51
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Jang Y, Hou CH, Kwon K, Kang JS, Chung E. Selective recovery of lithium and ammonium from spent lithium-ion batteries using intercalation electrodes. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 317:137865. [PMID: 36642144 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Recycling lithium-ion batteries has recently become a major concern. Ammonia leaching is commonly employed in such battery recycling methods since it has various advantages such as low toxicity and excellent selectivity toward precious metals. In this study, an electrochemical system with intercalation-type electrodes was used to investigate the selective recovery of lithium and ammonium from ammonia battery leachate. Using an activated carbon electrode as a counter electrode, the selectivity of lithium from the lithium manganese oxide (LMO) electrode and the selectivity of ammonium from the nickel hexacyanoferrate (NiHCF) electrode were examined within the system. The LMO//NiHCF system was next evaluated for lithium and ammonium recovery using a synthetic solution as well as real ammonia battery leachate. When compared to previous ammonium recovery methods, the results revealed good selectivity of lithium and ammonium from each LMO and NiHCF electrode with relatively low energy consumption for ammonium recovery (2.43 Wh g-N-1). The average recovery capacity of lithium was 1.39 mmol g-1 with a purity of up to 96.8% and the recovery capacity of ammonium was 1.09 mmol g-1 with 97.8% purity from the pre-treated leachate. This electrochemical method together with ammonia leaching can be a promising method for selective resource recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjai Jang
- Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Energy and Resources, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chia-Hung Hou
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4. Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Kyungjung Kwon
- Department of Energy & Mineral Resources Engineering, Sejong University, 209, Neungdong-ro, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Soo Kang
- Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Energy and Resources, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhyea Chung
- Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Energy and Resources, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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52
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Selective recycling of lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries by carbothermal reduction combined with multistage leaching. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
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53
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Jiang SQ, Nie CC, Li XG, Shi SX, Gao Q, Wang YS, Zhu XN, Wang Z. Review on comprehensive recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries: a full component utilization process for green and sustainable production. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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54
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Sahu S, Devi N. Two-step leaching of spent lithium-ion batteries and effective regeneration of critical metals and graphitic carbon employing hexuronic acid. RSC Adv 2023; 13:7193-7205. [PMID: 36875878 PMCID: PMC9982715 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07926g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recovering precious metal ions like Co, Li, Mn, and Ni from discarded lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has significant environmental and economic benefits. Also, graphite will be in high demand in the coming years due to the development of LIBs for use in electric vehicles (EVs) and the need for it for electrodes in a variety of energy storage devices. However, it has been overlooked during the recycling of used LIBs, which resulted in resource waste and environmental pollution. In this work, a comprehensive and environmentally friendly approach for recycling critical metals as well as graphitic carbon from discarded LIBs was proposed. To optimize the leaching process, various leaching parameters were investigated by employing hexuronic acid or ascorbic acid. The feed sample was analyzed using XRD, SEM-EDS, and a Laser Scattering Particle Size Distribution Analyzer to determine the phases, morphology, and particle size. 100% of Li and 99.5% of Co were leached at the optimum conditions of 0.8 mol L-1 ascorbic acid, a particle size of -25 μm, 70 °C, 60 min of leaching time, and 50 g L-1 of S/L ratio. A detailed study of the leaching kinetics was carried out. The leaching process was found to be well-fitted with the surface chemical reaction model based on the findings of temperature, acid concentration, and particle size variations. To obtain pure graphitic carbon after the initial leaching, the leached residue was subjected to further leaching with various acids (HCl, H2SO4, and HNO3). The Raman spectra, XRD, TGA, and SEM-EDS analysis of the leached residues following the two-step leaching process were examined to exemplify the quality of the graphitic carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibananda Sahu
- Biofuels and Bioprocessing Research Center, Institute of Technical Education and Research, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University Bhubaneswar Odisha India
| | - Niharbala Devi
- Biofuels and Bioprocessing Research Center, Institute of Technical Education and Research, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University Bhubaneswar Odisha India .,Department of Chemistry, Institute of Technical Education and Research, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University Bhubaneswar Odisha India
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55
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Wang H, Cao L, Wang M, Liu B, Deng L, Li G, Cheng YJ, Gao J, Xia Y. Green and Low-Cost Approach for Recovering Valuable Metals from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c02802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province310023, People’s Republic of China
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Zhenhai District, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province315201, People’s Republic of China
| | - Longhao Cao
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Zhenhai District, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province315201, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Zhenhai District, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province315201, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province310023, People’s Republic of China
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Zhenhai District, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province315201, People’s Republic of China
| | - Longping Deng
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Zhenhai District, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province315201, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guohua Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province310023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ya-Jun Cheng
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Zhenhai District, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province315201, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Gao
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Zhenhai District, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province315201, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yonggao Xia
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Zhenhai District, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province315201, People’s Republic of China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Rd, Shijingshan District, Beijing100049, People’s Republic of China
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56
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Wang S, Guan Y, Gan F, Shao Z. Charge Carriers for Aqueous Dual-Ion Batteries. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202201373. [PMID: 36136751 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Environmental and safety concerns of energy storage systems call for application of aqueous battery systems which have advantages of low cost, environmental benignity, safety, and easy assembling. Among the aqueous battery systems, aqueous dual-ion batteries (ADIBs) provide high possibility for achieving excellent battery performance. Compared with the "rocking chair" batteries with only one type of carrier involved in the charging and discharging, ADIBs with both cations and anions as charge carriers possess diverse selections of electrodes and electrolytes. Charge carriers are the basis of the configuration of ADIBs. In this Review, cations and anions that could be applied in ADIBs are demonstrated with corresponding electrode materials and favorable electrolytes. Some insertion mechanisms are emphasized to provide insights for the possibilities to enhance the practical performances of ADIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofeng Wang
- College of Environment and Ecology, Jiangsu Open University, Nanjing, 210017, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Ying Guan
- College of Environment and Ecology, Jiangsu Open University, Nanjing, 210017, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Fangqun Gan
- College of Environment and Ecology, Jiangsu Open University, Nanjing, 210017, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Zongping Shao
- College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- WA School of Mines: Minerals, Energy and Chemical Engineering (WASM-MECE), Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
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57
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Song L, Qi C, Wang S, Zhu X, Zhang T, Jin Y, Zhang M. Direct regeneration of waste LiFePO 4 cathode materials with a solid-phase method promoted by activated CNTs. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 157:141-148. [PMID: 36538835 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Annually increasing electric vehicles will undoubtedly end in tremendous amount of waste LiFePO4 (LFP) batteries. In this work, a highly-efficient and easy-going solid-phase method is proposed for direct regeneration of the waste LFP cathode material (W-LFP). The W-LFP is successfully regenerated via heat treatment with the addition of Li2CO3, CNTs and glucose. After activation, the dispersibility of CNTs in water is improved, making it easier to mix well with other materials. Also, the hydroxyl and carboxyl groups on CNTs have a certain degree of reducibility, which is conducive to the reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+. After subsequent heat treatment, the three-dimensional conductive network composed of CNTs greatly enhances the conductivity and the ionic diffusion coefficient of LFP, thereby improving its electrochemical performance. Meanwhile, the decay and regeneration mechanisms of LFP are investigated by characterization and electrochemical testing. The regenerated LFP achieves an excellent specific capacity of 155.47 mAh/g at 0.05 C, which is around 99% that of new LFP. Additionally, the costs of main consumption in the regeneration process only account for 33.7% the price of new LFP. This low-cost, high-value-added and solid-phase direct regeneration process is proved to have great economic and energy-saving potential, which is promising for recycling the waste LFP cathode materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Song
- Institute of Energy Supply Technology for High-end Equipment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Cai Qi
- Institute of Energy Supply Technology for High-end Equipment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Shuhan Wang
- Institute of Energy Supply Technology for High-end Equipment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xukun Zhu
- Institute of Energy Supply Technology for High-end Equipment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Institute of Energy Supply Technology for High-end Equipment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yachao Jin
- Institute of Energy Supply Technology for High-end Equipment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Mingdao Zhang
- Institute of Energy Supply Technology for High-end Equipment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, Jiangsu, PR China.
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58
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Zhu XH, Li YJ, Gong MQ, Mo R, Luo SY, Yan X, Yang S. Recycling Valuable Metals from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Carbothermal Shock Method. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202300074. [PMID: 36781386 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202300074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Pyrometallurgy technique is usually applied as a pretreatment to enhance the leaching efficiencies in the hydrometallurgy process for recovering valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries. However, traditional pyrometallurgy processes are energy and time consuming. Here, we report a carbothermal shock (CTS) method for reducing LiNi0.3 Co0.2 Mn0.5 O2 (NCM325) cathode materials with uniform temperature distribution, high heating and cooling rates, high temperatures, and ultrafast reaction times. Li can be selectively leached through water leaching after CTS process with an efficiency of >90 %. Ni, Co, and Mn are recovered by dilute acid leaching with efficiencies >98 %. The CTS reduction strategy is feasible for various spent cathode materials, including NCM111, NCM523, NCM622, NCM811, LiCoO2 , and LiMn2 O4 . The CTS process, with its low energy consumption and potential scale application, provides an efficient and environmentally friendly way for recovering spent lithium-ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Hui Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Juan Li
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, P. R. China
| | - Meng-Qi Gong
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, P. R. China
| | - Ran Mo
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, P. R. China
| | - Si-Yuan Luo
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Yan
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, P. R. China
| | - Shun Yang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, P. R. China
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59
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Hu X, Zuo D, Cheng S, Chen S, Liu Y, Bao W, Deng S, Harris SJ, Wan J. Ultrafast materials synthesis and manufacturing techniques for emerging energy and environmental applications. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:1103-1128. [PMID: 36651148 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00322h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Energy and environmental issues have attracted increasing attention globally, where sustainability and low-carbon emissions are seriously considered and widely accepted by government officials. In response to this situation, the development of renewable energy and environmental technologies is urgently needed to complement the usage of traditional fossil fuels. While a big part of advancement in these technologies relies on materials innovations, new materials discovery is limited by sluggish conventional materials synthesis methods, greatly hindering the advancement of related technologies. To address this issue, this review introduces and comprehensively summarizes emerging ultrafast materials synthesis methods that could synthesize materials in times as short as nanoseconds, significantly improving research efficiency. We discuss the unique advantages of these methods, followed by how they benefit individual applications for renewable energy and the environment. We also highlight the scalability of ultrafast manufacturing towards their potential industrial utilization. Finally, we provide our perspectives on challenges and opportunities for the future development of ultrafast synthesis and manufacturing technologies. We anticipate that fertile opportunities exist not only for energy and the environment but also for many other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueshan Hu
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Daxian Zuo
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Shaoru Cheng
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Sihui Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Wenzhong Bao
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Sili Deng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02139, MA, USA
| | - Stephen J Harris
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, 94720, CA, USA
| | - Jiayu Wan
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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60
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Rao F, Sun Z, Lv W, Zhang X, Guan J, Zheng X. A sustainable approach for selective recovery of lithium from cathode materials of spent lithium-ion batteries by induced phase transition. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 156:247-254. [PMID: 36502638 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has attracted widespread attention because of their dual attributes to environmental protection and resource conservation. Utilization of strong corrosive acids is currently the preferred way to recover valuable metals from spent LIBs, but the extensive use of chemical reagents can pose serious environmental risks. Herein, this research proposes a green process for selective recovery of lithium using the material of spent LIBs itself without adding exogenous reagents, mechanochemistry induced phase transition. The leaching efficiency of Li can reach 94% by employing the copper foil separated from spent LIBs as the co-grinding additive during the mechanochemical reaction process. Then, the high value LiOH·H2O can be prepared through direct evaporation and crystallization without adding any precipitant. Meanwhile, cobalt is almost remained in the leaching residue which can be recovered through a step-by-step separation process. XRD, XPS, and SEM-EDS characterizations show that LiCoO2 and copper foil are transformed into the soluble Li2O, and insoluble CuO and CoO under the mechanical force. Finally, the soluble Li2O is dissolved in water to prepare the LiOH solution, and the insoluble CuO and CoO are transformed into Cu2O and Co(OH)2. On the basis of the experimental investigation, it is proven that the proposed process is suitable for selectively recovering Li from all types of cathode materials without generating salty wastewater or introducing chemical reagents. Thus, the proposed approach can ensure the efficient recovery of valuable metals from spent LIBs while avoiding the potential threat to the environment and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Rao
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for WEEE Recycling, Shanghai 201209, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Process Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhi Sun
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for WEEE Recycling, Shanghai 201209, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Process Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Weiguang Lv
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Process Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xihua Zhang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for WEEE Recycling, Shanghai 201209, China.
| | - Jie Guan
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for WEEE Recycling, Shanghai 201209, China
| | - Xiaohong Zheng
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Process Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China.
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61
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Chen W, Salvatierra RV, Li JT, Kittrell C, Beckham JL, Wyss KM, La N, Savas PE, Ge C, Advincula PA, Scotland P, Eddy L, Deng B, Yuan Z, Tour JM. Flash Recycling of Graphite Anodes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2207303. [PMID: 36462512 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202207303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The ever-increasing production of commercial lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) will result in a staggering accumulation of waste when they reach their end of life. A closed-loop solution, with effective recycling of spent LIBs, will lessen both the environmental impacts and economic cost of their use. Presently, <5% of spent LIBs are recycled and the regeneration of graphite anodes has, unfortunately, been mostly overlooked despite the considerable cost of battery-grade graphite. Here, an ultrafast flash recycling method to regenerate the graphite anode is developed and valuable battery metal resources are recovered. Selective Joule heating is applied for only seconds to efficiently decompose the resistive impurities. The generated inorganic salts, including lithium, cobalt, nickel, and manganese, can be easily recollected from the flashed anode waste using diluted acid, specifically 0.1 m HCl. The flash-recycled anode preserves the graphite structure and is coated with a solid-electrolyte-interphase-derived carbon shell, contributing to high initial specific capacity, superior rate performance, and cycling stability, when compared to anode materials recycled using a high-temperature-calcination method. Life-cycle-analysis relative to current graphite production and recycling methods indicate that flash recycling can significantly reduce the total energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission while turning anode recycling into an economically advantageous process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | | | - John Tianci Li
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Carter Kittrell
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Jacob L Beckham
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Kevin M Wyss
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Nghi La
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Paul E Savas
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Chang Ge
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Smalley-Curl Institute and Applied Physics Program, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Paul A Advincula
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Phelecia Scotland
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Lucas Eddy
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Smalley-Curl Institute and Applied Physics Program, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Bing Deng
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Zhe Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - James M Tour
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Smalley-Curl Institute, NanoCarbon Center and the Welch Institute for Advanced Materials, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
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62
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Jiao L, Luo Y, Cheng L. Ni3S2/NiSe2 Hollow Spheres with Low Bonding Energy Ni-Se Bonds for Excellent Lithium-Ion Charge-Discharge Stability. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2023.131122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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63
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Applications of Spent Lithium Battery Electrode Materials in Catalytic Decontamination: A Review. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13010189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
For a large amount of spent lithium battery electrode materials (SLBEMs), direct recycling by traditional hydrometallurgy or pyrometallurgy technologies suffers from high cost and low efficiency and even serious secondary pollution. Therefore, aiming to maximize the benefits of both environmental protection and e-waste resource recovery, the applications of SLBEM containing redox-active transition metals (e.g., Ni, Co, Mn, and Fe) for catalytic decontamination before disposal and recycling has attracted extensive attention. More importantly, the positive effects of innate structural advantages (defects, oxygen vacancies, and metal vacancies) in SLBEMs on catalytic decontamination have gradually been unveiled. This review summarizes the pretreatment and utilization methods to achieve excellent catalytic performance of SLBEMs, the key factors (pH, reaction temperature, coexisting anions, and catalyst dosage) affecting the catalytic activity of SLBEM, the potential application and the outstanding characteristics (detection, reinforcement approaches, and effects of innate structural advantages) of SLBEMs in pollution treatment, and possible reaction mechanisms. In addition, this review proposes the possible problems of SLBEMs in practical decontamination and the future outlook, which can help to provide a broader reference for researchers to better promote the implementation of “treating waste to waste” strategy.
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Golroudbary SR, Kraslawski A, Wilson BP, Lundström M. Assessment of environmental sustainability of nickel required for mobility transition. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2022.978842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nickel (Ni) in batteries (e.g., nickel-metal hydride battery (NiMH), lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA) and lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC)) aim to ensure higher energy density and greater storage capacity. Two typical layered nickel-rich ternary cathode materials, NCA and NMC, are commercialized as advanced lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) for electric vehicles (EVs). The technology of those batteries has been improving by steadily increasing the nickel content in each cathode generation. In this study, we consider two types of batteries having a composite cathode made of Li [Ni0.80Co0.1Al0.1]O2, and Li [Ni0.33Mn0.33Co0.33]O2, which are the most common cathode materials for LiBs in EVs since 2010 and their functional recycling is performed. The increasing use of nickel in battery technologies has resulted in the continuous growth of demand for nickel over recent years. Nickel was added to the list of critical materials by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) already in 2021. Unfortunately now, the sustainable supply of nickel is even at higher risk due to the sanctions-related disruption of supplies from Russia. Therefore, enhancing the circularity of nickel starts to be vital for many economies. Demand for recycled nickel is growing, however, a systematic analysis of the sustainability of its recycling is still missing. Therefore, we provide a comprehensive assessment of the sustainability of the global primary and secondary production of nickel. Using system dynamics modelling integrated with geometallurgy principles and by analyzing the processing routes (pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical processes), we quantify the key environmental concerns across the life cycle of primary and secondary nickel required for sustainable mobility transition. Energy consumption, water use, and related emissions are assessed for all stages of the nickel supply chain, from mining to recycling. Our analysis shows the possibility of reducing the emissions by around 4.7 mt for GHG, 6.9 kt for PM2.5, 34.3 t for BC, 2.8 kt for CH4, 7.5 kt for CO, 3.3 mt for CO2, 169.9 t for N2O, 3.8 kt for NOx, 11.8 kt for PM10, 104.8 t for POC, 1.6 mt for SOx, and 232.5 t for VOC by engaging in the secondary production of nickel through the recycling of batteries. However, identical growth rate of energy consumption and water use compared to nickel mass flows means no technical progress has been achieved in different stages of the nickel supply chain towards sustainability over the period 2010–2030. Therefore, an improvement in technology is needed to save energy and water in nickel production processes. The results and findings of this study contribute to a better understanding of the necessity for improving closed-loop supply chain policies for nickel.
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Zhou X, Yang W, Liu X, Tang J, Su F, Li Z, Yang J, Ma Y. One-step selective separation and efficient recovery of valuable metals from mixed spent lithium batteries in the phosphoric acid system. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 155:53-64. [PMID: 36343600 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The recovery of valuable elements in spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has attracted more and more attention. Efficient recovery of valuable elements from spent LIBs with lower consumption and shorter process is the target that people have been pursuing. In this study, the valuable metals (Ni, Co, Mn and Li) and FePO4 products are simultaneously recovered from mixed spent LiNixCoyMnzO2 and LiFePO4 in one step under the optimized condition of 0.88 M H3PO4, a mass ratio of LFP/NCM of 2:1, a L/S ratio of 33:1 and 80 ℃ for 120 min without additional auxiliary reagents. Over 60 % of acid consumption is reduced and the process of adjusting pH is avoidable. The leaching efficiencies of the valuable elements reach up to 99.1 % for Ni, 98.9 % for Co, 99.6 % for Li and 97.3 % for Mn. Almost all of Fe is precipitated as FePO4·2H2O. By means of the empirical model, the research on leaching kinetics demonstrates that the leaching reaction is internal diffusion-controlled with the apparent activation energy of valuable metals less than 30 kJ/mol. Furthermore, the redox reaction mechanism between spent LiBs has been explored. And the intrinsic driving force in the phosphoric acid system is found out. This finding may provide an innovative and selective recycling method for valuable elements from mixed spent LIBs with high economic benefit and fewer environmental footprints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Zhou
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Battery Materials, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Value-added Metallurgy, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Wan Yang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Battery Materials, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Xiaojian Liu
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Battery Materials, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Jingjing Tang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Battery Materials, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Fanyun Su
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Battery Materials, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Zhenxiao Li
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Battery Materials, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Juan Yang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Battery Materials, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Value-added Metallurgy, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yayun Ma
- Powder Metallurgy Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
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Kotkar A, Dash S, Bhanja P, Sahu S, Verma A, Mukherjee A, Mohapatra M, Basu S. Microwave Assisted Recycling of Spent Li-ion battery electrode material into Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction Catalyst. Electrochim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2023.141842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Zhao J, Tang Z, Wang Z, Xi M, Xie X, Yang G. Flexible zinc ion hybrid supercapacitors enabled by N/S co-doped porous carbon and bacterial cellulose/ZnSO4 electrolyte. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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68
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Morina R, Merli D, Mustarelli P, Ferrara C. Lithium and Cobalt Recovery from Lithium‐Ion Battery Waste via Functional Ionic Liquid Extraction for Effective Battery Recycling. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202201059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Morina
- Department of Materials Science University Milano Bicocca via Cozzi 55 20125 Milano Italy
| | - Daniele Merli
- Department of Chemistry University of Pavia Via Taramelli 16 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Piercarlo Mustarelli
- Department of Materials Science University Milano Bicocca via Cozzi 55 20125 Milano Italy
- National Reference Center for Electrochemical Energy Storage (GISEL) Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia Dei Materiali (INSTM) via Giusti 9 Firenze 50121 Italy
| | - Chiara Ferrara
- Department of Materials Science University Milano Bicocca via Cozzi 55 20125 Milano Italy
- National Reference Center for Electrochemical Energy Storage (GISEL) Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia Dei Materiali (INSTM) via Giusti 9 Firenze 50121 Italy
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Qin K, Holguin K, Huang J, Mohammadiroudbari M, Chen F, Yang Z, Xu G, Luo C. A Fast-Charging and High-Temperature All-Organic Rechargeable Potassium Battery. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2106116. [PMID: 36316243 PMCID: PMC9731705 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202106116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Developing fast-charging, high-temperature, and sustainable batteries is critical for the large-scale deployment of energy storage devices in electric vehicles, grid-scale electrical energy storage, and high temperature regions. Here, a transition metal-free all-organic rechargeable potassium battery (RPB) based on abundant and sustainable organic electrode materials (OEMs) and potassium resources for fast-charging and high-temperature applications is demonstrated. N-doped graphene and a 2.8 m potassium hexafluorophosphate (KPF6 ) in diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (DEGDME) electrolyte are employed to mitigate the dissolution of OEMs, enhance the electrode conductivity, accommodate large volume change, and form stable solid electrolyte interphase in the all-organic RPB. At room temperature, the RPB delivers a high specific capacity of 188.1 mAh g-1 at 50 mA g-1 and superior cycle life of 6000 and 50000 cycles at 1 and 5 A g-1 , respectively, demonstrating an ultra-stable and fast-charging all-organic battery. The impressive performance at room temperature is extended to high temperatures, where the high-mass-loading (6.5 mg cm-2 ) all-organic RPB exhibits high-rate capability up to 2 A g-1 and a long lifetime of 500 cycles at 70-100 °C, demonstrating a superb fast-charging and high-temperature battery. The cell configuration demonstrated in this work shows great promise for practical applications of sustainable batteries at extreme conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiqiang Qin
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryGeorge Mason UniversityFairfaxVA22030USA
| | - Kathryn Holguin
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryGeorge Mason UniversityFairfaxVA22030USA
| | - Jinghao Huang
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryGeorge Mason UniversityFairfaxVA22030USA
| | | | - Fu Chen
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMD20742USA
| | - Zhenzhen Yang
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering DivisionArgonne National LaboratoryLemontIL60439USA
| | - Gui‐Liang Xu
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering DivisionArgonne National LaboratoryLemontIL60439USA
| | - Chao Luo
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryGeorge Mason UniversityFairfaxVA22030USA
- Quantum Science and Engineering CenterGeorge Mason UniversityFairfaxVA22030USA
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He H, Yang B, Wu D, Gao X, Fei X. Applications of crushing and grinding-based treatments for typical metal-containing solid wastes: Detoxification and resource recovery potentials. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 314:120034. [PMID: 36030964 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Metal-containing solid wastes can induce serious environmental pollution if managed improperly, but contain considerable resources. The detoxification and resource recoveries of these wastes are of both environmental and economic significances, being indispensable for circular economy. In the past decades, attempts have been made worldwide to treat these wastes. Crushing and grinding-based treatments have been increasingly applied, the operating apparatus and parameters of which depend on the waste type and treatment purpose. Based on the relevant studies, the applications of crushing and grinding on four major types of solid wastes, namely spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) cathode, waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs), incineration bottom ash (IBA), and incineration fly ash (IFA) are here systematically reviewed. These types of solid wastes are generated in increasing amounts, and have the potentials to release various organic and inorganic pollutants. Despite of the widely different texture, composition, and other physicochemical properties of the solid wastes, crushing and grinding have been demonstrated to be universally applicable. For each of the four wastes, the technical route that involving crushing and grinding is described with the advantages highlighted. The crushing and grinding serve either mainstream or auxiliary role in the processing of the solid wastes. This review summarizes and highlights the developments and future directions of crushing and grinding-based treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongping He
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
| | - Bo Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Deli Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Xiaofeng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Xunchang Fei
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore; Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, 637141, Singapore.
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71
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Zhang R, Shi X, Esan OC, An L. Organic Electrolytes Recycling From Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2022; 6:2200050. [PMID: 36532239 PMCID: PMC9749074 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202200050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are regarded to be the most promising electrochemical energy storage device for portable electronics as well as electrical vehicles. However, due to their limited-service life, tons of spent LIBs are expected to be produced in the recent years. Suitable recycling technology is therefore becoming more and more important as improper treatment of spent LIBs, especially the aged organic electrolyte, can cause severe environmental pollution and threats to human health. The organic solvents and high concentration of lithium salts in aged electrolytes are always sensitive toward water and air, which would easily hydrolyze and decompose into toxic fluorine-containing compounds, leading to severe fluorine pollution of the surrounding environment. Hence, recycling aged electrolytes from spent LIBs is an efficient way to avoid this potential risk to the environment. However, several issues inhibit the realization of electrolyte recycling, including the volatile, inflammable, and toxic nature of the electrolytes, the difficulty to extract electrolytes from the electrodes and separators, and various electrolyte compositions inside LIBs from different applications and companies. Herein, the current progress in recycling methods for aged electrolytes from spent LIBs is summarized and perspectives on future development of electrolyte recycling are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihan Zhang
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong Kong SAR999077China
| | - Xingyi Shi
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong Kong SAR999077China
| | - Oladapo Christopher Esan
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong Kong SAR999077China
| | - Liang An
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong Kong SAR999077China
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72
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Xiang J, Wei Y, Zhong Y, Yang Y, Cheng H, Yuan L, Xu H, Huang Y. Building Practical High-Voltage Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2200912. [PMID: 35332962 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202200912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
It has long been a global imperative to develop high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) to meet the ever-growing electric vehicle market. One of the most effective strategies for boosting the energy density of LIBs is to increase the output voltage, which largely depends upon the cathode materials. As the most-promising cathodes for high-voltage LIBs (>4 V vs Li/Li+ ), four major categories of cathodes including lithium-rich layered oxides, nickel-rich layered oxides, spinel oxides, and high-voltage polyanionic compounds still encounter severe challenges to realize the improvement of output voltage while maintaining high capacity, fast rate capability, and long service life. This review focuses on the key links in the development of high-voltage cathode materials from the lab to industrialization. First, the failure mechanisms of the four kinds of materials are clarified, and the optimization strategies, particularly solutions that are easy for large-scale production, are considered. Then, to bridge the gap between lab and industry, the cost management, safety assessment, practical battery-performance evaluation, and sustainability of the battery technologies, are discussed. Finally, tough challenges and promising strategies for the commercialization of high-voltage cathode materials are summarized to promote the large-scale application of LIBs with high energy densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mold Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Ying Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mold Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yun Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mold Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mold Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Hang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mold Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Lixia Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mold Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Henghui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mold Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yunhui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mold Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
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73
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Tang D, Kang J, Liu Y, Huang Y, Liu Y, Ji X, Li W, Li J. Porosification and Fe 3+ Intercalation of Spent LiCoO 2 as an Efficient Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalyst. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c02731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, 932 Lushan Road, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Jihu Kang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, 932 Lushan Road, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yong Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, 932 Lushan Road, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yaling Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, 932 Lushan Road, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, 932 Lushan Road, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Xiaobo Ji
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, 932 Lushan Road, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Wenzhang Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, 932 Lushan Road, Changsha 410083, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, Central South University, 932 Lushan Road, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Jie Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, 932 Lushan Road, Changsha 410083, China
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Liu C, Ji H, Liu J, Liu P, Zeng G, Luo X, Guan Q, Mi X, Li Y, Zhang J, Tong Y, Wang Z, Wu S. An emission-free controlled potassium pyrosulfate roasting-assisted leaching process for selective lithium recycling from spent Li-ion batteries. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 153:52-60. [PMID: 36049272 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recycling critical metals from spent Li-ion batteries (LIBs) is important for the overall sustainability of future batteries. This study reports an improved sulfation roasting technology to efficiently recycle Li and Co from spent LiCoO2 LIBs using potassium pyrosulfate as sulfurizing reagent. By sulfation roasting, LiCoO2 was converted into water-soluble lithium potassium sulfate and water-insoluble cobalt oxide. Under optimal conditions, 98.51% Li was leached in water, with a selectivity of 99.86%. More importantly, sulfur can be recirculated thoroughly, and the sulfur atomic efficiency can be significantly enhanced by controlling the amount of potassium pyrosulfate. Li ions from the water leaching process were recovered by chemical precipitation. Furthermore, application of this technology to other spent LIBs, such as LiMn2O4 and LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2, verified its effectiveness for selective recovery Li. These findings can provide some inspiration for high efficiency and environmentally friendly recovery metal from spent LIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Liu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China
| | - Haiyan Ji
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China
| | - Jiayin Liu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China
| | - Guisheng Zeng
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China.
| | - Xubiao Luo
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China
| | - Qian Guan
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China
| | - Xue Mi
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China
| | - Yingpeng Li
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China
| | - Jiefei Zhang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China
| | - Yongfen Tong
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China
| | - Zhongbing Wang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China
| | - Shaolin Wu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China
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75
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Liu Y, Zheng B, Zhang T, Chen Y, Liu J, Wang Z, Gong X. Magnetic field intensified electrodeposition of low-concentration copper ions in aqueous solution. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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76
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Li X, Zhou F, Gao S, Zhao J, Wang D, Yin H. NaOH-assisted low-temperature roasting to recover spent LiFePO 4 batteries. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 153:347-354. [PMID: 36191495 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Decreasing the operating temperature of pyrometallurgical methods for recycling spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is key to reducing energy consumption and cost. Herein, a NaOH-assisted low-temperature roasting approach is proposed to recover spent LiFePO4. During roasting, NaOH acts as an oxidizing agent to oxidize Fe (II) to Fe3O4 at 150°C, thus collapsing its stable olivine structure while PO43- capturing Li+ and Na+ to form Li2NaPO4 and LiNa5(PO4)2. The obtained Fe3O4 is then separated, and the resulting Li salt can be further recovered as Li3PO4 with a Li recovery efficiency of 96.7 % and a purity of 99.9 %. Economic and environmental analysis based on the EverBatt model shows that this low-temperature strategy reduces energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, thus increasing the potential profit. Overall, NaOH-assisted low-temperature roasting is a prospective strategy that broadens the application of NaOH as an oxidant and opens up a new avenue for decreasing the temperature of recovering spent LiFePO4 by pyrometallurgy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyun Li
- School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Fengyin Zhou
- School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Shuaibo Gao
- School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Dihua Wang
- School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430072, PR China; Joint Center of Green Manufacturing of Energy Storage Materials of Wuhan University and Chilwee, Wuhan 430072, PR China; Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resources and Energy, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Huayi Yin
- School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430072, PR China; Joint Center of Green Manufacturing of Energy Storage Materials of Wuhan University and Chilwee, Wuhan 430072, PR China; Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resources and Energy, Wuhan 430072, PR China.
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Xu J, Jin Y, Liu K, Lyu N, Zhang Z, Sun B, Jin Q, Lu H, Tian H, Guo X, Shanmukaraj D, Wu H, Li M, Armand M, Wang G. A green and sustainable strategy toward lithium resources recycling from spent batteries. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq7948. [PMID: 36197980 PMCID: PMC9534500 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq7948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Recycling lithium from spent batteries is challenging because of problems with poor purity and contamination. Here, we propose a green and sustainable lithium recovery strategy for spent batteries containing LiFePO4, LiCoO2, and LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 electrodes. Our proposed configuration of "lithium-rich electrode || LLZTO@LiTFSI+P3HT || LiOH" system achieves double-side and roll-to-roll recycling of lithium-containing electrode without destroying its integrity. The LiTFSI+P3HT-modified LLZTO membrane also solves the H+/Li+ exchange problem and realizes a waterproof protection of bare LLZTO in the aqueous working environment. On the basis of these advantages, our system shows high Li selectivity (97%) and excellent Faradaic efficiency (≥97%), achieving high-purity (99%) LiOH along with the production of H2. The Li extraction processes for spent LiFePO4, LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2, and LiCoO2 batteries is shown to be economically feasible. Therefore, this study provides a previously unexplored technology with low energy consumption as well as high economic and environmental benefits to realize sustainable lithium recycling from spent batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- Research Center of Grid Energy Storage and Battery Application, School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yang Jin
- Research Center of Grid Energy Storage and Battery Application, School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Kai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, School of New Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Nawei Lyu
- Research Center of Grid Energy Storage and Battery Application, School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zili Zhang
- Research Center of Grid Energy Storage and Battery Application, School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Bin Sun
- Research Center of Grid Energy Storage and Battery Application, School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qianzheng Jin
- Research Center of Grid Energy Storage and Battery Application, School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Hongfei Lu
- Research Center of Grid Energy Storage and Battery Application, School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Huajun Tian
- Key Laboratory of Power Station Energy Transfer Conversion and Systems, Ministry of Education, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xin Guo
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Devaraj Shanmukaraj
- Centre for Cooperative Research on Alternative Energies (CIC energiGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Alava Technology Park, Albert Einstein 48, 01510 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Hui Wu
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Meicheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, School of New Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Michel Armand
- Centre for Cooperative Research on Alternative Energies (CIC energiGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Alava Technology Park, Albert Einstein 48, 01510 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Guoxiu Wang
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
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78
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Niu B, Xiao J, Xu Z. Advances and challenges in anode graphite recycling from spent lithium-ion batteries. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 439:129678. [PMID: 36104906 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been one of the fast-growing and largest quantities of solid waste in the world. Spent graphite anode, accounting for 12-21 wt% of batteries, contains metals, binders, toxic, and flammable electrolytes. The efficient recovery of spent graphite is urgently needed for environmental protection and resource sustainability. Recently, more and more studies have been focused on spent graphite recycling, while the advance and challenges are rarely summarized. Hence, this study made a comprehensive review of graphite recycling including separation, regeneration, and synthesis of functional materials. Firstly, the pretreatment of graphite separation was overviewed. Then, the spent graphite regeneration methods such as leaching, pyrometallurgy, their integration processes, etc. were systematically introduced. Furthermore, the modification strategies to enhance the electrochemical performance were discussed. Subsequently, we reviewed in detail the synthesis of functional materials using spent graphite for energy and environmental applications including graphene, adsorbents, catalysts, capacitors, and graphite/polymer composites. Meanwhile, we briefly compared the economic and environmental benefits of graphite regeneration and other functional materials production. Finally, the technical bottlenecks and challenges for spent graphite recycling were summarized and some future research directions were proposed. This review contributes to spent LIBs recycling more efficiently and profitably in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Niu
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 07100, Hebei, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Farmland Ecological Environment of Hebei Province, Baoding 071000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiefeng Xiao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenming Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China.
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79
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Qin Z, Wen Z, Xu Y, Zheng Z, Bai M, Zhang N, Jia C, Wu HB, Chen G. A Ternary Molten Salt Approach for Direct Regeneration of LiNi 0.5 Co 0.2 Mn 0.3 O 2 Cathode. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2106719. [PMID: 35182009 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202106719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Recycling spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is an urgent task in view of the resource shortage and environmental concerns. Here, a facile ternary molten salt approach is presented for efficiently regenerating the LiNi0.5 Co0.2 Mn0.3 O2 (NCM523) cathode of spent LIBs. Such an approach involves the treatment of spent cathode powder in the ternary molten salt at a moderate temperature (400 °C) and subsequent annealing in oxygen. The Li loss and degraded phases in spent NCM that cause the capacity decay can be fully remedied after the regeneration process. As a result, the regenerated cathode delivers a reversible capacity of 160 mAh g-1 at 0.5 C with retention of 93.7% after 100 cycles and maintains a high capacity of 132 mAh g-1 at a high rate of 5 C. The electrochemical performance of regenerated NCM cathode is compared favorably to the fresh NCM cathode, which demonstrates the feasibility of the molten salt approach to directly regenerate spent NCM cathode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuoyu Qin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Zuxin Wen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Yifei Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Zhicheng Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Mingliang Bai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Chuankun Jia
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, 410114, China
| | - Hao Bin Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Gen Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
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80
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A Minireview on the Regeneration of NCM Cathode Material Directly from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries with Different Cathode Chemistries. INORGANICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics10090141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on the regeneration of cathode materials of spent lithium-ion batteries for resource reclamation and environmental protection is attracting more and more attention today. However, the majority of studies on recycling lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) placed the emphasis only on recovering target metals, such as Co, Ni, and Li, from the cathode materials, or how to recycle spent LIBs by conventional means. Effective reclamation strategies (e.g., pyrometallurgical technologies, hydrometallurgy techniques, and biological strategies) have been used in research on recycling used LIBs. Nevertheless, none of the existing reviews of regenerating cathode materials from waste LIBs elucidated the strategies to regenerate lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NCM or LiNixCoyMnzO2) cathode materials directly from spent LIBs containing other than NCM cathodes but, at the same time, frequently used commercial cathode materials such as LiCoO2 (LCO), LiFePO4 (LFP), LiMn2O4 (LMO), etc. or from spent mixed cathode materials. This review showcases the strategies and techniques for regenerating LiNixCoyMnzO2 cathode active materials directly from some commonly used and different types of mixed-cathode materials. The article summarizes the various technologies and processes of regenerating LiNixCoyMnzO2 cathode active materials directly from some individual cathode materials and the mixed-cathode scraps of spent LIBs without their preliminary separation. In the meantime, the economic benefits and diverse synthetic routes of regenerating LiNixCoyMnzO2 cathode materials reported in the literature are analyzed systematically. This minireview can lay guidance and a theoretical basis for restoring LiNixCoyMnzO2 cathode materials.
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81
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Zhang L, Li J, Liu R, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Ji L, Li L. Recovery of lithium from salt lake brine with high Na/Li ratio using solvent extraction. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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82
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Yan S, Jiang Y, Chen X, Zhou T. Improved Advanced Oxidation Process for In Situ Recycling of Al Foils and Cathode Materials from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c01286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuxuan Yan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P.R. China
| | - Youzhou Jiang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P.R. China
| | - Xiangping Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi’an 710021, P.R. China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P.R. China
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83
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Qiu Y, Wei X, Liu N, Song Y, Bi L, Long X, Chen Z, Wang S, Liao J. Plasma-Induced Amorphous N-Nano Carbon Shell for Improving Structural Stability of LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 Cathode. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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84
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Iloeje CO, Xavier AS, Graziano D, Atkins J, Sun K, Cresko J, Supekar SD. A Systematic Analysis of the Costs and Environmental Impacts of Critical Materials Recovery from Hybrid Electric Vehicle Batteries in the U.S. iScience 2022; 25:104830. [PMID: 36051186 PMCID: PMC9424604 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Critical materials such as rare earth underpin technologies needed for a decarbonized global economy. Recycling can mitigate the supply risks created by the increasing demand and net import dependence, and enable a circular economy for critical materials. In this study, we analyze the feasibility and life-cycle impacts of recovering critical materials from spent nickel metal hydride batteries from hybrid electric vehicles in the U.S., accounting for stocks, battery scrappage, and end-of-life reverse logistics, given uncertain future availability scenarios. Our results show that the total collection and recycling costs depend strongly on future battery availability, with marginal costs exceeding marginal revenues when the availability of spent batteries declines. We quantify the potential of recycling to reduce primary imports, as well as the accompanying climate change and resource impacts. We explore the underlying reverse logistics infrastructure required for battery recycling and evaluate strategies for reducing associated capital investment risk. We assess techno-economic and life-cycle impacts of large-scale HEV battery recycling Recycling offsets primary critical material demand with lower environmental impacts Flexible strategies mitigate investment risk from uncertain future battery availability Marginal cost analysis can inform strategies for incentivizing collection and recycling
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukwunwike O. Iloeje
- Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
- Corresponding author
| | - Alinson Santos Xavier
- Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
- Corresponding author
| | - Diane Graziano
- Decision and Infrastructure Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - John Atkins
- Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Kyle Sun
- Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Joe Cresko
- Advanced Manufacturing Office, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC 20585, USA
| | - Sarang D. Supekar
- Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
- Corresponding author
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85
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Zhang Z, Zhu X, Hou H, Tang L, Xiao J, Zhong Q. Regeneration and utilization of graphite from the spent lithium-ion batteries by modified low-temperature sulfuric acid roasting. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 150:30-38. [PMID: 35792439 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recycling spent graphite in spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is crucial for lacking high-quality graphite and environmental protection. Here, an environmentally friendly and economical modified method based on sulfate roasting was proposed to recycle spent graphite via low temperature roasting at 250 °C with sodium fluoride as an assistant additive. Recycling leads to graphite with a high purity of 99.55 % and chemical structures for energy storage. Batteries manufactured in regenerated graphite deliver a high initial charge capacity of 333.9 mAh/g with an initial columbic efficiency of 85.71% and excellent capacity retention of 91.2% after 400 cycles. In addition, the waste produced in the method could be well treated, and by-products 177 g of sodium sulfate would be collected per 1 kg spent graphite and NaF, equivalent to 78.95% of the added amount obtained through wastewater and exhaust gas, respectively. The regenerated sodium fluoride will be re-applied to the recovery spent graphite. The loop-closed method shows great promise for the industrial-scale recycling of spent graphite for energy storage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghua Zhang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Xiangdong Zhu
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Huiliang Hou
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Lei Tang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Jin Xiao
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Refractory Nonferrous Metal Resources, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Qifan Zhong
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
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86
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Qu G, Wei Y, Liu C, Yao S, Zhou S, Li B. Efficient separation and recovery of lithium through volatilization in the recycling process of spent lithium-ion batteries. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 150:66-74. [PMID: 35803158 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) comprise different kinds of valuable metals with recovery and reuse value. Aiming to address the difficulty of recycling lithium from spent LIBs through conventional pyrometallurgy, a new method of high-efficiency separation and recovery of lithium through volatilization is proposed. In this new method, spent LIBs as the raw material, copper slag as the only flux and CaCl2 as an additive are utilized to recover lithium from spent LIBs. Under the optimal conditions, the volatilization rate of Li was 96.87%. During the smelting process, lithium is volatilized into the gas phase in the form of LiCl, where lithium can be recycled from the dust. In light of the experimental results, the addition of CaCl2 contributes to the formation of LiCl. The kinetics study showed that the volatilization of LiCl was controlled by an interfacial chemical reaction, and the apparent activation energy was 42.57 kJ/mol. In addition, Li2CO3 could be obtained from lithium-containing dust using a precipitation process. This method achieves efficient separation of lithium during the reduction smelting process. The phase transformation and kinetics of the separation process were investigated, and reaction mechanism was revealed. Importantly, the novel process provides new ideas and perspectives for the separation of lithium from spent LIBs through a pyrometallurgical process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guorui Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Clean Utilization, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China; Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Yonggang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Clean Utilization, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China; Engineering Research Center of Metallurgical Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction, Ministry of Education, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China; Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China.
| | - Cuiping Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Metallurgical Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction, Ministry of Education, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Shiwen Yao
- YCC Southwest Copper Branch, Kunming 650102, China
| | - Shiwei Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Metallurgical Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction, Ministry of Education, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China; Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Clean Utilization, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China; Engineering Research Center of Metallurgical Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction, Ministry of Education, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China; Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
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87
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Liang Z, Peng G, Hu J, Hou H, Cai C, Yang X, Chen S, Liu L, Liang S, Xiao K, Yuan S, Zhou S, Yang J. Mechanochemically assisted persulfate activation for the facile recovery of metals from spent lithium ion batteries. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 150:290-300. [PMID: 35872333 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A novel mechanochemically assisted persulfate activation method was proposed in this study to enhance the leaching of valuable metals from lithium-ion batteries by combining ball-milling, advanced oxidation processes and sucrose reduction. By optimizing leaching parameters including temperature, pH, milling time and solid-to-liquid ratio, high leaching efficiencies of 97.1%, 94.0%, 87.6% and 93.8% can be achieved for Li, Ni, Co and Mn respectively. In the mechanochemical process, the breakage of covalent bonds in cathode material is facilitated by free radicals generated from zero valent iron activated ammonia persulfate as well as mechanochemical activation. To further explore the role of free radicals, the mechanism of ammonia persulfate activation by zero valent iron was elucidated, and SO4•- was identified as the dominant reactive oxygen species in the mechanochemical process. Meanwhile, the synergistic effect of mechanochemically driven crystal dissolution and sulfate radical facilitated bond cleavage was revealed by ab initio molecular dynamics simulation. Moreover, the released metal was reduced by sucrose to a lower valent state of high solubility to promote transfer to the aqueous phase during the subsequent leaching process with dilute sulfuric acid. In this work, the insight on the mechanism of mechanochemical processes strengthened by free radicals may provide an inspiration for the recovery of valuable metals from LIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilin Liang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P.R.China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P.R.China
| | - Gangwei Peng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P.R.China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P.R.China
| | - Jingping Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P.R.China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P.R.China; State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P.R.China.
| | - Huijie Hou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P.R.China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P.R.China
| | - Chen Cai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P.R.China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P.R.China
| | - Xiaorong Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P.R.China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P.R.China
| | - Sijing Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P.R.China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P.R.China
| | - Lu Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P.R.China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P.R.China
| | - Sha Liang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P.R.China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P.R.China
| | - Keke Xiao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P.R.China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P.R.China
| | - Shushan Yuan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P.R.China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P.R.China
| | - Shoubin Zhou
- Huafu High Technology Energy Storage Co., Ltd, Gaoyou Battery Industrial Park, Gaoyou, Jiangsu, 225600, P.R.China
| | - Jiakuan Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P.R.China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P.R.China; State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P.R.China
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88
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Lin S, Pan Y, Du J, Yang Y, Su H, Yu J. Double-edged role of interlayer water on Li + extraction from ultrahigh Mg 2+/Li + ratio brines using Li/Al-LDHs. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 627:872-879. [PMID: 35901566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.07.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lithium-aluminum layered double hydroxides (Li/Al-LDHs) are the only industrial adsorbents for Li+ extraction from Mg2+/Li+ ratio brines dependent on the special neutral desorption without dissolution damage. In this work, Li/Al-LDHs with different interlayer water contents were designed for the investigation of correlation between interlayer water and Li+ adsorption performances in high Mg2+/Li+ ratio brines. On the one hand, the Li+ adsorption capacity of Li/Al-LDHs in the Qarham Salt Lake old brine with a Mg2+/Li+ ratio exceeding 300 presented a positive correlative relation with the interlayer water content, rising from 1.05 mg/g to 7.89 mg/g as the interlayer water content increased from 5.52% to 18.18%. On the other hand, the interlayer water content would not affect the structure stability of Li/Al-LDHs, while the interlayer spacing was lessened with less interlayer water resulting in an uptrend to the adsorption selectivity on account of the depressed confinement effect. The density functional theory (DFT) calculation further indicated that LiCl was easier to enter the structure of Li/Al-LDHs with more interlayer water in view of the greater interaction energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Lin
- National Engineering Research Center for Integrated Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanan Pan
- National Engineering Research Center for Integrated Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianglong Du
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center of Advanced Lubrication and Seal Materials, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Haiping Su
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jianguo Yu
- National Engineering Research Center for Integrated Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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89
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Wang Y, Tang B, Shen M, Wu Y, Qu S, Hu Y, Feng Y. Environmental impact assessment of second life and recycling for LiFePO 4 power batteries in China. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 314:115083. [PMID: 35447455 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The number of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) will increase exponentially in the coming decade with the retirement of electric vehicles (EVs). There is a knowledge gap in assessing the environmental impact of different terminal disposal paths for EV LIBs in China. Here, we take representative lithium iron phosphate (LFP) power batteries as example and carry out a bottom-up life cycle assessment (LCA). The life cycle stages of battery manufacturing, use, second life and battery recycling are considered to conduct a cradle-to-grave environmental impact analysis. To investigate the environmental benefits of end-of-life (EoL) stage for LFP batteries, two EoL management scenarios are considered in this study. The first one combines second life application with battery recycling, and the second recycles the retired batteries directly after EV use. The result shows that the secondary application of retired LFP batteries in energy storage systems (ESSs) can effectively reduce the net environmental impact of LIB life cycle, especially for fossil fuel depletion. When the service life of secondary use is increased from 1 year to 10 years, the environmental benefits of different impact categories will increase by 0.24-4.62 times. For direct recycle scenario, recycling retired LFP batteries can save more than 30% of metal resources. By comparison, we find that recycling lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NCM) batteries has greater environmental benefits than recycling LFP batteries for all impact categories. When considering the environmental benefits at the EoL stage, most life cycle environmental impact is likely to be offset or even show positive benefits if more than 50% of power batteries can be reused in ESSs after retirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Wang
- Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China; School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China; Beijing Key Lab of Energy Economics and Environmental Management, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Baojun Tang
- Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China; School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China; Beijing Key Lab of Energy Economics and Environmental Management, Beijing, 100081, China; Sustainable Development Research Institute for Economy and Society of Beijing, Beijing, 100081, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Meng Shen
- Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China; School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China; Beijing Key Lab of Energy Economics and Environmental Management, Beijing, 100081, China; Sustainable Development Research Institute for Economy and Society of Beijing, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Yizhou Wu
- East China Institute of Optoelectronic Integrated Devices, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Shen Qu
- Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China; School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China; Beijing Key Lab of Energy Economics and Environmental Management, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yujie Hu
- School of Management, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Ye Feng
- School of Energy and Mining Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, 100083, China
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90
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Huang C, Xia X, Chi Z, Yang Z, Huang H, Chen Z, Tang W, Wu G, Chen H, Zhang W. Preparation of single-crystal ternary cathode materials via recycling spent cathodes for high performance lithium-ion batteries. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:9724-9735. [PMID: 35762909 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr00993e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid consumption of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), the recycling of spent LIBs is becoming imperative. However, the development of effective and environmentally friendly methods towards the recycling of spent LIBs, especially waste electrode materials, still remains a great challenge. Herein, on the basis of a Li-based molten salt, we have developed a facile and effective strategy to recycle spent polycrystalline ternary cathode materials into single-crystal cathodes. The regenerated plate-like single-crystal LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 material with exposed {010} planes achieves an excellent rate performance and outstanding cycling stability. In particular, a high capacity of 155.1 mA h g-1 and a superior capacity retention of 94.3% can be achieved by the recycled cathode material even after 240 cycles at 1 C. Meanwhile the single-crystal structure can be well reserved without any cracks or pulverization being observed. Moreover, this recycling method can be expanded to recycle other waste Ni-Co-Mn ternary cathode materials (NCM) or their mixtures for producing high-performance single-crystal cathode materials, demonstrating its versatility and flexibility in practical applications. Therefore, the strategy of converting spent NCM cathodes into single-crystal ones with satisfactory electrochemical performance may open up a cost-effective pathway for resolving the issues caused by the large amounts of spent LIBs, thus facilitating the sustainable development of LIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, PR China.
| | - Xue Xia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, PR China.
| | - Ziwei Chi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, PR China.
| | - Zeheng Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, PR China.
- Anhui Industrial Innovation Center of lithium Battery Green Recycling, Jieshou, Fuyang, Anhui, 236500, PR China
| | - Haijian Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, PR China.
- Institute of Energy, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, PR China
| | - Zhangxian Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, PR China.
- Institute of Energy, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, PR China
| | - Weijian Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, PR China.
- Institute of Energy, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, PR China
| | - Guoqing Wu
- Anhui Industrial Innovation Center of lithium Battery Green Recycling, Jieshou, Fuyang, Anhui, 236500, PR China
| | - Huayong Chen
- Anhui Industrial Innovation Center of lithium Battery Green Recycling, Jieshou, Fuyang, Anhui, 236500, PR China
| | - Weixin Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, PR China.
- Institute of Energy, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, PR China
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91
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Recycling of Lead Pastes from Spent Lead–Acid Batteries: Thermodynamic Constraints for Desulphurization. RECYCLING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/recycling7040045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lead–acid batteries are important to modern society because of their wide usage and low cost. The primary source for production of new lead–acid batteries is from recycling spent lead–acid batteries. In spent lead–acid batteries, lead is primarily present as lead pastes. In lead pastes, the dominant component is lead sulfate (PbSO4, mineral name anglesite) and lead oxide sulfate (PbO•PbSO4, mineral name lanarkite), which accounts for more than 60% of lead pastes. In the recycling process for lead–acid batteries, the desulphurization of lead sulfate is the key part to the overall process. In this work, the thermodynamic constraints for desulphurization via the hydrometallurgical route for recycling lead pastes are presented. The thermodynamic constraints are established according to the thermodynamic model that is applicable and important to recycling of lead pastes via hydrometallurgical routes in high ionic strength solutions that are expected to be in industrial processes. The thermodynamic database is based on the Pitzer equations for calculations of activity coefficients of aqueous species. The desulphurization of lead sulfates represented by PbSO4 can be achieved through the following routes. (1) conversion to lead oxalate in oxalate-bearing solutions; (2) conversion to lead monoxide in alkaline solutions; and (3) conversion to lead carbonate in carbonate solutions. Among the above three routes, the conversion to lead oxalate is environmentally friendly and has a strong thermodynamic driving force. Oxalate-bearing solutions such as oxalic acid and potassium oxalate solutions will provide high activities of oxalate that are many orders of magnitude higher than those required for conversion of anglesite or lanarkite to lead oxalate, in accordance with the thermodynamic model established for the oxalate system. An additional advantage of the oxalate conversion route is that no additional reductant is needed to reduce lead dioxide to lead oxide or lead sulfate, as there is a strong thermodynamic force to convert lead dioxide directly to lead oxalate. As lanarkite is an important sulfate-bearing phase in lead pastes, this study evaluates the solubility constant for lanarkite regarding the following reaction, based on the solubility data, PbO•PbSO4 + 2H+ ⇌ 2Pb2+ + SO42− + H2O(l).
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92
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Liu L, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Jiang G, Gong R, Li Y, Meng Q, Dong P. Surface Growth and Intergranular Separation of Polycrystalline Particles for Regeneration of Stable Single-Crystal Cathode Materials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:29886-29895. [PMID: 35748665 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c06351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The direct regeneration technology has been developed because of its short-range, high efficiency, and green characteristics. However, the existing direct regeneration method is hardly applied in collaborative reconstruction of the damaged crystal and particle of spent polycrystalline layered materials. The single-crystal regeneration with restructuring the morphology and crystal structure was herein achieved for the first time by low-temperature lithium supplementation followed with high-temperature molten salt conversion, which could effectively solve the structural defects of spent polycrystalline layered materials. We found that the realization of single-crystal regeneration with the molten salt process is attributable to that the original crystal growth of primary particles in the polycrystal transfer to the subsequent division along the grain boundary. At the test conditions of 25 °C and 2.8-4.3 V, the capacity retention capacity of the regenerated single-crystal materials reach 83.3% after 200 cycles at 1 C, which is much higher than 20.0% for conventional direct lithiation regeneration and 61.6% for low-temperature molten salt regeneration. Interestingly, the regenerated single-crystal NCM622 in the graphite full-cell test displays a capacity retention rate of 85.24% after 800 cycles at a rate of 1 C at 2.5-4.35 V. This work opens up a new way for the direct regeneration of spent polycrystalline layered cathode materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Battery Materials of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Yingjie Zhang
- Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Battery Materials of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Battery Materials of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Guanghui Jiang
- Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Battery Materials of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Rui Gong
- Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Battery Materials of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Yong Li
- Sino-Platinum Metals Resources (Yimen) Co. Ltd., Yuxi 651100, Yunnan, China
| | - Qi Meng
- Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Battery Materials of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Peng Dong
- Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Battery Materials of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
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93
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Fedorova MI, Levina AV, Zakhodyaeva YA, Voshkin AA. Extraction Reprocessing of Ni–MH Batteries Using Polypropylene Glycol 425 Systems. RUSS J INORG CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036023622070099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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94
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Chang X, Fan M, Gu CF, He WH, Meng Q, Wan LJ, Guo YG. Selective Extraction of Transition Metals from Spent LiNi x Co y Mn 1-x-y O 2 Cathode via Regulation of Coordination Environment. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202558. [PMID: 35305061 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The complexity of chemical compounds in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) results in great difficulties in the extraction of multiple transition metals, which have similar physicochemical characteristics. Here, we propose a novel strategy for selective extraction of nickel, cobalt, and manganese from spent LiNix Coy Mn1-x-y O2 (NCM) cathode through the regulation of coordination environment. Depending on adjusting the composition of ligand in transition metal complexes, a tandem leaching and separation system is designed and finally enables nickel, cobalt, and manganese to enrich in the form of NiO, Co3 O4 , and Mn3 O4 with high recovery yields of 99.1 %, 95.1 %, and 95.3 %, respectively. We further confirm that the combination of different transition metals with well-designed ligands is the key to good selectivity. Through our work, fine-tuning the coordination environment of metal ions is proved to have great prospects in the battery recycling industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Centre for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Min Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Centre for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Chao-Fan Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Centre for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Huan He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Centre for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qinghai Meng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Centre for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Li-Jun Wan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Centre for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Guo Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Centre for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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95
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Hu X, Xu C, Li X, Zhang P, Rong X, Yang C, Jian Z, Liu H, Hu YS, Zhao J. Preferential Extraction of Lithium from Spent Cathodes and the Regeneration of Layered Oxides for Li/Na-Ion Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:24255-24264. [PMID: 35603942 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c01526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The preferentially selective extraction of Li+ from spent layered transition metal oxide (LiMO2, M = Ni, Co, Mn, etc.) cathodes has attracted extensive interest based on economic and recycling efficiency requirements. Presently, the efficient recycling of spent LiMO2 is still challenging due to the element loss in multistep processes. Here, we developed a facile strategy to selectively extract Li+ from LiMO2 scraps with stoichiometric H2SO4. The proton exchange reaction could be driven using temperature, accompanied by the generation of soluble Li2SO4 and MOOH precipitates. The extraction mechanism includes a two-stage evolution, including dissolution and ion exchange. As a result, the extraction rate of Li+ is over 98.5% and that of M ions is less than 0.1% for S-NCM. For S-LCO, the selective extraction result is even better. Finally, Li2CO3 products with a purity of 99.68% can be prepared from the Li+-rich leachate, demonstrating lithium recovery efficiencies as high as 95 and 96.3% from NCM scraps and S-LCO scraps, respectively. In the available cases, this work also represents the highest recycling efficiency of lithium, which can be attributed to the high leaching rate and selectivity of Li+, and even demonstrates the lowest reagent cost. The regenerated LiNi0.5Co0.24Mn0.26O2 and Na1.01Li0.001Ni0.38Co0.18Mn0.44O2 cathodes also deliver a decent electrochemical performance for Li-ion batteries (LIBs) and Na-ion batteries (NIBs), respectively. Our current work offers a facile, closed-loop, and scalable strategy for recycling spent LIB cathodes based on the preferentially selective extraction of Li+, which is superior to the other leaching technology in terms of its cost and recycling yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Chunliu Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Peng Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohui Rong
- Key Laboratory for Renewable Energy, Beijing Key Laboratory for New Energy Materials and Devices, Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Chunli Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Zelang Jian
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Huizhou Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Sheng Hu
- Key Laboratory for Renewable Energy, Beijing Key Laboratory for New Energy Materials and Devices, Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Junmei Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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96
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Roy JJ, Rarotra S, Krikstolaityte V, Zhuoran KW, Cindy YDI, Tan XY, Carboni M, Meyer D, Yan Q, Srinivasan M. Green Recycling Methods to Treat Lithium-Ion Batteries E-Waste: A Circular Approach to Sustainability. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2103346. [PMID: 34632652 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202103346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
E-waste generated from end-of-life spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is increasing at a rapid rate owing to the increasing consumption of these batteries in portable electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy storage worldwide. On the one hand, landfilling and incinerating LIBs e-waste poses environmental and safety concerns owing to their constituent materials. On the other hand, scarcity of metal resources used in manufacturing LIBs and potential value creation through the recovery of these metal resources from spent LIBs has triggered increased interest in recycling spent LIBs from e-waste. State of the art recycling of spent LIBs involving pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy processes generates considerable unwanted environmental concerns. Hence, alternative innovative approaches toward the green recycling process of spent LIBs are essential to tackle large volumes of spent LIBs in an environmentally friendly way. Such evolving techniques for spent LIBs recycling based on green approaches, including bioleaching, waste for waste approach, and electrodeposition, are discussed here. Furthermore, the ways to regenerate strategic metals post leaching, efficiently reprocess extracted high-value materials, and reuse them in applications including electrode materials for new LIBs. The concept of "circular economy" is highlighted through closed-loop recycling of spent LIBs achieved through green-sustainable approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Jegan Roy
- Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N), SCARCE Laboratory, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Saptak Rarotra
- Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N), SCARCE Laboratory, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Vida Krikstolaityte
- Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N), SCARCE Laboratory, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Kenny Wu Zhuoran
- Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N), SCARCE Laboratory, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Yang Dja-Ia Cindy
- Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N), SCARCE Laboratory, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Xian Yi Tan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Michael Carboni
- Université de Montpellier, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM; UMR 5257 (ICSM) BP 17171, Bagnols-sur-Cèze Cedex, 30207, France
| | - Daniel Meyer
- Université de Montpellier, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM; UMR 5257 (ICSM) BP 17171, Bagnols-sur-Cèze Cedex, 30207, France
| | - Qingyu Yan
- Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N), SCARCE Laboratory, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Madhavi Srinivasan
- Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N), SCARCE Laboratory, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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97
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Makwarimba CP, Tang M, Peng Y, Lu S, Zheng L, Zhao Z, Zhen AG. Assessment of recycling methods and processes for lithium-ion batteries. iScience 2022; 25:104321. [PMID: 35602951 PMCID: PMC9117887 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This review discusses physical, chemical, and direct lithium-ion battery recycling methods to have an outlook on future recovery routes. Physical and chemical processes are employed to treat cathode active materials which are the greatest cost contributor in the production of lithium batteries. Direct recycling processes maintain the original chemical structure and process value of battery materials by recovering and reusing them directly. Mechanical separation is essential to liberate cathode materials that are concentrated in the finer size region. However, currently, the cathode active materials are being concentrated at a cut point that is considerably greater than the actual size found in spent batteries. Effective physical methods reduce the cost of subsequent chemical treatment and thereafter re-lithiation successfully reintroduces lithium into spent cathodes. Some of the current challenges are the difficulty in controlling impurities in recovered products and ensuring that the entire recycling process is more sustainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengetai Portia Makwarimba
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
| | - Minghui Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
| | - Yaqi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
| | - Shengyong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
| | - Lingxia Zheng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Zhefei Zhao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Ai-Gang Zhen
- Zhejiang Tianneng New Materials Co., Ltd., Huzhou 313000, PR China
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98
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Recycling spent LiNi 1-x-yMn xCo yO 2 cathodes to bifunctional NiMnCo catalysts for zinc-air batteries. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2202202119. [PMID: 35533280 PMCID: PMC9171923 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2202202119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SignificanceIn recent years, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been widely applied in electric vehicles as energy storage devices. However, it is a great challenge to deal with the large number of spent LIBs. In this work, we employ a rapid thermal radiation method to convert the spent LIBs into highly efficient bifunctional NiMnCo-activated carbon (NiMnCo-AC) catalysts for zinc-air batteries (ZABs). The obtained NiMnCo-AC catalyst shows excellent electrochemical performance in ZABs due to the unique core-shell structure, with face-centered cubic Ni in the core and spinel NiMnCoO4 in the shell. This work provides an economical and environment-friendly approach to recycling the spent LIBs and converting them into novel energy storage devices.
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Zhang G, Liu Z, Yuan X, He Y, Wei N, Wang H, Zhang B. Recycling of valuable metals from spent cathode material by organic pyrolysis combined with in-situ thermal reduction. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 430:128374. [PMID: 35150992 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
From the perspective of environmental protection and resource recovery, recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries is a meaningful process. In this study, the removal of organics, liberatioin of electrode material, and reduction of high valence transition metal, as the key points in recycling efficiency of valuable metals, have been firstly achieved simultaneously by low temperature heat treatment recycling process. Pyrolysis characteristics of organics, phase transition behavior of spent cathode material and the thermal reduction mechanism were evaluated in the meantime. Results demonstrate that organics can be removed and the liberation of electrode materials can be improved by pyrolysis. High-valence transition metals in cathode materials are synchronously reduced to CoO, NiO, MnO, Ni, and Co based on the reducing action of organics, aluminum foil and conductive additives. At the same time, Li element exists in the form of Li2CO3, LiF and aluminum-lithium compound that can be recycled by water-leaching in the water impact crushing process while transition metals can be recycled by acid leaching without reducing agents. 81.26% of Li can be recycled from water-leaching process while the comprehensive recovery rate of Ni, Co, Mn is 92.04%, 93.01%, 92.21%, respectively. This study may provide an environmentally-friendly recycling flowchart of spent lithium-ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangwen Zhang
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, No.1 Daxue Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China; Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recycle, Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology, No.59 Qinglong Road, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, China.
| | - Zimeng Liu
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, No.1 Daxue Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Xue Yuan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, No.1 Daxue Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Yaqun He
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, No.1 Daxue Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China.
| | - Neng Wei
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, No.1 Daxue Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Haifeng Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, No.1 Daxue Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Education, China University of Mining and Technology, No. 1 Daxue Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
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Raj T, Chandrasekhar K, Kumar AN, Sharma P, Pandey A, Jang M, Jeon BH, Varjani S, Kim SH. Recycling of cathode material from spent lithium-ion batteries: Challenges and future perspectives. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 429:128312. [PMID: 35086036 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The intrinsic advancement of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for application in electric vehicles (EVs), portable electronic devices, and energy-storage devices has led to an increase in the number of spent LIBs. Spent LIBs contain hazardous metals (such as Li, Co, Ni, and Mn), toxic and corrosive electrolytes, metal casting, and polymer binders that pose a serious threat to the environment and human health. Additionally, spent LIBs may serve as an economic source for transition metals, which could be applied to redesigning under a closed-circuit recycling process. Thus, the development of environmentally benign, low cost, and efficient processes for recycling of LIBs for a sustainable future has attracted worldwide attention. Therefore, herein, we introduce the concept of LIBs and review state-of-art technologies for metal recycling processes. Moreover, we emphasize on LIB pretreatment approaches, metal extraction, and pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, and biometallurgical approaches. Direct recycling technologies combined with the profitable and sustainable cathode healing technology have significant potential for the recycling of LIBs without decomposition into substituent elements or precipitation; hence, these technologies can be industrially adopted for EV batteries. Finally, commercial technological developments, existing challenges, and suggestions are presented for the development of effective, environmentally friendly recycling technology for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirath Raj
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Kuppam Chandrasekhar
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Amradi Naresh Kumar
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Pooja Sharma
- Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 1 Create Way, 138602, Singapore
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Centre for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226 001, India
| | - Min Jang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Byong-Hun Jeon
- Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunita Varjani
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 010, India
| | - Sang-Hyoun Kim
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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