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Kozaki R, Yasuhiro T, Kato H, Murai J, Hotta S, Ariza Y, Sakai S, Fujikawa R, Yoshida T. Investigation of the anti-tumor mechanism of tirabrutinib, a highly selective Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor, by phosphoproteomics and transcriptomics. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282166. [PMID: 36897912 PMCID: PMC10004634 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Tirabrutinib is a highly selective Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor used to treat hematological malignancies. We analyzed the anti-tumor mechanism of tirabrutinib using phosphoproteomic and transcriptomic methods. It is important to check the drug's selectivity against off-target proteins to understand the anti-tumor mechanism based on the on-target drug effect. Tirabrutinib's selectivity was evaluated by biochemical kinase profiling assays, peripheral blood mononuclear cell stimulation assays, and the BioMAP system. Next, in vitro and in vivo analyses of the anti-tumor mechanisms were conducted in activated B-cell-like diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (ABC-DLBCL) cells followed by phosphoproteomic and transcriptomic analyses. In vitro kinase assays showed that, compared with ibrutinib, tirabrutinib and other second-generation BTK inhibitors demonstrated a highly selective kinase profile. Data from in vitro cellular systems showed that tirabrutinib selectively affected B-cells. Tirabrutinib inhibited the cell growth of both TMD8 and U-2932 cells in correlation with the inhibition of BTK autophosphorylation. Phosphoproteomic analysis revealed the downregulation of ERK and AKT pathways in TMD8. In the TMD8 subcutaneous xenograft model, tirabrutinib showed a dose-dependent anti-tumor effect. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that IRF4 gene expression signatures had decreased in the tirabrutinib groups. In conclusion, tirabrutinib exerted an anti-tumor effect by regulating multiple BTK downstream signaling proteins, such as NF-κB, AKT, and ERK, in ABC-DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Kozaki
- Discovery and Research, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Tomoko Yasuhiro
- Discovery and Research, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hikaru Kato
- Discovery and Research, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jun Murai
- Discovery and Research, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shingo Hotta
- Discovery and Research, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuko Ariza
- Discovery and Research, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Sakai
- Discovery and Research, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryu Fujikawa
- Discovery and Research, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takao Yoshida
- Discovery and Research, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Osaka, Japan
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Bei YR, Zhang SC, Song Y, Tang ML, Zhang KL, Jiang M, He RC, Wu SG, Liu XH, Wu LM, Dai XY, Hu YW. EPSTI1 promotes monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells in vitro via upregulating VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 expression. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2023; 44:71-80. [PMID: 35778487 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-00923-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of arterial wall, and circulating monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells is a crucial step in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Epithelial-stromal interaction 1 (EPSTI1) is a novel gene, which is dramatically induced by epithelial-stromal interaction in human breast cancer. EPSTI1 expression is not only restricted to the breast but also in other normal tissues. In this study we investigated the role of EPSTI1 in monocyte-endothelial cell adhesion and its expression pattern in atherosclerotic plaques. We showed that EPSTI1 was dramatically upregulated in human and mouse atherosclerotic plaques when compared with normal arteries. In addition, the expression of EPSTI1 in endothelial cells of human and mouse atherosclerotic plaques is significantly higher than that of the normal arteries. Furthermore, we demonstrated that EPSTI1 promoted human monocytic THP-1 cell adhesion to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) via upregulating VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 expression in HUVECs. Treatment with LPS (100, 500, 1000 ng/mL) induced EPSTI1 expression in HUVECs at both mRNA and protein levels in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Knockdown of EPSTI1 significantly inhibited LPS-induced monocyte-endothelial cell adhesion via downregulation of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1. Moreover, we revealed that LPS induced EPSTI1 expression through p65 nuclear translocation. Thus, we conclude that EPSTI1 promotes THP-1 cell adhesion to endothelial cells by upregulating VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 expression, implying its potential role in the development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Rou Bei
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Shun-Chi Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Twelfth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510620, China
| | - Yu Song
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women & Children Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510620, China
| | - Mao-Lin Tang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women & Children Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510620, China
| | - Ke-Lan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women & Children Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510620, China
| | - Min Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women & Children Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510620, China
| | - Run-Chao He
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women & Children Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510620, China
| | - Shao-Guo Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Twelfth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510620, China
| | - Xue-Hui Liu
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Twelfth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510620, China
| | - Li-Mei Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Twelfth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510620, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Dai
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China.
| | - Yan-Wei Hu
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women & Children Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510620, China.
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Frentzel S, Jeron A, Pausder A, Kershaw O, Volckmar J, Schmitz I, Bruder D. IκB NS-deficiency protects mice from fatal Listeria monocytogenes infection by blunting pro-inflammatory signature in Ly6C high monocytes and preventing exaggerated innate immune responses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1028789. [PMID: 36618344 PMCID: PMC9813228 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1028789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
IκB proteins regulate the inhibition and activation of NF-κB transcription factor complexes. While classical IκB proteins keep NF-κB complexes inactive in the cytoplasm, atypical IκB proteins act on activated NF-κB complexes located in the nucleus. Most of the knowledge regarding the function of IκB proteins has been collected in vitro, while far less is known regarding their impact on activation and regulation of immune responses during in vivo infections. Combining in vivo Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) infection with comparative ex vivo transcriptional profiling of the hepatic response to the pathogen we observed that in contrast to wild type mice that mounted a robust inflammatory response, IκBNS-deficiency was generally associated with a transcriptional repression of innate immune responses. Whole tissue transcriptomics revealed a pronounced IκBNS-dependent reduction of myeloid cell-associated transcripts in the liver together with an exceptionally high Nfkbid promoter activity uncovered in Ly6Chigh inflammatory monocytes prompted us to further characterize the specific contribution of IκBNS in the inflammatory response of monocytes to the infectious agent. Indeed, Ly6Chigh monocytes primed during Lm infection in the absence of IκBNS displayed a blunted response compared to wild type-derived Ly6Chigh monocytes as evidenced by the reduced early expression of hallmark transcripts of monocyte-driven inflammation such as Il6, Nos2 and Il1β. Strikingly, altered monocyte activation in IκBNS-deficient mice was associated with an exceptional resistance against Lm infection and protection was associated with a strong reduction in immunopathology in Lm target organs. Of note, mice lacking IκBNS exclusively in myeloid cells failed to resist Lm infection, indicating that the observed effect was not monocyte intrinsic but monocyte extrinsic. While serum cytokine-profiling did not discover obvious differences between wild type and IκBNS -/- mice for most of the analyzed mediators, IL-10 was virtually undetectable in IκBNS-deficient mice, both in the steady state and following Lm infection. Together, we show here a crucial role for IκBNS during Lm infection with IκBNS-deficient mice showing an overall blunted pro-inflammatory immune response attributed to a reduced pro-inflammatory signature in Ly6Chigh monocytes. Reduced immunopathology and complete protection of mice against an otherwise fatal Lm infection identified IκBNS as molecular driver of inflammation in listeriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Frentzel
- Immune Regulation Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany,Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Infection Immunology Group, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Jeron
- Immune Regulation Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany,Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Infection Immunology Group, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Pausder
- Immune Regulation Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany,Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Infection Immunology Group, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Olivia Kershaw
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Volckmar
- Immune Regulation Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany,Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Infection Immunology Group, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Schmitz
- Dept. of Molecular Immunology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Dunja Bruder
- Immune Regulation Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany,Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Infection Immunology Group, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany,*Correspondence: Dunja Bruder,
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Cannabidiol and Its Combinations with Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Induce Apoptosis and Inhibit Activation of NF-κB Signaling in Vulvar Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27248779. [PMID: 36557911 PMCID: PMC9781989 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (VSCC) is a rare malignancy with a relatively good prognosis. However, the prognosis remains poor for elderly patients and those with a significant depth of tumor invasion; thus, novel treatment modalities are needed. The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of cannabidiol (CBD) and its combination with NSAIDs, diclofenac (DIC) and ibuprofen (IBU) on VSCC cells. In this regard, the MTT test was applied for cytotoxicity analysis. Moreover, the influence of CBD, DIC and IBU, as well as their combinations, on apoptosis and cell cycle distribution were analyzed by flow cytometry. The mechanisms of action of the analyzed compounds, including their impact on NF-κB signaling, p53 and COX-2 expression were evaluated using Western blot. This study shows that CBD and its combinations with NSAIDs are cytotoxic to A431 cells, but they also reduce, in a dose-dependent manner, the viability of immortalized keratinocyte HaCaT cells, and human umbilical vein cell line, EA.hy926. Moreover, the compounds and their combinations induced apoptosis, diminished the NF-κB signaling activation and reduced COX-2 expression. We conclude that CBD and its combination with DIC or IBU are promising candidates for the adjuvant treatment of high-risk VSCC patients. However, their impact on non-cancerous cells requires careful evaluation.
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55
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Almowallad S, Alqahtani LS, Mobashir M. NF-kB in Signaling Patterns and Its Temporal Dynamics Encode/Decode Human Diseases. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12122012. [PMID: 36556376 PMCID: PMC9788026 DOI: 10.3390/life12122012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Defects in signaling pathways are the root cause of many disorders. These malformations come in a wide variety of types, and their causes are also very diverse. Some of these flaws can be brought on by pathogenic organisms and viruses, many of which can obstruct signaling processes. Other illnesses are linked to malfunctions in the way that cell signaling pathways work. When thinking about how errors in signaling pathways might cause disease, the idea of signalosome remodeling is helpful. The signalosome may be conveniently divided into two types of defects: phenotypic remodeling and genotypic remodeling. The majority of significant illnesses that affect people, including high blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes, and many types of mental illness, appear to be caused by minute phenotypic changes in signaling pathways. Such phenotypic remodeling modifies cell behavior and subverts normal cellular processes, resulting in illness. There has not been much progress in creating efficient therapies since it has been challenging to definitively confirm this connection between signalosome remodeling and illness. The considerable redundancy included into cell signaling systems presents several potential for developing novel treatments for various disease conditions. One of the most important pathways, NF-κB, controls several aspects of innate and adaptive immune responses, is a key modulator of inflammatory reactions, and has been widely studied both from experimental and theoretical perspectives. NF-κB contributes to the control of inflammasomes and stimulates the expression of a number of pro-inflammatory genes, including those that produce cytokines and chemokines. Additionally, NF-κB is essential for controlling innate immune cells and inflammatory T cells' survival, activation, and differentiation. As a result, aberrant NF-κB activation plays a role in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory illnesses. The activation and function of NF-κB in relation to inflammatory illnesses was covered here, and the advancement of treatment approaches based on NF-κB inhibition will be highlighted. This review presents the temporal behavior of NF-κB and its potential relevance in different human diseases which will be helpful not only for theoretical but also for experimental perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaa Almowallad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Leena S. Alqahtani
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 23445, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (L.S.A.); (M.M.)
| | - Mohammad Mobashir
- SciLifeLab, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, P.O. Box 1031, S-17121 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Science, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
- Special Infectious Agents Unit—BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21362, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (L.S.A.); (M.M.)
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56
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Lee FFY, Alper S. Alternative pre-mRNA splicing as a mechanism for terminating Toll-like Receptor signaling. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1023567. [PMID: 36531997 PMCID: PMC9755862 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1023567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
While inflammation induced by Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling is required to combat infection, persistent inflammation can damage host tissues and contribute to a myriad of acute and chronic inflammatory disorders. Thus, it is essential not only that TLR signaling be activated in the presence of pathogens but that TLR signaling is ultimately terminated. One mechanism that limits persistent TLR signaling is alternative pre-mRNA splicing. In addition to encoding the canonical mRNAs that produce proteins that promote inflammation, many genes in the TLR signaling pathway also encode alternative mRNAs that produce proteins that are dominant negative inhibitors of signaling. Many of these negative regulators are induced by immune challenge, so production of these alternative isoforms represents a negative feedback loop that limits persistent inflammation. While these alternative splicing events have been investigated on a gene by gene basis, there has been limited systemic analysis of this mechanism that terminates TLR signaling. Here we review what is known about the production of negatively acting alternative isoforms in the TLR signaling pathway including how these inhibitors function, how they are produced, and what role they may play in inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Fang Yao Lee
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine and Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz, CO, United States
| | - Scott Alper
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine and Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz, CO, United States,*Correspondence: Scott Alper,
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57
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Wu S, Liao X, Zhu Z, Huang R, Chen M, Huang A, Zhang J, Wu Q, Wang J, Ding Y. Antioxidant and anti-inflammation effects of dietary phytochemicals: The Nrf2/NF-κB signalling pathway and upstream factors of Nrf2. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 204:113429. [PMID: 36096269 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) is created by an imbalance between reactive oxygen species and antioxidant levels. OS promotes inflammation and is associated with many diseases, such as neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Nrf2 and NF-κB are critical in the cellular defence against OS and the regulators of inflammatory responses, respectively. Recent studies revealed that the Nrf2 signalling pathway interacts with the NF-κB signalling pathway in OS. More importantly, many natural compounds have long been recognized to ameliorate OS and inflammation via the Nrf2 and/or NF-κB signalling pathway. Thus, we briefly overview the potential crosstalk between Nrf2 and NF-κB and the upstream regulators of Nrf2 and review the literature on the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of dietary phytochemicals (DPs) that can activate these defence systems. The aim is to provide evidence for the development of DPs into functional food for the regulation of the Nrf2/NF-κB signalling pathway by upstream regulators of Nrf2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujian Wu
- Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510070, China; Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, College of Science & Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xiyu Liao
- Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510070, China; Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, College of Science & Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zhenjun Zhu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, College of Science & Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Rui Huang
- Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510070, China; Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, College of Science & Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Mengfei Chen
- Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510070, China; Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, College of Science & Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Aohuan Huang
- Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510070, China; Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, College of Science & Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510070, China.
| | - Yu Ding
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, College of Science & Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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Peanlikhit T, Honikel L, Liu J, Zimmerman T, Rithidech K. Countermeasure efficacy of apigenin for silicon-ion-induced early damage in blood and bone marrow of exposed C57BL/6J mice. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2022; 35:44-52. [PMID: 36336369 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2022.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the countermeasure efficacy of apigenin (AP), given as a diet supplement, for radiation-induced damage in the hematopoietic tissues collected on day 7 after a total-body exposure of male C57BL/6J mice to 0 or 0.5 Gy of 260 MeV/n silicon (28Si) ions. We gave food with AP at the concentration of 20 mg/kg body weight (bw) (AP20) or without AP (AP0) to mice before and after irradiation. There were four groups of mice (six mice in each): Group 1- Control, i.e. No Radiation (0 Gy) with AP0; Group 2 - Radiation (0.5 Gy) with AP0; Group 3 - No Radiation (0 Gy) with AP20; and Group 4 - Radiation (0.5 Gy) with AP20. The complete blood count (CBC) and differential blood count were performed for each mouse. In the same mouse, an anti-clastogenic activity of AP was evaluated using the in vivo blood-erythrocyte micronucleus (MN) assay. Further in each mouse, bone marrow (BM) cells were collected and used for measuring the levels of activated nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e. tumor necrotic factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1α (IL-1α), IL-1 beta (IL-1β), and IL-6). We used the colony-forming unit assay (CFU-A) as a tool to study the countermeasure efficacy of AP against the harmful effects of 28Si ions on the proliferation of the hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs). Our results showed that AP is highly effective not only in the prevention of leukopenia and thrombocytopenia but also in the enhancement of erythropoiesis and the proliferation of HSPCs. We also observed the potent anti-clastogenic activity of AP given to mice as a diet supplement. Further, we found that AP is very effective in the suppression of activated NF-κB and pro-inflammatory cytokines, suggesting that AP given as a diet supplement protects mice from 28Si-ion-induced damage in the hematopoietic tissues of irradiated male C57BL/6J mice via its anti-inflammation activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanat Peanlikhit
- Pathology Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8691, USA
| | - Louise Honikel
- Pathology Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8691, USA
| | - Jingxuan Liu
- Pathology Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8691, USA
| | - Thomas Zimmerman
- Pathology Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8691, USA; Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8611, USA
| | - Kanokporn Rithidech
- Pathology Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8691, USA
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Li L, Niu H, Zhan J, Tu Y, Jiang L, Zhao Y. Matrine attenuates bovine mammary epithelial cells inflammatory responses induced by Streptococcus agalactiae through inhibiting NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 112:109206. [PMID: 36058035 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae is one of the main pathogens associated with bovine mastitis. The invasion of S. agalactiae in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) has been implicated as a key event in the pathogenesis of mastitis. Matrine is known for its various pharmacological activities, such as immune response regulation and anti-inflammation. The primary aim of the research was to investigate the preventive effect of matrine on S. agalactiae-induced inflammation in BMECs along with underlying molecular mechanisms. Our data showed matrine at the concentrations of 50-100 μg/mL promoted BMECs proliferation without infection, and decreased cytotoxicity induced by S. agalactiae. Subsequently, BMECs were pre-treated with matrine (50, 75, or 100 μg/mL) for 24 h, followed by the infection with S. agalactiae for an additional 6 h. Pretreatment with matrine followed by S. agalactiae treatment decreased cell apoptosis of BMECs. Also, pretreatment of matrine to BMECs prevented the invasion of S. agalactiae. The mRNA abundances of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α were down-regulated in S. agalactiae-infected cells pretreated with matrine. In addition, the greater ratios of protein NF-κB p-p65/p65, p-IκBα/IκBα, p-38/38, and p-ERK/ERK induced by S. agalactiae were attenuated due to matrine treatment. Furthermore, pretreatment of BMECs with matrine impeded the degradation of TAK1 induced by S. agalactiae infection. These results suggest matrine could be a potential modulator in immune response of the mammary gland. In conclusion, matrine prevents cellular damage due to S. agalactiae infection by the modulation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways and pro-inflammatory cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuxue Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Dairy Cow Nutrition, Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Hui Niu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Dairy Cow Nutrition, Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jingwei Zhan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Dairy Cow Nutrition, Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yan Tu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Dairy Cow Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Linshu Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Dairy Cow Nutrition, Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Yuchao Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Dairy Cow Nutrition, Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China; Beijing Beinong Enterprise Management Co., Ltd., Beijing 102206, China.
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60
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Reciprocal interplay between OTULIN-LUBAC determines genotoxic and inflammatory NF-κB signal responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2123097119. [PMID: 35939695 PMCID: PMC9388121 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2123097119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) represents a highly viable strategy against chemoresistance in cancers as well as cell death. Ubiquitination, including linear ubiquitination mediated by the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC), is emerging as a crucial mechanism of overactivated NF-κB signaling. Ovarian tumor family deubiquitinase OTULIN is the only linear linkage-specific deubiquitinase; however, the molecular mechanisms of how it counteracts LUBAC-mediated NF-κB activation have been largely unknown. Here, we identify Lys64/66 of OTULIN for linear ubiquitination facilitated in a LUBAC-dependent manner as a necessary event required for OTULIN-LUBAC interaction under unstressed conditions, which becomes deubiquitinated by OTULIN itself in response to genotoxic stress. Furthermore, this self-deubiquitination of OTULIN occurs intermolecularly, mediated by OTULIN dimerization, resulting in the subsequent dissociation of OTULIN from the LUBAC complex and NF-κB overactivation. Oxidative stress induces OTULIN dimerization via cysteine-mediated covalent disulfide bonds. Our study reveals that the status of the physical interaction between OTULIN and LUBAC is a crucial determining factor for the genotoxic NF-κB signaling, as measured by cell survival and proliferation, while OTULIN loss of function resulting from its dimerization and deubiquitination leads to a dissociation of OTULIN from the LUBAC complex. Of note, similar molecular mechanisms apply to the inflammatory NF-κB signaling in response to tumor necrosis factor α. Hence, a fuller understanding of the detailed molecular mechanisms underlying the disruption of the OTULIN-LUBAC interaction will be instrumental for developing future therapeutic strategies against cancer chemoresistance and necroptotic processes pertinent to numerous human diseases.
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HSF1 Can Prevent Inflammation following Heat Shock by Inhibiting the Excessive Activation of the ATF3 and JUN& FOS Genes. Cells 2022; 11:cells11162510. [PMID: 36010586 PMCID: PMC9406379 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat Shock Factor 1 (HSF1), a transcription factor frequently overexpressed in cancer, is activated by proteotoxic agents and participates in the regulation of cellular stress response. To investigate how HSF1 level affects the response to proteotoxic stress, we integrated data from functional genomics analyses performed in MCF7 breast adenocarcinoma cells. Although the general transcriptional response to heat shock was impaired due to HSF1 deficiency (mainly chaperone expression was inhibited), a set of genes was identified, including ATF3 and certain FOS and JUN family members, whose stress-induced activation was stronger and persisted longer than in cells with normal HSF1 levels. These genes were direct HSF1 targets, suggesting a dual (activatory/suppressory) role for HSF1. Moreover, we found that heat shock-induced inflammatory response could be stronger in HSF1-deficient cells. Analyses of The Cancer Genome Atlas data indicated that higher ATF3, FOS, and FOSB expression levels correlated with low HSF1 levels in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer, reflecting higher heat shock-induced expression of these genes in HSF1-deficient MCF7 cells observed in vitro. However, differences between the analyzed cancer types were noted in the regulation of HSF1-dependent genes, indicating the presence of cell-type-specific mechanisms. Nevertheless, our data indicate the existence of the heat shock-induced network of transcription factors (associated with the activation of TNFα signaling) which includes HSF1. Independent of its chaperone-mediated cytoprotective function, HSF1 may be involved in the regulation of this network but prevents its overactivation in some cells during stress.
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USP7 regulates the ERK1/2 signaling pathway through deubiquitinating Raf-1 in lung adenocarcinoma. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:698. [PMID: 35948545 PMCID: PMC9365811 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05136-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin-specific protease 7 (USP7) is one of the deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) in the ubiquitin-specific protease (USP) family. It is a key regulator of numerous cellular functions including immune response, cell cycle, DNA damage and repair, epigenetics, and several signaling pathways. USP7 acts by removing ubiquitin from the substrate proteins. USP7 also binds to a specific binding motif of substrate proteins having the [P/A/E]-X-X-S or K-X-X-X-K protein sequences. To date, numerous substrate proteins of USP7 have been identified, but no studies have been conducted using the binding motif that USP7 binds. In the current study, we analyzed putative substrate proteins of USP7 through the [P/A/E]-X-X-S and K-X-X-X-K binding motifs using bioinformatics tools, and confirmed that Raf-1 is one of the substrates for USP7. USP7 binds to the Pro-Val-Asp-Ser (PVDS) motif of the conserved region 2 (CR2) which contains phosphorylation sites of Raf-1 and decreased M1-, K6-, K11-, K27-, K33-, and K48-linked polyubiquitination of Raf-1. We further identified that the DUB activity of USP7 decreases the threonine phosphorylation level of Raf-1 and inhibits signaling transduction through Raf activation. This regulatory mechanism inhibits the activation of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway, thereby inhibiting the G2/M transition and the cell proliferation of lung adenocarcinoma cells. In summary, our results indicate that USP7 deubiquitinates Raf-1 and is a new regulator of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway in lung adenocarcinoma.
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Antonia RJ, Karelehto E, Toriguchi K, Matli M, Warren RS, Pfeffer LM, Donner DB. STAT3 regulates inflammatory cytokine production downstream of TNFR1 by inducing expression of TNFAIP3/A20. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:4591-4601. [PMID: 35841281 PMCID: PMC9357623 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF) potently induces a transient inflammatory response that must be downregulated once any invasive stimulus has resolved. Yet, how TNF‐induced inflammation is shut down in normal cells is incompletely understood. The present study shows that STAT3 was activated in mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) by treatment with TNF or an agonist antibody to TNFR1. STAT3 activation was inhibited by pharmacological inhibition of the Jak2 tyrosine kinase that associates with TNFR1. To identify STAT3 target genes, global transcriptome analysis by RNA sequencing was performed in wild‐type MEFs and MEFs from STAT3 knockout (STAT3KO) mice that were stimulated with TNF, and the results were validated at the protein level by using multiplex cytokine assays and immunoblotting. After TNF stimulation, STAT3KO MEFs showed greater gene and protein induction of the inflammatory chemokines Ccl2, Cxcl1 and Cxcl10 than WT MEFs. These observations show that, by activating STAT3, TNF selectively modulates expression of a cohort of chemokines that promote inflammation. The greater induction by TNF of chemokines in STAT3KO than WT MEFs suggested that TNF induced an inhibitory protein in WT MEFs. Consistent with this possibility, STAT3 activation by TNFR1 increased the expression of Tnfaip3/A20, a ubiquitin modifying enzyme that inhibits inflammation, in WT MEFs but not in STAT3KO MEFs. Moreover, enforced expression of Tnfaip3/A20 in STAT3KO MEFs suppressed proinflammatory chemokine expression induced by TNF. Our observations identify Tnfaip3/A20 as a new downstream target for STAT3 which limits the induction of Ccl2, Cxcl1 and Cxcl10 and inflammation induced by TNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo J Antonia
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Eveliina Karelehto
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kan Toriguchi
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mary Matli
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Robert S Warren
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lawrence M Pfeffer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (College of Medicine), and the Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - David B Donner
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California, USA
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Gene Expression Profiling of Mono- and Co-Culture Models of the Respiratory Tract Exposed to Crystalline Quartz under Submerged and Air-Liquid Interface Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147773. [PMID: 35887123 PMCID: PMC9324045 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro lung cell models like air-liquid interface (ALI) and 3D cell cultures have advanced greatly in recent years, being especially valuable for testing advanced materials (e.g., nanomaterials, fibrous substances) when considering inhalative exposure. Within this study, we established submerged and ALI cell culture models utilizing A549 cells as mono-cultures and co-cultures with differentiated THP-1 (dTHP-1), as well as mono-cultures of dTHP-1. After ALI and submerged exposures towards α-quartz particles (Min-U-Sil5), with depositions ranging from 15 to 60 µg/cm2, comparison was made with respect to their transcriptional cellular responses employing high-throughput RT-qPCR. A significant dose- and time-dependent induction of genes coding for inflammatory proteins, e.g., IL-1A, IL-1B, IL-6, IL-8, and CCL22, as well as genes associated with oxidative stress response such as SOD2, was observed, even more pronounced in co-cultures. Changes in the expression of similar genes were more pronounced under submerged conditions when compared to ALI exposure in the case of A549 mono-cultures. Hereby, the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway and the NLRP3 inflammasome seem to play an important role. Regarding genotoxicity, neither DNA strand breaks in ALI cultivated cells nor a transcriptional response to DNA damage were observed. Altogether, the toxicological responses depended considerably on the cell culture model and exposure scenario, relevant to be considered to improve toxicological risk assessment.
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Carreño M, Pires MF, Woodcock SR, Brzoska T, Ghosh S, Salvatore SR, Chang F, Khoo NKH, Dunn M, Connors N, Yuan S, Straub AC, Wendell SG, Kato GJ, Freeman BA, Ofori-Acquah SF, Sundd P, Schopfer FJ, Vitturi DA. Immunomodulatory actions of a kynurenine-derived endogenous electrophile. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm9138. [PMID: 35767602 PMCID: PMC9242454 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm9138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The up-regulation of kynurenine metabolism induces immunomodulatory responses via incompletely understood mechanisms. We report that increases in cellular and systemic kynurenine levels yield the electrophilic derivative kynurenine-carboxyketoalkene (Kyn-CKA), as evidenced by the accumulation of thiol conjugates and saturated metabolites. Kyn-CKA induces NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2- and aryl hydrocarbon receptor-regulated genes and inhibits nuclear factor κB- and NLR family pyrin domain containing 3-dependent proinflammatory signaling. Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a hereditary hemolytic condition characterized by basal inflammation and recurrent vaso-occlusive crises. Both transgenic SCD mice and patients with SCD exhibit increased kynurenine and Kyn-CKA metabolite levels. Plasma hemin and kynurenine concentrations are positively correlated, indicating that Kyn-CKA synthesis in SCD is up-regulated during pathogenic vascular stress. Administration of Kyn-CKA abrogated pulmonary microvasculature occlusion in SCD mice, an important factor in lung injury development. These findings demonstrate that the up-regulation of kynurenine synthesis and its metabolism to Kyn-CKA is an adaptive response that attenuates inflammation and protects tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Carreño
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Maria F. Pires
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Steven R. Woodcock
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tomasz Brzoska
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Samit Ghosh
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sonia R. Salvatore
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Fei Chang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nicholas K. H. Khoo
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Matthew Dunn
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nora Connors
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shuai Yuan
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Adam C. Straub
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Microvascular Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Stacy G. Wendell
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Bruce A. Freeman
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Solomon F. Ofori-Acquah
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Prithu Sundd
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Francisco J. Schopfer
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dario A. Vitturi
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Critical Care Nephrology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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A comprehensive insight into the antineoplastic activities and molecular mechanisms of deoxypodophyllotoxin: Recent trends, challenges, and future outlook. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 928:175089. [PMID: 35688183 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Lignans constitute an important group of polyphenols, which have been demonstrated to potently suppress cancer cell proliferation. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that deoxypodophyllotoxin as a natural lignan possesses potent anticancer activities against various types of human cancer. The purpose of current review is to provide the reader with the latest findings in understanding the anticancer effects and molecular mechanisms of deoxypodophyllotoxin. This review comprehensively describes the influence of deoxypodophyllotoxin on signaling cascades and molecular targets implicated in cancer cell proliferation and invasion. A number of various signaling molecules and pathways, including apoptosis, necroptosis, cell cycle, angiogenesis, vascular disruption, ROS, MMPs, glycolysis, and microtubules as well as NF-κB, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, and MAPK cascades have been reported to be responsible for the anticancer activities of deoxypodophyllotoxin. The results of present review suggest that the cyclolignan deoxypodophyllotoxin can be developed as a novel and potent anticancer agent, especially as an alternative option for treatment of resistant tumors to chemotherapy.
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Komal S, Komal N, Mujtaba A, Wang SH, Zhang LR, Han SN. Potential therapeutic strategies for myocardial infarction: the role of Toll-like receptors. Immunol Res 2022; 70:607-623. [PMID: 35608723 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-022-09290-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is a life-threatening condition among patients with cardiovascular diseases. MI increases the risk of stroke and heart failure and is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Several genetic and epigenetic factors contribute to the development of MI, suggesting that further understanding of the pathomechanism of MI might help in the early management and treatment of this disease. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are well-known members of the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) family and contribute to both adaptive and innate immunity. Collectively, studies suggest that TLRs have a cardioprotective effect. However, prolonged TLR activation in the response to signals generated by damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) results in the release of inflammatory cytokines and contributes to the development and exacerbation of myocardial inflammation, MI, ischemia-reperfusion injury, myocarditis, and heart failure. The objective of this review is to discuss and summarize the association of TLRs with MI, highlighting their therapeutic potential for the development of advanced TLR-targeted therapies for MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumra Komal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Nimrah Komal
- Department of Pharmacology, Mohi-Ud-Din Islamic Medical College, Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Mirpur, 10250, Pakistan
| | - Ali Mujtaba
- Department of Pharmacology, Mohi-Ud-Din Islamic Medical College, Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Mirpur, 10250, Pakistan
| | - Shu-Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Li-Rong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Sheng-Na Han
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China.
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Multi-locus SNP analyses of interleukin 1 receptor associated kinases 2 gene polymorphisms with the susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268496. [PMID: 35588430 PMCID: PMC9119434 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The genetic polymorphisms (rs708035, rs3844283) of Interleukin-1 receptor associated kinases 2 (IRAK2) is involved in the NFκB regulatory pathway. The frequencies of IRAK2 gene are unknown in Pakistani population. Therefore, the study was designed to examine the association of targeted single nucleotide polymorphism(s) in IRAK2 gene of RA patients. Methodology The study participants were selected by ACR/EULAR 2010 standards. After ethical approval, the blood samples of patients and healthy controls were collected for the extraction of DNA followed by the amplification of targeted polymorphism(s) via Tetra-primer Amplification Refractory Mutation System (T-ARMS PCR). Desired products were observed via agarose gel electrophoresis. Results The allele frequency of wild type A and C is frequent among patients and mutant T and G is frequent among controls. The rs708035 showed significant protective association while rs3844283 was found to be associated with risk of RA. Genetic model associations were applied to determine the role of genotypes. In combination analyses of alleles revealed AC haplotype was found to be associated with risk and TG provide protection against RA. Moreover, targeted SNPs were found to be in 61% Linkage Disequilibrium among the targeted population. Conclusions Current study revealed the protective and risk association of targeted SNPs (rs708035, rs3844283). Study might be beneficial as it provides baseline data regarding targeted SNPs and their role in the disease progression. This could be served as potential biomarker for diagnostic purpose and effectively utilized in precision medicine approach.
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Concomitant Retinal Alterations in Neuronal Activity and TNFα Pathway Are Detectable during the Pre-Symptomatic Stage in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2022; 11:cells11101650. [PMID: 35626688 PMCID: PMC9140134 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The pre-symptomatic stage of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is associated with increased amyloid-β (Aβ) precursor protein (APP) processing and Aβ accumulation in the retina and hippocampus. Because neuronal dysfunctions are among the earliest AD-related alterations, we asked whether they are already detectable in the retina during the pre-symptomatic stage in a APPswePS1dE9 (APP/PS1) mouse model. The age chosen for the study (3–4 months) corresponds to the pre-symptomatic stage because no retinal Aβ was detected, in spite of the presence of βCTF (the first cleavage product of APP). We observed an increase in ERG amplitudes in APP/PS1 mice in comparison to the controls, which indicated an increased retinal neuron activity. These functional changes coincided with an increased expression of retinal TNFα and its receptors type-1 (TNFR1). Consistently, the IkB expression increased in APP/PS1 mice with a greater proportion of the phosphorylated protein (P-IkB) over total IkB, pointing to the putative involvement of the NFkB pathway. Because TNFα plays a crucial role in the control of neuronal excitability, it is likely that, as in the hippocampus, TNFα signaling via the TNFR1/NFkB pathway may be also involved in early, AD-associated, retinal neuron hyperexcitability. These results further demonstrate the interest of the retina for early disease detection with a potential to assess future therapeutic strategies.
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Park HB, Baek KH. E3 ligases and deubiquitinating enzymes regulating the MAPK signaling pathway in cancers. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188736. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Roberti A, Chaffey LE, Greaves DR. NF-κB Signaling and Inflammation-Drug Repurposing to Treat Inflammatory Disorders? BIOLOGY 2022; 11:372. [PMID: 35336746 PMCID: PMC8945680 DOI: 10.3390/biology11030372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
NF-κB is a central mediator of inflammation, response to DNA damage and oxidative stress. As a result of its central role in so many important cellular processes, NF-κB dysregulation has been implicated in the pathology of important human diseases. NF-κB activation causes inappropriate inflammatory responses in diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and multiple sclerosis (MS). Thus, modulation of NF-κB signaling is being widely investigated as an approach to treat chronic inflammatory diseases, autoimmunity and cancer. The emergence of COVID-19 in late 2019, the subsequent pandemic and the huge clinical burden of patients with life-threatening SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia led to a massive scramble to repurpose existing medicines to treat lung inflammation in a wide range of healthcare systems. These efforts continue and have proven to be controversial. Drug repurposing strategies are a promising alternative to de novo drug development, as they minimize drug development timelines and reduce the risk of failure due to unexpected side effects. Different experimental approaches have been applied to identify existing medicines which inhibit NF-κB that could be repurposed as anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David R. Greaves
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK; (A.R.); (L.E.C.)
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Bochicchio MT, Di Battista V, Poggio P, Carrà G, Morotti A, Brancaccio M, Lucchesi A. Understanding Aberrant Signaling to Elude Therapy Escape Mechanisms in Myeloproliferative Neoplasms. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14040972. [PMID: 35205715 PMCID: PMC8870427 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14040972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant signaling in myeloproliferative neoplasms may arise from alterations in genes coding for signal transduction proteins or epigenetic regulators. Both mutated and normal cells cooperate, altering fragile balances in bone marrow niches and fueling persistent inflammation through paracrine or systemic signals. Despite the hopes placed in targeted therapies, myeloid proliferative neoplasms remain incurable diseases in patients not eligible for stem cell transplantation. Due to the emergence of drug resistance, patient management is often very difficult in the long term. Unexpected connections among signal transduction pathways highlighted in neoplastic cells suggest new strategies to overcome neoplastic cell adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Bochicchio
- Biosciences Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, 47014 Meldola, Italy;
| | - Valeria Di Battista
- Hematology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, 47014 Meldola, Italy;
| | - Pietro Poggio
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy;
| | - Giovanna Carrà
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Morotti
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano, Italy;
- Correspondence: (A.M.); (M.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Mara Brancaccio
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy;
- Correspondence: (A.M.); (M.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Alessandro Lucchesi
- Hematology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, 47014 Meldola, Italy;
- Correspondence: (A.M.); (M.B.); (A.L.)
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Nasir NN, Sekar M, Fuloria S, Gan SH, Rani NNIM, Ravi S, Begum MY, Chidambaram K, Sathasivam KV, Jeyabalan S, Dhiravidamani A, Thangavelu L, Lum PT, Subramaniyan V, Wu YS, Azad AK, Fuloria NK. Kirenol: A Potential Natural Lead Molecule for a New Drug Design, Development, and Therapy for Inflammation. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27030734. [PMID: 35163999 PMCID: PMC8839644 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Kirenol, a potential natural diterpenoid molecule, is mainly found in Sigesbeckia species. Kirenol has received a lot of interest in recent years due to its wide range of pharmacological actions. In particular, it has a significant ability to interact with a wide range of molecular targets associated with inflammation. In this review, we summarise the efficacy and safety of kirenol in reducing inflammation, as well as its potential mechanisms of action and opportunities in future drug development. Based on the preclinical studies reported earlier, kirenol has a good therapeutic potential against inflammation involved in multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disorders, diabetic wounds, arthritis, cardiovascular disease, bone damage, and joint disorders. We also address the physicochemical and drug-like features of kirenol, as well as the structurally modified kirenol-derived molecules. The inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines, reduction in the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), attenuation of antioxidant enzymes, stimulation of heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) phosphorylation are among the molecular mechanisms contributing to kirenol's anti-inflammatory actions. Furthermore, this review also highlights the challenges and opportunities to improve the drug delivery of kirenol for treating inflammation. According to the findings of this review, kirenol is an active molecule against inflammation in numerous preclinical models, indicating a path to using it for new drug discovery and development in the treatment of a wide range of inflammations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naurah Nabihah Nasir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Royal College of Medicine Perak, University Kuala Lumpur, Ipoh 30450, Perak, Malaysia; (N.N.N.); (P.T.L.)
| | - Mahendran Sekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Royal College of Medicine Perak, University Kuala Lumpur, Ipoh 30450, Perak, Malaysia; (N.N.N.); (P.T.L.)
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (S.F.); (N.K.F.); Tel.: +60-163346653 (M.S.); +60-143034057 (S.F.); +60-164037685 (N.K.F.)
| | - Shivkanya Fuloria
- Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Bedong 08100, Kedah, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (S.F.); (N.K.F.); Tel.: +60-163346653 (M.S.); +60-143034057 (S.F.); +60-164037685 (N.K.F.)
| | - Siew Hua Gan
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Nur Najihah Izzati Mat Rani
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Royal College of Medicine Perak, University Kuala Lumpur, Ipoh 30450, Perak, Malaysia;
| | - Subban Ravi
- Department of Chemistry, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore 641021, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - M. Yasmin Begum
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Kumarappan Chidambaram
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia;
| | | | - Srikanth Jeyabalan
- Department of Pharmacology, Sri Ramachandra Faculty of Pharmacy, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU), Porur, Chennai 600116, Tamil Nadu, India; (S.J.); (A.D.)
| | - Arulmozhi Dhiravidamani
- Department of Pharmacology, Sri Ramachandra Faculty of Pharmacy, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU), Porur, Chennai 600116, Tamil Nadu, India; (S.J.); (A.D.)
| | - Lakshmi Thangavelu
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Pei Teng Lum
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Royal College of Medicine Perak, University Kuala Lumpur, Ipoh 30450, Perak, Malaysia; (N.N.N.); (P.T.L.)
| | - Vetriselvan Subramaniyan
- Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Jalan SP 2, Bandar Saujana Putra, Jenjarom 42610, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Yuan Seng Wu
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abul Kalam Azad
- Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Bedong 08100, Kedah, Malaysia;
| | - Neeraj Kumar Fuloria
- Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Bedong 08100, Kedah, Malaysia;
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India;
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (S.F.); (N.K.F.); Tel.: +60-163346653 (M.S.); +60-143034057 (S.F.); +60-164037685 (N.K.F.)
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IKKα plays a major role in canonical NF-kB signalling in colorectal cells. Biochem J 2022; 479:305-325. [PMID: 35029639 PMCID: PMC8883499 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitor of kappa B (IκB) kinase β (IKKβ) has long been viewed as the dominant IKK in the canonical nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signalling pathway, with IKKα being more important in non-canonical NF-κB activation. Here we have investigated the role of IKKα and IKKβ in canonical NF-κB activation in colorectal cells using CRISPR–Cas9 knock-out cell lines, siRNA and selective IKKβ inhibitors. IKKα and IKKβ were redundant for IκBα phosphorylation and turnover since loss of IKKα or IKKβ alone had little (SW620 cells) or no (HCT116 cells) effect. However, in HCT116 cells IKKα was the dominant IKK required for basal phosphorylation of p65 at S536, stimulated phosphorylation of p65 at S468, nuclear translocation of p65 and the NF-κB-dependent transcriptional response to both TNFα and IL-1α. In these cells, IKKβ was far less efficient at compensating for the loss of IKKα than IKKα was able to compensate for the loss of IKKβ. This was confirmed when siRNA was used to knock-down the non-targeted kinase in single KO cells. Critically, the selective IKKβ inhibitor BIX02514 confirmed these observations in WT cells and similar results were seen in SW620 cells. Notably, whilst IKKα loss strongly inhibited TNFα-dependent p65 nuclear translocation, IKKα and IKKβ contributed equally to c-Rel nuclear translocation indicating that different NF-κB subunits exhibit different dependencies on these IKKs. These results demonstrate a major role for IKKα in canonical NF-κB signalling in colorectal cells and may be relevant to efforts to design IKK inhibitors, which have focused largely on IKKβ to date.
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He F, Cheng Q, Li N, Shang Y. Carbenoxolone ameliorates allergic airway inflammation through NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway in mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2022; 45:743-750. [PMID: 35431287 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-01100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fanghan He
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University
| | - Qi Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University
| | - Na Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University
| | - Yunxiao Shang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University
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Xu J, Cao K, Liu X, Zhao L, Feng Z, Liu J. Punicalagin Regulates Signaling Pathways in Inflammation-Associated Chronic Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 11:29. [PMID: 35052533 PMCID: PMC8773334 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a complex biological defense system associated with a series of chronic diseases such as cancer, arthritis, diabetes, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. The extracts of pomegranate fruit and peel have been reported to possess health-beneficial properties in inflammation-associated chronic diseases. Punicalagin is considered to be the major active component of pomegranate extracts. In this review we have focused on recent studies into the therapeutic effects of punicalagin on inflammation-associated chronic diseases and the regulatory roles in NF-κB, MAPK, IL-6/JAK/STAT3 and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways. We have concluded that punicalagin may be a promising therapeutic compound in preventing and treating inflammation-associated chronic diseases, although further clinical studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xu
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (J.X.); (K.C.); (X.L.); (L.Z.)
| | - Ke Cao
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (J.X.); (K.C.); (X.L.); (L.Z.)
| | - Xuyun Liu
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (J.X.); (K.C.); (X.L.); (L.Z.)
| | - Lin Zhao
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (J.X.); (K.C.); (X.L.); (L.Z.)
| | - Zhihui Feng
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China;
| | - Jiankang Liu
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (J.X.); (K.C.); (X.L.); (L.Z.)
- University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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