose-, lignin-, and seaweed feedstocks. Case studies were developed for each cluster, addressing conversations around sustainable management, use of biomass feedstocks, and associated environmental-, social-, and economic challenges. Cases are presented with discussion of insights and implications for policy. The approach presented is put forward as a scalable assessment method that can be useful in prompting, informing, and advancing discussion and deliberation on opportunities and challenges for biobased transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Holland
- Manchester Institute of Innovation ResearchAlliance Manchester Business SchoolUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
- Manchester Synthetic Biology Research Centre for Fine and Speciality Chemicals and the Future Biomanufacturing Research HubManchester Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Philip Shapira
- Manchester Institute of Innovation ResearchAlliance Manchester Business SchoolUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
- Manchester Synthetic Biology Research Centre for Fine and Speciality Chemicals and the Future Biomanufacturing Research HubManchester Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
- School of Public PolicyGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
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53
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Liu Y, Li Y, Wu H, Xu S, Zhang B, Li S, Du R, Jiang M, Chen Z, Lv Y, Wang ZG. Robust Oxidase-Mimetic Supramolecular Nanocatalyst for Lignin Biodegradation. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:2520-2528. [PMID: 38359360 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Enzymatic catalysis presents an eco-friendly, energy-efficient method for lignin degradation. However, challenges arise due to the inherent incompatibility between enzymes and native lignin. In this work, we introduce a supramolecular catalyst composed of fluorenyl-modified amino acids and Cu2+, designed based on the aromatic stacking of the fluorenyl group, which can operate in ionic liquid environments suitable for the dissolution of native lignin. Amino acids and halide anions of ionic liquids shape the copper site's coordination sphere, showcasing remarkable catechol oxidase-mimetic activity. The catalyst exhibits thermophilic property, and maintains oxidative activity up to 75 °C, which allows the catalyzed degradation of the as-dissolved native lignin with high efficiency even without assistance of the electron mediator. In contrast, at this condition, the native copper-dependent oxidase completely lost its activity. This catalyst with superior stability and activity offer promise for sustainable lignin valorization through biocatalytic routes compatible with ionic liquid pretreatment, addressing limitations in native enzymes for industrially relevant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, National Energy Research and Development Center for Biorefinery, Key Lab of Biomedical Materials of Natural Macromolecules (Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education), International Joint Bioenergy Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, National Energy Research and Development Center for Biorefinery, Key Lab of Biomedical Materials of Natural Macromolecules (Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education), International Joint Bioenergy Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Haifeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, National Energy Research and Development Center for Biorefinery, Key Lab of Biomedical Materials of Natural Macromolecules (Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education), International Joint Bioenergy Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shichao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, National Energy Research and Development Center for Biorefinery, Key Lab of Biomedical Materials of Natural Macromolecules (Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education), International Joint Bioenergy Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Baoli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, National Energy Research and Development Center for Biorefinery, Key Lab of Biomedical Materials of Natural Macromolecules (Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education), International Joint Bioenergy Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, National Energy Research and Development Center for Biorefinery, Key Lab of Biomedical Materials of Natural Macromolecules (Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education), International Joint Bioenergy Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ruikai Du
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, National Energy Research and Development Center for Biorefinery, Key Lab of Biomedical Materials of Natural Macromolecules (Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education), International Joint Bioenergy Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Minquan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, National Energy Research and Development Center for Biorefinery, Key Lab of Biomedical Materials of Natural Macromolecules (Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education), International Joint Bioenergy Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ziman Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, National Energy Research and Development Center for Biorefinery, Key Lab of Biomedical Materials of Natural Macromolecules (Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education), International Joint Bioenergy Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yongqin Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, National Energy Research and Development Center for Biorefinery, Key Lab of Biomedical Materials of Natural Macromolecules (Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education), International Joint Bioenergy Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhen-Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, National Energy Research and Development Center for Biorefinery, Key Lab of Biomedical Materials of Natural Macromolecules (Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education), International Joint Bioenergy Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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54
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Pappa CP, Cailotto S, Gigli M, Crestini C, Triantafyllidis KS. Kraft (Nano)Lignin as Reactive Additive in Epoxy Polymer Bio-Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:553. [PMID: 38399931 PMCID: PMC10893208 DOI: 10.3390/polym16040553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The demand for high-performance bio-based materials towards achieving more sustainable manufacturing and circular economy models is growing significantly. Kraft lignin (KL) is an abundant and highly functional aromatic/phenolic biopolymer, being the main side product of the pulp and paper industry, as well as of the more recent 2nd generation biorefineries. In this study, KL was incorporated into a glassy epoxy system based on the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) and an amine curing agent (Jeffamine D-230), being utilized as partial replacement of the curing agent and the DGEBA prepolymer or as a reactive additive. A D-230 replacement by pristine (unmodified) KL of up to 14 wt.% was achieved while KL-epoxy composites with up to 30 wt.% KL exhibited similar thermo-mechanical properties and substantially enhanced antioxidant properties compared to the neat epoxy polymer. Additionally, the effect of the KL particle size was investigated. Ball-milled kraft lignin (BMKL, 10 μm) and nano-lignin (NLH, 220 nm) were, respectively, obtained after ball milling and ultrasonication and were studied as additives in the same epoxy system. Significantly improved dispersion and thermo-mechanical properties were obtained, mainly with nano-lignin, which exhibited fully transparent lignin-epoxy composites with higher tensile strength, storage modulus and glass transition temperature, even at 30 wt.% loadings. Lastly, KL lignin was glycidylized (GKL) and utilized as a bio-based epoxy prepolymer, achieving up to 38 wt.% replacement of fossil-based DGEBA. The GKL composites exhibited improved thermo-mechanical properties and transparency. All lignins were extensively characterized using NMR, TGA, GPC, and DLS techniques to correlate and justify the epoxy polymer characterization results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina P. Pappa
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Simone Cailotto
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, 30170 Venice Mestre, Italy (C.C.)
| | - Matteo Gigli
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, 30170 Venice Mestre, Italy (C.C.)
| | - Claudia Crestini
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, 30170 Venice Mestre, Italy (C.C.)
| | - Konstantinos S. Triantafyllidis
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
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55
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Li Y, Wen J, Wu S, Luo S, Ma C, Li S, Chen Z, Liu S, Tian B. Photocatalytic Conversion of Lignin Models into Functionalized Aromatic Molecules Initiated by the Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer Process. Org Lett 2024; 26:1218-1223. [PMID: 38319139 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
A mild and efficient method for lignin β-O-4 cleavage and functionalization was achieved via photocatalysis. This protocol exhibits a broad scope of lignin models and excellent compatibility of functionalization reagents, constructing a series of functionalized lignin-based aromatic compounds. Highly selective formation of alkyl radical species through a proton-coupled electron transfer and β-scission process provides the opportunity to form new C-C and C-N bonds by reaction with electrophilic reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingya Wen
- Appraisal Center for Environment & Engineering, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100041, People's Republic of China
| | - Simeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Sha Luo
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunhui Ma
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Shujun Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Shouxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Tian
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, People's Republic of China
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56
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Castillo-Garcia AA, Kappe CO, Cantillo D, Barta K. Aniline Derivatives from Lignin under Mild Conditions Enabled by Electrochemistry. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301374. [PMID: 37988183 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
The development of environmentally friendly methods for the valorization of important phenolic platform chemicals originating directly from lignin-first depolymerization into value-added N-chemicals, such as aniline derivatives, is of high industrial interest. In this work, we tackle this challenging transformation by the judicious combination of electrochemical conversion and chemical functionalization steps. In the first step, lignin-derived para-substituted guaiacols and syringols undergo an atom-efficient, room-temperature anodic oxidation using methanol both as solvent and reagent towards the formation of the corresponding cyclohexadienone derivatives, which are subsequently converted to synthetically challenging ortho-methoxy substituted anilines by reaction with ethyl glycinate hydrochloride under mild conditions. The developed method was applied to crude lignin depolymerization bio-oils, derived from reductive catalytic fractionation (RCF) mediated either by copper-doped porous metal oxide (Cu20 PMO) or Ru/C, allowing the selective production of 4-propanol-2-methoxyaniline (1Gb) and 4-propyl-2-methoxyaniline (2Gb), respectively, from pine lignocellulose. Finally, the application of 2Gb was further studied in the synthesis of carbazole 2Gc, a lignin-derived analogue of biologically active alkaloid murrayafoline A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio A Castillo-Garcia
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinchstrasse 28, A-8010, Graz, Austria
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinchstrasse 28, A-8010, Graz, Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, A-8010, Graz, Austria
| | - David Cantillo
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinchstrasse 28, A-8010, Graz, Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, A-8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Katalin Barta
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinchstrasse 28, A-8010, Graz, Austria
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57
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Fan Y, Ji H, Ji X, Tian Z, Chen J. Lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment with a lignin stabilization strategy and valorization toward multipurpose fractionation. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:129186. [PMID: 38184047 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.129186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass has emerged as a promising alternative with sustainable advantages for the production of a wide range of renewable products and value-added chemicals. In this study, a pretreatment strategy that use a fully recyclable acid hydrotrope (p-TsOH aqueous solution) to extract lignin and employ glyoxylic acid (GA) to stabilize lignin was proposed for biomass valorization toward multipurpose fractionation. 83.0 % of lignin was dissolved out by p-TsOH hydrotrope (80 wt%) with GA addition to form GA-stabilized product at 80 o C for 15 min. The stabilized lignin was subsequently used as an additive in the preparation of lignin-based suncream. Notably, the incorporation of 4 wt% lignin nanospheres into an SPF15 sunscreen yielded a measured SPF of 59.94. Furthermore, the depolymerization of uncondensed lignin into aromatic monomers yielded a high lignin-oil yield of 84.2 %. Additionally, direct heating of the pretreatment liquor facilitated the conversion of monosaccharides into furfural, achieving a desired yield of 53.7 % without the addition of any acid catalyst. The pretreatment also enhanced the enzymatic hydrolysis of glucan, resulting in a saccharification yield of 98.4 %. Moreover, short-term ultrasonication of the pretreated substrate yielded pulp suitable for papermaking. Incorporating 15 wt% fibers into the produced paper sheets led to a 5.3 % increase in tear index and a 25.4 % increase in tensile index. This study presents a viable pretreatment strategy for the multipurpose fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass, offering potential avenues for biomass valorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Fan
- Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Faculty of Light Industry, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Hairui Ji
- Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Faculty of Light Industry, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China.
| | - Xingxiang Ji
- Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Faculty of Light Industry, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Zhongjian Tian
- Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Faculty of Light Industry, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Jiachuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Faculty of Light Industry, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
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58
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Nain P, Dickey RM, Somasundaram V, Sulzbach M, Kunjapur AM. Reductive amination cascades in cell-free and resting whole cell formats for valorization of lignin deconstruction products. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:593-604. [PMID: 37986639 PMCID: PMC10872919 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The selective introduction of amine groups within deconstruction products of lignin could provide an avenue for valorizing waste biomass while achieving a green synthesis of industrially relevant building blocks from sustainable sources. Here, we built and characterized enzyme cascades that create aldehydes and subsequently primary amines from diverse lignin-derived carboxylic acids using a carboxylic acid reductase (CAR) and an ω-transaminase (TA). Unlike previous studies that have paired CAR and TA enzymes, here we examine multiple homologs of each of these enzymes and a broader set of candidate substrates. In addition, we compare the performance of these systems in cell-free and resting whole-cell biocatalysis formats using the conversion of vanillate to vanillyl amine as model chemistry. We also demonstrate that resting whole cells can be recycled for multiple batch reactions. We used the knowledge gained from this study to produce several amines from carboxylic acid precursors using one-pot biocatalytic reactions, several of which we report for the first time. These results expand our knowledge of these industrially relevant enzyme families to new substrates and contexts for environmentally friendly and potentially low-cost synthesis of diverse aryl aldehydes and amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Nain
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - Roman M. Dickey
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - Vishal Somasundaram
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - Morgan Sulzbach
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - Aditya M. Kunjapur
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
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59
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Palumbo CT, Gu NX, Bleem AC, Sullivan KP, Katahira R, Stanley LM, Kenny JK, Ingraham MA, Ramirez KJ, Haugen SJ, Amendola CR, Stahl SS, Beckham GT. Catalytic carbon-carbon bond cleavage in lignin via manganese-zirconium-mediated autoxidation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:862. [PMID: 38286984 PMCID: PMC10825196 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45038-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Efforts to produce aromatic monomers through catalytic lignin depolymerization have historically focused on aryl-ether bond cleavage. A large fraction of aromatic monomers in lignin, however, are linked by various carbon-carbon (C-C) bonds that are more challenging to cleave and limit the yields of aromatic monomers from lignin depolymerization. Here, we report a catalytic autoxidation method to cleave C-C bonds in lignin-derived dimers and oligomers from pine and poplar. The method uses manganese and zirconium salts as catalysts in acetic acid and produces aromatic carboxylic acids as primary products. The mixtures of the oxygenated monomers are efficiently converted to cis,cis-muconic acid in an engineered strain of Pseudomonas putida KT2440 that conducts aromatic O-demethylation reactions at the 4-position. This work demonstrates that autoxidation of lignin with Mn and Zr offers a catalytic strategy to increase the yield of valuable aromatic monomers from lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad T Palumbo
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Nina X Gu
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Alissa C Bleem
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Kevin P Sullivan
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Rui Katahira
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Lisa M Stanley
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Jacob K Kenny
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, 80303, CO, USA
| | - Morgan A Ingraham
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Kelsey J Ramirez
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Stefan J Haugen
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Caroline R Amendola
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Shannon S Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
| | - Gregg T Beckham
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA.
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60
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Xu L, Cao M, Zhou J, Pang Y, Li Z, Yang D, Leu SY, Lou H, Pan X, Qiu X. Aqueous amine enables sustainable monosaccharide, monophenol, and pyridine base coproduction in lignocellulosic biorefineries. Nat Commun 2024; 15:734. [PMID: 38272912 PMCID: PMC10810809 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45073-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Thought-out utilization of entire lignocellulose is of great importance to achieving sustainable and cost-effective biorefineries. However, there is a trade-off between efficient carbohydrate utilization and lignin-to-chemical conversion yield. Here, we fractionate corn stover into a carbohydrate fraction with high enzymatic digestibility and reactive lignin with satisfactory catalytic depolymerization activity using a mild high-solid process with aqueous diethylamine (DEA). During the fractionation, in situ amination of lignin achieves extensive delignification, effective lignin stabilization, and dramatically reduced nonproductive adsorption of cellulase on the substrate. Furthermore, by designing a tandem fractionation-hydrogenolysis strategy, the dissolved lignin is depolymerized and aminated simultaneously to co-produce monophenolics and pyridine bases. The process represents the viable scheme of transforming real lignin into pyridine bases in high yield, resulting from the reactions between cleaved lignin side chains and amines. This work opens a promising approach to the efficient valorization of lignocellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Meifang Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Jiefeng Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Yuxia Pang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Zhixian Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Dongjie Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Shao-Yuan Leu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hongming Lou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China.
| | - Xuejun Pan
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Xueqing Qiu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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61
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Bugg TDH. The chemical logic of enzymatic lignin degradation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:804-814. [PMID: 38165282 PMCID: PMC10795516 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05298b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Lignin is an aromatic heteropolymer, found in plant cell walls as 20-30% of lignocellulose. It represents the most abundant source of renewable aromatic carbon in the biosphere, hence, if it could be depolymerised efficiently, then it would be a highly valuable source of renewable aromatic chemicals. However, lignin presents a number of difficulties for biocatalytic or chemocatalytic breakdown. Research over the last 10 years has led to the identification of new bacterial enzymes for lignin degradation, and the use of metabolic engineering to generate useful bioproducts from microbial lignin degradation. The aim of this article is to discuss the chemical mechanisms used by lignin-degrading enzymes and microbes to break down lignin, and to describe current methods for generating aromatic bioproducts from lignin using enzymes and engineered microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D H Bugg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
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62
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Ran H, Zhang S, Ni W, Jing Y. Precise activation of C-C bonds for recycling and upcycling of plastics. Chem Sci 2024; 15:795-831. [PMID: 38239692 PMCID: PMC10793209 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05701a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The rapid accumulation of plastic waste has led to a severe environmental crisis and a noticeable imbalance between manufacturing and recycling. Fortunately, chemical upgradation of plastic waste holds substantial promise for addressing these challenges posed by white pollution. During plastic upcycling and recycling, the key challenge is to activate and cleave the inert C-C bonds in plastic waste. Therefore, this perspective delves deeper into the upcycling and recycling of polyolefins from the angle of C-C activation-cleavage. We illustrate the importance of C-C bond activation in polyolefin depolymerization and integrate molecular-level catalysis, active site modulation, reaction networks and mechanisms to achieve precise activation-cleavage of C-C bonds. Notably, we draw potential inspiration from the accumulated wisdom of related fields, such as C-C bond activation in lignin chemistry, alkane dehydrogenation chemistry, C-Cl bond activation in CVOC removal, and C-H bond activation, to influence the landscape of plastic degradation through cross-disciplinary perspectives. Consequently, this perspective offers better insights into existing catalytic technologies and unveils new prospects for future advancements in recycling and upcycling of plastic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongshun Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
- Institute for the Environment and Health, Nanjing University Suzhou Campus Suzhou 215163 China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
- Institute for the Environment and Health, Nanjing University Suzhou Campus Suzhou 215163 China
| | - Wenyi Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
- Institute for the Environment and Health, Nanjing University Suzhou Campus Suzhou 215163 China
| | - Yaxuan Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
- Institute for the Environment and Health, Nanjing University Suzhou Campus Suzhou 215163 China
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63
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Kramarenko A, Uslu A, Etit D, D'Angelo FN. 2-step lignin-first catalytic fractionation with bifunctional Pd/ß-zeolite catalyst in a flow-through reactor. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024:e202301404. [PMID: 38193653 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
This work demonstrates an additive and hydrogen-free 2-step lignin-first fractionation in flow-through. First, solvolytic delignification renders lignin liquors with its native chemical structure largely intact; and second, ß-zeolite catalytic depolymerization of these liquors leads to similar monomer yields as the corresponding 1-step fractionation process. Higher delignification temperatures lead to slightly lower ß-O-4 content in the solvated lignin, but does not affect significantly the monomer yield, so a higher temperature was overall preferred as it promotes faster delignification. Deposition of Pd on ß-zeolite resulted in a bifunctional hydrogenation/dehydration catalyst, tested during the catalytic depolymerization of solvated lignin with and without hydrogen addition. Pd/ß-zeolite displays synergistic effects (compared to the Pd/γ-Al2 O3 and ß-zeolite tested individually and as a mixed bed), resulting in higher monomer yield. This is likely caused by increased acidity and the proximity between the metallic and acid active sites. Furthermore, different ß-zeolite with varying SAR and textural properties were studied to shed light onto the effect of acidity and porosity in the stabilization of lignin monomers. While some of the catalysts showed stable performance, characterization of the spent catalyst reveals Al leaching (causing acidity loss and changes in textural properties), and some degree of coking and Pd sintering.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kramarenko
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld 145612, AZ, Eindhoven, Nederlands
| | - A Uslu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld 145612, AZ, Eindhoven, Nederlands
| | - D Etit
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld 145612, AZ, Eindhoven, Nederlands
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial college, London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - F Neira D'Angelo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld 145612, AZ, Eindhoven, Nederlands
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Ghaffari R, Arumughan V, Larsson A. Specific ion effects on lignin adsorption and transport through cellulose confinements. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 653:1662-1670. [PMID: 37812842 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
The presence of ions in a solution is anticipated to induce distinct effects on macromolecules. Consequently, the tuning of adsorption and mass transfer of lignin molecules can be achieved by incorporating ions with chaotropic or kosmotropic characteristics. This study examines the adsorption and mass transfer behavior of lignin molecules across model cellulose membranes in presence of ions from the Hofmeister series. Experimental investigations encompassed the use of diffusion cells to quantify lignin's mass transfer through the membranes, and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) monitoring was used for adsorption studies. Notably, at high ion concentrations, the mass transport rate of lignin was observed to be lower in the presence of highly hydrated (kosmotropic) sulfate ions, conforming to the Hofmeister series. Intriguingly, this relationship was not apparent at lower ion concentrations. Furthermore, QCM-D experiments indicated that lignin displayed higher adsorption onto the cellulose surface when exposed to less hydrated (chaotropic) nitrate anions. This behavior can be rationalized by considering the system's increased entropy gain, facilitated by the release of adsorbed ions and water molecules from the cellulose surface upon lignin adsorption. This study highlights the complexity of ion-specific effects on mass transfer and adsorption processes and their dependency on ion concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roujin Ghaffari
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Vishnu Arumughan
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Anette Larsson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; FibRe - Centre for Lignocellulose-based Thermoplastics, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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65
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Wu Y, Luo C, Wang T, Yang Y, Sun Y, Zhang Y, Cui L, Song Z, Chen X, Cao X, Li S, Cai G. Extraction and characterization of nanocellulose from cattail leaves: Morphological, microstructural and thermal properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 255:128123. [PMID: 37981275 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide combined with acid treatment demonstrates its respective characteristics for the separation of lignocellulosic biomass. Herein, holocellulose was extracted from Cattail leaves (CL) by a two-step treatment with alkali and hydrogen peroxide-acetic acid (HPAA). Then carboxylated nanocellulose was hydrolyzed with a mixed organic/inorganic acid. The chemical composition of the holocellulose and the physicochemical properties of the separated carboxylated nanocellulose were comparable. Carboxyl groups were introduced on the nanocellulose as a result of the esterification process with citric acid (CA), which endows the nanocellulose with high thermal stability (315-318 °C) and good light transmission (>80 %). Furthermore, morphological analyses revealed that nanocellulose had a spider-web-like structure with diameter between 5 and 20 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Wu
- College of Textiles Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Chunxu Luo
- College of Textiles Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Tianjiao Wang
- College of Textiles Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Yuhang Yang
- College of Textiles Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Yuchi Sun
- College of Textiles Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- College of Textiles Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Liqian Cui
- College of Textiles Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Zican Song
- College of Textiles Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- College of Textiles Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Xinwang Cao
- College of Textiles Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers and Eco-Dyeing & Finishing, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China; State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China.
| | - Shengyu Li
- College of Textiles Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers and Eco-Dyeing & Finishing, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China.
| | - Guangming Cai
- College of Textiles Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers and Eco-Dyeing & Finishing, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
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66
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Chen R, Chen S, Wang L, Wang D. Nanoscale Metal Particle Modified Single-Atom Catalyst: Synthesis, Characterization, and Application. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2304713. [PMID: 37439396 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202304713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Single-atom catalysts (SACs) have attracted considerable attention in heterogeneous catalysis because of their well-defined active sites, maximum atomic utilization efficiency, and unique unsaturated coordinated structures. However, their effectiveness is limited to reactions requiring active sites containing multiple metal atoms. Furthermore, the loading amounts of single-atom sites must be restricted to prevent aggregation, which can adversely affect the catalytic performance despite the high activity of the individual atoms. The introduction of nanoscale metal particles (NMPs) into SACs (NMP-SACs) has proven to be an efficient approach for improving their catalytic performance. A comprehensive review is urgently needed to systematically introduce the synthesis, characterization, and application of NMP-SACs and the mechanisms behind their superior catalytic performance. This review first presents and classifies the different mechanisms through which NMPs enhance the performance of SACs. It then summarizes the currently reported synthetic strategies and state-of-the-art characterization techniques of NMP-SACs. Moreover, their application in electro/thermo/photocatalysis, and the reasons for their superior performance are discussed. Finally, the challenges and perspectives of NMP-SACs for the future design of advanced catalysts are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runze Chen
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Shenghua Chen
- National Innovation Platform (Center) for Industry-Education Integration of Energy Storage Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Liqiang Wang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Dingsheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
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67
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Diaz-Baca JA, Fatehi P. Production and characterization of starch-lignin based materials: A review. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 70:108281. [PMID: 37956796 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
In their pristine state, starch and lignin are abundant and inexpensive natural polymers frequently considered green alternatives to oil-based and synthetic polymers. Despite their availability and owing to their physicochemical properties; starch and lignin are not often utilized in their pristine forms for high-performance applications. Generally, chemical and physical modifications transform them into starch- and lignin-based materials with broadened properties and functionality. In the last decade, the combination of starch and lignin for producing reinforced materials has gained significant attention. The reinforcing of starch matrices with lignin has received primary focus because of the enhanced water sensitivity, UV protection, and mechanical and thermal resistance that lignin introduces to starch-based materials. This review paper aims to assess starch-lignin materials' production and characterization technologies, highlighting their physicochemical properties, outcomes, challenges, and opportunities. First, this paper describes the current status, sources, and chemical modifications of lignin and starch. Next, the discussion is oriented toward starch-lignin materials and their production approaches, such as blends, composites, plasticized/crosslinked films, and coupled polymers. Special attention is given to the characterization methods of starch-lignin materials, focusing on their advantages, disadvantages, and expected outcomes. Finally, the challenges, opportunities, and future perspectives in developing starch-lignin materials, such as adhesives, coatings, films, and controlled delivery systems, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Diaz-Baca
- Green Processes Research Centre and Chemical Engineering Department, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B5E1, Canada
| | - Pedram Fatehi
- Green Processes Research Centre and Chemical Engineering Department, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B5E1, Canada.
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Zhao ZM, Liu ZH, Zhang T, Meng R, Gong Z, Li Y, Hu J, Ragauskas AJ, Li BZ, Yuan YJ. Unleashing the capacity of Rhodococcus for converting lignin into lipids. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 70:108274. [PMID: 37913947 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Bioconversion of bioresources/wastes (e.g., lignin, chemical pulping byproducts) represents a promising approach for developing a bioeconomy to help address growing energy and materials demands. Rhodococcus, a promising microbial strain, utilizes numerous carbon sources to produce lipids, which are precursors for synthesizing biodiesel and aviation fuels. However, compared to chemical conversion, bioconversion involves living cells, which is a more complex system that needs further understanding and upgrading. Various wastes amenable to bioconversion are reviewed herein to highlight the potential of Rhodococci for producing lipid-derived bioproducts. In light of the abundant availability of these substrates, Rhodococcus' metabolic pathways converting them to lipids are analyzed from a "beginning-to-end" view. Based on an in-depth understanding of microbial metabolic routes, genetic modifications of Rhodococcus by employing emerging tools (e.g., multiplex genome editing, biosensors, and genome-scale metabolic models) are presented for promoting the bioconversion. Co-solvent enhanced lignocellulose fractionation (CELF) strategy facilitates the generation of a lignin-derived aromatic stream suitable for the Rhodococcus' utilization. Novel alkali sterilization (AS) and elimination of thermal sterilization (ETS) approaches can significantly enhance the bioaccessibility of lignin and its derived aromatics in aqueous fermentation media, which promotes lipid titer significantly. In order to achieve value-added utilization of lignin, biodiesel and aviation fuel synthesis from lignin and lipids are further discussed. The possible directions for unleashing the capacity of Rhodococcus through synergistically modifying microbial strains, substrates, and fermentation processes are proposed toward a sustainable biological lignin valorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Min Zhao
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States; Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian Plateau (Ministry of Education), School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Tongtong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian Plateau (Ministry of Education), School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Rongqian Meng
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian Plateau (Ministry of Education), School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Zhiqun Gong
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian Plateau (Ministry of Education), School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Yibing Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian Plateau (Ministry of Education), School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Jing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian Plateau (Ministry of Education), School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Arthur J Ragauskas
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States; Joint Institute of Biological Science, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States; Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries, Center for Renewable Carbon, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States.
| | - Bing-Zhi Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Ying-Jin Yuan
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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69
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Rahimkhoei V, Padervand M, Hedayat M, Seidi F, Dawi EA, Akbari A. Biomedical applications of electrospun polycaprolactone-based carbohydrate polymers: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126642. [PMID: 37657575 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate used in biomedical applications is influenced by numerous factors. One of the most appealing characteristic of carbohydrates is their ability to reproduce from natural resources which makes them ecologically friendly. Due to their abundance, biocompatibility, and no contamination by residual initiators, the desire for polysaccharides in medical uses is growing. Research on fiber-based materials, with a variety of medical applications including bio-functional scaffolds, continues to yield novel and intriguing findings. Almost all biopolymers of diverse structural compositions are electrospun to fulfill biomedical usage criteria, and the electrospinning technique is widely employed in biomedical technologies for both in-vivo and in-vitro therapies. Due to its biocompatibility and biodegradability, polycaprolactone (PCL) is employed in medical applications like tissue engineering and drug delivery. Although PCL nanofibers have established effects in vitro, more research is needed before their potential therapeutic application in the clinic. Here we tried to focus mainly on the carbohydrate incorporated PCL-based nanofibers production techniques, structures, morphology, and physicochemical properties along with their usage in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Rahimkhoei
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Research Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mohsen Padervand
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maragheh, P.O Box 55181-83111, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Mohaddeseh Hedayat
- Department of Phramacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Farzad Seidi
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and Joint International Research Lab of Lignocellulosic Functional Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - E A Dawi
- Nonlinear Dynamics Research Center (NDRC), Ajman University, Ajman, P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ali Akbari
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Research Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
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70
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Zhang Y, Jia S, Wang X, Deng H, Xu W, Shi J. Bimetallic polyoxometalates catalysts for efficient lignin depolymerization: Unlocking valuable aromatic compounds from renewable feedstock. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127363. [PMID: 37827421 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Lignin, a complex and abundant polymer present in lignocellulosic biomass, holds immense potential as a renewable source for the production of valuable aromatic compounds. However, the efficient depolymerization of lignin into these compounds remains a formidable challenge. Here, we present a promising solution by harnessing polyoxometalates (POMs) catalysts, which exhibit improved catalytic performance and selectivity. We synthesized a series of NixCoy@POMs catalysts (POMs: CsPW or CsPMo) and explored their application in the depolymerization of pine lignin, aiming to investigate the influence of different metal species and doping ratios of POMs on catalytic performance. Through meticulous optimization of reaction conditions, we achieved significant yields of valuable aromatic compounds, including methyl vanillate, vanillin, and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyacetophenone. Furthermore, the Ni0.75Co0.75@CsPMo catalyst demonstrated exceptional efficacy in catalyzing the cracking process of C-C and/or C-O bonds in a β-O-4 dimer model compound. Notably, our catalyst exhibited outstanding stability over five cycles, underscoring its suitability as an effective heterogeneous catalyst for cyclic lignin depolymerization. This study sheds light on the potential of POMs-based catalysts for advancing lignin valorization and offers new avenues for sustainable biomass conversion into valuable chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Wooden Materials Science and Engineering of Jilin Province, Beihua University, Binjiang East Road, Jilin City, Jilin Province, PR China
| | - Suyuan Jia
- Key Laboratory of Wooden Materials Science and Engineering of Jilin Province, Beihua University, Binjiang East Road, Jilin City, Jilin Province, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Wooden Materials Science and Engineering of Jilin Province, Beihua University, Binjiang East Road, Jilin City, Jilin Province, PR China
| | - Haoyu Deng
- Key Laboratory of Wooden Materials Science and Engineering of Jilin Province, Beihua University, Binjiang East Road, Jilin City, Jilin Province, PR China
| | - Wenbiao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Wooden Materials Science and Engineering of Jilin Province, Beihua University, Binjiang East Road, Jilin City, Jilin Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biomass Materials Science and Technology of Jilin Province, Beihua University, Binjiang East Road, Jilin City, Jilin Province, PR China.
| | - Junyou Shi
- Key Laboratory of Wooden Materials Science and Engineering of Jilin Province, Beihua University, Binjiang East Road, Jilin City, Jilin Province, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biomass Materials Science and Technology of Jilin Province, Beihua University, Binjiang East Road, Jilin City, Jilin Province, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Forest Biomass Green Manufacturing of Jilin Province, Beihua University, Binjiang East Road, Jilin City, Jilin Province, PR China.
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Pan Z, Liu X, Zhang Z, Xu F, Zhang X. Low-temperature pretreatment by AlCl 3-catalyzed 1,4-butanediol solution for producing 'ideal' lignin with super-high content of β-O-4 linkages. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127306. [PMID: 37813212 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
High contents of internal β-O-4 linkages in lignin are critical for high-yield production of high-value aromatic monomers by depolymerization. However, it remains great challenge due to lack of suitable protection strategy. In this work, a very effective lignin-first strategy was developed to produce ideal lignin with a super high content of β-O-4 linkages (up to 72 %) from poplar, in which the pretreatment was undertaken at low temperatures of 90-130 °C with the use of AlCl3-catalyzed 1, 4-butanediol solution. 2D-HSQC NMR spectra revealed that lignin β-O-4 linkages were protected from etherification of the OH group by 1, 4-butanediol at the α position of lignin aliphatic chains. Besides, the OH groups at the γ position of lignin was also etherified, leading the formation of a structure of Ph-CH=CHCH2O(CH2)4OH. Interestingly, structure protection facilitated the formation of lignin nanoparticles via self-assembly (<100 nm). In addition, it was observed from pyrolysis results that addition of 1, 4-butanediol remarkably protected the structure of lignin by avoiding condensation, promoting the production of aromatics. The cellulose-rich fraction possessed a high cellulose digestibility of 91.64 % by enzymatic hydrolysis at a cellulase dosage of 15 FPU/g cellulose, approximately 6-fold untreated poplar (15.91 %). This low-temperature lignin-first strategy was of great importance for multi-products biorefining lignocellulose because it leads to the production of both lignin with super high content of β-O-4 linkages for depolymerization and highly digestible cellulose for sugar production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenying Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Energy, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xinyue Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Energy, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhanying Zhang
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Faculty of Science, School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, Qld 4000, Australia
| | - Feng Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Energy, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xueming Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Energy, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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72
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Latif NHA, Brosse N, Ziegler-Devin I, Chrusiel L, Hashim R, Hussin MH. Structural characterization of modified coconut husk lignin via steam explosion pretreatment as a renewable phenol substitutes. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127210. [PMID: 37797852 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
The effects of steam explosion (SE) pretreatment on the structural properties of lignin isolated from coconut husk (CH) biomass via soda pulping were investigated in this work. The isolated SE lignin was classified as dilute acid impregnation SE lignin (ASEL), water impregnation SE lignin (WSEL), and 2-naphthol impregnation SE lignin (NSEL). The various types of functional groups isolated from SE lignin were characterized and compared using a variety of complementary analyses: FTIR spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, GPC chromatography, HPAEC-PAD chromatography and thermal analyses. It was revealed that ASEL has the highest solid recovery with 55.89 % yield as well as the highest sugars content compared to WSEL (45.66 % yield) and NSEL (49.37 % yield). Besides, all isolated SE lignin contain a significant quantity of non-condensed G-type and S-type units but less amount of H-type units as supported by previous research. The SE lignin produced lignin with higher molecular weight (Mw ASEL: 72725 g mol-1 > Mw WSEL: 13112 g mol-1 > Mw NSEL: 6891 g mol-1) seems to influence the success of the synthesis reaction of phenolic resins. Because of the large variances in the physicochemical properties of SE lignin polymers, their structural properties were increased toward numerous alternative techniques in lignin-based applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Hanis Abd Latif
- Materials Technology Research Group (MaTReC), School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Malaysia
| | - Nicolas Brosse
- Laboratoire d'Etude et de Recherche sur le MAteriau Bois (LERMAB), Faculte des Sciences et Technologies, Universite de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
| | - Isabelle Ziegler-Devin
- Laboratoire d'Etude et de Recherche sur le MAteriau Bois (LERMAB), Faculte des Sciences et Technologies, Universite de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
| | - Laurent Chrusiel
- Laboratoire d'Etude et de Recherche sur le MAteriau Bois (LERMAB), Faculte des Sciences et Technologies, Universite de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
| | - Rokiah Hashim
- School of Technology Industrial, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Malaysia
| | - M Hazwan Hussin
- Materials Technology Research Group (MaTReC), School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Malaysia.
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73
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Ma CY, Luo XT, Xu LH, Sun Q, Wen JL, Liang XF, Liu HZ, Yuan TQ. Structural elucidation and targeted valorization of untractable lignin from pre-hydrolysis liquor of xylose production via a simple and robust separation approach. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127029. [PMID: 37742903 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Effective separation of lignin macromolecules from the xylose pre-hydrolysates (XPH) during the xylose production, thus optimizing the separation and purification process of xylose, is of great significance for reducing the production costs, achieving the high value-added utilization of lignin and increasing the industrial revenue. In this study, a simple and robust method (pH adjustment) for the separation of lignin from XPH was proposed and systematically compared with the conventional acid-promoted lignin precipitation method. The results showed that the lignin removal ratio (up to 60.34 %) of this simple method was higher than that of the conventional method, and the proposed method eliminated the necessity of heating and specialized equipment, which greatly reduced the separation cost. Meanwhile, this simple method does not destroy the components in XPH (especially xylose), ensuring the yield of the target product. On the other hand, the obtained lignin was nano-scale with less condensed structures, which also possessed small molecular weights with narrow distribution, excellent antioxidant activity (8-14 times higher than commercial antioxidants) and UV protection properties. In conclusion, the proposed simple separation method could effectively separate lignin from XPH at low cost, and the obtained lignin had potential commercial applications, which would further enhance the overall profitability of industrial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Ye Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Tsinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xi-Tao Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology (QIBEBT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Qingdao 266101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ling-Hua Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Tsinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qian Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Tsinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jia-Long Wen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Tsinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Xiang-Feng Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology (QIBEBT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Qingdao 266101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Hui-Zhou Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology (QIBEBT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Qingdao 266101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tong-Qi Yuan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Tsinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
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74
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Sun SC, Sun SF, Xu Y, Wen JL, Yuan TQ. Green and sustainable production of high-purity lignin microparticles with well-preserved substructure and enhanced anti-UV/oxidant activity using peroxide-promoted alkaline deep eutectic solvent. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127057. [PMID: 37751817 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have emerged as promising and eco-friendly solvents for the efficient extraction of lignin from biomass due to their low cost and environmental benefits. Nevertheless, the prevalent use of acidic DESs in lignin extraction often results in excessive depolymerization and recondensation of lignin, thereby impeding its downstream applications. In this study, we developed a range of alkaline DESs (ADESs), both pure and peroxide-containing, for the extraction of high-quality lignin from bamboo. Moreover, carbon dioxide (CO2) was employed for the precipitation and regeneration of the extracted lignin. The obtained lignin fractions were comprehensively characterized in terms of yield, purity, morphology, solubility, structural features, and anti-UV/oxidant activity. The results showed that the monoethanolamine-based ADES demonstrated superior performance among the pure ADESs. Structural analysis confirmed the well-preserved substructures of lignin fractions obtained using ADESs, with β-O-4 bond retention ranging from 49.8 % to 68.4 %. The incorporation of a suitable amount of peroxide improved lignin yield, morphology, solubility, and anti-UV/oxidant activity. Additionally, the anti-UV/oxidant activity of lignin exhibited a positive correlation with its phenolic hydroxyl content. This study provides a valuable reference for the green and sustainable production and valorization of lignin within the existing biorefinery framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Chao Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shao-Fei Sun
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Lignocellulose Chemistry and Biomaterials, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jia-Long Wen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Tong-Qi Yuan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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75
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Gama L, Sérgi Gomes MC, Scheufele FB, Paschoal SM, Pereira NC. Membrane process and adsorption on pine nut shell for removal of dye from synthetic wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2023:1-17. [PMID: 38158749 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2023.2295827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Purification methods such as membrane technology and adsorption have been studied for the purification of textile effluents. This article aimed to evaluate the membrane separation process and adsorption on pine nut shell, separately and sequentially, for reactive dye blue 5G removal from a synthetic effluent. The membrane separation process was carried out in a front filtration module using polymeric membranes. The maximum dye retention was 35.9% using a regenerated cellulose membrane, with agitation and a pressure of 0.5 bar. The permeate flux was fully restored after cleaning the membrane. In the adsorption using pine nut shell, the best results were at pH 2, 50°C, and 50 ppm, with 85% dye removal. The Freundlich isotherm showed the best fit to the data, as did the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The thermodynamic parameters indicated that the adsorption is of the physical type, with the process being endothermic and spontaneous. In the combined process, the permeate from the membrane separation process was subjected to adsorption on pine nut shell, achieving a removal rate of 98.7 for the initial concentration of 50 ppm. Therefore, this work shows the potential of pine nut shell as an adsorbent, not only to purify textile effluents but also to add value to a waste product, indicating that the combination of membrane technology and adsorption on pine nut shell could be an alternative for the treatment of textile effluents containing the reactive dye 5G blue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Gama
- Postgraduate Program in Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Technology of Paraná - UTFPR, Apucarana, Brazil
| | - Maria Carolina Sérgi Gomes
- Postgraduate Program in Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Technology of Paraná - UTFPR, Apucarana, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Bisinella Scheufele
- Postgraduate Program in Chemical and Biotechnological Processes, Federal University of Technology of Paraná - UTFPR, Toledo, Brazil
- Leibniz Institute of Agricultural Engineering and Bio-economy e.V. (ATB), Potsdam, Germany
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76
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Gu NX, Palumbo CT, Bleem AC, Sullivan KP, Haugen SJ, Woodworth SP, Ramirez KJ, Kenny JK, Stanley LD, Katahira R, Stahl SS, Beckham GT. Autoxidation Catalysis for Carbon-Carbon Bond Cleavage in Lignin. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:2277-2285. [PMID: 38161372 PMCID: PMC10755848 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c00813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Selective lignin depolymerization is a key step in lignin valorization to value-added products, and there are multiple catalytic methods to cleave labile aryl-ether bonds in lignin. However, the overall aromatic monomer yield is inherently limited by refractory carbon-carbon linkages, which are abundant in lignin and remain intact during most selective lignin deconstruction processes. In this work, we demonstrate that a Co/Mn/Br-based catalytic autoxidation method promotes carbon-carbon bond cleavage in acetylated lignin oligomers produced from reductive catalytic fractionation. The oxidation products include acetyl vanillic acid and acetyl vanillin, which are ideal substrates for bioconversion. Using an engineered strain of Pseudomonas putida, we demonstrate the conversion of these aromatic monomers to cis,cis-muconic acid. Overall, this study demonstrates that autoxidation enables higher yields of bioavailable aromatic monomers, exceeding the limits set by ether-bond cleavage alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina X. Gu
- Renewable
Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Chad T. Palumbo
- Renewable
Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Alissa C. Bleem
- Renewable
Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Kevin P. Sullivan
- Renewable
Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Stefan J. Haugen
- Renewable
Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Sean P. Woodworth
- Renewable
Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Kelsey J. Ramirez
- Renewable
Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Jacob K. Kenny
- Renewable
Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Lisa D. Stanley
- Renewable
Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Rui Katahira
- Renewable
Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Shannon S. Stahl
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United
States
| | - Gregg T. Beckham
- Renewable
Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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77
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Radley E, Davidson J, Foster J, Obexer R, Bell EL, Green AP. Engineering Enzymes for Environmental Sustainability. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 135:e202309305. [PMID: 38516574 PMCID: PMC10952289 DOI: 10.1002/ange.202309305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
The development and implementation of sustainable catalytic technologies is key to delivering our net-zero targets. Here we review how engineered enzymes, with a focus on those developed using directed evolution, can be deployed to improve the sustainability of numerous processes and help to conserve our environment. Efficient and robust biocatalysts have been engineered to capture carbon dioxide (CO2) and have been embedded into new efficient metabolic CO2 fixation pathways. Enzymes have been refined for bioremediation, enhancing their ability to degrade toxic and harmful pollutants. Biocatalytic recycling is gaining momentum, with engineered cutinases and PETases developed for the depolymerization of the abundant plastic, polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Finally, biocatalytic approaches for accessing petroleum-based feedstocks and chemicals are expanding, using optimized enzymes to convert plant biomass into biofuels or other high value products. Through these examples, we hope to illustrate how enzyme engineering and biocatalysis can contribute to the development of cleaner and more efficient chemical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Radley
- Department of Chemistry & Manchester Institute of Biotechnology The University of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - John Davidson
- Department of Chemistry & Manchester Institute of Biotechnology The University of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Jake Foster
- Department of Chemistry & Manchester Institute of Biotechnology The University of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Richard Obexer
- Department of Chemistry & Manchester Institute of Biotechnology The University of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Elizabeth L Bell
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden CO USA
- BOTTLE Consortium Golden CO USA
| | - Anthony P Green
- Department of Chemistry & Manchester Institute of Biotechnology The University of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
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78
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Radley E, Davidson J, Foster J, Obexer R, Bell EL, Green AP. Engineering Enzymes for Environmental Sustainability. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309305. [PMID: 37651344 PMCID: PMC10952156 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The development and implementation of sustainable catalytic technologies is key to delivering our net-zero targets. Here we review how engineered enzymes, with a focus on those developed using directed evolution, can be deployed to improve the sustainability of numerous processes and help to conserve our environment. Efficient and robust biocatalysts have been engineered to capture carbon dioxide (CO2 ) and have been embedded into new efficient metabolic CO2 fixation pathways. Enzymes have been refined for bioremediation, enhancing their ability to degrade toxic and harmful pollutants. Biocatalytic recycling is gaining momentum, with engineered cutinases and PETases developed for the depolymerization of the abundant plastic, polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Finally, biocatalytic approaches for accessing petroleum-based feedstocks and chemicals are expanding, using optimized enzymes to convert plant biomass into biofuels or other high value products. Through these examples, we hope to illustrate how enzyme engineering and biocatalysis can contribute to the development of cleaner and more efficient chemical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Radley
- Department of Chemistry & Manchester Institute of BiotechnologyThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - John Davidson
- Department of Chemistry & Manchester Institute of BiotechnologyThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Jake Foster
- Department of Chemistry & Manchester Institute of BiotechnologyThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Richard Obexer
- Department of Chemistry & Manchester Institute of BiotechnologyThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Elizabeth L. Bell
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences CenterNational Renewable Energy LaboratoryGoldenCOUSA
- BOTTLE ConsortiumGoldenCOUSA
| | - Anthony P. Green
- Department of Chemistry & Manchester Institute of BiotechnologyThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
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79
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Zhang B, Meng Q, Liu H, Han B. Catalytic Conversion of Lignin into Valuable Chemicals: Full Utilization of Aromatic Nuclei and Side Chains. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:3558-3571. [PMID: 38029298 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusIn recent years, significant efforts have been directed toward achieving efficient and mild lignocellulosic biomass conversion into valuable chemicals and fuels, aiming to address energy and environmental concerns and realize the goal of carbon neutrality. Lignin is one of the three primary building blocks of lignocellulose and the only aromatic renewable feedstock. However, the complex and diverse nature of lignin feedstocks, characterized by their three-dimensional, highly branched polymeric structure and intricate C-O/C-C chemical bonds, results in substantial challenges. To tackle these challenges, we carried out extensive research on selectively activating and transforming chemical bonds in lignin for chemical synthesis. In this Account, we discuss our recent progress in catalytic lignin conversion.Our work is focused on two main objectives: (i) achieving precise and selective transformation of C-O/C-C bonds in lignin (and its model compounds) and (ii) fully utilizing the aromatic nuclei and side chains present in lignin to produce valuable chemicals. Lignin consists of interconnected phenylpropanoid subunits linked by interlaced C-C/C-O bonds. To unlock the full potential of lignin, we propose the concept of "the full utilization of lignin", which encompasses both the aromatic nuclei and the side chains (e.g., methoxyl and polyhydroxypropyl groups).For the conversion of aromatic nuclei, selective activation of C-O and/or C-C bonds is crucial in synthesizing targeted aromatic products. We begin with model compounds (such as anisole, phenol, guaiacol, etc.) and then transition to protolignin feedstocks. Various reaction routes are developed, including self-supported hydrogenolysis, direct Caryl-Csp3 cleavage, coupled Caryl-Csp3 cleavage and Caryl-O hydrogenolysis, and tandem selective hydrogenation and hydrolysis processes. These tailored pathways enable high-yield and sustainable production of a wide range of aromatic (and derived) products, including arenes (benzene, toluene, alkylbenzenes), phenols, ketones, and acids.In terms of side chain utilization, we have developed innovative strategies such as selective methyl transfer, coupling depolymerization-methyl shift, selective acetyl utilization, and new activation methods such as amine-assisted prefunctionalization. These strategies enable the direct synthesis of methyl-/alkyl-derived products, such as acetic acid, 4-ethyltoluene, dimethylethylamine, and amides. Additionally, aromatic residues can be transformed into chemicals or functionalized ingredients that can serve as catalysts or functional biopolymer materials. These findings highlight promising opportunities for harnessing both the aromatic nuclei and side chains of lignin in a creative manner, thereby improving the overall atom economy of lignin upgrading.Through innovative catalyst engineering and reaction route strategies, our work achieves the sustainable and efficient production of various valuable chemicals from lignin. By integrating side chains and aromatic rings, we have successfully synthesized methyl-/alkyl-derived and aromatic-derived products with high yields. The full utilization of lignin not only minimizes waste but also opens up new possibilities for generating chemical products from lignin. These novel approaches unlock the untapped potential of lignin, expand the boundaries of lignin upgrading, and enhance the efficiency and economic viability of lignin biorefining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, Center for Carbon Neutral Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Qinglei Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, Center for Carbon Neutral Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Huizhen Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, Center for Carbon Neutral Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Buxing Han
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, Center for Carbon Neutral Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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80
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Taher MA, Wang X, Faridul Hasan KM, Miah MR, Zhu J, Chen J. Lignin Modification for Enhanced Performance of Polymer Composites. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:5169-5192. [PMID: 38036466 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
The biopolymer lignin, which is heterogeneous and abundant, is usually present in plant cell walls and gives them rigidity and strength. As a byproduct of the wood, paper, and pulp manufacturing industry, lignin ranks as the second most prevalent biopolymer worldwide, following cellulose. This review paper explores the extraction, modification, and prospective applications of lignin in various industries, including the enhancement of thermosetting and thermoplastic polymers, biomedical applications such as vanillin production, fuel development, carbon fiber composites, and the creation of nanomaterials for food packaging and drug delivery. The structural characteristics of lignin remain undefined due to its origin, separation, and fragmentation processes. This comprehensive overview encompasses state-of-the-art techniques, potential applications, diverse extraction methods, chemical modifications, carbon fiber utilization, and the extraction of vanillin. Moreover, the review focuses on the utilization of lignin-modified polymer blends across multiple manufacturing sectors, providing insights into the advantages and limitations of this innovative approach for the development of environmentally friendly materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Abu Taher
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Divisions of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Divisions of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
| | | | - Mohammad Raza Miah
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Divisions of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Divisions of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Divisions of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
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81
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Miroshnikova AV, Baryshnikov SV, Malyar YN, Li X, Alekseeva MV, Kuznetsov BN, Taran OP. Depolymerization of Pine Wood Organosolv Lignin in Ethanol Medium over NiCu/SiO 2 and NiCuMo/SiO 2 Catalysts: Impact of Temperature and Catalyst Composition. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4722. [PMID: 38139973 PMCID: PMC10747262 DOI: 10.3390/polym15244722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The process of thermocatalytic conversion of pine ethanol lignin in supercritical ethanol was studied over NiCu/SiO2 and NiCuMo/SiO2 catalysts bearing 8.8 and 11.7 wt.% of Mo. The structure and composition of ethanol lignin and the products of its thermocatalytic conversion were characterized via 2D-HSQC NMR spectroscopy, GC-MC. The main aromatic monomers among the liquid products of ethanol lignin conversion were alkyl derivatives of guaiacol (propyl guaiacol, ethyl guaiacol and methyl guaiacol). The total of the monomers yield in this case was 12.1 wt.%. The temperature elevation up to 350 °C led to a slight decrease in the yield (to 11.8 wt.%) and a change in the composition of monomeric compounds. Alkyl derivatives of pyrocatechol, phenol and benzene were observed to form due to deoxygenation processes. The ratio of the yields of these compounds depended on the catalyst, namely, on the content of Mo in the catalyst composition. Thus, the distribution of monomeric compounds used in various industries can be controlled by varying the catalyst composition and the process conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina V. Miroshnikova
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, FRC Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS, Akademgorodok 50, Bld. 24, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia; (S.V.B.); (Y.N.M.); (B.N.K.)
- Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals and Material Science, Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Siberian Federal University, Pr. Svobodny 79, Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia;
| | - Sergey V. Baryshnikov
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, FRC Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS, Akademgorodok 50, Bld. 24, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia; (S.V.B.); (Y.N.M.); (B.N.K.)
| | - Yuriy N. Malyar
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, FRC Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS, Akademgorodok 50, Bld. 24, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia; (S.V.B.); (Y.N.M.); (B.N.K.)
- Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals and Material Science, Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Siberian Federal University, Pr. Svobodny 79, Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia;
| | - Xiaomin Li
- Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals and Material Science, Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Siberian Federal University, Pr. Svobodny 79, Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia;
| | - Maria V. Alekseeva
- Federal Research Center “Boreskov Institute of Catalysis”, Pr. Akademika Lavrentieva 5, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia;
| | - Boris N. Kuznetsov
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, FRC Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS, Akademgorodok 50, Bld. 24, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia; (S.V.B.); (Y.N.M.); (B.N.K.)
- Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals and Material Science, Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Siberian Federal University, Pr. Svobodny 79, Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia;
| | - Oxana P. Taran
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, FRC Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS, Akademgorodok 50, Bld. 24, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia; (S.V.B.); (Y.N.M.); (B.N.K.)
- Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals and Material Science, Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Siberian Federal University, Pr. Svobodny 79, Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia;
- Federal Research Center “Boreskov Institute of Catalysis”, Pr. Akademika Lavrentieva 5, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia;
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82
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Rodríguez-Jiménez S, Lam E, Bhattacharjee S, Reisner E. Valorisation of lignocellulose and low concentration CO 2 using a fractionation-photocatalysis-electrolysis process. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2023; 25:10611-10621. [PMID: 38089755 PMCID: PMC10711734 DOI: 10.1039/d3gc03258b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
The simultaneous upcycling of all components in lignocellulosic biomass and the greenhouse gas CO2 presents an attractive opportunity to synthesise sustainable and valuable chemicals. However, this approach is challenging to realise due to the difficulty of implementing a solution process to convert a robust and complex solid (lignocellulose) together with a barely soluble and stable gas (CO2). Herein, we present the complete oxidative valorisation of lignocellulose coupled to the reduction of low concentration CO2 through a three-stage fractionation-photocatalysis-electrolysis process. Lignocellulose from white birch wood was first pre-treated using an acidic solution to generate predominantly cellulosic- and lignin-based fractions. The solid cellulosic-based fraction was solubilised using cellulase (a cellulose depolymerising enzyme), followed by photocatalytic oxidation to formate with concomitant reduction of CO2 to syngas (a gas mixture of CO and H2) using a phosphonate-containing cobalt(ii) bis(terpyridine) catalyst immobilised onto TiO2 nanoparticles. Photocatalysis generated 27.9 ± 2.0 μmolCO gTiO2-1 (TONCO = 2.8 ± 0.2; 16% CO selectivity) and 147.7 ± 12.0 μmolformate gTiO2-1 after 24 h solar light irradiation under 20 vol% CO2 in N2. The soluble lignin-based fraction was oxidised in an electrolyser to the value-added chemicals vanillin (0.62 g kglignin-1) and syringaldehyde (1.65 g kglignin-1) at the anode, while diluted CO2 (20 vol%) was converted to CO (20.5 ± 0.2 μmolCO cm-2 in 4 h) at a Co(ii) porphyrin catalyst modified cathode (TONCO = 707 ± 7; 78% CO selectivity) at an applied voltage of -3 V. We thus demonstrate the complete valorisation of solid and a gaseous waste stream in a liquid phase process by combining fractioning, photo- and electrocatalysis using molecular hybrid nanomaterials assembled from earth abundant elements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erwin Lam
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road CB2 1EW Cambridge UK
| | - Subhajit Bhattacharjee
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road CB2 1EW Cambridge UK
| | - Erwin Reisner
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road CB2 1EW Cambridge UK
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83
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Bai Z, Lansbergen B, Ritter T. Bicyclopentylation of Alcohols with Thianthrenium Reagents. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25954-25961. [PMID: 38010346 PMCID: PMC10704608 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Herein we present the first method for the synthesis of bicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl (BCP) alkyl ethers from alcohols. The reaction uses BCP-thianthrenium reagents and is catalyzed by a dual copper/photoredox catalyst system. Unlike known alkylations of tertiary alcohols via carbocation intermediates, our Cu-mediated radical process circumvents the labile BCP carbocations. The approach demonstrates a broad tolerance for functional groups when applied to primary, secondary, and even tertiary alcohols. In addition, we highlight the utility of this method in late-stage functionalizations of both natural products and pharmaceuticals as well as in the rapid construction of BCP analogs of known pharmaceuticals that would otherwise be difficult to access.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zibo Bai
- Max-Planck-Institut für
Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Beatrice Lansbergen
- Max-Planck-Institut für
Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Tobias Ritter
- Max-Planck-Institut für
Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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84
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Joseph P, Tanase-Opedal M, Moe ST. Polymer properties of softwood organosolv lignins produced in two different reactor systems. Biopolymers 2023; 114:e23566. [PMID: 37795978 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Lignin, the second most abundant biopolymer on earth and with a predominantly aromatic structure, has the potential to be a raw material for valuable chemicals and other bio-based chemicals. In industry, lignin is underutilized by being used mostly as a fuel for producing thermal energy. Valorization of lignin requires knowledge of the structure and different linkages in the isolated lignin, making the study of structure of lignin important. In this article, lignin samples isolated from two types of reactors (autoclave reactor and displacement reactor) were analyzed by FT-IR, size exclusion chromatography, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Py-GC-MS. The average molecular mass of the organosolv lignins isolated from the autoclave reactor decreased at higher severities, and FT-IR showed an increase in free phenolic content with increasing severity. Except for molecular mass and molecular mass dispersity, there were only minor differences between lignins isolated from the autoclave reactor and lignins isolated from the displacement reactor. Carbohydrate analysis, Py-GC-MS and TGA showed that the lignin isolated using either of the reactor systems is of high purity, suggesting that organosolv lignin is a good candidate for valorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajin Joseph
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Størker T Moe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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85
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Ma Y, Conroy S, Shaw A, Alliati IM, Sels BF, Zhang X, Tu X. Plasma-Enabled Selective Synthesis of Biobased Phenolics from Lignin-Derived Feedstock. JACS AU 2023; 3:3101-3110. [PMID: 38034967 PMCID: PMC10685411 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Converting abundant biomass-derived feedstocks into value-added platform chemicals has attracted increasing interest in biorefinery; however, the rigorous operating conditions that are required limit the commercialization of these processes. Nonthermal plasma-based electrification using intermittent renewable energy is an emerging alternative for sustainable next-generation chemical synthesis under mild conditions. Here, we report a hydrogen-free tunable plasma process for the selective conversion of lignin-derived anisole into phenolics with a high selectivity of 86.9% and an anisole conversion of 45.6% at 150 °C. The selectivity to alkylated chemicals can be tuned through control of the plasma alkylation process by changing specific energy input. The combined experimental and computational results reveal that the plasma generated H and CH3 radicals exhibit a "catalytic effect" that reduces the activation energy of the transalkylation reactions, enabling the selective anisole conversion at low temperatures. This work opens the way for the sustainable and selective production of phenolic chemicals from biomass-derived feedstocks under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Ma
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GJ, U.K.
| | - Stuart Conroy
- Department
of Chemical and Process Engineering, University
of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XJ, U.K.
| | - Alexander Shaw
- School
of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, U.K.
| | - Ignacio M. Alliati
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GJ, U.K.
| | - Bert F. Sels
- Center
for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- Department
of Chemical and Process Engineering, University
of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XJ, U.K.
- School
of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, U.K.
| | - Xin Tu
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GJ, U.K.
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86
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Silva D, Sousa AC, Robalo MP, Martins LO. A wide array of lignin-related phenolics are oxidized by an evolved bacterial dye-decolourising peroxidase. N Biotechnol 2023; 77:176-184. [PMID: 36563877 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lignin is the second most abundant natural polymer next to cellulose and by far the largest renewable source of aromatic compounds on the planet. Dye-decolourising peroxidases (DyPs) are biocatalysts with immense potential in lignocellulose biorefineries to valorize emerging lignin building blocks for environmentally friendly chemicals and materials. This work investigates the catalytic potential of the engineered PpDyP variant 6E10 for the oxidation of 24 syringyl, guaiacyl and hydroxybenzene lignin-phenolic derivatives. Variant 6E10 exhibited up to 100-fold higher oxidation rates at pH 8 for all the tested phenolic substrates compared to the wild-type enzyme and other acidic DyPs described in the literature. The main products of reactions were dimeric isomers with molecular weights of (2 × MWsubstrate - 2 H). Their structure depends on the substitution pattern of the aromatic ring of substrates, i.e., of the coupling possibilities of the primarily formed radicals upon enzymatic oxidation. Among the dimers identified were syringaresinol, divanillin and diapocynin, important sources of structural scaffolds exploitable in medicinal chemistry, food additives and polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Silva
- Institute of Chemical and Biological Technology António Xavier, NOVA New University of Lisbon, Av da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana Catarina Sousa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Polytechnic Institute of Lisbon, R. Conselheiro Emídio Navarro, 1, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal; Centre for Structural Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Complexo I; Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Paula Robalo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Polytechnic Institute of Lisbon, R. Conselheiro Emídio Navarro, 1, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal; Centre for Structural Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Complexo I; Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Lígia O Martins
- Institute of Chemical and Biological Technology António Xavier, NOVA New University of Lisbon, Av da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.
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87
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Lian P, Liu S, Ma Z, Wang Y, Han Y, Sun G, Wang X. Continuous-Flow Microreactor Accelerates Molecular Collisions for Lignin Depolymerization to Phenolic Monomers and Oligomers. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:5152-5161. [PMID: 37721149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Effective depolymerization of lignin is the most important step for its comprehensive utilization. So far, most of the studies on depolymerization of lignin focused on batch processing, whereas only a few studies relied on the microreactor. In this study, we developed a continuous-flow microreactor for depolymerization of lignin into monomeric and oligomeric compounds. The yields of monomers and oligomers can be adjusted by varying the temperature, pressure, residence time, NaOH dosage, and solvent. Under optimized conditions, the lignin conversion rate was 77.73 wt %, and the monomer yield was 13.26 wt %, with 77.81% being phenolic compounds. In addition, comparative characterizations on the raw lignin and products demonstrated that the oil products were mainly composed of phenolic tetramers and trimers, and the effective cleavage of the β-O-4 linkage of S-type lignin was responsible for the high yield of 2,6-dimethoxyphenol. It indicated that raw lignin could be effectively depolymerized continuously using the continuous-flow microreactor, and it will be a new strategy for comprehensive utilization of lignin to produce fine-chemical intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Lian
- Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Shuangjie Liu
- School of Equipment Engineering, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang 110158, China
| | - Zihao Ma
- Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Yongying Wang
- Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Ying Han
- Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Guangwei Sun
- Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
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88
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Bai J, Li H, Zhu Y, Zhu Y, Wang C, Wang H, Liao Y. Synthesis of 2,6-Dimethoxy-p-aminophenol from Hardwood Lignin. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202300558. [PMID: 37449540 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Although the multiple functional groups in biomass offer notable chances for producing high-value chemicals, most of the current studies focused on the (deep) defunctionalization of biomass and its derivates. Herein, we present a catalytic approach to valorize birch wood lignin with maintaining the methoxy and hydroxy groups in the final product (i. e., 2,6-dimethoxy-p-aminophenol), which has applications in different sectors such as pharmaceuticals. The proved approach involves four steps with a high yield (19.8 wt % on the basis of used lignin) to 2,6-dimethoxy-p-aminophenol. The native lignin in birch wood was first converted using alkaline aerobic oxidation in the presence of copper ions toward high-yield syringaldehyde, which was then selectively oxidized toward 2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone using H2 O2 and V2 O5 . Oximation of 2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone can selectively form 2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone-4-oxime, which can be quantitatively hydrogenated toward 2,6-dimethoxy-p-aminophenol. This work highlights the unique potential of biomass and its derivates for the sustainable production of high-value products with exploring the value of inherent functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Bai
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
- Henan Outstanding Foreign Scientist's Workroom, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Hao Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Yuting Zhu
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Yiping Zhu
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Chenguang Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Haiyong Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Yuhe Liao
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
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89
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Rouf H, Ramli A, Anuar NASIK, Yunus NM. Ce-Zr-based mixed oxide catalyst for oxidative depolymerization of kenaf stalk (biomass) into vanillin. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2023; 10:76. [PMID: 38647992 PMCID: PMC10991948 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-023-00698-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Since petroleum became depleted, rapid attention has been devoted to renewable energy sources such as lignocellulosic biomass to produce useful chemicals for industry (for instance vanillin). Three primary components of lignocellulose are lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose. This paper uses microwave-assisted technology to oxidize the kenaf stalk (lignocellulosic biomass) and extract lignin to produce vanillin. Catalysts with variable acid-base and redox properties are essential for the mentioned effective conversion, for this reason, CeO2-CA, ZrO2-CA, and CeZrO2-CA catalysts were synthesized. The citrate complexation method was used for the catalyst synthesis and the physicochemical characteristics were analyzed by XRD, FTIR, FE-SEM, TEM, BET, and TPO. The characterization results demonstrated that CeZrO2-CA shows the smallest sized crystallites with a large specific surface area among the other chosen catalysts. For vanillin production, the effect of reaction temperature, reaction time, and catalyst loading was studied. It was observed that compared to other catalysts, CeZrO2-CA produced the highest vanillin yield of 9.90% for kenaf stalk for 5 wt% of CeZrO2-CA at 160 °C for 30 min. Furthermore, vanillin production using extracted lignin is studied keeping CeZrO2-CA as a catalyst and with the same operating parameters, which yielded 14.3% of vanillin. Afterward, the change in yield with respect to pH is also presented. Finally, the recyclability of catalyst is also studied, which showed that it has a strong metal support and greater stability which may give industrial applications a significant boost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hifza Rouf
- HICoE Centre of Biofuels and Biochemicals Research, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
- Fundamental and Applied Sciences Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Anita Ramli
- HICoE Centre of Biofuels and Biochemicals Research, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia.
- Fundamental and Applied Sciences Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia.
| | - Nur Akila Syakida Idayu Khairul Anuar
- HICoE Centre of Biofuels and Biochemicals Research, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
- Fundamental and Applied Sciences Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Normawati Mohamad Yunus
- Centre of Research in Ionic Liquids (CORIL), Institute of Contaminant Management for Oil and Gas, Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
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90
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Anuchi S, Campbell KLS, Hallett JP. Effects of the Ionic Liquid Structure on Porosity of Lignin-Derived Carbon Materials. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2023; 11:15228-15241. [PMID: 37886039 PMCID: PMC10598883 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c03035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Converting lignin into advanced porous carbon materials, with desirable surface functionalities, can be challenging. While lignin-derived carbons produced by pyrolysis at >600 °C develop porosity, they also simultaneously lose nearly all their surface functional groups. By contrast, pyrolysis of lignin at lower temperatures (e.g., <400 °C) results in the formation of nonporous char that retains some surface functionalities. However, copyrolysis of lignin with some ionic liquids (ILs) at lower temperatures offers an opportunity to produce porous carbon materials with both large surface areas and an abundance of surface functional groups. This study investigates the effects of IL properties (solubility, thermal, and ionic size) on the specific surface areas of lignin-derived carbons produced by copyrolysis of lignin and ILs at 350-400 °C for 20 min. It was found that ILs that have bulky anions and small cation sizes can induce porosity in lignin-derived carbons with large surface areas. Among 16 ILs that were tested, [C2MIm][NTF2] demonstrated the best performance; the inclusion of it in the copyrolysis process resulted in lignin-derived carbons with ∼528 m2 g-1 and 0.48 cm3 g-1. Lignin-derived carbons produced using no IL, [C2MIm][NTF2], and [C4MIm][OTF] were further characterized for morphology, interfacial chemical, and elemental properties. The copyrolysis of lignin and [C2MIm][NTF2], and [C4MIm][OTF] resulted in doping of heteroatoms (N and S) on the porous carbon materials during pyrolysis reaction. The present findings contribute to a better understanding of the main property of ILs responsible for creating porosity in lignin carbon during pyrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samson
O. Anuchi
- Laboratory
of Sustainable Chemical Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 1AZ, U.K.
| | | | - Jason P. Hallett
- Laboratory
of Sustainable Chemical Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 1AZ, U.K.
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91
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Cheng X, Zhang L, Zhang F, Li P, Ji L, Wang K, Jiang J. Coproduction of xylooligosaccharides, glucose, and less-condensed lignin from sugarcane bagasse using syringic acid pretreatment. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 386:129527. [PMID: 37481042 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Current strategies for the production of xylooligosaccharides (XOS) from biomass through non-enzymatic catalysis often led to a certain degree of lignin condensation, which severely restrains subsequent enzyme hydrolysis of cellulose. Herein, syringic acid (SA) pretreatment was investigated to coproduce XOS, glucose, and less-condensed lignin from sugarcane bagasse. SA acted as a catalyst and lignin condensation inhibitor during the pretreatment. The highest XOS yield of 58.7% (27.7% xylobiose and 24.7% xylotriose) was obtained at 180 °C - 20 min - 9% SA, and the corresponding xylose/XOS ratio was only 0.42. Compared with the pretreatment at 180 °C - 20 min - 0% SA, the addition of 9% SA increased the glucose yield from 85.7% to 92.4% and decreased the degree of lignin condensation from 0.55 to 0.42. Moreover, 26.7% of SA could be easily recovered. This work presents a pretreatment strategy in which the efficient production of XOS and the suppression of lignin condensation are achieved simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xichuang Cheng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy (Ministry of Education), Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Leping Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy (Ministry of Education), Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fenglun Zhang
- Nanjing Institute for the Comprehensive Utilization of Wild Plants, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530006, China
| | - Li Ji
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy (Ministry of Education), Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy (Ministry of Education), Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jianxin Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy (Ministry of Education), Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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92
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Liu SC, Shi T, He ZJ, Chen K, Liu ZH, Li BZ, Yuan YJ. Ethylenediamine pretreatment simultaneously improved carbohydrate hydrolysis and lignin valorization. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 386:129552. [PMID: 37499927 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) is the promising feedstock for value-added products, which would contribute to the bioeconomy and sustainable development. The efficient pretreatment is still required in the biorefinery of LCB. To make a simultaneous utilization of carbohydrates and lignin, a novel easy-recycled ethylenediamine (EDA) pretreatment was designed and evaluated in the present study. The results highlighted that this pretreatment yielded 96% glucose and 70% xylose in enzymatic hydrolysis. It simultaneously promoted the depolymerization of lignin into small molecules and functionalized the yielded lignin with Schiff base and amide structures. These animated-lignins showed a pH-responsive behavior and the excellent flocculation capacity by reducing more than 90% turbidity of kaolin suspensions. Therefore, easy-recycled EDA pretreatment hold the promise to simultaneously enhance the enzymatic hydrolysis of carbohydrates and endowed the new functionality of lignin toward downstream valorization, which improved the process feasibility and potentially enable the sustainability of LCB utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Chang Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Frontiers Research Institute for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin University, China
| | - Tao Shi
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Frontiers Research Institute for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin University, China
| | - Zi-Jing He
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Frontiers Research Institute for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin University, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Frontiers Research Institute for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin University, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Frontiers Research Institute for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin University, China
| | - Bing-Zhi Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Frontiers Research Institute for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin University, China.
| | - Ying-Jin Yuan
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Frontiers Research Institute for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin University, China
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93
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Zheng J, Chen L, Qiu X, Liu Y, Qin Y. Structure investigation of light-colored lignin extracted by Lewis acid-based deep eutectic solvent from softwood. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 385:129458. [PMID: 37419289 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is the most abundant natural phenolic polymer. However, the severe condensations of industrial lignin resulted in an undesirable apparent morphology and darker color, which hindered its application in the field of daily chemicals. Therefore, a ternary deep eutectic solvent is used to obtain lignin with light-color and low condensations from softwood. The results showed that the brightness value of lignin extracted from aluminum chloride-1,4-butanediol-choline chloride at 100 °C and 1.0 h was 77.9, and the lignin yield was 32.2 ± 0.6%. It is important that 95.8% of β-O-4 linkages (β-O-4 and β-O-4') was retained. Lignin is used to prepare sunscreens and is added to physical sunscreens at 5%, with SPF up to 26.95 ± 4.20. Meanwhile, enzyme hydrolysis experiments and reaction liquid composition tests were also conducted. In conclusion, a systematic understanding of this efficient process could facilitate high-value utilization of lignocellulosic biomass in industrial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Liheng Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Jieyang Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Jieyang 515200, China.
| | - Xueqing Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Jieyang Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Jieyang 515200, China.
| | - Yingchun Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yanlin Qin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Jieyang Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Jieyang 515200, China
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94
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Zhao Z, Zhang Z, Meng Q, Chen B, Song J, Liu H, Han B. Aerobic Oxidative Cleavage of C(OH)-C Bonds to Produce Aromatic Aldehydes Catalyzed by Cu I -1,10-phenanthroline Complex. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202300373. [PMID: 37258454 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Effective cleavage and functionalization of C(OH)-C bonds is of great importance for the production of value-added chemicals from renewable biomass resources such as carbohydrates, lignin and their derivatives. The efficiency and selectivity of oxidative cleavage of C(OH)-C bonds are hindered by their inert nature and various side reactions associated with the hydroxyl group. The oxidative conversion of secondary alcohols to produce aldehydes is particularly challenging because the generated aldehydes tend to be over-oxidized to acids or the other side products. Noble-metal based catalysts are necessary to get satisfactory aldehyde yields. Herein, for the first time, the efficient aerobic oxidative conversion of secondary aromatic alcohols into aromatic aldehydes is reported using non-noble metal catalysts and environmentally benign oxygen, without any additional base. It was found that CuI -1,10-phenanthroline (Cu-phen) complex showed outstanding performance for the reactions. The C(OH)-C bonds of a diverse array of aromatic secondary alcohols were effectively cleaved and functionalized, selectively affording aldehydes with excellent yields. Detailed mechanism study revealed a radical mediated pathway for the oxidative reaction. We believe that the findings in this work will lead to many explorations in non-noble metal catalyzed oxidative reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street 2, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhanrong Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street 2, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qinglei Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street 2, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Bingfeng Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street 2, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jinliang Song
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Huizhen Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street 2, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Buxing Han
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street 2, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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95
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Yuan X, Lee K, Schmidt JR, Choi KS. Halide Adsorption Enhances Electrochemical Hydrogenolysis of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural by Suppressing Hydrogenation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:20473-20484. [PMID: 37682732 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Reductive upgrading of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), a biomass-derived platform molecule, to 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMF), a biofuel with an energy density 40% greater than that of ethanol, involves hydrogenolysis of both the aldehyde (C═O) and the alcohol (C-OH) groups of HMF. It is known that when hydrogenation of the aldehyde occurs to form 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)furan (BHMF), BHMF cannot be further reduced to DMF. Thus, aldehyde hydrogenation must be suppressed to increase the selectivity for DMF production. Previously, it was shown that on a Cu electrode hydrogenolysis occurs mainly through proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET), where a proton from the solution and an electron from the electrode are transferred to the organic species. In contrast, hydrogenation occurs not only through PCET but also through hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), where a surface-adsorbed hydrogen atom (H*) is transferred to the organic species. This study shows that halide adsorption on Cu can effectively suppress HAT by decreasing the steady-state H* coverage on Cu during HMF reduction. As HAT enables only aldehyde hydrogenation, a striking suppression of BHMF is observed, thereby enhancing DMF production. We discuss how the identity and concentration of the halide, along with the reduction conditions (i.e., potential and pH), affect halide adsorption on Cu and identify when optimal halide coverages are achieved to maximize DMF selectivity. Our experimental results are presented alongside computational results that elucidate how halide adsorption affects the adsorption energy of hydrogen and the steady-state H* coverage on Cu, which provide an atomic-level understanding of all experimentally observed effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Kwanpyung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - J R Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Kyoung-Shin Choi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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96
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Werner AZ, Cordell WT, Lahive CW, Klein BC, Singer CA, Tan EC, Ingraham MA, Ramirez KJ, Kim DH, Pedersen JN, Johnson CW, Pfleger BF, Beckham GT, Salvachúa D. Lignin conversion to β-ketoadipic acid by Pseudomonas putida via metabolic engineering and bioprocess development. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadj0053. [PMID: 37672573 PMCID: PMC10482344 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Bioconversion of a heterogeneous mixture of lignin-related aromatic compounds (LRCs) to a single product via microbial biocatalysts is a promising approach to valorize lignin. Here, Pseudomonas putida KT2440 was engineered to convert mixed p-coumaroyl- and coniferyl-type LRCs to β-ketoadipic acid, a precursor for performance-advantaged polymers. Expression of enzymes mediating aromatic O-demethylation, hydroxylation, and ring-opening steps was tuned, and a global regulator was deleted. β-ketoadipate titers of 44.5 and 25 grams per liter and productivities of 1.15 and 0.66 grams per liter per hour were achieved from model LRCs and corn stover-derived LRCs, respectively, the latter representing an overall yield of 0.10 grams per gram corn stover-derived lignin. Technoeconomic analysis of the bioprocess and downstream processing predicted a β-ketoadipate minimum selling price of $2.01 per kilogram, which is cost competitive with fossil carbon-derived adipic acid ($1.10 to 1.80 per kilogram). Overall, this work achieved bioproduction metrics with economic relevance for conversion of lignin-derived streams into a performance-advantaged bioproduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Z. Werner
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
| | - William T. Cordell
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ciaran W. Lahive
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Bruno C. Klein
- Catalytic Carbon Transformation and Scale-Up Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Christine A. Singer
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Eric C. D. Tan
- Catalytic Carbon Transformation and Scale-Up Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Morgan A. Ingraham
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Kelsey J. Ramirez
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Jacob Nedergaard Pedersen
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Christopher W. Johnson
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Brian F. Pfleger
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Gregg T. Beckham
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Davinia Salvachúa
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
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97
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Castro Garcia A, Cheng S, McGlynn SE, Cross JS. Machine Learning Model Insights into Base-Catalyzed Hydrothermal Lignin Depolymerization. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:32078-32089. [PMID: 37692207 PMCID: PMC10483646 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Lignin, an abundant component of plant matter, can be depolymerized into renewable aromatic chemicals and biofuels but remains underutilized. Homogeneously catalyzed depolymerization in water has gained attention due to its economic feasibility and performance but suffers from inconsistently reported yields of bio-oil and solid residues. In this study, machine learning methods were used to develop predictive models for bio-oil and solid residue yields by using a few reaction variables and were subsequently validated by doing experimental work and comparing the predictions to the results. The models achieved a coefficient of determination (R2) score of 0.83 and 0.76, respectively, for bio-oil yield and solid residue. Variable importance for each model was calculated by two different methodologies and was tied to existing studies to explain the model predictive behavior. Based on the outcome of the study, the creation of concrete guidelines for reporting in lignin depolymerization studies was recommended. Shapley additive explanation value analysis reveals that temperature and reaction time are generally the strongest predictors of experimental outcomes compared to the rest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Castro Garcia
- Department
of Transdisciplinary Science and Engineering, School of Environment
and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 S6-10, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Shuo Cheng
- Department
of Transdisciplinary Science and Engineering, School of Environment
and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 S6-10, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Shawn E. McGlynn
- Earth-Life
Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
- Blue
Marble Space Institute of Science, Seattle, Washington 98101, United States
| | - Jeffrey S. Cross
- Department
of Transdisciplinary Science and Engineering, School of Environment
and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 S6-10, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
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98
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Yong KJ, Wu TY. Recent advances in the application of alcohols in extracting lignin with preserved β-O-4 content from lignocellulosic biomass. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 384:129238. [PMID: 37245662 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Utilizing lignocellulosic biomass wastes to produce bioproducts is essential to address the reliance on depleting fossil fuels. However, lignin is often treated as a low-value-added component in lignocellulosic wastes. Valorization of lignin into value-added products is crucial to improve the economic competitiveness of lignocellulosic biorefinery. Monomers obtained from lignin depolymerization could be upgraded into fuel-related products. However, lignins obtained from conventional methods are low in β-O-4 content and, therefore, unsuitable for monomer production. Recent literature has demonstrated that lignins extracted with alcohol-based solvents exhibit preserved structures with high β-O-4 content. This review discusses the recent advances in utilizing alcohols to extract β-O-4-rich lignin, where discussion based on different alcohol groups is considered. Emerging strategies in employing alcohols for β-O-4-rich lignin extraction, including alcohol-based deep eutectic solvent, flow-through fractionation, and microwave-assisted fractionation, are reviewed. Finally, strategies for recycling or utilizing the spent alcohol solvents are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khai Jie Yong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Ta Yeong Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Monash-Industry Plant Oils Research Laboratory (MIPO), School of Engineering, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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99
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Li L, Vozniuk O, Cao Z, Losch P, Felderhoff M, Schüth F. Hydrogenation of different carbon substrates into light hydrocarbons by ball milling. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5257. [PMID: 37644018 PMCID: PMC10465506 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40915-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The conversion of carbon-based solids, like non-recyclable plastics, biomass, and coal, into small molecules appears attractive from different points of view. However, the strong carbon-carbon bonds in these substances pose a severe obstacle, and thus-if such reactions are possible at all-high temperatures are required1-5. The Bergius process for coal conversion to hydrocarbons requires temperatures above 450 °C6, pyrolysis of different polymers to pyrolysis oil is also typically carried out at similar temperatures7,8. We have now discovered that efficient hydrogenation of different solid substrates with the carbon-based backbone to light hydrocarbons can be achieved at room temperature by ball milling. This mechanocatalytic method is surprisingly effective for a broad range of different carbon substrates, including even diamond. The reaction is found to proceed via a radical mechanism, as demonstrated by reactions in the presence of radical scavengers. This finding also adds to the currently limited knowledge in understanding mechanisms of reactions induced by ball milling. The results, guided by the insight into the mechanism, could induce more extended exploration to broaden the application scope and help to address the problem of plastic waste by a mechanocatalytic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linfeng Li
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Olena Vozniuk
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
| | - Zhengwen Cao
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Functional Membrane Material and Membrane Technology, No.189 Songling Road, 266101, Qingdao, China
| | - Pit Losch
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Michael Felderhoff
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Ferdi Schüth
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
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100
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Bleem A, Kato R, Kellermyer ZA, Katahira R, Miyamoto M, Niinuma K, Kamimura N, Masai E, Beckham GT. Multiplexed fitness profiling by RB-TnSeq elucidates pathways for lignin-related aromatic catabolism in Sphingobium sp. SYK-6. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112847. [PMID: 37515767 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioconversion of lignin-related aromatic compounds relies on robust catabolic pathways in microbes. Sphingobium sp. SYK-6 (SYK-6) is a well-characterized aromatic catabolic organism that has served as a model for microbial lignin conversion, and its utility as a biocatalyst could potentially be further improved by genome-wide metabolic analyses. To this end, we generate a randomly barcoded transposon insertion mutant (RB-TnSeq) library to study gene function in SYK-6. The library is enriched under dozens of enrichment conditions to quantify gene fitness. Several known aromatic catabolic pathways are confirmed, and RB-TnSeq affords additional detail on the genome-wide effects of each enrichment condition. Selected genes are further examined in SYK-6 or Pseudomonas putida KT2440, leading to the identification of new gene functions. The findings from this study further elucidate the metabolism of SYK-6, while also providing targets for future metabolic engineering in this organism or other hosts for the biological valorization of lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa Bleem
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Ryo Kato
- Department of Materials Science and Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
| | - Zoe A Kellermyer
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Rui Katahira
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Masahiro Miyamoto
- Department of Materials Science and Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
| | - Koh Niinuma
- Department of Materials Science and Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
| | - Naofumi Kamimura
- Department of Materials Science and Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
| | - Eiji Masai
- Department of Materials Science and Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan.
| | - Gregg T Beckham
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA.
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