51
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Extracellular vesicles – biogenesis, composition, function, uptake and therapeutic applications. Biologia (Bratisl) 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-018-0047-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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52
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Laulagnier K, Javalet C, Hemming FJ, Chivet M, Lachenal G, Blot B, Chatellard C, Sadoul R. Amyloid precursor protein products concentrate in a subset of exosomes specifically endocytosed by neurons. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:757-773. [PMID: 28956068 PMCID: PMC11105273 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2664-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid beta peptide (Aβ), the main component of senile plaques of Alzheimer's disease brains, is produced by sequential cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and of its C-terminal fragments (CTFs). An unanswered question is how amyloidogenic peptides spread throughout the brain during the course of the disease. Here, we show that small lipid vesicles called exosomes, secreted in the extracellular milieu by cortical neurons, carry endogenous APP and are strikingly enriched in CTF-α and the newly characterized CTF-η. Exosomes from N2a cells expressing human APP with the autosomal dominant Swedish mutation contain Aβ peptides as well as CTF-α and CTF-η, while those from cells expressing the non-mutated form of APP only contain CTF-α and CTF-η. APP and CTFs are sorted into a subset of exosomes which lack the tetraspanin CD63 and specifically bind to dendrites of neurons, unlike exosomes carrying CD63 which bind to both neurons and glial cells. Thus, neuroblastoma cells secrete distinct populations of exosomes carrying different cargoes and targeting specific cell types. APP-carrying exosomes can be endocytosed by receiving cells, allowing the processing of APP acquired by exosomes to give rise to the APP intracellular domain (AICD). Thus, our results show for the first time that neuronal exosomes may indeed act as vehicles for the intercellular transport of APP and its catabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Laulagnier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1216, 38042, Grenoble, France.
- Institut des Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38042, Grenoble, France.
| | - Charlotte Javalet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1216, 38042, Grenoble, France
- Institut des Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38042, Grenoble, France
| | - Fiona J Hemming
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1216, 38042, Grenoble, France
- Institut des Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38042, Grenoble, France
| | - Mathilde Chivet
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute Lab of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, 38123, Trento, Italy
| | - Gaëlle Lachenal
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1216, 38042, Grenoble, France
- Institut des Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38042, Grenoble, France
| | - Béatrice Blot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1216, 38042, Grenoble, France
- Institut des Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38042, Grenoble, France
| | - Christine Chatellard
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1216, 38042, Grenoble, France
- Institut des Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38042, Grenoble, France
| | - Rémy Sadoul
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1216, 38042, Grenoble, France.
- Institut des Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38042, Grenoble, France.
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53
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Gutkin A, Uziel O, Beery E, Nordenberg J, Pinchasi M, Goldvaser H, Henick S, Goldberg M, Lahav M. Tumor cells derived exosomes contain hTERT mRNA and transform nonmalignant fibroblasts into telomerase positive cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:59173-59188. [PMID: 27385095 PMCID: PMC5312303 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small (30-100nm) vesicles secreted from all cell types serving as inter-cell communicators and affecting biological processes in “recipient” cells upon their uptake. The current study demonstrates for the first time that hTERT mRNA, the transcript of the enzyme telomerase, is shuttled from cancer cells via exosomes into telomerase negative fibroblasts, where it is translated into a fully active enzyme and transforms these cells into telomerase positive, thus creating a novel type of cells; non malignant cells with telomerase activity. All tested telomerase positive cells, including cancer cells and non malignant cells with overexpressed telomerase secreted exosomal hTERT mRNA in accordance with the endogenous levels of their hTERT mRNA and telomerase activity. Similarly exosomes isolated from sera of patients with pancreatic and lung cancer contained hTERT mRNA as well. Telomerase activity induced phenotypic changes in the recipient fibroblasts including increased proliferation, extension of life span and postponement of senescence. In addition, telomerase activity protected the fibroblasts from DNA damage induced by phleomycin and from apoptosis, indicating that also telomerase “extracurricular” activities are manifested in the recipient cells. The shuttle of telomerase from cancer cells into fibroblasts and the induction of these changes may contribute to the alterations of cancer microenvironment and its role in cancer. The described process has an obvious therapeutic potential which will be explored in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gutkin
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Orit Uziel
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Einat Beery
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Jardena Nordenberg
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Maria Pinchasi
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Hadar Goldvaser
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel.,Institute of Oncology, Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Steven Henick
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Michal Goldberg
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Meir Lahav
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel.,Institute of Hematology, Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
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54
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van der Vorst EPC, de Jong RJ, Donners MMPC. Message in a Microbottle: Modulation of Vascular Inflammation and Atherosclerosis by Extracellular Vesicles. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:2. [PMID: 29404342 PMCID: PMC5786527 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a novel intercellular communication system. By carrying bioactive lipids, miRNAs and proteins they can modulate target cell functions and phenotype. Circulating levels of EVs are increased in inflammatory conditions, e.g., cardiovascular disease patients, and their functional contribution to atherosclerotic disease development is currently heavily studied. This review will describe how EVs can modulate vascular cell functions relevant to vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis, particularly highlighting the role of EV-associated proteolytic activity and effector proteins involved. Furthermore, we will discuss key questions and challenges, especially for EV-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiel P C van der Vorst
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.,Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Renske J de Jong
- Center of Allergy Environment (ZAUM), Helmholtz Center, TU Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marjo M P C Donners
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.,Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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55
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Tosetti F, Venè R, Camodeca C, Nuti E, Rossello A, D'Arrigo C, Galante D, Ferrari N, Poggi A, Zocchi MR. Specific ADAM10 inhibitors localize in exosome-like vesicles released by Hodgkin lymphoma and stromal cells and prevent sheddase activity carried to bystander cells. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1421889. [PMID: 29721369 PMCID: PMC5927526 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1421889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Shedding of ADAM10 substrates, like TNFα, MICA or CD30, is reported to affect both anti-tumor immune response and antibody-drug-conjugate (ADC)-based immunotherapy. Soluble forms of these molecules and ADAM10 can be carried and spread in the microenvironment by exosomes released by tumor cells. We reported new ADAM10 inhibitors able to prevent MICA shedding in Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), leading to recognition of HL cells by cytotoxic lymphocytes. In this paper, we show that the mature bioactive form of ADAM10 is released in exosome-like vesicles (ExoV) by HL cells and lymph node mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC). We demonstrate that ADAM10 inhibitors are released in ExoV by MSC or HL cells, endocytosed by bystander cells and localized in the endolysosomal compartment in HL MSC. ExoV released by HL cells can enhance MICA shedding by MSC, while ExoV from MSC induce TNFα or CD30 shedding by HL cells. Of note, ADAM10 sheddase activity carried by ExoV is prevented with the ADAM10 inhibitors LT4 and CAM29, pretreating either the ExoV-producing or the ExoV-receiving cells. In particular, both inhibitors reduce CD30 shedding maintaining the anti-tumor effects of the ADC Brentuximab-Vedotin or the anti-CD30 Iratumumab on HL cells. Thus, spreading of ADAM10 activity due to ExoV can result in the release of cytokines, like TNFα, a lymphoma growth factor, or soluble molecules, like sMICA or sCD30, that potentially interfere with host immune surveillance or immunotherapy. ADAM10 blockers can interfere with this process, allowing the development of anti-lymphoma immune response and/or efficient ADC-based or human antibody-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Tosetti
- Unit of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Roberta Venè
- Unit of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Caterina Camodeca
- Division of Immunology, Transplants and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Nuti
- ProInLab, Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Armando Rossello
- ProInLab, Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Denise Galante
- Institute for Macromolecular Studies (ISMAC), CNR, Genoa, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Ferrari
- Unit of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Poggi
- Unit of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria Raffaella Zocchi
- Division of Immunology, Transplants and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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56
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Carrasco-Ramírez P, Greening DW, Andrés G, Gopal SK, Martín-Villar E, Renart J, Simpson RJ, Quintanilla M. Podoplanin is a component of extracellular vesicles that reprograms cell-derived exosomal proteins and modulates lymphatic vessel formation. Oncotarget 2017; 7:16070-89. [PMID: 26893367 PMCID: PMC4941298 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Podoplanin (PDPN) is a transmembrane glycoprotein that plays crucial roles in embryonic development, the immune response, and malignant progression. Here, we report that cells ectopically or endogenously expressing PDPN release extracellular vesicles (EVs) that contain PDPN mRNA and protein. PDPN incorporates into membrane shed microvesicles (MVs) and endosomal-derived exosomes (EXOs), where it was found to colocalize with the canonical EV marker CD63 by immunoelectron microscopy. We have previously found that expression of PDPN in MDCK cells induces an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Proteomic profiling of MDCK-PDPN cells compared to control cells shows that PDPN-induced EMT is associated with upregulation of oncogenic proteins and diminished expression of tumor suppressors. Proteomic analysis of exosomes reveals that MDCK-PDPN EXOs were enriched in protein cargos involved in cell adhesion, cytoskeletal remodeling, signal transduction and, importantly, intracellular trafficking and EV biogenesis. Indeed, expression of PDPN in MDCK cells stimulated both EXO and MV production, while knockdown of endogenous PDPN in human HN5 squamous carcinoma cells reduced EXO production and inhibited tumorigenesis. EXOs released from MDCK-PDPN and control cells both stimulated in vitro angiogenesis, but only EXOs containing PDPN were shown to promote lymphatic vessel formation. This effect was mediated by PDPN on the surface of EXOs, as demonstrated by a neutralizing specific monoclonal antibody. These results contribute to our understanding of PDPN-induced EMT in association to tumor progression, and suggest an important role for PDPN in EV biogenesis and/or release and for PDPN-EXOs in modulating lymphangiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Carrasco-Ramírez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - David W Greening
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Germán Andrés
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Shashi K Gopal
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ester Martín-Villar
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Renart
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Richard J Simpson
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Miguel Quintanilla
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
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57
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Shimoda M, Khokha R. Metalloproteinases in extracellular vesicles. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:1989-2000. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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58
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Zunke F, Rose-John S. The shedding protease ADAM17: Physiology and pathophysiology. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:2059-2070. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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59
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Kuruppu S, Rajapakse NW, Parkington HC, Smith I. Pharmacological hypothesis: Nitric oxide-induced inhibition of ADAM-17 activity as well as vesicle release can in turn prevent the production of soluble endothelin-converting enzyme. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2017; 5. [PMID: 28971608 PMCID: PMC5625149 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) and nitric oxide (NO) are two highly potent vasoactive molecules with opposing effects on the vasculature. Endothelin‐converting enzyme (ECE) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) catalyse the production of ET‐1 and NO, respectively. It is well established that these molecules play a crucial role in the initiation and progression of cardiovascular diseases and have therefore become targets of therapy. Many studies have examined the mechanism(s) by which NO regulates ET‐1 production. Expression and localization of ECE‐1 is a key factor that determines the rate of ET‐1 production. ECE‐1 can either be membrane bound or be released from the cell surface to produce a soluble form. NO has been shown to reduce the expression of both membrane‐bound and soluble ECE‐1. Several studies have examined the mechanism(s) behind NO‐mediated inhibition of ECE expression on the cell membrane. However, the precise mechanism(s) behind NO‐mediated inhibition of soluble ECE production are unknown. We hypothesize that both exogenous and endogenous NO, inhibits the production of soluble ECE‐1 by preventing its release via extracellular vesicles (e.g., exosomes), and/or by inhibiting the activity of A Disintegrin and Metalloprotease‐17 (ADAM17). If this hypothesis is proven correct in future studies, these pathways represent targets for the therapeutic manipulation of soluble ECE‐1 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjaya Kuruppu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Niwanthi W Rajapakse
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
| | - Helena C Parkington
- Department of Physiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Ian Smith
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
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60
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Crow J, Atay S, Banskota S, Artale B, Schmitt S, Godwin AK. Exosomes as mediators of platinum resistance in ovarian cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:11917-11936. [PMID: 28060758 PMCID: PMC5355315 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes have been implicated in the cell-cell transfer of oncogenic proteins and genetic material. We speculated this may be one mechanism by which an intrinsically platinum-resistant population of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) cells imparts its influence on surrounding tumor cells. To explore this possibility we utilized a platinum-sensitive cell line, A2780 and exosomes derived from its resistant subclones, and an unselected, platinum-resistant EOC line, OVCAR10. A2780 cells demonstrate a ~2-fold increase in viability upon treatment with carboplatin when pre-exposed to exosomes from platinum-resistant cells as compared to controls. This coincided with increased epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). DNA sequencing of EOC cell lines revealed previously unreported somatic mutations in the Mothers Against Decapentaplegic Homolog 4 (SMAD4) within platinum-resistant cells. A2780 cells engineered to exogenously express these SMAD4 mutations demonstrate up-regulation of EMT markers following carboplatin treatment, are more resistant to carboplatin, and release exosomes which impart a ~1.7-fold increase in resistance in naive A2780 recipient cells as compared to controls. These studies provide the first evidence that acquired SMAD4 mutations enhance the chemo-resistance profile of EOC and present a novel mechanism in which exchange of tumor-derived exosomes perpetuates an EMT phenotype, leading to the development of subpopulations of platinum-refractory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Crow
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Safinur Atay
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Samagya Banskota
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, NC, USA
| | - Brittany Artale
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Sarah Schmitt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Andrew K Godwin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.,University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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61
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Otsubo K, Nosaki K, Imamura CK, Ogata H, Fujita A, Sakata S, Hirai F, Toyokawa G, Iwama E, Harada T, Seto T, Takenoyama M, Ozeki T, Mushiroda T, Inada M, Kishimoto J, Tsuchihashi K, Suina K, Nagano O, Saya H, Nakanishi Y, Okamoto I. Phase I study of salazosulfapyridine in combination with cisplatin and pemetrexed for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Cancer Sci 2017; 108:1843-1849. [PMID: 28667792 PMCID: PMC5581516 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Spliced variant isoforms of CD44 (CD44v) are a marker of cancer stem cells in solid tumors. They stabilize the xCT subunit of the transporter system xc(–) and thereby promote synthesis of the antioxidant glutathione. Salazosulfapyridine (SASP) is an inhibitor of xCT and suppresses the proliferation of CD44v‐positive cancer cells. Chemotherapy‐naïve patients with advanced non‐squamous non‐small‐cell lung cancer were enrolled in a dose‐escalation study (standard 3 + 3 design) of SASP in combination with cisplatin and pemetrexed. The primary end‐point was the percentage of patients who experience dose‐limiting toxicity. Fifteen patients were enrolled in the study. Dose‐limiting toxicity was observed in one of six patients at a SASP dose of 1.5 g/day (elevation of aspartate and alanine aminotransferase levels, each of grade 3), two of five patients at 3 g/day (hypotension or pneumonitis, each of grade 3), and two of three patients at 4.5 g/day (anorexia of grade 3). The maximum tolerated dose was thus 3 g/day, and the recommended dose was 1.5 g/day. The overall response rate was 26.7% and median progression‐free survival was 11.7 months, much longer than that for cisplatin–pemetrexed alone in previous studies. Exposure to SASP varied markedly among individuals according to ABCG2 and NAT2 genotypes. The serum concentration of free CD44v protein was increased after the first cycle of treatment, possibly reflecting death of cancer stem cells. Salazosulfapyridine was thus given safely in combination with cisplatin–pemetrexed, with the addition of SASP tending to prolong progression‐free survival. This trial is registered in the UMIN Clinical Trials Registry as UMIN000017854.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Otsubo
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kaname Nosaki
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Chiyo K Imamura
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ogata
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akitaka Fujita
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinya Sakata
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Hirai
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Gouji Toyokawa
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Eiji Iwama
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Taishi Harada
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Seto
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Takeshi Ozeki
- Laboratory for Pharmacogenomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama City, Japan
| | - Taisei Mushiroda
- Laboratory for Pharmacogenomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama City, Japan
| | - Mieko Inada
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Junji Kishimoto
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenji Tsuchihashi
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Suina
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Nagano
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Saya
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoichi Nakanishi
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Isamu Okamoto
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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62
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Mirzaei H, Sahebkar A, Jaafari MR, Goodarzi M, Mirzaei HR. Diagnostic and Therapeutic Potential of Exosomes in Cancer: The Beginning of a New Tale? J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:3251-3260. [PMID: 27966794 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes have emerged as one of the main players in intercellular communication. These small nano-sized particles have many roles in various physiological pathways in normal and abnormal cells. Exosomes can carry various cargos such as proteins, mRNAs, and miRNAs to recipient cells. Uptake of exosomes and their cargo can induce and/or inhibit different cellular and molecular pathways that lead to the alteration of cell behavior. Multiple lines of evidence have indicated that exosomes released from cancer cells can effect development of cancer in different stages. These particles and their cargo could regulate different processes such as tumor growth, metastasis, drug resistance, angiogenesis, and immune system functioning. It has been observed that exosomes can be used as potential diagnostic biomarkers in various cancer types. Moreover, some studies have used these particles as biological vehicles for delivery of various drugs such as doxorubicin, siRNAs, and miRNAs. Here, we summarized the findings on the role of exosomes in different pathological processes involved in cancer. Moreover, application of these particles as diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers in different types of cancers is discussed. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 3251-3260, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Jaafari
- Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Goodarzi
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Biosystems, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven-KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Hamid Reza Mirzaei
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Aberrant low expression of p85α in stromal fibroblasts promotes breast cancer cell metastasis through exosome-mediated paracrine Wnt10b. Oncogene 2017; 36:4692-4705. [PMID: 28394344 PMCID: PMC5562851 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
P85α, which acts as a tumour suppressor, is frequently found to be downregulated in various human cancers. However, the role of p85α in the tumour microenvironment is unknown. Here, we report that aberrantly low expression of p85α in breast cancer stroma is clinically relevant to breast cancer disease progression. Stromal fibroblasts can acquire the hallmarks of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) as a result of the loss of p85α expression. Paracrine Wnt10b from p85α-deficient fibroblasts can promote cancer progression via epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) induced by the canonical Wnt pathway. Moreover, exosomes have a key role in paracrine Wnt10b transport from fibroblasts to breast cancer epithelial cells. Our results reveal that p85α expression in stromal fibroblasts haves a crucial role in regulating breast cancer tumourigenesis and progression by modifying stromal–epithelial crosstalk and remodelling the tumour microenvironment. Therefore, p85α can function as a tumour suppressor and represent a new candidate for diagnosis, prognosis and targeted therapy.
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Endres K, Deller T. Regulation of Alpha-Secretase ADAM10 In vitro and In vivo: Genetic, Epigenetic, and Protein-Based Mechanisms. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:56. [PMID: 28367112 PMCID: PMC5355436 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ADAM10 (A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase 10) has been identified as the major physiological alpha-secretase in neurons, responsible for cleaving APP in a non-amyloidogenic manner. This cleavage results in the production of a neuroprotective APP-derived fragment, APPs-alpha, and an attenuated production of neurotoxic A-beta peptides. An increase in ADAM10 activity shifts the balance of APP processing toward APPs-alpha and protects the brain from amyloid deposition and disease. Thus, increasing ADAM10 activity has been proposed an attractive target for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and it appears to be timely to investigate the physiological mechanisms regulating ADAM10 expression. Therefore, in this article, we will (1) review reports on the physiological regulation of ADAM10 at the transcriptional level, by epigenetic factors, miRNAs and/or protein interactions, (2) describe conditions, which change ADAM10 expression in vitro and in vivo, (3) report how neuronal ADAM10 expression may be regulated in humans, and (4) discuss how this knowledge on the physiological and pathophysiological regulation of ADAM10 may help to preserve or restore brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Endres
- Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Deller
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Neuroscience Center, Goethe-University Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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65
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Fine Tuning Cell Migration by a Disintegrin and Metalloproteinases. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:9621724. [PMID: 28260841 PMCID: PMC5316459 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9621724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is an instrumental process involved in organ development, tissue homeostasis, and various physiological processes and also in numerous pathologies. Both basic cell migration and migration towards chemotactic stimulus consist of changes in cell polarity and cytoskeletal rearrangement, cell detachment from, invasion through, and reattachment to their neighboring cells, and numerous interactions with the extracellular matrix. The different steps of immune cell, tissue cell, or cancer cell migration are tightly coordinated in time and place by growth factors, cytokines/chemokines, adhesion molecules, and receptors for these ligands. This review describes how a disintegrin and metalloproteinases interfere with several steps of cell migration, either by proteolytic cleavage of such molecules or by functions independent of proteolytic activity.
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66
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French KC, Antonyak MA, Cerione RA. Extracellular vesicle docking at the cellular port: Extracellular vesicle binding and uptake. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 67:48-55. [PMID: 28104520 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), lipid bilayer-enclosed structures that contain a variety of biological molecules shed by cells, are increasingly becoming appreciated as a major form of cell-to-cell communication. Indeed, EVs have been shown to play important roles in several physiological processes, as well as diseases such as cancer. EVs dock on to the surfaces of recipient cells where they transmit signals from the cell surface and/or transfer their contents into cells to elicit functional responses. EV docking and uptake by cells represent critical, but poorly understood processes. Here, we focus on the mechanisms by which EVs dock and transfer their contents to cells. Moreover, we highlight how these findings may provide new avenues for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinsley C French
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, United States
| | - Marc A Antonyak
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, United States
| | - Richard A Cerione
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, United States.
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67
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Tsumagari K, Shirakabe K, Ogura M, Sato F, Ishihama Y, Sehara-Fujisawa A. Secretome analysis to elucidate metalloprotease-dependent ectodomain shedding of glycoproteins during neuronal differentiation. Genes Cells 2017; 22:237-244. [PMID: 28084684 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Many membrane proteins are subjected to limited proteolyses at their juxtamembrane regions, processes referred to as ectodomain shedding. Shedding ectodomains of membrane-bound ligands results in activation of downstream signaling pathways, whereas shedding those of cell adhesion molecules causes loss of cell-cell contacts. Secreted proteomics (secretomics) using high-resolution mass spectrometry would be strong tools for both comprehensive identification and quantitative measurement of membrane proteins that undergo ectodomain shedding. In this study, to elucidate the ectodomain shedding events that occur during neuronal differentiation, we establish a strategy for quantitative secretomics of glycoproteins released from differentiating neuroblastoma cells into culture medium with or without GM6001, a broad-spectrum metalloprotease inhibitor. Considering that most of transmembrane and secreted proteins are N-glycosylated, we include a process of N-glycosylated peptides enrichment as well as isotope tagging in our secretomics workflow. Our results show that differentiating N1E-115 neurons secrete numerous glycosylated polypeptides in metalloprotease-dependent manners. They are derived from cell adhesion molecules such as NCAM1, CADM1, L1CAM, various transporters and receptor proteins. These results show the landscape of ectodomain shedding and other secretory events in differentiating neurons and/or during axon elongation, which should help elucidate the mechanism of neurogenesis and the pathogenesis of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Tsumagari
- Department of Growth Regulation, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.,Department of Molecular and Cellular BioAnalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kyoko Shirakabe
- Department of Organ Network and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Mayu Ogura
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BioAnalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Fuminori Sato
- Department of Growth Regulation, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ishihama
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BioAnalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Atsuko Sehara-Fujisawa
- Department of Growth Regulation, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
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Abstract
A compelling long-term goal of cancer biology is to understand the crucial players during tumorigenesis in order to develop new interventions. Here, we review how the four non-redundant tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) regulate the pericellular proteolysis of a vast range of matrix and cell surface proteins, generating simultaneous effects on tumour architecture and cell signalling. Experimental studies demonstrate the contribution of TIMPs to the majority of cancer hallmarks, and human cancers invariably show TIMP deregulation in the tumour or stroma. Of the four TIMPs, TIMP1 overexpression or TIMP3 silencing is consistently associated with cancer progression or poor patient prognosis. Future efforts will align mouse model systems with changes in TIMPs in patients, will delineate protease-independent TIMP function, will pinpoint therapeutic targets within the TIMP-metalloproteinase-substrate network and will use TIMPs in liquid biopsy samples as biomarkers for cancer prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartland W Jackson
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, TMDT 301-13, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G IL7 Canada
- Bodenmiller Laboratory, University of Zürich, Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Winterthurstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Virginie Defamie
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, TMDT 301-13, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G IL7 Canada
| | - Paul Waterhouse
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, TMDT 301-13, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G IL7 Canada
| | - Rama Khokha
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, TMDT 301-13, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G IL7 Canada
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69
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Nawaz M, Fatima F, Nazarenko I, Ekström K, Murtaza I, Anees M, Sultan A, Neder L, Camussi G, Valadi H, Squire JA, Kislinger T. Extracellular vesicles in ovarian cancer: applications to tumor biology, immunotherapy and biomarker discovery. Expert Rev Proteomics 2016; 13:395-409. [PMID: 26973172 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2016.1165613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In recent years there has been tremendous interest in both the basic biology and applications of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in translational cancer research. This includes a better understanding of their biogenesis and mechanisms of selective cargo packaging, their precise roles in horizontal communication, and their application as non-invasive biomarkers. The rapid advances in next-generation omics technologies are the driving forces for these discoveries. In this review, the authors focus on recent results of EV research in ovarian cancer. A deeper understanding of ovarian cancer-derived EVs, the types of cargo molecules and their biological roles in cancer growth, metastases and drug resistance, could have significant impact on the discovery of novel biomarkers and innovative therapeutics. Insights into the role of EVs in immune regulation could lead to novel approaches built on EV-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Nawaz
- a Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Ribeirao Preto School of Medicine , University of Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo , Brazil.,b Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research , Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg , Guldhedsgatan Sweden
| | - Farah Fatima
- a Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Ribeirao Preto School of Medicine , University of Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo , Brazil.,b Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research , Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg , Guldhedsgatan Sweden
| | - Irina Nazarenko
- c Institute for Environmental Health Sciences and Hospital Infection Control , University Medical Centre Freiburg , Freiburg im Breisgau , Germany
| | - Karin Ekström
- d Department of Biomaterials , Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden.,e BIOMATCELL VINN Excellence Centre of Biomaterials and Cell Therapy , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Iram Murtaza
- f Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences , Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad , Islamabad , Pakistan
| | - Mariam Anees
- f Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences , Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad , Islamabad , Pakistan
| | - Aneesa Sultan
- f Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences , Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad , Islamabad , Pakistan
| | - Luciano Neder
- a Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Ribeirao Preto School of Medicine , University of Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo , Brazil
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- g Department of Medical Sciences and Molecular Biotechnology Centre , University of Torino , Torino , Italy
| | - Hadi Valadi
- b Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research , Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg , Guldhedsgatan Sweden
| | - Jeremy A Squire
- a Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Ribeirao Preto School of Medicine , University of Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo , Brazil
| | - Thomas Kislinger
- h Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and Department of Medical Biophysics , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada
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70
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Stimulated release and functional activity of surface expressed metalloproteinase ADAM17 in exosomes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:2795-2808. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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71
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López-Cobo S, Campos-Silva C, Valés-Gómez M. Glycosyl-Phosphatidyl-Inositol (GPI)-Anchors and Metalloproteases: Their Roles in the Regulation of Exosome Composition and NKG2D-Mediated Immune Recognition. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:97. [PMID: 27672635 PMCID: PMC5019032 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Communication within the immune system depends on the release of factors that can travel and transmit information at points distant from the cell that produced them. In general, immune cells use two key strategies that can occur either at the plasma membrane or in intracellular compartments to produce such factors, vesicle release and proteolytic cleavage. Release of soluble factors in exosomes, a subset of vesicles that originate from intracellular compartments, depends generally on biochemical and lipid environment features. This physical environment allows proteins to be recruited to membrane microdomains that will be later endocytosed and further released to the extracellular milieu. Cholesterol and sphingolipid rich domains (also known as lipid rafts or detergent-resistant membranes, DRMs) often contribute to exosomes and these membrane regions are rich in proteins modified with Glycosyl-Phosphatidyl-Inositol (GPI) and lipids. For this reason, many palmitoylated and GPI-anchored proteins are preferentially recruited to exosomes. In this review, we analyse the biochemical features involved in the release of NKG2D-ligands as an example of functionally related gene families encoding both transmembrane and GPI-anchored proteins that can be released either by proteolysis or in exosomes, and modulate the intensity of the immune response. The immune receptor NKG2D is present in all human Natural Killer and T cells and plays an important role in the first barrier of defense against tumor and infection. However, tumor cells can evade the immune system by releasing NKG2D-ligands to induce down-regulation of the receptor. Some NKG2D-ligands can be recruited to exosomes and potently modulate receptor expression and immune function, while others are more susceptible to metalloprotease cleavage and are shed as soluble molecules. Strikingly, metalloprotease inhibition is sufficient to drive the accumulation in exosomes of ligands otherwise released by metalloprotease cleavage. In consequence, NKG2D-ligands appear as different entities in different cells, depending on cellular metabolism and biochemical structure, which mediate different intensities of immune modulation. We discuss whether similar mechanisms, depending on an interplay between metalloprotease cleavage and exosome release, could be a more general feature regulating the composition of exosomes released from human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila López-Cobo
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Spanish National Centre for Biotechnology Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Campos-Silva
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Spanish National Centre for Biotechnology Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Valés-Gómez
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Spanish National Centre for Biotechnology Madrid, Spain
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72
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Kawahara R, Granato DC, Yokoo S, Domingues RR, Trindade DM, Paes Leme AF. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics revealed Glypican-1 as a novel ADAM17 substrate. J Proteomics 2016; 151:53-65. [PMID: 27576135 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
ADAM17 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17) is a plasma membrane metalloprotease involved in proteolytic release of the extracellular domain of many cell surface molecules, a process known as ectodomain shedding. Through this process, ADAM17 is implicated in several aspects of tumor growth and metastasis in a broad range of tumors, including head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). In this study, mass spectrometry-based proteomics approaches revealed glypican-1 (GPC1) as a new substrate for ADAM17, and its shedding was confirmed to be metalloprotease-dependent, induced by a pleiotropic agent (PMA) and physiologic ligand (EGF), and inhibited by marimastat. In addition, immunoblotting analysis of GPC1 in the extracellular media from control and ADAM17shRNA pointed to a direct involvement of ADAM17 in the cleavage of GPC1. Moreover, mass spectrometry-based interactome analysis of GPC1 revealed biological functions and pathways related mainly to cellular movement, adhesion and proliferation, which were events also modulated by up regulation of full length and cleavage GPC1. Altogether, we showed that GPC1 is a novel ADAM17 substrate, thus the function of GPC1 may be modulated by proteolysis signaling. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Inhibition of metalloproteases as a therapeutic approach has failed because there is limited knowledge of the degradome of individual proteases as well as the cellular function of cleaved substrates. Using different proteomic techniques, this study uncovered novel substrates that can be modulated by ADAM17 in oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line. Glypican-1 was validated as a novel substrate for ADAM17, with important function in adhesion, proliferation and migration of carcinoma cells. Therefore, this study opens new avenues regarding the proteolysis-mediated function of GPC1 by ADAM17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Kawahara
- Laboratório Nacional de Biociências, LNBio, CNPEM, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Sami Yokoo
- Laboratório Nacional de Biociências, LNBio, CNPEM, Campinas, Brazil
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73
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Caltabiano R, Puzzo L, Barresi V, Ieni A, Loreto C, Musumeci G, Castrogiovanni P, Ragusa M, Foti P, Russo A, Longo A, Reibaldi M. ADAM 10 expression in primary uveal melanoma as prognostic factor for risk of metastasis. Pathol Res Pract 2016; 212:980-987. [PMID: 27546281 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Uveal melanoma is the most frequent primary intraocular neoplasm in adults. Although malignant melanoma may be located at any point in the uveal tract, the choroid and ciliary body are more frequent locations than the iris. In the present study, we examined ADAM10 expression levels in primary uveal melanoma both with and without metastasis, and we evaluated their association with other high risk characteristics for metastasis in order to assess if ADAM10 can be used to predict metastasis. This study included a total of 52 patients, 23 men and 29 women, with uveal melanoma. A significantly high expression of ADAM-10 was seen in patients with metastasis (11/13, 84.6%), but not in patients without metastasis (15/39, 38.5%). In conclusion we found that ADAM10 expression was associated with a more rapid metastatic progression confirming its role in uveal melanoma metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Caltabiano
- Department G.F. Ingrassia, Section of Anatomic Pathology, University of Catania, Italy.
| | - Lidia Puzzo
- Department G.F. Ingrassia, Section of Anatomic Pathology, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Valeria Barresi
- Department of Human Pathology, Section of Pathological Anatomy, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Ieni
- Department of Human Pathology, Section of Pathological Anatomy, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Carla Loreto
- Department of Bio-medical Sciences, Division of Anatomy and Histology, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Musumeci
- Department of Bio-medical Sciences, Division of Anatomy and Histology, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Paola Castrogiovanni
- Department of Bio-medical Sciences, Division of Anatomy and Histology, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Marco Ragusa
- Department of Bio-medical Sciences, Section of Molecular Biomedicine, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Pietro Foti
- Radiodiagnostic and Radiotherapy Unit, University Hospital "Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele", Italy
| | - Andrea Russo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Antonio Longo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Michele Reibaldi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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74
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Rhomboid intramembrane protease RHBDL4 triggers ER-export and non-canonical secretion of membrane-anchored TGFα. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27342. [PMID: 27264103 PMCID: PMC4893610 DOI: 10.1038/srep27342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhomboid intramembrane proteases are the enzymes that release active epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligands in Drosophila and C. elegans, but little is known about their functions in mammals. Here we show that the mammalian rhomboid protease RHBDL4 (also known as Rhbdd1) promotes trafficking of several membrane proteins, including the EGFR ligand TGFα, from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi apparatus, thereby triggering their secretion by extracellular microvesicles. Our data also demonstrate that RHBDL4-dependent trafficking control is regulated by G-protein coupled receptors, suggesting a role for this rhomboid protease in pathological conditions, including EGFR signaling. We propose that RHBDL4 reorganizes trafficking events within the early secretory pathway in response to GPCR signaling. Our work identifies RHBDL4 as a rheostat that tunes secretion dynamics and abundance of specific membrane protein cargoes.
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75
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Keerthikumar S, Gangoda L, Liem M, Fonseka P, Atukorala I, Ozcitti C, Mechler A, Adda CG, Ang CS, Mathivanan S. Proteogenomic analysis reveals exosomes are more oncogenic than ectosomes. Oncotarget 2016; 6:15375-96. [PMID: 25944692 PMCID: PMC4558158 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) include the exosomes (30-100 nm) that are produced through the endocytic pathway via the multivesicular bodies and the ectosomes (100-1000 nm) that are released through the budding of the plasma membrane. Despite the differences in the mode of biogenesis and size, reliable markers that can distinguish between exosomes and ectosomes are non-existent. Moreover, the precise functional differences between exosomes and ectosomes remains poorly characterised. Here, using label-free quantitative proteomics, we highlight proteins that could be exploited as markers to discriminate between exosomes and ectosomes. For the first time, a global proteogenomics analysis unveiled the secretion of mutant proteins that are implicated in cancer progression through tumor-derived EVs. Follow up integrated bioinformatics analysis highlighted the enrichment of oncogenic cargo in exosomes and ectosomes. Interestingly, exosomes induced significant cell proliferation and migration in recipient cells compared to ectosomes confirming the oncogenic nature of exosomes. These findings ascertain that cancer cells facilitate oncogenesis by the secretion of mutant and oncoproteins into the tumor microenvironment via exosomes and ectosomes. The integrative proteogenomics approach utilized in this study has the potential to identify disease biomarker candidates which can be later assayed in liquid biopsies obtained from cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivakumar Keerthikumar
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lahiru Gangoda
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Liem
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pamali Fonseka
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ishara Atukorala
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cemil Ozcitti
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adam Mechler
- Department of Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher G Adda
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ching-Seng Ang
- Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Suresh Mathivanan
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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76
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Shimoda M, Jackson HW, Khokha R. Tumor suppression by stromal TIMPs. Mol Cell Oncol 2016; 3:e975082. [PMID: 27314104 PMCID: PMC4909426 DOI: 10.4161/23723556.2014.975082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Revised: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The tumor stroma has the capacity to drive cancer progression, although the mechanisms governing these effects are incompletely understood. Recently, we reported that deletion of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (Timps) in fibroblasts unleashes the function of cancer-associated fibroblasts and identifies a novel mode of stromal–tumor communication that activates key oncogenic pathways invoving Notch and ras homolog gene family, member A (RhoA) via stromal exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Shimoda
- Ontario Cancer Institute; University Health Network ; Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Rama Khokha
- Ontario Cancer Institute; University Health Network ; Toronto, Canada
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77
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Lee HD, Kim YH, Koo BH, Kim DS. The ADAM15 ectodomain is shed from secretory exosomes. BMB Rep 2016; 48:277-82. [PMID: 25208722 PMCID: PMC4578567 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2015.48.5.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrated previously that a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 15 (ADAM15) is released into the extracellular space as an exosomal component, and that ADAM15-rich exosomes have tumor suppressive functions. However, the suppressive mechanism of ADAM15-rich exosomes remains unclear. In this study, we show that the ADAM15 ectodomain is cleaved from released exosomes. This shedding process of the ADAM15 ectodomain was dramatically enhanced in conditioned ovarian cancer cell medium. Proteolytic cleavage was completely blocked by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, indicating that a serine protease is responsible for exosomal ADAM15 shedding. Experimental evidence indicates that the ADAM15 ectodomain itself has comparable functions with those of ADAM15-rich exosomes, which effectively inhibit vitronectininduced cancer cell migration and activation of the MEK/extracellular regulated kinase signaling pathway. We present a tumor suppressive mechanism for ADAM15 exosomes and provide insight into the functional significance of exosomes that generate tumor-inhibitory factors. [BMB Reports 2015; 48(5): 277-282]
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Doo Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Yeon Hyang Kim
- Department of Bioinformatics, Korea Polytechnics, Nonsan 320-905, Korea
| | - Bon-Hun Koo
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Doo-Sik Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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78
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Cleaved CD44 intracellular domain supports activation of stemness factors and promotes tumorigenesis of breast cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:8709-21. [PMID: 25909162 PMCID: PMC4496178 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CD44 plays a role in the progression of tumors and is expressed in cancer stem cells (CSCs). However, the mechanisms underlying the crosstalk of CD44 with stemness genes in CSC maintenance remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated how the cleaved intracellular domain of CD44 (CD44ICD) activates stemness factors such as Nanog, Sox2 and Oct4, and contributes to the tumorigenesis of breast cancer. We have found that the overexpression of CD44ICD increased mammosphere formation in breast cancer cells. Treatment with a γ-secretase inhibitor (GSI), which blocks the cleavage of CD44ICD, interfered with mammosphere formation. Interestingly, CD44ICD decreased the expression levels and nuclear localization of stemness factors, but overexpression of CD44ICD reversed these effects. In addition, we showed that nuclear localization of CD44ICD is important for transcriptional activation of the stemness factors. Furthermore, CD44ICD-overexpressed cells exhibited strong tumorigenecity and greater metastatic potential than did the control cells or CD44-depleted cells in vivo in mice models. Taken together, it was supposed that CD44 promotes tumorigenesis through the interaction and nuclear-translocation of its intracellular domain and stemness factors. We suggest that the prevention of cleavage and nuclear-translocation of CD44ICD is a potential target in treating breast cancer.
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79
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Yu X, Yang F, Fu DL, Jin C. L1 cell adhesion molecule as a therapeutic target in cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2016; 16:359-71. [PMID: 26781307 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2016.1143363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM) is the prototype member of the L1-family of closely related neural adhesion molecules. L1CAM is differentially expressed in the normal nervous system as well as pathological tissues and displays a wide range of biological activities. In human malignancies, L1CAM plays a vital role in tumor growth, invasion and metastasis. Recently, increasing evidence has suggested that L1CAM exerts a variety of functions at different steps of tumor progression through a series of signaling pathways. In addition, L1CAM has been identified as a promising target for cancer therapy by using synthetic and natural inhibitors. In this review, we provide an up-to-date overview of the role of L1CAM involved in cancers and the rationale for L1CAM as a novel molecular target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhe Yu
- a Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Huashan Hospital , Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Feng Yang
- a Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Huashan Hospital , Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - De-Liang Fu
- a Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Huashan Hospital , Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Chen Jin
- a Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Huashan Hospital , Fudan University , Shanghai , China
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80
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Abstract
A disintegrin and metalloproteinases (ADAMs) are a family of cell surface proteases that regulate diverse cellular functions, including cell adhesion, migration, cellular signaling, and proteolysis. Proteolytically active ADAMs are responsible for ectodomain shedding of membrane-associated proteins. ADAMs rapidly modulate key cell signaling pathways in response to changes in the extracellular environment (e.g., inflammation) and play a central role in coordinating intercellular communication within the local microenvironment. ADAM10 and ADAM17 are the most studied members of the ADAM family in the gastrointestinal tract. ADAMs regulate many cellular processes associated with intestinal development, cell fate specification, and the maintenance of intestinal stem cell/progenitor populations. Several signaling pathway molecules that undergo ectodomain shedding by ADAMs [e.g., ligands and receptors from epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/ErbB and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) receptor (TNFR) families] help drive and control intestinal inflammation and injury/repair responses. Dysregulation of these processes through aberrant ADAM expression or sustained ADAM activity is linked to chronic inflammation, inflammation-associated cancer, and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Jones
- Cell Biology, Stem Cells, and Development Program and.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Medical School, Aurora, Colorado 80045; , ,
| | - Shelly Rustagi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Medical School, Aurora, Colorado 80045; , ,
| | - Peter J Dempsey
- Cell Biology, Stem Cells, and Development Program and.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Medical School, Aurora, Colorado 80045; , ,
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81
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Parchure A, Vyas N, Ferguson C, Parton RG, Mayor S. Oligomerization and endocytosis of Hedgehog is necessary for its efficient exovesicular secretion. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:4700-17. [PMID: 26490120 PMCID: PMC4678025 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-09-0671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) is a secreted morphogen involved in both short- and long-range signaling necessary for tissue patterning during development. It is unclear how this dually lipidated protein is transported over a long range in the aqueous milieu of interstitial spaces. We previously showed that the long-range signaling of Hh requires its oligomerization. Here we show that Hh is secreted in the form of exovesicles. These are derived by the endocytic delivery of cell surface Hh to multivesicular bodies (MVBs) via an endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ECSRT)-dependent process. Perturbations of ESCRT proteins have a selective effect on long-range Hh signaling in Drosophila wing imaginal discs. Of importance, oligomerization-defective Hh is inefficiently incorporated into exovesicles due to its poor endocytic delivery to MVBs. These results provide evidence that nanoscale organization of Hh regulates the secretion of Hh on ESCRT-derived exovesicles, which in turn act as a vehicle for long-range signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Parchure
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Neha Vyas
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Charles Ferguson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Queensland, Brisbane St Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Robert G Parton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Queensland, Brisbane St Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Satyajit Mayor
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore 560065, India Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore 560065, India
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82
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Exosomes: Emerging biomarkers and targets for ovarian cancer. Cancer Lett 2015; 367:26-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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83
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Schumacher N, Meyer D, Mauermann A, von der Heyde J, Wolf J, Schwarz J, Knittler K, Murphy G, Michalek M, Garbers C, Bartsch JW, Guo S, Schacher B, Eickholz P, Chalaris A, Rose-John S, Rabe B. Shedding of Endogenous Interleukin-6 Receptor (IL-6R) Is Governed by A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase (ADAM) Proteases while a Full-length IL-6R Isoform Localizes to Circulating Microvesicles. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:26059-71. [PMID: 26359498 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.649509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Generation of the soluble interleukin-6 receptor (sIL-6R) is a prerequisite for pathogenic IL-6 trans-signaling, which constitutes a distinct signaling pathway of the pleiotropic cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6). Although in vitro experiments using ectopically overexpressed IL-6R and candidate proteases revealed major roles for the metalloproteinases ADAM10 and ADAM17 in IL-6R shedding, the identity of the protease(s) cleaving IL-6R in more physiological settings, or even in vivo, remains unknown. By taking advantage of specific pharmacological inhibitors and primary cells from ADAM-deficient mice we established that endogenous IL-6R of both human and murine origin is shed by ADAM17 in an induced manner, whereas constitutive release of endogenous IL-6R is largely mediated by ADAM10. Although circulating IL-6R levels are altered in various diseases, the origin of blood-borne IL-6R is still poorly understood. It has been shown previously that ADAM17 hypomorphic mice exhibit unaltered levels of serum sIL-6R. Here, by quantification of serum sIL-6R in protease-deficient mice as well as human patients we also excluded ADAM10, ADAM8, neutrophil elastase, cathepsin G, and proteinase 3 from contributing to circulating sIL-6R. Furthermore, we ruled out alternative splicing of the IL-6R mRNA as a potential source of circulating sIL-6R in the mouse. Instead, we found full-length IL-6R on circulating microvesicles, establishing microvesicle release as a novel mechanism for sIL-6R generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neele Schumacher
- From the Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Kiel, Rudolf-Höber-Str. 1, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Dörte Meyer
- From the Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Kiel, Rudolf-Höber-Str. 1, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Andre Mauermann
- From the Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Kiel, Rudolf-Höber-Str. 1, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jan von der Heyde
- From the Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Kiel, Rudolf-Höber-Str. 1, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Janina Wolf
- From the Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Kiel, Rudolf-Höber-Str. 1, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jeanette Schwarz
- From the Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Kiel, Rudolf-Höber-Str. 1, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Katharina Knittler
- From the Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Kiel, Rudolf-Höber-Str. 1, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Gillian Murphy
- the Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Michalek
- From the Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Kiel, Rudolf-Höber-Str. 1, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Christoph Garbers
- From the Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Kiel, Rudolf-Höber-Str. 1, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jörg W Bartsch
- the Department of Neurosurgery/Lab, Philipps-University Marburg, Baldingerstr., 35033 Marburg, Germany, and
| | - Songbo Guo
- the Department of Neurosurgery/Lab, Philipps-University Marburg, Baldingerstr., 35033 Marburg, Germany, and
| | - Beate Schacher
- the Department of Periodontology, Center for Dentistry and Oral Medicine (Carolinum), Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Peter Eickholz
- the Department of Periodontology, Center for Dentistry and Oral Medicine (Carolinum), Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Athena Chalaris
- From the Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Kiel, Rudolf-Höber-Str. 1, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefan Rose-John
- From the Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Kiel, Rudolf-Höber-Str. 1, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Björn Rabe
- From the Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Kiel, Rudolf-Höber-Str. 1, 24118 Kiel, Germany,
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84
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Extracellular Vesicles from Caveolin-Enriched Microdomains Regulate Hyaluronan-Mediated Sustained Vascular Integrity. Int J Cell Biol 2015; 2015:481493. [PMID: 26447809 PMCID: PMC4581561 DOI: 10.1155/2015/481493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Defects in vascular integrity are an initiating factor in several disease processes. We have previously reported that high molecular weight hyaluronan (HMW-HA), a major glycosaminoglycan in the body, promotes rapid signal transduction in human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMVEC) leading to barrier enhancement. In contrast, low molecular weight hyaluronan (LMW-HA), produced in disease states by hyaluronidases and reactive oxygen species (ROS), induces HPMVEC barrier disruption. However, the mechanism(s) of sustained barrier regulation by HA are poorly defined. Our results indicate that long-term (6–24 hours) exposure of HMW-HA induced release of a novel type of extracellular vesicle from HLMVEC called enlargeosomes (characterized by AHNAK expression) while LMW-HA long-term exposure promoted release of exosomes (characterized by CD9, CD63, and CD81 expression). These effects were blocked by inhibiting caveolin-enriched microdomain (CEM) formation. Further, inhibiting enlargeosome release by annexin II siRNA attenuated the sustained barrier enhancing effects of HMW-HA. Finally, exposure of isolated enlargeosomes to HPMVEC monolayers generated barrier enhancement while exosomes led to barrier disruption. Taken together, these results suggest that differential release of extracellular vesicles from CEM modulate the sustained HPMVEC barrier regulation by HMW-HA and LMW-HA. HMW-HA-induced specialized enlargeosomes can be a potential therapeutic strategy for diseases involving impaired vascular integrity.
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85
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Qian M, Shen X, Wang H. The Distinct Role of ADAM17 in APP Proteolysis and Microglial Activation Related to Alzheimer's Disease. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2015; 36:471-82. [PMID: 26119306 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0232-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with the symptom of cognitive impairment. The deposition of amyloid β (Aβ) peptide is believed to be the primary cause to neuronal dystrophy and eventually dementia. Aβ is the proteolytic product from its precursor amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β- and γ- secretase. An optional cleavage by α-secretase happens inside the Aβ domain. ADAM17 is supposed to be the regulated α-secretase of APP. Enhanced activity of ADAM17 leads to the increasing secretion of neuroprotective soluble APP α fragment and reduction of Aβ generation, which may be benefit to the disease. ADAM17 is then considered the potential therapeutic target for AD. Microglia activation and neuroinflammation is another important event in AD pathogenesis. Interestingly, ADAM17 also participates in the cleavage of many other membrane-bound proteins, especially some inflammatory factors related to microglia activation. The facilitating role of ADAM17 in inflammation and further neuronal damage has also been illustrated. In results, the activation of ADAM17 as the solution to AD may be a tricky task. The comprehensive consideration and evaluation has to be carried out carefully before the final treatment. In the present review, the distinct role of ADAM17 in AD-related APP shedding and neuroinflammatory microglial activation will be carefully discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Qian
- Key Lab of Inflammation and Immunoregulation, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Street 16, Hangzhou, 310036, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Shen
- Key Lab of Inflammation and Immunoregulation, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Street 16, Hangzhou, 310036, China
| | - Huanhuan Wang
- Key Lab of Inflammation and Immunoregulation, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Street 16, Hangzhou, 310036, China.
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86
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Lopez-Font I, Cuchillo-Ibañez I, Sogorb-Esteve A, García-Ayllón MS, Sáez-Valero J. Transmembrane Amyloid-Related Proteins in CSF as Potential Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurol 2015; 6:125. [PMID: 26082753 PMCID: PMC4451586 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the continuing search for new cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), reasonable candidates are the secretase enzymes involved in the processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP), as well as the large proteolytic cleavage fragments sAPPα and sAPPβ. The enzymatic activities of some of these secretases, such as BACE1 and TACE, have been investigated as potential AD biomarkers, and it has been assumed that these activities present in human CSF result from the soluble truncated forms of the membrane-bound enzymes. However, we and others recently identified soluble forms of BACE1 and APP in CSF containing the intracellular domains, as well as the multi-pass transmembrane presenilin-1 (PS1) and other subunits of γ-secretase. We also review recent findings that suggest that most of these soluble transmembrane proteins could display self-association properties based on hydrophobic and/or ionic interactions leading to the formation of heteromeric complexes. The oligomerization state of these potential new biomarkers needs to be taken into consideration for assessing their real potential as CSF biomarkers for AD by adequate molecular tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Lopez-Font
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC , Sant Joan d'Alacant , Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) , Sant Joan d'Alacant , Spain
| | - Inmaculada Cuchillo-Ibañez
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC , Sant Joan d'Alacant , Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) , Sant Joan d'Alacant , Spain
| | - Aitana Sogorb-Esteve
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC , Sant Joan d'Alacant , Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) , Sant Joan d'Alacant , Spain
| | - María-Salud García-Ayllón
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC , Sant Joan d'Alacant , Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) , Sant Joan d'Alacant , Spain ; Unidad de Investigación, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO), Hospital General Universitario de Elche , Elche , Spain
| | - Javier Sáez-Valero
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC , Sant Joan d'Alacant , Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) , Sant Joan d'Alacant , Spain
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87
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Hida D, Danielson BT, Knudson CB, Knudson W. CD44 knock-down in bovine and human chondrocytes results in release of bound HYAL2. Matrix Biol 2015; 48:42-54. [PMID: 25864644 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
CD44 shedding occurs in osteoarthritic chondrocytes. Previous work of others has suggested that the hyaluronidase isoform HYAL2 has the capacity to bind to CD44, a binding that may itself induce CD44 cleavage. Experiments were developed to elucidate whether chondrocyte HYAL2: (1) was exposed on the extracellular plasma membrane of chondrocytes, (2) bound to CD44, (3) underwent shedding together with CD44 and lastly, (4) exhibited hyaluronidase activity within a near-neutral pH range. Enhancing CD44 shedding by IL-1β resulted in a proportional increase in HYAL2 released from human and bovine chondrocytes into the medium. CD44 knockdown by siRNA also resulted in increased accumulation of HYAL2 in the media of chondrocytes. By hyaluronan zymography only activity at pH3.7 was observed and this activity was reduced by pre-treatment of chondrocytes with trypsin. CD44 and HYAL2 were found to co-immunoprecipitate, and to co-localize within intracellular vesicles and at the plasma membrane. Degradation of hyaluronan was visualized by agarose gel electrophoresis. With this approach, hyaluronidase activity could be observed at pH4.8 under assay conditions in which CD44 and HYAL2 binding remained intact; additionally, weak hyaluronidase activity could be observed at pH6.8 under these conditions. This study suggests that CD44 and HYAL2 are bound at the surface of chondrocytes. The release of HYAL2 when CD44 is shed could provide a mechanism for weak hyaluronidase activity to occur within the more distant extracellular matrix of cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Hida
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, East Carolina University, The Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, NC 27834, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Ben T Danielson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, East Carolina University, The Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Cheryl B Knudson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, East Carolina University, The Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Warren Knudson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, East Carolina University, The Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, NC 27834, USA.
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88
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Kleino I, Järviluoma A, Hepojoki J, Huovila AP, Saksela K. Preferred SH3 domain partners of ADAM metalloproteases include shared and ADAM-specific SH3 interactions. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121301. [PMID: 25825872 PMCID: PMC4380453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A disintegrin and metalloproteinases (ADAMs) constitute a protein family essential for extracellular signaling and regulation of cell adhesion. Catalytic activity of ADAMs and their predicted potential for Src-homology 3 (SH3) domain binding show a strong correlation. Here we present a comprehensive characterization of SH3 binding capacity and preferences of the catalytically active ADAMs 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 17, and 19. Our results revealed several novel interactions, and also confirmed many previously reported ones. Many of the identified SH3 interaction partners were shared by several ADAMs, whereas some were ADAM-specific. Most of the ADAM-interacting SH3 proteins were adapter proteins or kinases, typically associated with sorting and endocytosis. Novel SH3 interactions revealed in this study include TOCA1 and CIP4 as preferred partners of ADAM8, and RIMBP1 as a partner of ADAM19. Our results suggest that common as well as distinct mechanisms are involved in regulation and execution of ADAM signaling, and provide a useful framework for addressing the pathways that connect ADAMs to normal and aberrant cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iivari Kleino
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annika Järviluoma
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jussi Hepojoki
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ari Pekka Huovila
- Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kalle Saksela
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
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89
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Vered M, Lehtonen M, Hotakainen L, Pirilä E, Teppo S, Nyberg P, Sormunen R, Zlotogorski-Hurvitz A, Salo T, Dayan D. Caveolin-1 accumulation in the tongue cancer tumor microenvironment is significantly associated with poor prognosis: an in-vivo and in-vitro study. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:25. [PMID: 25633184 PMCID: PMC4318139 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1030-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Caveolin-1 (CAV1) may be upregulated by hypoxia and acts in a tumor-dependent manner. We investigated CAV1 in tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) and its association with clinical outcomes, and studied in vitro possible ways for CAV1 accumulation in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Methods TSCC cases (N = 64) were immunohistochemically stained for CAV1. Scores were separately assessed in the tumor and TME and plotted for association with recurrence and survival (univariate analysis with log-rank test). In vitro studies were performed on a 3D myoma organotypic model, a mimicker of TME. Prior to monoculturing HSC-3 tongue cancer cells, the model underwent modifications in oxygenation level (1%O2 hypoxia to upregulate CAV1) and/or in the amount of natural soluble factors [deleted by 14-day rinsing (rinsed myoma, RM), to allow only HSC-3-derived factors to act]. Controls included normoxia (21%O2) and naturally occurring soluble factors (intact myoma, IM). HSC-3 cells were also co-cultured with CaDEC12 cells (fibroblasts exposed to human tongue cancer). CAV1 expression and cellular distribution were examined in different cellular components in hypoxic and rinsed myoma assays. Twist served as a marker for the process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Exosomes isolated from HSC-3 media were investigated for containing CAV1. Results Expression of CAV1 in TSCC had a higher score in TME than in the tumor cells and a negative impact on recurrence (p = 0.01) and survival (p = 0.003). Monocultures of HSC-3 revealed expression of CAV1 mainly in the TME-like myoma assay, similar to TSCC. CAV1+, alpha-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) + and Twist + CAF-like cells were observed surrounding the invading HSC-3, possibly reflecting EMT. RM findings were similar to IM, inferring action of HSC-3 derived factors, and no differences were seen when hypoxia was induced. HSC-3-CaDEC12 co-cultures revealed CAV1+, αSMA+ and cytokeratin-negative CAF-like cells, raising the possibility of CaDEC12 cells gaining a CAF phenotype. HSC-3-derived exosomes were loaded with CAV1. Conclusions Accumulation of CAV1-TME in TSCC had a negative prognostic value. In vitro studies showed the presence of CAV1 in cancer cells undergoing EMT and in fibroblasts undergoing trans-differentiation to CAFs. CAV1 delivery to the TME involved cancer cell-derived exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilena Vered
- Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel. .,Institute of Pathology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.
| | - Meri Lehtonen
- Department of Diagnostics and Oral Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Lari Hotakainen
- Department of Diagnostics and Oral Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Emma Pirilä
- Department of Diagnostics and Oral Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Susanna Teppo
- Department of Diagnostics and Oral Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Pia Nyberg
- Department of Diagnostics and Oral Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland. .,Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Raija Sormunen
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland. .,Medical Research Center, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Ayelet Zlotogorski-Hurvitz
- Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.
| | - Tuula Salo
- Department of Diagnostics and Oral Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland. .,Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland. .,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland. .,Medical Research Center, Oulu, Finland. .,Institute of Dentistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Dan Dayan
- Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.
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90
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Ciliary ectosomes: transmissions from the cell's antenna. Trends Cell Biol 2015; 25:276-85. [PMID: 25618328 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The cilium is the site of function for a variety of membrane receptors, enzymes and signal transduction modules crucial for a spectrum of cellular processes. Through targeted transport and selective gating mechanisms, the cell localizes specific proteins to the cilium that equip it for the role of sensory antenna. This capacity of the cilium to serve as a specialized compartment where specific proteins can be readily concentrated for sensory reception also makes it an ideal organelle to employ for the regulated emission of specific biological material and information. In this review we present and discuss an emerging body of evidence centered on ciliary ectosomes - bioactive vesicles released from the surface of the cilium.
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91
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Zhao L, Liu W, Xiao J, Cao B. The role of exosomes and “exosomal shuttle microRNA” in tumorigenesis and drug resistance. Cancer Lett 2015; 356:339-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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92
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Dreymueller D, Uhlig S, Ludwig A. ADAM-family metalloproteinases in lung inflammation: potential therapeutic targets. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 308:L325-43. [PMID: 25480335 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00294.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute and chronic lung inflammation is driven and controlled by several endogenous mediators that undergo proteolytic conversion from surface-expressed proteins to soluble variants by a disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM)-family members. TNF and epidermal growth factor receptor ligands are just some of the many substrates by which these proteases regulate inflammatory or regenerative processes in the lung. ADAM10 and ADAM17 are the most prominent members of this protease family. They are constitutively expressed in most lung cells and, as recent research has shown, are the pivotal shedding enzymes mediating acute lung inflammation in a cell-specific manner. ADAM17 promotes endothelial and epithelial permeability, transendothelial leukocyte migration, and inflammatory mediator production by smooth muscle and epithelial cells. ADAM10 is critical for leukocyte migration and alveolar leukocyte recruitment. ADAM10 also promotes allergic asthma by driving B cell responses. Additionally, ADAM10 acts as a receptor for Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) α-toxin and is crucial for bacterial virulence. ADAM8, ADAM9, ADAM15, and ADAM33 are upregulated during acute or chronic lung inflammation, and recent functional or genetic analyses have linked them to disease development. Pharmacological inhibitors that allow us to locally or systemically target and differentiate ADAM-family members in the lung suppress acute and asthmatic inflammatory responses and S. aureus virulence. These promising results encourage further research to develop therapeutic strategies based on selected ADAMs. These studies need also to address the role of the ADAMs in repair and regeneration in the lung to identify further therapeutic opportunities and possible side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Dreymueller
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Uhlig
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Ludwig
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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93
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SHI JIANHUA, REN YI, ZHEN LINLIN, QIU XIAOLAN. Exosomes from breast cancer cells stimulate proliferation and inhibit apoptosis of CD133+ cancer cells in vitro. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:405-9. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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94
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Martin RK, Brooks KB, Henningsson F, Heyman B, Conrad DH. Antigen transfer from exosomes to dendritic cells as an explanation for the immune enhancement seen by IgE immune complexes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110609. [PMID: 25330118 PMCID: PMC4203810 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
IgE antigen complexes induce increased specific T cell proliferation and increased specific IgG production. Immediately after immunization, CD23+ B cells capture IgE antigen complexes, transport them to the spleen where, via unknown mechanisms, dendritic cells capture the antigen and present it to T cells. CD23, the low affinity IgE receptor, binds IgE antigen complexes and internalizes them. In this study, we show that these complexes are processed onto B-cell derived exosomes (bexosomes) in a CD23 dependent manner. The bexosomes carry CD23, IgE and MHC II and stimulate antigen specific T-cell proliferation in vitro. When IgE antigen complex stimulated bexosomes are incubated with dendritic cells, dendritic cells induce specific T-cell proliferation in vivo, similar to IgE antigen complexes. This suggests that bexosomes can provide the essential transfer mechanism for IgE antigen complexes from B cells to dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca K. Martin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Keith B. Brooks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Frida Henningsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Birgitta Heyman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniel H. Conrad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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95
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Kuruppu S, Rajapakse NW, Dunstan RA, Smith AI. Nitric oxide inhibits the production of soluble endothelin converting enzyme-1. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 396:49-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2141-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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96
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Andreu Z, Yáñez-Mó M. Tetraspanins in extracellular vesicle formation and function. Front Immunol 2014; 5:442. [PMID: 25278937 PMCID: PMC4165315 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 888] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent a novel mechanism of intercellular communication as vehicles for intercellular transfer of functional membrane and cytosolic proteins, lipids, and RNAs. Microvesicles, ectosomes, shedding vesicles, microparticles, and exosomes are the most common terms to refer to the different kinds of EVs based on their origin, composition, size, and density. Exosomes have an endosomal origin and are released by many different cell types, participating in different physiological and/or pathological processes. Depending on their origin, they can alter the fate of recipient cells according to the information transferred. In the last two decades, EVs have become the focus of many studies because of their putative use as non-invasive biomarkers and their potential in bioengineering and clinical applications. In order to exploit this ability of EVs many aspects of their biology should be deciphered. Here, we review the mechanisms involved in EV biogenesis, assembly, recruitment of selected proteins, and genetic material as well as the uptake mechanisms by target cells in an effort to understand EV functions and their utility in clinical applications. In these contexts, the role of proteins from the tetraspanin superfamily, which are among the most abundant membrane proteins of EVs, will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoraida Andreu
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Santa Cristina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa , Madrid , Spain
| | - María Yáñez-Mó
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Santa Cristina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa , Madrid , Spain
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97
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Shimoda M, Principe S, Jackson HW, Luga V, Fang H, Molyneux SD, Shao YW, Aiken A, Waterhouse PD, Karamboulas C, Hess FM, Ohtsuka T, Okada Y, Ailles L, Ludwig A, Wrana JL, Kislinger T, Khokha R. Loss of the Timp gene family is sufficient for the acquisition of the CAF-like cell state. Nat Cell Biol 2014; 16:889-901. [DOI: 10.1038/ncb3021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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98
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Mulcahy LA, Pink RC, Carter DRF. Routes and mechanisms of extracellular vesicle uptake. J Extracell Vesicles 2014; 3:24641. [PMID: 25143819 PMCID: PMC4122821 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v3.24641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1747] [Impact Index Per Article: 174.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small vesicles released by donor cells that can be taken up by recipient cells. Despite their discovery decades ago, it has only recently become apparent that EVs play an important role in cell-to-cell communication. EVs can carry a range of nucleic acids and proteins which can have a significant impact on the phenotype of the recipient. For this phenotypic effect to occur, EVs need to fuse with target cell membranes, either directly with the plasma membrane or with the endosomal membrane after endocytic uptake. EVs are of therapeutic interest because they are deregulated in diseases such as cancer and they could be harnessed to deliver drugs to target cells. It is therefore important to understand the molecular mechanisms by which EVs are taken up into cells. This comprehensive review summarizes current knowledge of EV uptake mechanisms. Cells appear to take up EVs by a variety of endocytic pathways, including clathrin-dependent endocytosis, and clathrin-independent pathways such as caveolin-mediated uptake, macropinocytosis, phagocytosis, and lipid raft–mediated internalization. Indeed, it seems likely that a heterogeneous population of EVs may gain entry into a cell via more than one route. The uptake mechanism used by a given EV may depend on proteins and glycoproteins found on the surface of both the vesicle and the target cell. Further research is needed to understand the precise rules that underpin EV entry into cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ann Mulcahy
- Department of Biological and Medical Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Ryan Charles Pink
- Department of Biological and Medical Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - David Raul Francisco Carter
- Department of Biological and Medical Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
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99
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Tickner JA, Urquhart AJ, Stephenson SA, Richard DJ, O'Byrne KJ. Functions and therapeutic roles of exosomes in cancer. Front Oncol 2014; 4:127. [PMID: 24904836 PMCID: PMC4034415 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of exosomes in cancer development has become the focus of much research, due to the many emerging roles possessed by exosomes. These micro-vesicles that are ubiquitously released in to the extracellular milieu, have been found to regulate immune system function, particularly in tumorigenesis, as well as conditioning future metastatic sites for the attachment and growth of tumor tissue. Through an interaction with a range of host tissue, exosomes are able to generate a pro-tumor environment that is essential for carcinogenesis. Herein, we discuss the contents of exosomes and their contribution to tumorigenesis, as well as their role in chemotherapeutic resistance and the development of novel cancer treatments and the identification of cancer biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A Tickner
- Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane, QLD , Australia
| | - Aaron J Urquhart
- Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane, QLD , Australia
| | - Sally-Anne Stephenson
- Eph Receptor Biology Group, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane, QLD , Australia
| | - Derek J Richard
- Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane, QLD , Australia
| | - Kenneth J O'Byrne
- Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane, QLD , Australia
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100
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Amorim M, Fernandes G, Oliveira P, Martins-de-Souza D, Dias-Neto E, Nunes D. The overexpression of a single oncogene (ERBB2/HER2) alters the proteomic landscape of extracellular vesicles. Proteomics 2014; 14:1472-9. [PMID: 24733759 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201300485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
ERBB2/HER2 amplification activates signaling cascades that lead to a tumor cell phenotype. However, despite its remarkable importance in oncology, the consequences of HER2 amplification over the extracellular vesicles (EVs) content have not yet been investigated. Here, we isolated EVs secreted by HB4a, a mammary luminal epithelial cell line and C5.2, its HER2-overexpressing clone. We isolated two EV sets (20 and 100 K) by ultracentrifugation and used electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis for their morphological characterization. We employed GeLC-MS/MS combined with isotope-coded protein labeling to evaluate cell-derived proteins and LC-MS/MS label free spectral counting to quantify the EVs proteome. We found higher HER2 levels in both C5.2-derived EVs when compared with C5.2 cells, suggesting its preferential shuttling. Proteins capable of inducing malignant transformation are enriched in both C5.2 EV subsets, including two HER2-related proteins involved in cell motility and invasion, cofilin and CD44. MetaCore™ analysis indicated an enrichment of cell adhesion and cytoskeleton-remodeling pathways in C5.2 EVs, as well as proteins related to HER2 signaling, such as sphingosine-1-phosphate pathway. Together, our data indicate that in terms of protein content, distinct vesicle sets reinforce and complement each other. Our results also suggest that HER2-upregulated proteins from EVs may be relevant for cellular malignancy and can be potential biomarkers for HER2(+) cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Amorim
- Laboratory of Medical Genomics, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Pós-graduação em Oncologia, Fundação Antônio Prudente, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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