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Lim S, Lee JA, Koo JH, Kang TG, Ha SJ, Choi JM. Cell Type Preference of a Novel Human Derived Cell-Permeable Peptide dNP2 and TAT in Murine Splenic Immune Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155689. [PMID: 27186978 PMCID: PMC4871486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-permeable peptides (CPPs) have been widely studied as an attractive drug delivery system to deliver therapeutic macromolecules such as DNA, RNA, and protein into cells. However, its clinical application is still limited and controversial due to the lack of a complete understanding of delivery efficiency in target cells. Previously we identified and characterized the novel and superior CPP, named dNP2, and here we comparatively analyzed intracellular delivery efficiency of dNP2 and TAT in various immune cells of mouse spleen to demonstrate their cell type preference. dNP2- or TAT-conjugated fluorescent proteins were most efficiently taken up by phagocytic cells such as dendritic cells and macrophages while little protein uptake was seen by lymphocytes including T cells, B cells, and NK cells. Interestingly CD8+ lymphoid dendritic cells and CD62LloCD44hi memory like T cell subsets showed significantly better uptake efficiency in vitro and in vivo relative to other dendritic cells or T cells, respectively. In addition, activated macrophages, T cells, and B cells took up the proteins more efficiently relative to when in the resting state. Importantly, only dNP2, not TAT, shows significant intracellular protein delivery efficiency in vivo. Collectively, this study provides important information regarding heterogeneous intracellular delivery efficiency of CPPs such as dNP2 and TAT with cell type preference in the spleen needed for its application in phagocytic cells or activated immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangho Lim
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 133–791, Korea
- Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 133–791, Korea
| | - Jung-ah Lee
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 133–791, Korea
- Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 133–791, Korea
| | - Ja-Hyun Koo
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 133–791, Korea
- Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 133–791, Korea
| | - Tae Gun Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120–749, Korea
| | - Sang-Jun Ha
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120–749, Korea
| | - Je-Min Choi
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 133–791, Korea
- Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 133–791, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
During the three decades of cell-penetrating peptides era the superfamily of CPPs has rapidly expanded, and the quest for new sequences continues. CPPs have been well recognized by scientific community and they have been used for transduction of a wide variety of molecules and particles into cultured cells and in vivo. In parallel with application of CPPs for delivering of active payloads, the mechanisms that such peptides take advantage of for gaining access to cells' insides have been in the focus of intense studies. Although the common denominator "cell penetration" unites all CPPs, the interaction partners on the cell surface, evoked cellular responses and even the uptake mechanisms might greatly vary between different peptide types. Here we present some possibilities for classification of CPPs based on their type of origin, physical-chemical properties, and the extent of modifications and design efforts. We also briefly analyze the internalization mechanisms with regard to their classification into groups based on physical-chemical characteristics.
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53
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Emerging landscape of cell penetrating peptide in reprogramming and gene editing. J Control Release 2016; 226:124-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Impact of different cell penetrating peptides on the efficacy of antisense therapeutics for targeting intracellular pathogens. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20832. [PMID: 26860980 PMCID: PMC4748415 DOI: 10.1038/srep20832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a pressing need for novel and innovative therapeutic strategies to address infections caused by intracellular pathogens. Peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) present a novel method to target intracellular pathogens due to their unique mechanism of action and their ability to be conjugated to cell penetrating peptides (CPP) to overcome challenging delivery barriers. In this study, we targeted the RNA polymerase α subunit (rpoA) using a PNA that was covalently conjugated to five different CPPs. Changing the conjugated CPP resulted in a pronounced improvement in the antibacterial activity observed against Listeria monocytogenes in vitro, in cell culture, and in a Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) infection model. Additionally, a time-kill assay revealed three conjugated CPPs rapidly kill Listeria within 20 minutes without disrupting the bacterial cell membrane. Moreover, rpoA gene silencing resulted in suppression of its message as well as reduced expression of other critical virulence genes (Listeriolysin O, and two phospholipases plcA and plcB) in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, PNA-inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis was selective and did not adversely affect mitochondrial protein synthesis. This study provides a foundation for improving and developing PNAs conjugated to CPPs to better target intracellular pathogens.
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Saffarian P, Peerayeh SN, Amani J, Ebrahimi F, Sedighian H, Halabian R, Fooladi AAI. TAT-BoNT/A(₁₋₄₄₈), a novel fusion protein as a therapeutic agent: analysis of transcutaneous delivery and enzyme activity. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:2785-95. [PMID: 26711279 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7240-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A) has been used as an injectable therapeutic agent for the treatment of some abnormal muscle contractions. In this study, TAT(47-57) peptide, a cell-penetrating peptide, was fused with the catalytic domain of BoNT/A for therapeutic purposes. HeLa and BE(2)-C cell lines were treated separately with purified TAT-BoNT/A(1-448) recombinant protein, and transduction of protein was analyzed by western blotting. Also, transcutaneous delivery through mouse skin surface was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. The in vitro catalytic activity of TAT-BoNT/A(1-448) was evaluated by HPLC. The presence of recombinant protein was detected in both of the cell lines as well as mouse skin cryosections after 60 and 120 min of incubation. The concentration of intracellular proteins was increased over time. HPLC analysis showed that this fusion protein has a biological activity 1.5 times as much as the full-length BoNT/A(1-448) protein. TAT-BoNT/A(1-448) fusion protein is biologically active and can transmit through living cells in vitro and in vivo successfully and more effectively compared with BoNT/A(1-448) protein as control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvaneh Saffarian
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahin Najar Peerayeh
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Jafar Amani
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Firooz Ebrahimi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Imam Hussein University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Sedighian
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Raheleh Halabian
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Imani Fooladi
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Sarett SM, Nelson CE, Duvall CL. Technologies for controlled, local delivery of siRNA. J Control Release 2015; 218:94-113. [PMID: 26476177 PMCID: PMC4665980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of RNAi in the late 1990s unlocked a new realm of therapeutic possibilities by enabling potent and specific silencing of theoretically any desired genetic target. Better elucidation of the mechanism of action, the impact of chemical modifications that stabilize and reduce nonspecific effects of siRNA molecules, and the key design considerations for effective delivery systems has spurred progress toward developing clinically-successful siRNA therapies. A logical aim for initial siRNA translation is local therapies, as delivering siRNA directly to its site of action helps to ensure that a sufficient dose reaches the target tissue, lessens the potential for off-target side effects, and circumvents the substantial systemic delivery barriers. While locally injected or topically applied siRNA has progressed into numerous clinical trials, an enormous opportunity exists to develop sustained-release, local delivery systems that enable both spatial and temporal control of gene silencing. This review focuses on material platforms that establish both localized and controlled gene silencing, with emphasis on the systems that show most promise for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Sarett
- Vanderbilt University Department of Biomedical Engineering, United States
| | | | - Craig L Duvall
- Vanderbilt University Department of Biomedical Engineering, United States.
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Zaro JL, Shen WC. Cationic and amphipathic cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs): Their structures and in vivo studies in drug delivery. Front Chem Sci Eng 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-015-1538-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Li H, Tsui TY, Ma W. Intracellular Delivery of Molecular Cargo Using Cell-Penetrating Peptides and the Combination Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:19518-36. [PMID: 26295227 PMCID: PMC4581311 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160819518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) can cross cellular membranes in a non-toxic fashion, improving the intracellular delivery of various molecular cargos such as nanoparticles, small molecules and plasmid DNA. Because CPPs provide a safe, efficient, and non-invasive mode of transport for various cargos into cells, they have been developed as vectors for the delivery of genetic and biologic products in recent years. Most common CPPs are positively charged peptides. While delivering negatively charged molecules (e.g., nucleic acids) to target cells, the internalization efficiency of CPPs is reduced and inhibited because the cationic charges on the CPPs are neutralized through the covering of CPPs by cargos on the structure. Even under these circumstances, the CPPs can still be non-covalently complexed with the negatively charged molecules. To address this issue, combination strategies of CPPs with other typical carriers provide a promising and novel delivery system. This review summarizes the latest research work in using CPPs combined with molecular cargos including liposomes, polymers, cationic peptides, nanoparticles, adeno-associated virus (AAV) and calcium for the delivery of genetic products, especially for small interfering RNA (siRNA). This combination strategy remedies the reduced internalization efficiency caused by neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Huzhou University School of Medicine, Huzhou 313000, China.
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Tung Yu Tsui
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Wenxue Ma
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0820, USA.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Clinical use of SN38 is limited by its poor aqueous solubility and hydrolysis of the lactone ring at pH > 6 to inactive carboxylate form. A variety of drug delivery systems have been developed to improve the solubility and stability of SN38, and reduce its toxicity. A few noteworthy formulations with some success in initial phases of clinical trials are reported. AREAS COVERED This work aims to provide a comprehensive review on the various techniques and strategies employed (physical, chemical and biological methods) to improve physicochemical properties and to deliver the drug efficiently to the cancer cells. Physical methods such as nanoparticle encapsulation, cyclodextrin complexation; chemical methods such as prodrugs, polymer-, albumin- and immunoconjugates; and enzyme activated prodrug therapy are discussed. EXPERT OPINION The challenges in SN38 drug delivery may be overcome by two ways: ensuring multiple layers of protection against degradation and slow but sustained release of therapeutically effective drug concentrations. It may also be achieved by preparing a polymer-drug conjugate and further encapsulating the conjugate in suitable carrier system; tumor-targeted SN38 delivery by using immunoconjugates, enzyme-activated prodrug therapy and antibody-directed nanoparticle delivery. However, selection of a suitable ligand for tumor targeting and use of safe and biocompatible nanoparticle systems play an important role in realizing this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinath Palakurthi
- a Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Kingsville, TX 78363, USA +1 3612210748 ; +1 3612210793 ;
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Abstract
Nearly 30years ago, certain small, relatively nontoxic peptides were discovered to be capable of traversing the cell membrane. These cell-penetrating peptides, as they are now called, have been shown to not only be capable of crossing the cell membrane themselves but can also carry many different therapeutic agents into cells, including small molecules, plasmid DNA, siRNA, therapeutic proteins, viruses, imaging agents, and other various nanoparticles. Many cell-penetrating peptides have been derived from natural proteins, but several other cell-penetrating peptides have been developed that are either chimeric or completely synthetic. How cell-penetrating peptides are internalized into cells has been a topic of debate, with some peptides seemingly entering cells through an endocytic mechanism and others by directly penetrating the cell membrane. Although the entry mechanism is still not entirely understood, it seems to be dependent on the peptide type, the peptide concentration, the cargo the peptide transports, and the cell type tested. With new intracellular disease targets being discovered, cell-penetrating peptides offer an exciting approach for delivering drugs to these intracellular targets. There are hundreds of cell-penetrating peptides being studied for drug delivery, and ongoing studies are demonstrating their success both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Ramsey
- School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, United States.
| | - Nicholas H Flynn
- School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, United States
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Discovery of a non-cationic cell penetrating peptide derived from membrane-interacting human proteins and its potential as a protein delivery carrier. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11719. [PMID: 26114640 PMCID: PMC4481774 DOI: 10.1038/srep11719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) are peptides that can be translocated into cells and used as a carrier platform for the intracellular uptake of cargo molecules. Subject to the source of CPP sequences and their positively charged nature, the cytotoxicity and immunogenicity of conventional CPPs needs to be optimized to expand their utility for biomedical applications. In addition to these safety issues, the stability of CPPs needs to be addressed since their positively charged residues are prone to interact with the biological milieu. As an effort to overcome these limitations of the current CPP technology, we isolated CPP candidate sequences and synthesized peptides from twelve isoforms of annexin, a family of membrane-interacting human proteins. The candidate screen returned a CPP rich in hydrophobic residues that showed more efficient cellular uptake than TAT-CPP. We then investigated the uptake mechanism, subcellular localization, and biophysical properties of the newly found CPP, verifying low cytotoxicity, long-term serum stability, and non-immunogenicity. Finally, model proteins conjugated to this peptide were successfully delivered into mammalian cells both in vitro and in vivo, indicating a potential use of the peptide as a carrier for the delivery of macromolecular cargos.
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Evans BC, Hocking KM, Kilchrist KV, Wise ES, Brophy CM, Duvall CL. Endosomolytic Nano-Polyplex Platform Technology for Cytosolic Peptide Delivery To Inhibit Pathological Vasoconstriction. ACS NANO 2015; 9:5893-907. [PMID: 26004140 PMCID: PMC4482421 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A platform technology has been developed and tested for delivery of intracellular-acting peptides through electrostatically complexed nanoparticles, or nano-polyplexes, formulated from an anionic endosomolytic polymer and cationic therapeutic peptides. This delivery platform has been initially tested and optimized for delivery of two unique vasoactive peptides, a phosphomimetic of heat shock protein 20 and an inhibitor of MAPKAP kinase II, to prevent pathological vasoconstriction (i.e., vasospasm) in human vascular tissue. These peptides inhibit vasoconstriction and promote vasorelaxation by modulating actin dynamics in vascular smooth muscle cells. Formulating these peptides into nano-polyplexes significantly enhances peptide uptake and retention, facilitates cytosolic delivery through a pH-dependent endosomal escape mechanism, and enhances peptide bioactivity in vitro as measured by inhibition of F-actin stress fiber formation. In comparison to treatment with the free peptides, which were endowed with cell-penetrating sequences, the nano-polyplexes significantly increased vasorelaxation, inhibited vasoconstriction, and decreased F-actin formation in the human saphenous vein ex vivo. These results suggest that these formulations have significant potential for treatment of conditions such as cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage. Furthermore, because many therapeutic peptides include cationic cell-penetrating segments, this simple and modular platform technology may have broad applicability as a cost-effective approach for enhancing the efficacy of cytosolically active peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C. Evans
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, PMB 351826, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Kyle M. Hocking
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, PMB 351826, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Kameron V. Kilchrist
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, PMB 351826, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Eric S. Wise
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, D-5237 Medical Center North, 1161 22nd Avenue South, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Colleen M. Brophy
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, D-5237 Medical Center North, 1161 22nd Avenue South, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, 1310 24th Avenue South, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
| | - Craig L. Duvall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, PMB 351826, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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The J-domain of heat shock protein 40 can enhance the transduction efficiency of arginine-rich cell-penetrating peptides. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:698067. [PMID: 26075258 PMCID: PMC4449882 DOI: 10.1155/2015/698067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sense and antisense oligonucleotide pairs encoding cell-penetrating peptides PTD (Tat47–57), DPV3A, E162, pVEC, R11, and TP13 were used to construct two sets of pET22b-CPP-DsRed and pET22b-CPP-J-DsRed vectors for CPP-DsRed and CPP-J-DsRed recombinant proteins expression. PTD-DsRed, DPV3A-DsRed, PTD-J-DsRed, and DPV3A-J-DsRed recombinant proteins were expressed in a soluble form. PTD-J-DsRed and DPV3A-J-DsRed recombinant proteins were able to escape from E. coli host cells into the culture medium. The membrane-penetrating activity of PTD-J-DsRed and DPV3A-J-DsRed recombinant proteins to mammalian cells was more effective than that of PTD-DsRed and DPV3A-DsRed. The route of the cellular membrane translocation of these recombinant proteins is suggested via macropinocytosis followed by an endosomal escape pathway.
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Brugnano J, Ward BC, Panitch A. Cell penetrating peptides can exert biological activity: a review. Biomol Concepts 2015; 1:109-16. [PMID: 25961990 DOI: 10.1515/bmc.2010.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) have been successful in delivering cargo into many different cell types and are an important alternative to other methods of permeation that might damage the integrity of the cell membrane. The traditional view of CPPs is that they are inert molecules that can be successfully used to deliver many cargos intracellularly. The goal of this review is to challenge this traditional understanding of CPPs. Recent literature has demonstrated that CPPs themselves can convey biological activity, including the alteration of gene expression and inhibition of protein kinases and proteolytic activity. Further characterization of CPPs is required to determine the extent of this activity. Research into the use of CPPs for intracellular delivery should continue with investigators being aware of these recent results.
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Jallouk AP, Palekar RU, Pan H, Schlesinger PH, Wickline SA. Modifications of natural peptides for nanoparticle and drug design. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2015; 98:57-91. [PMID: 25819276 PMCID: PMC4750874 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Natural products serve as an important source of novel compounds for drug development. Recently, peptides have emerged as a new class of therapeutic agents due to their versatility and specificity for biological targets. Yet, their effective application often requires use of a nanoparticle delivery system. In this chapter, we review the role of natural peptides in the design and creation of nanomedicines, with a particular focus on cell-penetrating peptides, antimicrobial peptides, and peptide toxins. The use of natural peptides in conjunction with nanoparticle delivery systems holds great promise for the development of new therapeutic formulations as well as novel platforms for the delivery of various cargoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P. Jallouk
- Consortium for Translational Research in Advanced Imaging and Nanomedicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108
| | - Rohun U. Palekar
- Consortium for Translational Research in Advanced Imaging and Nanomedicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108
| | - Hua Pan
- Consortium for Translational Research in Advanced Imaging and Nanomedicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108
| | - Paul H. Schlesinger
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Samuel A. Wickline
- Consortium for Translational Research in Advanced Imaging and Nanomedicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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Knittel D, Savatier A, Upert G, Lortat-Jacob H, Léonetti M. Acidosis increases MHC class II-restricted presentation of a protein endowed with a pH-dependent heparan sulfate-binding ability. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:3601-11. [PMID: 25754736 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are ubiquitously expressed molecules that participate in numerous biological processes. We previously showed that HSPGs expressed on the surface of APCs can serve as receptors for a hybrid protein containing an HS ligand and an Ag, which leads to more efficient stimulation of Th cells. To investigate whether such behavior is shared by proteins with inherent HS-binding ability, we looked for proteins endowed with this characteristic. We found that diphtheria toxin and its nontoxic mutant, called CRM197, can interact with HS. However, we observed that their binding ability is higher at pH 6 than at pH 7.4. Therefore, as extracellular acidosis occurs during infection by various micro-organisms, we assessed whether HS-binding capacity affects MHC class II-restricted presentation at different pHs. We first observed that pH decrease allows CRM197 binding to HSPG-expressing cells, including APCs. Then, we showed that this interaction enhances Ag uptake and presentation to Th cells. Lastly, we observed that pH decrease does not affect processing and presentation abilities of the APCs. Our findings show that acidic pH causes an HSPG-mediated uptake and an enhancement of T cell stimulation of Ags with the inherent ability to bind HSPGs pH-dependently. Furthermore, they suggest that proteins from micro-organisms with this binding characteristic might be supported more efficiently by the adaptive immune system when acidosis is triggered during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Knittel
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut de Biologie et Technologies de Saclay, Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse, Laboratoire d'Etude et de Recherche en Immunoanalyse, 91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Alexandra Savatier
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut de Biologie et Technologies de Saclay, Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse, Laboratoire d'Etude et de Recherche en Immunoanalyse, 91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Grégory Upert
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut de Biologie et Technologies de Saclay, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines, Laboratoire de Toxinologie Moléculaire et Biotechnologies, 91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hugues Lortat-Jacob
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biologie Structurale, 38000 Grenoble, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Structurale, 38000 Grenoble, France; and Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Institut de Biologie Structurale, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Michel Léonetti
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut de Biologie et Technologies de Saclay, Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse, Laboratoire d'Etude et de Recherche en Immunoanalyse, 91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France;
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Enhancing tumor-specific intracellular delivering efficiency of cell-penetrating peptide by fusion with a peptide targeting to EGFR. Amino Acids 2015; 47:997-1006. [PMID: 25655386 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-1928-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are well known as intracellular delivery vectors. However, unsatisfactory delivery efficiency and poor specificity are challenging barriers to CPP applications at the clinical trial stage. Here, we showed that S3, an EGFR-binding domain derived from vaccinia virus growth factor, when fused to a CPP such as HBD or TAT can substantially enhance its internalization efficiency and tumor selectivity. The uptake of S3-HBD (S3H) recombinant molecule by tumor cells was nearly 80 folds increased compared to HBD alone. By contrast, the uptake of S3H by non-neoplastic cells still remained at a low level. The specific recognition between S3 and its receptor, EGFR, as well as between HBD and heparan sulfate proteoglycans on the cell surface was essential for these improvements, suggesting a syngeneic effect between the two functional domains in conjugation. This syngeneic effect is likely similar to that of the heparin-binding epidermal growth factor, which is highly abundant particularly in metastatic tumors. The process that S3H entered cells was dependent on time, dosage, and energy, via macropinocytosis pathway. With excellent cell-penetrating efficacy and a novel tumor-targeting ability, S3H appears as a promising candidate vector for targeted anti-cancer drug delivery.
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Protein– and Peptide–Drug Conjugates. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2015; 98:1-55. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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69
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Buonomenna MG, Bae J. Organic Solvent Nanofiltration in Pharmaceutical Industry. SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION REVIEWS 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/15422119.2014.918884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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70
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Farkhani SM, Valizadeh A, Karami H, Mohammadi S, Sohrabi N, Badrzadeh F. Cell penetrating peptides: efficient vectors for delivery of nanoparticles, nanocarriers, therapeutic and diagnostic molecules. Peptides 2014; 57:78-94. [PMID: 24795041 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Efficient delivery of therapeutic and diagnostic molecules to the cells and tissues is a difficult challenge. The cellular membrane is very effective in its role as a selectively permeable barrier. While it is essential for cell survival and function, also presents a major barrier for intracellular delivery of cargo such as therapeutic and diagnostic agents. In recent years, cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), that are relatively short cationic and/or amphipathic peptides, received great attention as efficient cellular delivery vectors due to their intrinsic ability to enter cells and mediate uptake of a wide range of macromolecular cargo such as plasmid DNA (pDNA), small interfering RNA (siRNAs), drugs, and nanoparticulate pharmaceutical carriers. This review discusses the various uptake mechanisms of these peptides. Furthermore, we discuss recent advances in the use of CPP for the efficient delivery of nanoparticles, nanocarriers, DNA, siRNA, and anticancer drugs to the cells. In addition, we have been highlighting new results for improving endosomal escape of CPP-cargo molecules. Finally, pH-responsive and activable CPPs for tumor-targeting therapy have been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samad Mussa Farkhani
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, 51664 Tabriz, Iran; Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Alireza Valizadeh
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, 51664 Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Hadi Karami
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Sardasht, 38481 Arak, Iran.
| | - Samane Mohammadi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, 51664 Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Nasrin Sohrabi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, 51664 Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Fariba Badrzadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, 51664 Tabriz, Iran.
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71
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Vargas JR, Stanzl EG, Teng NNH, Wender PA. Cell-penetrating, guanidinium-rich molecular transporters for overcoming efflux-mediated multidrug resistance. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:2553-65. [PMID: 24798708 PMCID: PMC4123947 DOI: 10.1021/mp500161z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a major
cause of chemotherapy failure
in the clinic. Drugs that were once effective against naïve
disease subsequently prove ineffective against recurrent disease,
which often exhibits an MDR phenotype. MDR can be attributed to many
factors; often dominating among these is the ability of a cell to
suppress or block drug entry through upregulation of membrane-bound
drug efflux pumps. Efflux pumps exhibit polyspecificity, recognizing
and exporting many different types of drugs, especially those whose
lipophilic nature contributes to residence in the membrane. We have
developed a general strategy to overcome efflux-based resistance.
This strategy involves conjugating a known drug that succumbs to efflux-mediated
resistance to a cell-penetrating molecular transporter, specifically,
the cell-penetrating peptide (CPP), d-octaarginine. The resultant
conjugates are discrete single entities (not particle mixtures) and
highly water-soluble. They rapidly enter cells, are not substrates
for efflux pumps, and release the free drug only after cellular entry
at a rate controlled by linker design and favored by target cell chemistry.
This general strategy can be applied to many classes of drugs and
allows for an exceptionally rapid advance to clinical testing, especially
of drugs that succumb to resistance. The efficacy of this strategy
has been successfully demonstrated with Taxol in cellular and animal
models of resistant cancer and with ex vivo samples from patients
with ovarian cancer. Next generation efforts in this area will involve
the extension of this strategy to other chemotherapeutics and other
MDR-susceptible diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Vargas
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
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72
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de Figueiredo IR, Freire JM, Flores L, Veiga AS, Castanho MARB. Cell-penetrating peptides: A tool for effective delivery in gene-targeted therapies. IUBMB Life 2014; 66:182-194. [PMID: 24659560 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The current landscapes of novel therapeutic approaches rely mostly on gene-targeted technologies, enabling to fight rare genomic diseases, from infections to cancer and hereditary diseases. Although, reaching the action-site for this novel treatments requires to deliver nucleic acids, or other macromolecules into cells, which may pose difficult tasks to pharmaceutical companies. To overcome this technological limitation, a wide variety of vectors have been developed in the past decades and have proven to be successful in delivering various therapeutics. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPP) have been one of the technologies widely studied and have been increasingly used to transport small RNA/DNA, plasmids, antibodies, and nanoparticles into cells. Despite the already proved huge potential that these peptide-based approaches may suggest, few advances have been put to pharmacological or clinical use. This review will describe the origin, development, and usage of CPP to deliver therapeutic agents into cells, with special emphasis on their current application to gene-therapies. Specifically, we will describe the current trials being conducted to treat cancer, gene disorders, and autoimmune diseases using CPP-based therapies. © 2014 IUBMB Life, 66(3):182-194, 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Rego de Figueiredo
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Miguel Freire
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luís Flores
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Salomé Veiga
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Miguel A R B Castanho
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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73
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He H, Ye J, Wang Y, Liu Q, Chung HS, Kwon YM, Shin MC, Lee K, Yang VC. Cell-penetrating peptides meditated encapsulation of protein therapeutics into intact red blood cells and its application. J Control Release 2013; 176:123-132. [PMID: 24374002 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBCs) based drug carrier appears to be the most appealing for protein drugs due to their unmatched biocompatability, biodegradability, and long lifespan in the circulation. Numerous methods for encapsulating protein drugs into RBCs were developed, however, most of them induce partial disruption of the cell membrane, resulting in irreversible alterations in both physical and chemical properties of RBCs. Herein, we introduce a novel method for encapsulating proteins into intact RBCs, which was meditated by a cell penetrating peptide (CPP) developed in our lab-low molecular weight protamine (LMWP). l-asparaginase, one of the primary drugs used in treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), was chosen as a model protein to illustrate the encapsulation into erythrocytes mediated by CPPs. In addition current treatment of ALL using different l-asparaginase delivery and encapsulation methods as well as their associated problems were also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huining He
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300072, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education (Fudan University), Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Junxiao Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yinsong Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300072, P.R. China
| | - Quan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Hee Sun Chung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1065, USA
| | - Young Min Kwon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida 33328, USA
| | - Meong Cheol Shin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1065, USA
| | - Kyuri Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1065, USA
| | - Victor C Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300072, P.R. China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1065, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine & College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, South Korea
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74
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Wang F, Wang Y, Zhang X, Zhang W, Guo S, Jin F. Recent progress of cell-penetrating peptides as new carriers for intracellular cargo delivery. J Control Release 2013; 174:126-36. [PMID: 24291335 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The plasma membrane as a selectively permeable barrier of living cells is essential to cell survival and function. In many cases, however, the efficient passage of exogenous bioactive molecules through the plasma membrane remains a major hurdle for intracellular delivery of cargoes. During the last two decades, the potential of peptides for drug delivery into cells has been highlighted by the discovery of numerous cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs). CPPs serving as carriers can successfully intracellular transport cargoes such as siRNA, nucleic acids, proteins, small molecule therapeutic agents, quantum dots and MRI contrast agents. This review mainly introduces recent advances of CPPs as new carriers for the development of cellular imaging, nuclear localization, pH-sensitive and thermally targeted delivery systems. In particular, we highlight the exploiting of the synergistic effects of targeting ligands and CPPs. What's more, the classification and cellular uptake mechanisms of CPPs are briefly discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feihu Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 1111 Zhongshan Beiyi Road, Shanghai 200437, PR China
| | - Yun Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Shengrong Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China.
| | - Fang Jin
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 1111 Zhongshan Beiyi Road, Shanghai 200437, PR China.
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75
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Kwak SY, Yang JK, Kim JH, Lee YS. Chemical modulation of bioactive compounds via oligopeptide or amino acid conjugation. Biopolymers 2013; 100:584-91. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.22307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Yeong Kwak
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-744 Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Hanyang University; Ansan 426-791 Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Kyoung Yang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-744 Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Ho Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Hanyang University; Ansan 426-791 Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Sik Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-744 Republic of Korea
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76
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Evaluation of diverse peptidyl motifs for cellular delivery of semiconductor quantum dots. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:6145-54. [PMID: 23732866 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6982-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have rapidly become a mainstay technology for facilitating the delivery of a wide variety of nanomaterials to cells and tissues. Currently, the library of CPPs to choose from is still limited, with the HIV TAT-derived motif still being the most used. Among the many materials routinely delivered by CPPs, nanoparticles are of particular interest for a plethora of labeling, imaging, sensing, diagnostic, and therapeutic applications. The development of nanoparticle-based technologies for many of these uses will require access to a much larger number of functional peptide motifs that can both facilitate cellular delivery of different types of nanoparticles to cells and be used interchangeably in the presence of other peptides and proteins on the same surface. Here, we evaluate the utility of four peptidyl motifs for their ability to facilitate delivery of luminescent semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) in a model cell culture system. We find that an LAH4 motif, derived from a membrane-inserting antimicrobial peptide, and a chimeric sequence that combines a sweet arrow peptide with a portion originating from the superoxide dismutase enzyme provide effective cellular delivery of QDs. Interestingly, a derivative of the latter sequence lacking just a methyl group was found to be quite inefficient, suggesting that even small changes can have significant functional outcomes. Delivery was effected using 1 h incubation with cells, and fluorescent counterstaining strongly suggests an endosomal uptake process that requires a critical minimum number or ratio of peptides to be displayed on the QD surface. Concomitant cytoviability testing showed that the QD-peptide conjugates are minimally cytotoxic in the model COS-1 cell line tested. Potential applications of these peptides in the context of cellular delivery of nanoparticles and a variety of other (bio)molecules are discussed.
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77
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Ma P, Mumper RJ. Anthracycline Nano-Delivery Systems to Overcome Multiple Drug Resistance: A Comprehensive Review. NANO TODAY 2013; 8:313-331. [PMID: 23888183 PMCID: PMC3718073 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Anthracyclines (doxorubicin, daunorubicin, and idarubicin) are very effective chemotherapeutic drugs to treat many cancers; however, the development of multiple drug resistance (MDR) is one of the major limitations for their clinical applications. Nano-delivery systems have emerged as the novel cancer therapeutics to overcome MDR. Up until now, many anthracycline nano-delivery systems have been developed and reported to effectively circumvent MDR both in-vitro and in-vivo, and some of these systems have even advanced to clinical trials, such as the HPMA-doxorubicin (HPMA-DOX) conjugate. Doxil, a DOX PEGylated liposome formulation, was developed and approved by FDA in 1995. Unfortunately, this formulation does not address the MDR problem. In this comprehensive review, more than ten types of developed anthracycline nano-delivery systems to overcome MDR and their proposed mechanisms are covered and discussed, including liposomes; polymeric micelles, conjugate and nanoparticles; peptide/protein conjugates; solid-lipid, magnetic, gold, silica, and cyclodextrin nanoparticles; and carbon nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Ma
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Russell J. Mumper
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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78
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DePorter S, Lui I, Mohan U, McNaughton B. A Protein Transduction Domain with Cell Uptake and Selectivity Profiles that Are Controlled by Multivalency Effects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 20:434-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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79
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Lim S, Kim WJ, Kim YH, Choi JM. Identification of a novel cell-penetrating peptide from human phosphatidate phosphatase LPIN3. Mol Cells 2012; 34:577-82. [PMID: 23263658 PMCID: PMC3887828 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-012-0284-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomolecules such as proteins, DNA, and RNA are macromolecules and can not cross the cell membrane. However, cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) has been shown to deliver therapeutic biomolecules successfully into cells. The various and widely used CPPs including TAT, VP22, and Antp are mostly non-human originated CPPs, and are limited by their potential toxicity and immunogenicity. We report here on a newly identified novel cell-penetrating sequence (LPIN; RRKRRRRRK) from the nuclear localization sequence (NLS) of human nuclear phosphatase, LPIN3. LPIN-EGFP recombinant protein was concentration- and time-dependently delivered into cells and localized to the nucleus as well as the cytoplasm. It penetrated the cell membrane by lipid raft-mediated endocytosis by binding to heparan sulfate proteoglycan. LPIN-EGFP was successfully delivered into primary mouse splenocytes in vitro and it could be delivered into various tissues including liver, kidney, and intestine in mice after intra-peritoneal injection. This research suggests that LPIN-CPP could be used in a drug delivery system to deliver therapeutic biomolecules including peptides, proteins, DNA, and RNA and without the limitations of non-human originated CPPs such as TAT-CPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangho Lim
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791,
Korea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791,
Korea
| | - Won-ju Kim
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791,
Korea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791,
Korea
| | - Yeon-ho Kim
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791,
Korea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791,
Korea
| | - Je-Min Choi
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791,
Korea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791,
Korea
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80
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Cell penetrating peptides in the delivery of biopharmaceuticals. Biomolecules 2012; 2:187-202. [PMID: 24970133 PMCID: PMC4030843 DOI: 10.3390/biom2020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell membrane is a highly selective barrier. This limits the cellular uptake of molecules including DNA, oligonucleotides, peptides and proteins used as therapeutic agents. Different approaches have been employed to increase the membrane permeability and intracellular delivery of these therapeutic molecules. One such approach is the use of Cell Penetrating Peptides (CPPs). CPPs represent a new and innovative concept, which bypasses the problem of bioavailability of drugs. The success of CPPs lies in their ability to unlock intracellular and even intranuclear targets for the delivery of agents ranging from peptides to antibodies and drug-loaded nanoparticles. This review highlights the development of cell penetrating peptides for cell-specific delivery strategies involving biomolecules that can be triggered spatially and temporally within a cell transport pathway by change in physiological conditions. The review also discusses conjugations of therapeutic agents to CPPs for enhanced intracellular delivery and bioavailability that are at the clinical stage of development.
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81
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Milletti F. Cell-penetrating peptides: classes, origin, and current landscape. Drug Discov Today 2012; 17:850-60. [PMID: 22465171 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 589] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
With more than ten new FDA approvals since 2001, peptides are emerging as an important therapeutic alternative to small molecules. However, unlike small molecules, peptides on the market today are limited to extracellular targets. By contrast, cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) can target intracellular proteins and also carry other cargoes (e.g. other peptides, small molecules or proteins) into the cell, thus offering great potential as future therapeutics. In this review I present a classification scheme for CPPs based on their physical-chemical properties and origin, and I provide a general framework for understanding and discovering new CPPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Milletti
- Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., pRED Informatics, 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, NJ, USA.
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82
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Choi JM, Sohn JH, Park TY, Park JW, Lee SK. Cell permeable NFAT inhibitory peptide Sim-2-VIVIT inhibits T-cell activation and alleviates allergic airway inflammation and hyper-responsiveness. Immunol Lett 2012; 143:170-6. [PMID: 22342853 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2012.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 01/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) is an important transcription factor for the production of interleukin (IL)-2 upon T-cell receptor (TcR) signaling. Therefore, inhibition of the NFAT-carcineurin pathway is an important target for inflammatory disease inhibition and graft rejection. A novel cell permeable peptide (CPP), Sim-2, has been identified from a human transcription factor, and Sim-2-CPP conjugated to β-galactosidase or EGFP protein was efficiently delivered into cells in vitro and in vivo. A cell permeable form of the NFAT inhibitory peptide VIVIT (Sim-2-VIVIT) was synthesized and showed inhibitory effects on human CD4 or CD8 T-cell activation through NFAT transcriptional activity suppression and IL-2 inhibition. Intranasal administration of the Sim-2-VIVIT peptide in an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced murine asthma model alleviated peribronchial and perivascular infiltration of inflammatory cells in the lung and caused airway remodeling and airway hyper-responsiveness. These results suggest that cell permeable Sim-2-VIVIT peptide has clinical potential as an immunosuppressive agent for inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je-Min Choi
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea.
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83
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Li H, Nelson CE, Evans BC, Duvall CL. Delivery of intracellular-acting biologics in pro-apoptotic therapies. Curr Pharm Des 2011; 17:293-319. [PMID: 21348831 DOI: 10.2174/138161211795049642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The recent elucidation of molecular regulators of apoptosis and their roles in cellular oncogenesis has motivated the development of biomacromolecular anticancer therapeutics that can activate intracellular apoptotic signaling pathways. Pharmaceutical scientists have employed a variety of classes of biologics toward this goal, including antisense oligodeoxynucleotides, small interfering RNA, proteins, antibodies, and peptides. However, stability in the in vivo environment, tumor-specific biodistribution, cell internalization, and localization to the intracellular microenvironment where the targeted molecule is localized pose significant challenges that limit the ability to directly apply intracellular-acting, pro-apoptotic biologics for therapeutic use. Thus, approaches to improve the pharmaceutical properties of therapeutic biomacromolecules are of great significance and have included chemically modifying the bioactive molecule itself or formulation with auxiliary compounds. Recently, promising advances in delivery of pro-apoptotic biomacromolecular agents have been made using tools such as peptide "stapling", cell penetrating peptides, fusogenic peptides, liposomes, nanoparticles, smart polymers, and synergistic combinations of these components. This review will discuss the molecular mediators of cellular apoptosis, the respective mechanisms by which these mediators are dysregulated in cellular oncogenesis, the history and development of both nucleic-acid and amino-acid based drugs, and techniques to achieve intracellular delivery of these biologics. Finally, recent applications where pro-apoptotic functionality has been achieved through delivery of intracellular-acting biomacromolecular drugs will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
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84
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Saw PE, Ko YT, Jon S. Efficient Liposomal Nanocarrier-mediated Oligodeoxynucleotide Delivery Involving Dual Use of a Cell-Penetrating Peptide as a Packaging and Intracellular Delivery Agent. Macromol Rapid Commun 2010; 31:1155-62. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200900861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Revised: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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85
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Yang H, Liu S, Cai H, Wan L, Li S, Li Y, Cheng J, Lu X. Chondroitin sulfate as a molecular portal that preferentially mediates the apoptotic killing of tumor cells by penetratin-directed mitochondria-disrupting peptides. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:25666-76. [PMID: 20484051 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.089417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) as drug carriers for targeted therapy is limited by the unrestricted cellular translocation of CPPs. The preferential induction of tumor cell death by penetratin (Antp)-directed peptides (PNC27 and PNC28), however, suggests that the CPP Antp may contribute to the preferential cytotoxicity of these peptides. Using PNC27 as a molecular model, we constructed three novel peptides (PT, PR9, and PD3) by replacing the leader peptide Antp with one of three distinct CPPs (TAT, R9, or DPV3), respectively. The IC(50) values of PNC27 in tumor cells were 2-3 times lower than in normal cells. However, all three engineered peptides demonstrated similar cytotoxic effects in tumor and normal cells. Another three chimeric peptides containing the leader peptide Antp with different mitochondria-disrupting peptides (KLA-Antp (KGA), B27-Antp (BA27), and B28-Antp (BA28)), preferentially induced apoptosis in tumor cells. The IC(50) values of these peptides (3-10 microM) were 3-6 times lower in tumor cells than in normal cells. In contrast, TAT-directed peptides (TAT-KLA (TK), TAT-B27 (TB27), and TAT-B28 (TB28)), were cytotoxic to both tumor and normal cells. These data demonstrate that the leader peptide Antp contributes to the preferential cytotoxicity of Antp-directed peptides. Furthermore, Antp-directed peptides bind chondroitin sulfate (CS), and the removal of endogenous CS reduces the cytotoxic effects of Antp-directed peptides in tumor cells. The overexpression of CS in tumor cells is positively correlated to the cell entry and cytotoxicity of Antp- directed peptides. These results suggest that CS overexpression in tumor cells is an important molecular portal that mediates the preferential cytotoxicity of Antp-directed peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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86
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Bonduelle CV, Gillies ER. Dendritic Guanidines as Efficient Analogues of Cell Penetrating Peptides. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010; 3:636-666. [PMID: 27713272 PMCID: PMC4033973 DOI: 10.3390/ph3030636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2010] [Revised: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The widespread application of cell penetrating agents to clinical therapeutics and imaging agents relies on the ability to prepare them on a large scale and to readily conjugate them to their cargos. Dendritic analogues of cell penetrating peptides, with multiple guanidine groups on their peripheries offer advantages as their high symmetry allows them to be efficiently synthesized, while orthogonal functionalities at their focal points allow them to be conjugated to cargo using simple synthetic methods. Their chemical structures and properties are also highly tunable as their flexibility and the number of guanidine groups can be tuned by altering the dendritic backbone or the linkages to the guanidine groups. This review describes the development of cell-penetrating dendrimers based on several different backbones, their structure-property relationships, and comparisons of their efficacies with those of known cell penetrating peptides. The toxicities of these dendritic guanidines are also reported as well as their application towards the intracellular delivery of biologically significant cargos including proteins and nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin V Bonduelle
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Elizabeth R Gillies
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, N6A 5B7, Canada.
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, N6A 5B9, Canada.
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87
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Howl J, Jones S. Transport molecules using reverse sequence HIV-Tat polypeptides: not just any old Tat? (WO200808225). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2009; 19:1329-33. [PMID: 19555160 DOI: 10.1517/17530050902824829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many polycationic cell penetrating peptides (CPPs), alternatively named protein transduction domains, have been used for the efficient intracellular delivery of biologically active agents. Patent WO2008/082885 relates to the properties and proposed biomedical applications of a CPP and putative-related sequences that represent the reverse sequence of a nonapeptide basic domain of the HIV-transactivator protein (Tat) (RRRQRRKKR). OBJECTIVE This evaluation critically assesses the reported utility of such transport molecules and the numerous potential embodiments of the invention, in comparison with other recent developments in the field. We also review recent biomedical applications of Tat-derived peptide transporters. METHODS The scope of this review includes both Tat-derived peptide transporters and other sequence-related CPPs that are polycationic in nature. RESULTS/CONCLUSION The patent application indicates that reverse sequence HIV-Tat polypeptides can increase the transdermal delivery of an iodinated mixture of botulinum toxin, albumin and accessory proteins (Neuronox), Medy-Tox, Inc., Seoul, South Korea) as a non-covalent complex. Moreover, the invention also contemplates all variants of the reverse-sequence polypeptide and claims a variety of potential biomedical applications using the reverse sequence peptide as a delivery vector. Unfortunately, in the absence of both rigorous comparative data and toxicological analyses, it is uncertain if these transport molecules offer any advantages compared with many existing and rigorously characterised CPP vector systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Howl
- University of Wolverhampton, Research Institute in Healthcare Science, School of Applied Sciences, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton, WV1 1LY, UK.
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88
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Grunwald J, Rejtar T, Sawant R, Wang Z, Torchilin VP. TAT peptide and its conjugates: proteolytic stability. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 20:1531-7. [PMID: 19601640 PMCID: PMC2889171 DOI: 10.1021/bc900081e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The proteolytic cleavage of TATp, TATp-PEG(1000)-PE conjugate (TATp-conjugate), and TATp as TATp-conjugate in mixed micelles made of TATp-conjugate and PEG(5000)-PE (2.5% mol of TATp-conjugate, TATp-Mic) were studied by HPLC with fluorescent detection using fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (FMOC) labeling and by MALDI-TOF MS analysis. The cleavage kinetics were analyzed in human blood plasma and in trypsin-containing phosphate buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.4, to simulate the proteolytic activity of human plasma. The trypsinolysis of free TATp, TATp-conjugate, and TATp-Mic revealed that the main initial fragmentation is an endocleavage at the carboxyl terminus resulting in an Arg-Arg (RR) dimer. The trypsinolysis followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. The cleavage of the free TATp was relatively fast with a half-life of a few minutes (t(1/2) ∼ 3.5 min). The TATp-conjugate showed more stability with about a 3-fold increase in half-life (t(1/2) ∼ 10 min). TATp in TATp-Mic was highly protected against proteolysis with an over 100-fold increase in half-life (t(1/2) ∼ 430 min). The shielding of TATp by PEG moieties in the proposed TATp-Mic is of great importance for its potential use as a cell-penetrating moiety for multifunctional "smart" drug delivery systems with detachable PEG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Grunwald
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Tomas Rejtar
- Barnett Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Rupa Sawant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Zhouxi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Vladimir P. Torchilin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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89
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Laufer SD, Restle T. Peptide-mediated cellular delivery of oligonucleotide-based therapeutics in vitro: quantitative evaluation of overall efficacy employing easy to handle reporter systems. Curr Pharm Des 2009; 14:3637-55. [PMID: 19075740 PMCID: PMC2778081 DOI: 10.2174/138161208786898806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cellular uptake of therapeutic oligonucleotides and subsequent intracellular trafficking to their target sites represents the major technical hurdle for the biological effectiveness of these potential drugs. Accordingly, laboratories worldwide focus on the development of suitable delivery systems. Among the different available non-viral systems like cationic polymers, cationic liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles, cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) represent an attractive concept to bypass the problem of poor membrane permeability of these charged macromolecules. While uptake per se in most cases does not represent the main obstacle of nucleic acid delivery in vitro, it becomes increasingly apparent that intracellular trafficking is the bottleneck. As a consequence, in order to optimize a given delivery system, a side-by-side analysis of nucleic acid cargo internalized and the corresponding biological effect is required to determine the overall efficacy. In this review, we will concentrate on peptide-mediated delivery of siRNAs and steric block oligonucleotides and discuss different methods for quantitative assessment of the amount of cargo taken up and how to correlate those numbers with biological effects by applying easy to handle reporter systems. To illustrate current limitations of non-viral nucleic acid delivery systems, we present own data as an example and discuss options of how to enhance trafficking of molecules entrapped in cellular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Laufer
- Institut für Molekulare Medizin, Universität zu Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
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90
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Mueller J, Kretzschmar I, Volkmer R, Boisguerin P. Comparison of Cellular Uptake Using 22 CPPs in 4 Different Cell Lines. Bioconjug Chem 2008; 19:2363-74. [DOI: 10.1021/bc800194e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Mueller
- Institut für Medizinische Immunologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hessische Str. 3−4, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ines Kretzschmar
- Institut für Medizinische Immunologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hessische Str. 3−4, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rudolf Volkmer
- Institut für Medizinische Immunologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hessische Str. 3−4, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Prisca Boisguerin
- Institut für Medizinische Immunologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hessische Str. 3−4, 10115 Berlin, Germany
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91
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Yun CO, Shin HC, Kim TD, Yoon WH, Kang YA, Kwon HS, Kim SK, Kim JS. Transduction of artificial transcriptional regulatory proteins into human cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2008; 36:e103. [PMID: 18644841 PMCID: PMC2532713 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkn398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein transduction (PT) is a method for delivering proteins into mammalian cells. PT is accomplished by linking a small peptide tag—called a PT domain (PTD)—to a protein of interest, which generates a functional fusion protein that can penetrate efficiently into mammalian cells. In order to study the functions of a transcription factor (TF) of interest, expression plasmids that encode the TF often are transfected into mammalian cells. However, the efficiency of DNA transfection is highly variable among different cell types and is usually very low in primary cells, stem cells and tumor cells. Zinc-finger transcription factors (ZF-TFs) can be tailor-made to target almost any gene in the human genome. However, the extremely low efficiency of DNA transfection into cancer cells, both in vivo and in vitro, limits the utility of ZF-TFs. Here, we report on an artificial ZF-TF that has been fused to a well-characterized PTD from the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) transcriptional activator protein, Tat. This ZF-TF targeted the endogenous promoter of the human VEGF-A gene. The PTD-attached ZF-TF was delivered efficiently into human cells in vitro. In addition, the VEGF-A-specific transcriptional repressor retarded the growth rate of tumor cells in a mouse xenograft experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chae-Ok Yun
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Sciences, Institute for Cancer Research, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, ToolGen, Inc. Biotechnology Incubating Center, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Department of Chemistry Education, Korea National University of Education, Chungbuk, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejon and Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Chul Shin
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Sciences, Institute for Cancer Research, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, ToolGen, Inc. Biotechnology Incubating Center, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Department of Chemistry Education, Korea National University of Education, Chungbuk, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejon and Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae-Dong Kim
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Sciences, Institute for Cancer Research, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, ToolGen, Inc. Biotechnology Incubating Center, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Department of Chemistry Education, Korea National University of Education, Chungbuk, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejon and Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Wan-Hee Yoon
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Sciences, Institute for Cancer Research, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, ToolGen, Inc. Biotechnology Incubating Center, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Department of Chemistry Education, Korea National University of Education, Chungbuk, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejon and Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yoon-A Kang
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Sciences, Institute for Cancer Research, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, ToolGen, Inc. Biotechnology Incubating Center, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Department of Chemistry Education, Korea National University of Education, Chungbuk, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejon and Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Heung-Sun Kwon
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Sciences, Institute for Cancer Research, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, ToolGen, Inc. Biotechnology Incubating Center, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Department of Chemistry Education, Korea National University of Education, Chungbuk, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejon and Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seong Keun Kim
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Sciences, Institute for Cancer Research, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, ToolGen, Inc. Biotechnology Incubating Center, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Department of Chemistry Education, Korea National University of Education, Chungbuk, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejon and Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin-Soo Kim
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Sciences, Institute for Cancer Research, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, ToolGen, Inc. Biotechnology Incubating Center, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Department of Chemistry Education, Korea National University of Education, Chungbuk, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejon and Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: 82-2-880-9327; Fax: 82-2-874-7455;
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92
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Veldhoen S, Laufer SD, Restle T. Recent developments in peptide-based nucleic acid delivery. Int J Mol Sci 2008; 9:1276-1320. [PMID: 19325804 PMCID: PMC2635728 DOI: 10.3390/ijms9071276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2008] [Revised: 06/04/2008] [Accepted: 07/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that non-viral nucleic acid delivery systems are generally considered to be less efficient than viral vectors, they have gained much interest in recent years due to their superior safety profile compared to their viral counterpart. Among these synthetic vectors are cationic polymers, branched dendrimers, cationic liposomes and cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs). The latter represent an assortment of fairly unrelated sequences essentially characterised by a high content of basic amino acids and a length of 10–30 residues. CPPs are capable of mediating the cellular uptake of hydrophilic macromolecules like peptides and nucleic acids (e.g. siRNAs, aptamers and antisense-oligonucleotides), which are internalised by cells at a very low rate when applied alone. Up to now, numerous sequences have been reported to show cell-penetrating properties and many of them have been used to successfully transport a variety of different cargos into mammalian cells. In recent years, it has become apparent that endocytosis is a major route of internalisation even though the mechanisms underlying the cellular translocation of CPPs are poorly understood and still subject to controversial discussions. In this review, we will summarise the latest developments in peptide-based cellular delivery of nucleic acid cargos. We will discuss different mechanisms of entry, the intracellular fate of the cargo, correlation studies of uptake versus biological activity of the cargo as well as technical problems and pitfalls.
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Key Words
- CLSM, confocal laser scanning microscopy
- CPP, cell-penetrating peptide
- EIPA, ethylisopropylamiloride
- FCS, fetal calf serum
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- HEPES, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid
- HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- LF, Lipofectamine™
- LF2000, Lipofectamine™ 2000
- MAP, model amphipathic peptide
- MEND, multifunctional envelope-type nano device
- NLS, nuclear localisation sequence
- OMe, O-methyl
- PAMAM, polyamidoamine
- PEG, polyethylene glycol
- PEI, polyethyleneimine
- PMO, phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer
- PNA, peptide nucleic acid
- PTD, protein transduction domains
- RNAi, RNA interference
- SAP, Sweet Arrow Peptide
- STR-R8, stearyl-R8
- TAR, transactivator responsive region
- TFO, triplex forming oligonucleotide
- TLR9, toll-like receptor 9
- TNF, tumour necrosis factor
- TP10, transportan 10
- bPrPp, bovine prion protein derived peptide
- cell-penetrating peptides
- endocytosis
- hCT, human calcitonin
- mPrPp, murine prion protein derived peptide
- miRNA, microRNA
- nucleic acid delivery
- nucleic acid drugs
- siRNA, small inhibitory RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Veldhoen
- Department of Metabolomics, ISAS - Institute for Analytical Sciences, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-mail:
| | - Sandra D. Laufer
- Institut für Molekulare Medizin, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Universität zu Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Tobias Restle
- Institut für Molekulare Medizin, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Universität zu Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
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93
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Meyer-Losic F, Nicolazzi C, Quinonero J, Ribes F, Michel M, Dubois V, de Coupade C, Boukaissi M, Chéné AS, Tranchant I, Arranz V, Zoubaa I, Fruchart JS, Ravel D, Kearsey J. DTS-108, a novel peptidic prodrug of SN38: in vivo efficacy and toxicokinetic studies. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:2145-53. [PMID: 18381956 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-4580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Irinotecan is a prodrug converted to the active cytotoxic molecule SN38 predominantly by the action of liver carboxylesterases. The efficacy of irinotecan is limited by this hepatic activation that results in a low conversion rate, high interpatient variability, and dose-limiting gastrointestinal toxicity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a novel peptidic prodrug of SN38 (DTS-108) developed to bypass this hepatic activation and thus reduce the gastrointestinal toxicity and interpatient variability compared with irinotecan. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN SN38 was conjugated to a cationic peptide (Vectocell) via an esterase cleavable linker. The preclinical development plan consisted of toxicity and efficacy evaluation in a number of different models and species. RESULTS The conjugate (DTS-108) is highly soluble, with a human plasma half-life of 400 minutes in vitro. Studies in the dog showed that DTS-108 liberates significantly higher levels of free SN38 than irinotecan without causing gastrointestinal toxicity. In addition, the ratio of the inactive SN38-glucuronide metabolite compared with the active SN38 metabolite is significantly lower following DTS-108 administration, compared with irinotecan, which is consistent with reduced hepatic metabolism. In vivo efficacy studies showed that DTS-108 has improved activity compared with irinotecan. A significant dose-dependent antitumoral efficacy was observed in all models tested and DTS-108 showed synergistic effects in combination with other clinically relevant therapeutic agents. CONCLUSIONS DTS-108 is able to deliver significantly higher levels of SN38 than irinotecan, without the associated toxicity of irinotecan, resulting in an increased therapeutic window for DTS-108 in preclinical models. These encouraging data merit further preclinical and clinical investigation.
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94
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Tacken PJ, Joosten B, Reddy A, Wu D, Eek A, Laverman P, Kretz-Rommel A, Adema GJ, Torensma R, Figdor CG. No Advantage of Cell-Penetrating Peptides over Receptor-Specific Antibodies in Targeting Antigen to Human Dendritic Cells for Cross-Presentation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:7687-96. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.11.7687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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95
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Zapata JM, Lefebvre S, Reed JC. Targeting TRAFs for Therapeutic Intervention. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2007; 597:188-201. [PMID: 17633027 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-70630-6_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
TNF-receptor associated factors (TRAFs) are the molecules that upon engagement of the TNF-receptor (TNFR) by a TNF-family ligand come first in contact with the activated TNFR, initially acting as docking molecules for kinases and other effector proteins that are recruited to the activated receptor. TRAFs later regulate the subcellular relocalization of the receptor-ligand complex and finally they modulate the extent of the response by controlling the degradation of key proteins in the pathway. In this chapter, we review the involvement of different TRAF family members in the etiology of a variety of pathologies and address the question of whether the use of TNFR-mimic-peptides or small molecule modulators targeting TRAFs might be suitable for therapeutic intervention, discussing the advantages and disadvantages of this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Zapata
- Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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96
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Henriques ST, Melo MN, Castanho MARB. How to address CPP and AMP translocation? Methods to detect and quantify peptide internalization in vitro and in vivo (Review). Mol Membr Biol 2007; 24:173-84. [PMID: 17520474 DOI: 10.1080/09687860601102476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Membrane translocation is a crucial issue when addressing the activity of both cell-penetrating and antimicrobial peptides. Translocation is responsible for the therapeutic potential of cell-penetrating peptides as drug carriers and can dictate the killing mechanisms, selectivity and efficiency of antimicrobial peptides. It is essential to evaluate if the internalization of cell-penetrating peptides is mediated by endocytosis and if it is able to internalize attached cargoes. The mode of action of an antimicrobial peptide cannot be fully understood if it is not known whether the peptide acts exclusively at the membrane level or also at the cytoplasm. Therefore, experimental methods to evaluate and quantify translocation processes are of first importance. In this work, over 20 methods described in the literature for the assessment of peptide translocation in vivo and in vitro, with and without attached macromolecular cargoes, are discussed and their applicability, advantages and disadvantages reviewed. In addition, a classification of these methods is proposed, based on common approaches to detect translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sónia Troeira Henriques
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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97
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Liu Y, Steiniger SC, Kim Y, Kaufmann GF, Felding-Habermann B, Janda KD. Mechanistic studies of a peptidic GRP78 ligand for cancer cell-specific drug delivery. Mol Pharm 2007; 4:435-47. [PMID: 17373820 PMCID: PMC2533281 DOI: 10.1021/mp060122j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Major obstacles in the development of new therapeutic anticancer drugs are the low bioavailability of hydrophilic substances and the nonspecific toxicity toward healthy tissues. As such, cell-targeting oligopeptides have emerged as attractive drug delivery vehicles for a variety of different types of cargo. The recently identified peptide Pep42 binds to the glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), which is overexpressed on the cell surface of human cancer cells and internalizes into these cells. Herein, we demonstrate how Pep42 can be utilized as a carrier for different types of cytotoxic drugs to specifically target human cancer cell lines in vitro in a strictly GRP78-dependent manner. Furthermore, the mechanism of internalization of Pep42 was elucidated and found to involve clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Pep42 subsequently colocalizes within the lysosomal compartment. Importantly, we also provide evidence that Pep42-conjugated quantum dots have the ability to selectively enrich in tumor tissue in a xenograft mouse model. Our results suggest that the highly specific GRP78-Pep42 interaction can be utilized for the generation of Pep42-drug conjugates as a powerful anticancer drug delivery system that could substantially enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy by increasing the drug-tumor specificity, thus minimizing the adverse side effects associated with conventional cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037
| | - Sebastian C.J. Steiniger
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037
| | - YoungSoo Kim
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037
| | - Gunnar F. Kaufmann
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037
| | - Brunhilde Felding-Habermann
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037
| | - Kim D. Janda
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037
- Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037
- *Address correspondence to this author: Kim D. Janda, Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, Tel. 858 784-2516; Fax. 858 784-2590 e.mail:
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98
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Malmsten M, Davoudi M, Walse B, Rydengård V, Pasupuleti M, Mörgelin M, Schmidtchen A. Antimicrobial peptides derived from growth factors. Growth Factors 2007; 25:60-70. [PMID: 17454151 DOI: 10.1080/08977190701344120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Growth factors, comprising diverse protein and peptide families, are involved in a multitude of developmental processes, including embryogenesis, angiogenesis, and wound healing. Here we show that peptides derived from HB-EGF, amphiregulin, hepatocyte growth factor, PDGF-A and PDGF-B, as well as various FGFs are antimicrobial, demonstrating a previously unknown activity of growth factor-derived peptides. The peptides killed the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and the Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis, as well as the fungus Candida albicans. Several peptides were also active against the Gram-positive S. aureus. Electron microscopy analysis of peptide-treated bacteria, paired with analysis of peptide effects on liposomes, showed that the peptides exerted membrane-breaking effects similar to those seen after treatment with the "classical" human antimicrobial peptide LL-37. Furthermore, HB-EGF was antibacterial per se, and its epitope GKRKKKGKGLGKKRDPCLRKYK retained its activity in presence of physiological salt and plasma. No discernible hemolysis was noted for the growth factor-derived peptides. Besides providing novel templates for design of peptide-based antimicrobials, our findings demonstrate a previously undisclosed link between the family of growth factors and antimicrobial peptides, both of which are induced during tissue remodelling and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Malmsten
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-751 23, Sweden
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99
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Mano M, Henriques A, Paiva A, Prieto M, Gavilanes F, Simões S, de Lima MCP. Interaction of S413-PV cell penetrating peptide with model membranes: relevance to peptide translocation across biological membranes. J Pept Sci 2007; 13:301-13. [PMID: 17437249 DOI: 10.1002/psc.842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) have been successfully used to mediate the intracellular delivery of a wide variety of molecules of pharmacological interest both in vitro and in vivo, although the mechanisms by which the cellular uptake occurs remain unclear and controversial. Following our previous work demonstrating that the cellular uptake of the S4(13)-PV CPP occurs mainly through an endocytosis-independent mechanism, we performed a detailed biophysical characterization of the interaction of this peptide with model membranes. We demonstrate that the interactions of the S4(13)-PV peptide with membranes are essentially of electrostatic nature. As a consequence of its interaction with negatively charged model membranes, the S4(13)-PV peptide becomes buried into the lipid bilayer, which occurs concomitantly with significant peptide conformational changes that are consistent with the formation of a helical structure. Comparative studies using two related peptides demonstrate that the conformational changes and the extent of cell penetration are dependent on the peptide sequence, indicating that the helical structure acquired by the S4(13)-PV peptide is relevant for its nonendocytic uptake. Overall, our data suggest that the cellular uptake of the S4(13)-PV CPP is a consequence of its direct translocation through cell membranes, following conformational changes induced by peptide-membrane interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Mano
- Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal
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100
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Chugh A, Eudes F. Translocation and nuclear accumulation of monomer and dimer of HIV-1 Tat basic domain in triticale mesophyll protoplasts. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2006; 1768:419-26. [PMID: 17214959 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2006] [Revised: 11/22/2006] [Accepted: 11/27/2006] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cellular internalization of cell-penetrating peptide HIV-1 Tat basic domain (RKKRRQRRR) was studied in Triticale cv AC Alta mesophyll protoplasts. Fluorescently labeled monomer (Tat) and dimer (Tat(2)) of Tat basic domain efficiently translocated through the plasma membrane of mesophyll protoplast and showed distinct nuclear accumulation within 10 min of incubation. Substitution of first arginine residue with alanine in Tat basic domain (M-Tat) severely reduced cellular uptake of the peptide (3.8 times less than Tat). Tat(2) showed greater cellular internalization than Tat (1.6 times higher). However, characteristics of cellular uptake remained same for Tat and Tat(2). Cellular internalization of Tat and Tat(2) was concentration dependent and non-saturable whereas no significant change in cellular uptake was observed even at higher concentrations of M-Tat. Low temperature (4 degrees C) remarkably increased cellular internalization of Tat as well as Tat(2) but M-Tat showed no enhanced uptake. Viability test showed that peptide treatment had no cytotoxic effect on protoplasts further indicating involvement of a common mechanism of peptide uptake at all the temperatures. Endocytic inhibitors nocodazole (10 muM), chloroquine (100 muM) and sodium azide (5 mM) did not show any significant inhibitory effect on cellular internalization of either Tat or Tat(2). These results along with stimulated cellular uptake at low temperature indicate that Tat peptide is internalized in the plant protoplasts in a non-endocytic and energy-independent manner. Competition experiments showed that non-labeled peptide did not inhibit or alter nuclear accumulation of fluorescent Tat or Tat(2) suggesting active transport to the nucleus was not involved. Studies in mesophyll protoplasts show that internalization pattern of Tat peptide is apparently similar to that observed in mammalian cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Chugh
- Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, P.O. Box 3000, 5403-1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1.
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