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Hyaluronic acid-fibrin interpenetrating double network hydrogel prepared in situ by orthogonal disulfide cross-linking reaction for biomedical applications. Acta Biomater 2016; 38:23-32. [PMID: 27134013 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED To strengthen the mechanical properties of a fibrin gel and improve its applicability as a scaffold for tissue engineering (TE) applications, a strategy for the in situ preparation of the interpenetrating network (IPN) of fibrin and hyaluronic acid (HA) was developed on the basis of simultaneous and orthogonal fibrinogenesis and disulfide cross-linking. The synthetic pathway included the preparation of mutually reactive HA derivatives bearing thiol and 2-dithiopyridyl groups. Combining thiol-derivatized HA with thrombin and 2-dithiopyridyl-modified HA with fibrinogen and then mixing the obtained liquid formulations afforded IPNs with fibrin-resembling fibrillar architectures at different ratios between fibrin and HA networks. The formation of two networks was confirmed by conducting reference experiments with the compositions lacking one of the four components. The composition of 2% (w/v) fibrin and 1% (w/v) HA showed the highest storage modulus (G'), as compared with the single network counterparts. The degradation of fibrin in IPN hydrogels was slower than that in pure fibrin gels both during incubation of the hydrogels in a fibrin-cleaving nattokinase solution and during the culturing of cells after their encapsulation in the hydrogels. Together with the persistence of HA network, it permitted longer cell culturing time in the IPN. Moreover, the proliferation and spreading of MG63 cells that express the hyaluronan receptor CD44 in IPN hydrogel was increased, as compared with its single network analogues. These results are promising for tunable ECM-based materials for TE and regenerative medicine. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The present work is devoted to in situ fabrication of injectable extracellular matrix hydrogels through simultaneous generation of networks of fibrin and hyaluronic acid (HA) that interpenetrate each other. This is accomplished by combination of enzymatic fibrin cross-linking with orthogonal disulphide cross-linking of HA. High hydrophilicity of HA prevents compaction of the fibrin network, while fibrin provides an adhesive environment for in situ encapsulated cells. The interpenetrating network hydrogel shows an increased stiffness along with a lower degradation rate of fibrin in comparison to the single fibrin network. As a result, the cells have sufficient time for the remodelling of the scaffold. This new approach can be applied for modular construction of in vitro tissue models and tissue engineering scaffolds in vivo.
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The effect of soluble E-selectin on tumor progression and metastasis. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:331. [PMID: 27220365 PMCID: PMC4879723 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2366-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Distant metastasis resulting from vascular dissemination of cancer cells is the primary cause of mortality from breast cancer. We have previously reported that E-selectin expression on the endothelial cell surface mediates shear-resistant adhesion and migration of circulating cancer cells via interaction with CD44. As a result of shedding, soluble E-selectin (sE-selectin) from the activated endothelium is present in the serum. In this study, we aimed to understand the role of sE-selectin in tumor progression and metastasis. Methods We investigated the effect of sE-selectin on shear-resistant adhesion and migration of metastatic breast cancer cells and leukocytes in vitro and in vivo. Results We found that sE-selectin promoted migration and shear-resistant adhesion of CD44+/high breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468) to non-activated human microvessel endothelial cells (ES-HMVECs), but not of CD44-/low breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and T-47D). This endothelial E-selectin independent, sE-selectin-mediated shear-resistant adhesion was also observed in a leukocyte cell line (HL-60) as well as human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Additionally, the incubation of MDA-MB-231 cells with sE-selectin triggered FAK phosphorylation and shear-resistant adhesion of sE-selectin-treated cells resulted in increased endothelial permeabilization. However, CD44 knockdown in MDA-MB-231 and HL-60 cells resulted in a significant reduction of sE-selectin-mediated shear-resistant adhesion to non-activated HMVECs, suggesting the involvement of CD44/FAK. Moreover, functional blockade of ICAM-1 in non-activated HMVECs resulted in a marked reduction of sE-selectin-mediated shear-resistant adhesion. Finally, the pre-incubation of CD44+ 4 T1 murine breast cancer cells with sE-selectin augmented infiltration into the lung in E-selectin K/O mice and infusion of human PBMCs pre-incubated with sE-selectin stimulated MDA-MB-231 xenografted breast tumor growth in NSG mice. Conclusions Our data suggest that circulating sE-selectin stimulates a broad range of circulating cells via CD44 and mediates pleiotropic effects that promote migration and shear-resistant adhesion in an endothelial E-selectin independent fashion, in turn accelerating tissue infiltration of leukocytes and cancer cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2366-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Receptor for hyaluronic acid- mediated motility (RHAMM) regulates HT1080 fibrosarcoma cell proliferation via a β-catenin/c-myc signaling axis. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:814-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Sohn SS, Revuri V, Nurunnabi M, Kwak KS, Lee YK. Biomimetic and photo crosslinked hyaluronic acid/pluronic F127 hydrogels with enhanced mechanical and elastic properties to be applied in tissue engineering. Macromol Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-016-4029-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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55
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Lee JY, Chung SJ, Cho HJ, Kim DD. Iodinated hyaluronic acid oligomer-based nanoassemblies for tumor-targeted drug delivery and cancer imaging. Biomaterials 2016; 85:218-31. [PMID: 26874284 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Nano-sized self-assemblies based on amphiphilic iodinated hyaluronic acid (HA) were developed for use in cancer diagnosis and therapy. 2,3,5-Triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) was conjugated to an HA oligomer as a computed tomography (CT) imaging modality and a hydrophobic residue. Nanoassembly based on HA-TIBA was fabricated for tumor-targeted delivery of doxorubicin (DOX). Cellular uptake of DOX from nanoassembly, compared to a DOX solution group, was enhanced via an HA-CD44 receptor interaction, and subsequently, the in vitro antitumor efficacy of DOX-loaded nanoassembly was improved in SCC7 (CD44 receptor positive squamous cell carcinoma) cells. Cy5.5, a near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) dye, was attached to the HA-TIBA conjugate and the in vivo tumor targetability of HA-TIBA nanoassembly, which is based on the interaction between HA and CD44 receptor, was demonstrated in a NIRF imaging study using an SCC7 tumor-xenografted mouse model. Tumor targeting and cancer diagnosis with HA-TIBA nanoassembly were verified in a CT imaging study using the SCC7 tumor-xenografted mouse model. In addition to efficient cancer diagnosis using NIRF and CT imaging modalities, improved antitumor efficacies were shown. HA and TIBA can be used to produce HA-TIBA nanoassembly that may be a promising theranostic nanosystem for cancers that express the CD44 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Young Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Jae Chung
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jong Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dae-Duk Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
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56
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Harshman SW, Canella A, Ciarlariello PD, Agarwal K, Branson OE, Rocci A, Cordero H, Phelps MA, Hade EM, Dubovsky JA, Palumbo A, Rosko A, Byrd JC, Hofmeister CC, Benson DM, Paulaitis ME, Freitas MA, Pichiorri F. Proteomic characterization of circulating extracellular vesicles identifies novel serum myeloma associated markers. J Proteomics 2016; 136:89-98. [PMID: 26775013 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematological malignancy of clonal plasma cells in the bone marrow (BM). The microenvironment plays a key role in MM cell survival and drug resistance through release of soluble factors, expression of adhesion molecules and release of extracellular vesicles (EVs). The aim of this manuscript is to use proteomic profiling of EVs as a tool to identify circulating tumor associated markers in MM patients. First, we characterized the EV protein content obtained from different MM cell lines. Then, we established differences in protein abundance among EVs isolated from MM patient serum and BM and the serum of healthy donors. These data show that the Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I is highly enriched in EVs of MM cell lines and MM patient's serum. Next, we show that CD44 is highly expressed in the EVs isolated from the corticosteroid resistant MM cell line, MM.1R. Furthermore, CD44 was found to be differentially expressed in EVs isolated from newly diagnosed MM patients. Finally through ELISA analysis, we establish the potential of serum CD44 as a predictive biomarker of overall survival. These results support the analysis of EVs as an easily accessible source for MM biomarkers. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Extracellular vesicles are becoming a research focus due to their roles in cancer cell biology such as immune evasion, therapeutic resistance, proliferation and metastases. While numerous studies of vesicle characterization and biology have been conducted in many cancer models, the role of EV in MM remains relatively unstudied. Here we found that EVs isolated from MM cells are enriched in MHC-1 antigen presenting complex and its binding protein β2-MG, this observation is compatible with the enhanced proteasome activity of MM cells compared to other cancers and the ability of functional MHC-1 to bind and present peptides, generated from protein degradation by the proteasome. Additionally, our experiments show that CD44 is particularly enriched in the EV fraction of corticosteroid resistant MM.1R cells and is differentially expressed in the EV fraction of MM patients. This is of high significance due to the established role of CD44 in adhesion of MM cells to BMSC and induction of IL-6, the primary cytokine for MM cell survival, secretion by the BMSC. Furthermore, ELISA assays for CD44 content from the serum of 254 newly diagnosed MM patients enrolled in a Phase 3 randomized trial show highly variable CD44 levels and those patients with >280 ng/mL serum CD44 showing a reduced overall survival time. These results suggest the potential use of CD44 as a prognostic biomarker in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean W Harshman
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Alessandro Canella
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Kitty Agarwal
- The Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Owen E Branson
- The Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Alberto Rocci
- Department of Haematology, Manchester Royal Infirmary hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
| | - Hector Cordero
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Mitch A Phelps
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Erinn M Hade
- Center for Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jason A Dubovsky
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Antonio Palumbo
- Myeloma Unit, Division of Hematology, University of Turin, Azienda Ospedaliera Citta'della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Ashley Rosko
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - John C Byrd
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Craig C Hofmeister
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Don M Benson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Michael E Paulaitis
- Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Michael A Freitas
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Flavia Pichiorri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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57
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Katona É, Juhász T, Somogyi CS, Hajdú T, Szász C, Rácz K, Kókai E, Gergely P, Zákány R. PP2B and ERK1/2 regulate hyaluronan synthesis of HT168 and WM35 human melanoma cell lines. Int J Oncol 2015; 48:983-97. [PMID: 26717964 PMCID: PMC4750541 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) is the major glycosaminoglycan component of the extracellular matrix in either normal or malignant tissues and it may affect proliferation, motility and differentiation of various cell types. Three isoforms of plasma membrane-bound hyaluronan synthases (HAS 1, 2 and 3) secrete and simultaneously bind pericellular HA. HAS enzymes are subjects of post-translational protein phosphorylation which is believed to regulate their enzymatic activity. In this study, we investigated the HA homeostasis of normal human epidermal melanocytes, HT168 and WM35 human melanoma cell lines and melanoma metastases. HAS2 and HAS3 were detected in all the samples, while the expression of HAS1 was not detectable in any case. Malignant tissue samples and melanoma cell lines contained extra- and intracellular HA abundantly but not normal melanocytes. Applying HA as a chemoattractant facilitated the migration of melanoma cells in Boyden chamber. The amount of HA was reduced upon the inhibition of calcineurin with cyclosporine A (CsA), while the inhibition of ERK1/2 with PD098059 elevated it in both cell lines. The signals of Ser/Thr phosphoproteins at 57 kD were stronger after CsA treatment, while a markedly weaker signal was detected upon inhibition of the MAPK pathway. Our results suggest opposing effects of the two investigated enzymes on the HA homeostasis of melanoma cells. We propose that the dephosphorylation of HAS enzymes targeted by PP2B augments HA production, while their phosphorylation by the activity of MAPK pathway reduces HA synthesis. As the expression of the HA receptor RHAMM was also significantly enhanced by PD098059, the MAPK pathway exerted a complex attenuating effect on HA signalling in the investigated melanoma cells. This observation suggests that the application of MAPK-ERK pathway inhibitors requires a careful therapeutic design in melanoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éva Katona
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Juhász
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Csilla Szűcs Somogyi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tibor Hajdú
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Csaba Szász
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Kálmán Rácz
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Endre Kókai
- Department of Cell Biology and Signalling Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Department of Medical Chemistry, Research Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Pál Gergely
- Department of Cell Biology and Signalling Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Department of Medical Chemistry, Research Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Róza Zákány
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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Siegman S, Truong NF, Segura T. Encapsulation of PEGylated low-molecular-weight PEI polyplexes in hyaluronic acid hydrogels reduces aggregation. Acta Biomater 2015; 28:45-54. [PMID: 26391497 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The effective delivery of DNA locally could increase the applicability of gene therapy in tissue regeneration and therapeutic angiogenesis. One promising approach is through use of porous hydrogel scaffolds that incorporate and deliver DNA in the form of nanoparticles to the affected sites. While we have previously reported on caged nanoparticle encapsulation (CnE) to load DNA polyplexes within hydrogels at high concentrations without aggregation, frequent issues with limited polyplex release following CnE have been encountered. In this study, we report two alternative approaches to polyplex presentation for decreasing aggregation in porous hydrogels. The first approach reduces polyplex aggregation by utilizing polyethylene glycol modification of the gene carrier polymer polyethyleneimine (sPEG-PEI) to mitigate charge-charge interactions between polyplexes and the scaffold during gelation. The second approach electrostatically presents polyplexes on the surfaces of scaffold pores as opposed to an encapsulated presentation. The sPEG-PEI polymer formed a smaller, less toxic, and more stable polyplex that exhibited less aggregation within HA gels when compared to the traditionally used linear PEI (LPEI) polymer. Surface-coated polyplexes also resulted in a more homogenous distribution of polyplexes in hydrogels. Furthermore, sPEG-PEI polyplexes retained transfection abilities comparable to LPEI in 3D surface-coated transfections. These results demonstrate a significant improvement in scaffold-mediated gene delivery and show promise in applications to multi-gene delivery systems. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE A promising gene delivery approach for regenerative medicine is implanting porous hydrogel scaffolds loaded with DNA nanoparticles for delivery to affected sites. However, loading DNA polyplexes at high concentrations within hydrogels results in significant aggregation. Here, we describe two methods for decreasing aggregation of DNA polyplexes in porous gels. First, the gene carrier polymer polyethyleneimine (PEI) was modified with polyethylene glycol (sPEG-PEI) to mitigate the electrostatic interactions between polyplexes and scaffold polymer to in turn decrease aggregation. Second, polyplexes were presented along the surfaces of the pores of the hydrogel instead of being encapsulated within the gel. These methods allow for highly tunable and sustained transgene expression from scaffold-mediated gene delivery while avoiding polyplex aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayne Siegman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Norman F Truong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tatiana Segura
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Sivashanmugam A, Arun Kumar R, Vishnu Priya M, Nair SV, Jayakumar R. An overview of injectable polymeric hydrogels for tissue engineering. Eur Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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60
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Cho E, Jung S. Supramolecular Complexation of Carbohydrates for the Bioavailability Enhancement of Poorly Soluble Drugs. Molecules 2015; 20:19620-46. [PMID: 26516835 PMCID: PMC6332515 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201019620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, a comprehensive overview of advances in the supramolecular complexes of carbohydrates and poorly soluble drugs is presented. Through the complexation process, poorly soluble drugs could be efficiently delivered to their desired destinations. Carbohydrates, the most abundant biomolecules, have diverse physicochemical properties owing to their inherent three-dimensional structures, hydrogen bonding, and molecular recognition abilities. In this regard, oligosaccharides and their derivatives have been utilized for the bioavailability enhancement of hydrophobic drugs via increasing the solubility or stability. By extension, polysaccharides and their derivatives can form self-assembled architectures with poorly soluble drugs and have shown increased bioavailability in terms of the sustained or controlled drug release. These supramolecular systems using carbohydrate will be developed consistently in the field of pharmaceutical and medical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunae Cho
- Center for Biotechnology Research in UBITA (CBRU), Institute for Ubiquitous Information Technology and Applications (UBITA), Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Seunho Jung
- Center for Biotechnology Research in UBITA (CBRU), Institute for Ubiquitous Information Technology and Applications (UBITA), Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
- Microbial Carbohydrate Resource Bank (MBRC), Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
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61
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Thrivikraman G, Lee PS, Hess R, Haenchen V, Basu B, Scharnweber D. Interplay of Substrate Conductivity, Cellular Microenvironment, and Pulsatile Electrical Stimulation toward Osteogenesis of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Vitro. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:23015-23028. [PMID: 26418613 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b06390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The influences of physical stimuli such as surface elasticity, topography, and chemistry over mesenchymal stem cell proliferation and differentiation are well investigated. In this context, a fundamentally different approach was adopted, and we have demonstrated the interplay of inherent substrate conductivity, defined chemical composition of cellular microenvironment, and intermittent delivery of electric pulses to drive mesenchymal stem cell differentiation toward osteogenesis. For this, conducting polyaniline (PANI) substrates were coated with collagen type 1 (Coll) alone or in association with sulfated hyaluronan (sHya) to form artificial extracellular matrix (aECM), which mimics the native microenvironment of bone tissue. Further, bone marrow derived human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were cultured on these moderately conductive (10(-4)-10(-3) S/cm) aECM coated PANI substrates and exposed intermittently to pulsed electric field (PEF) generated through transformer-like coupling (TLC) approach over 28 days. On the basis of critical analysis over an array of end points, it was inferred that Coll/sHya coated PANI (PANI/Coll/sHya) substrates had enhanced proliferative capacity of hMSCs up to 28 days in culture, even in the absence of PEF stimulation. On the contrary, the adopted PEF stimulation protocol (7 ms rectangular pulses, 3.6 mV/cm, 10 Hz) is shown to enhance osteogenic differentiation potential of hMSCs. Additionally, PEF stimulated hMSCs had also displayed different morphological characteristics as their nonstimulated counterparts. Concomitantly, earlier onset of ALP activity was also observed on PANI/Coll/sHya substrates and resulted in more calcium deposition. Moreover, real-time polymerase chain reaction results indicated higher mRNA levels of alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin, whereas the expression of other osteogenic markers such as Runt-related transcription factor 2, Col1A, and osteopontin exhibited a dynamic pattern similar to control cells that are cultured in osteogenic medium. Taken together, our experimental results illustrate the interplay of multiple parameters such as substrate conductivity, electric field stimulation, and aECM coating on the modulation of hMSC proliferation and differentiation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greeshma Thrivikraman
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Technische Universität Dresden , Budapester Straße 27, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Centre for Nano Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Poh S Lee
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Technische Universität Dresden , Budapester Straße 27, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ricarda Hess
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Technische Universität Dresden , Budapester Straße 27, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Vanessa Haenchen
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Technische Universität Dresden , Budapester Straße 27, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Bikramjit Basu
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Dieter Scharnweber
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Technische Universität Dresden , Budapester Straße 27, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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Roles of Proteoglycans and Glycosaminoglycans in Wound Healing and Fibrosis. Int J Cell Biol 2015; 2015:834893. [PMID: 26448760 PMCID: PMC4581578 DOI: 10.1155/2015/834893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A wound is a type of injury that damages living tissues. In this review, we will be referring mainly to healing responses in the organs including skin and the lungs. Fibrosis is a process of dysregulated extracellular matrix (ECM) production that leads to a dense and functionally abnormal connective tissue compartment (dermis). In tissues such as the skin, the repair of the dermis after wounding requires not only the fibroblasts that produce the ECM molecules, but also the overlying epithelial layer (keratinocytes), the endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells of the blood vessel and white blood cells such as neutrophils and macrophages, which together orchestrate the cytokine-mediated signaling and paracrine interactions that are required to regulate the proper extent and timing of the repair process. This review will focus on the importance of extracellular molecules in the microenvironment, primarily the proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan, and their roles in wound healing. First, we will briefly summarize the physiological, cellular, and biochemical elements of wound healing, including the importance of cytokine cross-talk between cell types. Second, we will discuss the role of proteoglycans and hyaluronan in regulating these processes. Finally, approaches that utilize these concepts as potential therapies for fibrosis are discussed.
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63
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Takabe P, Bart G, Ropponen A, Rilla K, Tammi M, Tammi R, Pasonen-Seppänen S. Hyaluronan synthase 3 (HAS3) overexpression downregulates MV3 melanoma cell proliferation, migration and adhesion. Exp Cell Res 2015. [PMID: 26222208 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Malignant skin melanoma is one of the most deadly human cancers. Extracellular matrix (ECM) influences the growth of malignant tumors by modulating tumor cells adhesion and migration. Hyaluronan is an essential component of the ECM, and its amount is altered in many tumors, suggesting an important role for hyaluronan in tumorigenesis. Nonetheless its role in melanomagenesis is not understood. In this study we produced a MV3 melanoma cell line with inducible expression of the hyaluronan synthase 3 (HAS3) and studied its effect on the behavior of the melanoma cells. HAS3 overexpression expanded the cell surface hyaluronan coat and decreased melanoma cell adhesion, migration and proliferation by cell cycle arrest at G1/G0. Melanoma cell migration was restored by removal of cell surface hyaluronan by Streptomyces hyaluronidase and by receptor blocking with hyaluronan oligosaccharides, while the effect on cell proliferation was receptor independent. Overexpression of HAS3 decreased ERK1/2 phosphorylation suggesting that inhibition of MAP-kinase signaling was responsible for these suppressive effects on the malignant phenotype of MV3 melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piia Takabe
- University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Biomedicine, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Geneviève Bart
- University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Biomedicine, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Antti Ropponen
- University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Clinical Medicine, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kirsi Rilla
- University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Biomedicine, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Markku Tammi
- University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Biomedicine, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Raija Tammi
- University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Biomedicine, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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64
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Lenart M, Rutkowska-Zapala M, Baj-Krzyworzeka M, Szatanek R, Węglarczyk K, Smallie T, Ziegler-Heitbrock L, Zembala M, Siedlar M. Hyaluronan carried by tumor-derived microvesicles induces IL-10 production in classical (CD14 ++CD16 -) monocytes via PI3K/Akt/mTOR-dependent signalling pathway. Immunobiology 2015. [PMID: 26210045 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-derived microvesicles (TMV) can mimic effects of tumor cells leading to an increased anti-inflammatory cytokine production, such as interleukin 10 (IL-10), by tumor-infiltrating monocytes and macrophages. Yet, the mechanism of IL-10 induction by TMV in monocytes remains unclear. The co-incubation of TMV derived from the human pancreas carcinoma cell line (HPC-4) with human monocytes resulted in a nearly 30-fold increase in IL-10 protein production. This effect operates at the level of transcription since monocytes transduced with an adenovirus containing IL-10-promoter luciferase reporter gene showed a 5-fold induction of luciferase activity after treatment with TMV. Since tumor cells can express hyaluronan (HA), which participates in tumor invasion and metastases, we have tested its effect on IL-10 expression. We showed that HA at the concentration of 100μg/ml induces IL-10 protein expression and the IL-10 promoter activation in monocytes. Moreover, hyaluronidase treatment of TMV reduced IL-10 protein production by 50% and promoter activity by 40%. Inhibitors of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway reduced both, TMV-induced IL-10 promoter activity and protein production, and the same was observed in monocytes when stimulated by HPC-4 cells or HA. Inhibition of PI3K activity down-regulated phosphorylation of the Akt and (to a lesser extent) mTOR proteins in monocytes following TMV or HA stimulation. When comparing monocyte subsets, TMV induced IL-10 protein and mRNA synthesis only in classical CD14++CD16- but not in CD16-positive monocytes. Our data show that TMV induce IL-10 synthesis in human classical monocytes via HA, which, in turn, activates the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Lenart
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Polish-American Institute of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Rutkowska-Zapala
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Polish-American Institute of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
| | - Monika Baj-Krzyworzeka
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Polish-American Institute of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
| | - Rafał Szatanek
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Polish-American Institute of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
| | - Kazimierz Węglarczyk
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Polish-American Institute of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
| | - Timothy Smallie
- Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, School of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Löms Ziegler-Heitbrock
- Asklepios-Fachklinik and Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Robert-Koch-Allee 1, D-82131, Gauting, Germany; Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - Marek Zembala
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Polish-American Institute of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
| | - Maciej Siedlar
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Polish-American Institute of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265, 30-663 Krakow, Poland.
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65
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HAS3 underexpression as an indicator of poor prognosis in patients with urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract and urinary bladder. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:5441-50. [PMID: 25934334 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3210-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Via data mining a published transcriptomic database of UBUC (GSE31684), we discovered hyaluronan synthase-3 (HAS3) as the most significant gene stepwise downregulated from early tumorigenesis to progression among those associated with hyaluronan synthase activity (GO:0050501). We consequently analyzed HAS3 protein expression and their association with clinicopathological factors and survival in our well-characterized cohort of urothelial carcinoma of upper urinary tract (UTUC) and urinary bladder (UBUC). HAS3 expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry and evaluated by using H score method in 295 UBUCs and 340 UTUCs, respectively. HAS3 protein expression statuses were further correlated with clinicopathological parameters and evaluated the prognostic significance for disease-specific survival (DSS) and metastasis-free survival (MeFS). HAS3 protein underexpression was significantly associated with advanced pT status, nodal metastasis, high histological grade, vascular invasion, and frequent mitoses in both groups of UCs. HAS3 underexpression not only predicted poorer DSS and MeFS with univariate analysis, but also indicated dismal DSS and MeFS in multivariate analysis. HAS3 underexpression is associated with advanced tumor stage and adverse pathological features, as well as implies inferior clinical outcomes for both groups of patients with UTUCs and UBUCs, suggesting its critical role in tumor progression in UCs and may serve as a prospective prognostic biomarker and a novel therapeutic target in UCs.
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66
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Hyaluronic acid co-functionalized gold nanoparticle complex for the targeted delivery of metformin in the treatment of liver cancer (HepG2 cells). Carbohydr Polym 2015; 128:63-74. [PMID: 26005140 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, green synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) was achieved using the extract of eggplant as a reducing agent. Hyaluronic acid (HA) serves as a capping and targeting agent. Metformin (MET) was successfully loaded on HA capped AuNPs (H-AuNPs) and this formulation binds easily on the surface of the liver cancer cells. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Vis spectrophotometer, HR-TEM, particle size analyser and zeta potential measurement. Toxicity studies of H-AuNPs in zebra fish confirmed the in vivo safety of the AuNPs. The in vitro cytotoxicity results showed that the amount of MET-H-AuNPs enough to achieve 50% inhibition (IC50) was much lower than free MET. Flow cytometry analysis showed the significant reduction in G2/M phase after treatment with MET-H-AuNPs, and molecular level apoptosis were studied using western blotting. The novelty of this study is the successful synthesis of AuNPs with a higher MET loading and this formulation exhibited better targeted delivery as well as increased regression activity than free MET in HepG2 cells.
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67
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Lorenzer C, Dirin M, Winkler AM, Baumann V, Winkler J. Going beyond the liver: progress and challenges of targeted delivery of siRNA therapeutics. J Control Release 2015; 203:1-15. [PMID: 25660205 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic gene silencing promises significant progress in pharmacotherapy, including considerable expansion of the druggable target space and the possibility for treating orphan diseases. Technological hurdles have complicated the efficient use of therapeutic oligonucleotides, and siRNA agents suffer particularly from insufficient pharmacokinetic properties and poor cellular uptake. Intense development and evolution of delivery systems have resulted in efficient uptake predominantly in liver tissue, in which practically all nanoparticulate and liposomal delivery systems show the highest accumulation. The most efficacious strategies include liposomes and bioconjugations with N-acetylgalactosamine. Both are in early clinical evaluation stages for treatment of liver-associated diseases. Approaches for achieving knockdown in other tissues and tumors have been proven to be more complicated. Selective targeting to tumors may be enabled through careful modulation of physical properties, such as particle size, or by taking advantage of specific targeting ligands. Significant barriers stand between sufficient accumulation in other organs, including endothelial barriers, cellular membranes, and the endosome. The brain, which is shielded by the blood-brain barrier, is of particular interest to facilitate efficient oligonucleotide therapy of neurological diseases. Transcytosis of the blood-brain barrier through receptor-specific docking is investigated to increase accumulation in the central nervous system. In this review, the current clinical status of siRNA therapeutics is summarized, as well as innovative and promising preclinical concepts employing tissue- and tumor-targeted ligands. The requirements and the respective advantages and drawbacks of bioconjugates and ligand-decorated lipid or polymeric particles are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Lorenzer
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mehrdad Dirin
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna-Maria Winkler
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Volker Baumann
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Winkler
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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68
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Liang J, Zeng F, Zhang M, Pan Z, Chen Y, Zeng Y, Xu Y, Xu Q, Huang Y. Green synthesis of hyaluronic acid-based silver nanoparticles and their enhanced delivery to CD44+ cancer cells. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra03083h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel hyaluronic acid (HA)-based strategy for the green synthesis of AgNP was developed, in which HA was used as both the reducer and stabilizer, and the HA-modified AgNP can target CD44-overexpressed cancer cells for improved therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Liang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203
- China
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Feng Zeng
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203
- China
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Meng Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203
- China
| | - Zhenzhen Pan
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203
- China
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Yingzhi Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203
- China
| | - Yuaner Zeng
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
- School of Chinese Materia Medica
- Guangzhou 501450
- China
| | - Yong Xu
- Hubei Biological Medicine Industrial Technological Institute Co., Ltd
- Wuhan 430075
- China
| | - Qin Xu
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
- Tropical Medicine Institute
- Guangzhou 501450
- China
| | - Yongzhuo Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203
- China
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69
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Kabra H, Hwang Y, Lim HL, Kar M, Arya G, Varghese S. Biomimetic Material-Assisted Delivery of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Derivatives for Enhanced In Vivo Survival and Engraftment. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2014; 1:7-12. [PMID: 26280019 DOI: 10.1021/ab500021a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The ability of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and their derivatives to differentiate and contribute to tissue repair has enormous potential to treat various debilitating diseases. However, improving the in vivo viability and function of the transplanted cells, a key determinant of translating cell-based therapies to the clinic, remains a daunting task. Here, we develop a hybrid biomaterial consisting of hyaluronic acid (HA) grafted with 6-aminocaproic acid moieties (HA-6ACA) to improve cell delivery and their subsequent in vivo function using skeletal muscle as a model system. Our findings show that the biomimetic material-assisted delivery of hESC-derived myogenic progenitor cells into cardiotoxin-injured skeletal muscles of NOD/SCID mice significantly promotes survival and engraftment of transplanted cells in a dose-dependent manner. The donor cells were found to contribute to the regeneration of damaged muscle fibers and to the satellite cell (muscle specific stem cells) compartment. Such biomimetic cell delivery vehicles that are cost-effective and easy-to-synthesize could play a key role in improving the outcomes of other stem cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsha Kabra
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Yongsung Hwang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Han Liang Lim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Mrityunjoy Kar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Gaurav Arya
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Shyni Varghese
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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70
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One-step facile synthesis of hyaluronic acid functionalized fluorescent gold nanoprobes sensitive to hyaluronidase in urine specimen from bladder cancer patients. Talanta 2014; 130:408-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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71
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Dual targeting biomimetic liposomes for paclitaxel/DNA combination cancer treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:15287-303. [PMID: 25177862 PMCID: PMC4200808 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150915287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Combinations of chemotherapeutic drugs with nucleic acid has shown great promise in cancer therapy. In the present study, paclitaxel (PTX) and DNA were co-loaded in the hyaluronic acid (HA) and folate (FA)-modified liposomes (HA/FA/PPD), to obtain the dual targeting biomimetic nanovector. The prepared HA/FA/PPD exhibited nanosized structure and narrow size distributions (247.4 ± 4.2 nm) with appropriate negative charge of −25.40 ± 2.7 mV. HA/FA/PD (PTX free HA/FA/PPD) showed almost no toxicity on murine malignant melanoma cell line (B16) and human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2) (higher than 80% cell viability), demonstrating the safety of the blank nanovector. In comparison with the FA-modified PTX/DNA co-loaded liposomes (FA/PPD), HA/FA/PPD showed significant superiority in protecting the nanoparticles from aggregation in the presence of plasma and degradation by DNase I. Moreover, HA/FA/PPD could also significantly improve the transfection efficiency and cellular internalization rates on B16 cells comparing to that of FA/PPD (p < 0.05) and PPD (p < 0.01), demonstrating the great advantages of dual targeting properties. Furthermore, fluorescence microscope and flow cytometry results showed that PTX and DNA could be effectively co-delivered into the same tumor cell via HA/FA/PPD, contributing to PTX/DNA combination cancer treatment. In conclusion, the obtained HA/FA/PPD in the study could effectively target tumor cells, enhance transfection efficiency and subsequently achieve the co-delivery of PTX and DNA, displaying great potential for optimal combination therapy.
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72
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Meier C, Spitschak A, Abshagen K, Gupta S, Mor JM, Wolkenhauer O, Haier J, Vollmar B, Alla V, Pützer BM. Association of RHAMM with E2F1 promotes tumour cell extravasation by transcriptional up-regulation of fibronectin. J Pathol 2014; 234:351-64. [PMID: 25042645 DOI: 10.1002/path.4400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Dissemination of cancer cells from primary to distant sites is a complex process; little is known about the genesis of metastatic changes during disease development. Here we show that the metastatic potential of E2F1-dependent circulating tumour cells (CTCs) relies on a novel function of the hyaluronan-mediated motility receptor RHAMM. E2F1 directly up-regulates RHAMM, which in turn acts as a co-activator of E2F1 to stimulate expression of the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin. Enhanced fibronectin secretion links E2F1/RHAMM transcriptional activity to integrin-β1-FAK signalling associated with cytoskeletal remodelling and enhanced tumour cell motility. RHAMM depletion abolishes fibronectin expression and cell transmigration across the endothelial layer in E2F1-activated cells. In a xenograft model, knock-down of E2F1 or RHAMM in metastatic cells protects the liver parenchyma of mice against extravasation of CTCs, whereas the number of transmigrated cells increases in response to E2F1 induction. Expression data from clinical tissue samples reveals high E2F1 and RHAMM levels that closely correlate with malignant progression. These findings suggest a requirement for RHAMM in late-stage metastasis by a mechanism involving cooperative stimulation of fibronectin, with a resultant tumourigenic microenvironment important for enhanced extravasation and distant organ colonization. Therefore, stimulation of the E2F1-RHAMM axis in aggressive cancer cells is of high clinical significance. Targeting RHAMM may represent a promising approach to avoid E2F1-mediated metastatic dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Meier
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical Centre, Germany
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73
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Atrux-Tallau N, Lasselin J, Han SH, Delmas T, Bibette J. Quantitative analysis of ligand effects on bioefficacy of nanoemulsion encapsulating depigmenting active. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 122:390-395. [PMID: 25087020 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Efficient skin delivery of active molecules is the main challenge to overcome in order to achieve significant therapeutic efficiency of cosmetics or dermo-pharmaceutical products. Nanocarriers such as nanoemulsions have been envisaged to overcome main challenges of active solubilization, protection and transport to their site of biological action. Nonetheless, their skin permeation is still limited and a new approach is required to significantly improve bioavailability. We here explored the possibility of increasing the whitening activity of a model active, licorice, by implementing a targeting approach of nanoemulsions to melanocyte cells. Targeting requires particle surface modification with specific molecules favoring nanoemulsion/cells contact through ligand-receptor interactions. The uniqueness of our strategy is that unlike classical covalent chemical grafting, we propose a self-assembled strategy based on a selection of amphiphilic ligands able to localize at nanoemulsion droplets interface. Four ligand candidates were thus assayed in terms of formulation and in vitro biological evaluation: a palmitoyl-peptide (palmitoyl-GQPR), a lipidized hyaluronic acid (caproyl-HA) and two amphiphilic actives (polydatin and isopilosine). A functional analysis based on a cellular assay of melanin inhibition was realized. The intrinsic properties of ligand candidates were first evaluated. Then, nanoemulsions encapsulating a drug model, licorice, and targeted with the different ligand candidates were assayed. The use of caproyl-HA significantly improved bioefficacy of the encapsulated licorice, suggesting a better interaction with the cells. The improved value observed was not attributed to a synergetic action as caproyl-HA did not evidence intrinsic melanogenesis modulation activity. In this study, we demonstrated the feasibility of targeting nanoemulsion droplets without chemical covalent modification of nanoemulsion droplets to increase bioefficacy of encapsulated drugs in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Atrux-Tallau
- Laboratoire Colloïdes et Matériaux Divisés, UMR CNRS CBI 8231, 10, rue Vauquelin, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - Juliette Lasselin
- Laboratoire Colloïdes et Matériaux Divisés, UMR CNRS CBI 8231, 10, rue Vauquelin, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - Sang-Hoon Han
- Amore-Pacific Co. R&D Center, 314-1, Bora-dong, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 449-729, South Korea
| | - Thomas Delmas
- Capsum, Heliopolis, 3 allée des Maraîchers, F-13013 Marseille, France.
| | - Jérôme Bibette
- Laboratoire Colloïdes et Matériaux Divisés, UMR CNRS CBI 8231, 10, rue Vauquelin, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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74
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Murtaza G, Gao K, Liu T, Tariq I, Sajjad A, Akram MR, Niu M, Liu G, Mehmood Z, Tian G. Current and future lymphatic imaging modalities for tumor staging. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:714674. [PMID: 24757671 PMCID: PMC3976799 DOI: 10.1155/2014/714674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tumor progression is supported by the lymphatic system which should be scanned efficiently for tumor staging as well as the enhanced therapeutic outcomes. Poor resolution and low sensitivity is a limitation of traditional lymphatic imaging modalities; thus new noninvasive approaches like nanocarriers, magnetic resonance imaging, positron-emission tomography, and quantum dots are advantageous. Some newer modalities, which are under development, and their potential uses will also be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Murtaza
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Kuo Gao
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Tiegang Liu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Imran Tariq
- University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Ashif Sajjad
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Balochistan, Quetta 87300, Pakistan
| | | | - Meiying Niu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Guokai Liu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital, Dong Cheng District, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Zahid Mehmood
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Balochistan, Quetta 87300, Pakistan
| | - Guihua Tian
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital, Dong Cheng District, Beijing 100700, China
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75
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Reimann E, Kingo K, Karelson M, Reemann P, Vasar E, Silm H, Kõks S. Whole Transcriptome Analysis (RNA Sequencing) of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Vitiligo Patients. Dermatopathology (Basel) 2014; 1:11-23. [PMID: 27047918 PMCID: PMC4772995 DOI: 10.1159/000357402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitiligo is an idiopathic disorder characterized by depigmented patches on the skin due to a loss of melanocytes. The cause of melanocyte destruction is not fully understood. The aim of this study was to detect the potential pathways involved in the vitiligo pathogenesis to further understand the causes and entity of vitiligo. For that the transcriptome of peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 4 vitiligo patients and 4 control subjects was analyzed using the SOLiD System platform and whole transcriptome RNA sequencing application. Altogether 2,470 genes were expressed differently and GRID2IP showed the highest deviation in patients compared to controls. Using functional analysis, altogether 993 associations between the gene groups and diseases were found. The analysis revealed associations between vitiligo and diseases such as lichen planus, limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B, and facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. Additionally, the gene groups with an altered expression pattern are participating in processes such as cell death, survival and signaling, inflammation, and oxidative stress. In conclusion, vitiligo is rather a systemic than a local skin disease; the findings from an enormous amount of RNA sequencing data support the previous findings about vitiligo and should be further analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Reimann
- Department of Physiology, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - K Kingo
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Dermatology Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - M Karelson
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Tartu, Estonia
| | - P Reemann
- Department of Physiology, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Tartu, Estonia
| | - E Vasar
- Department of Physiology, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Centre of Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - H Silm
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Tartu, Estonia
| | - S Kõks
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Centre of Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
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76
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Kamarajan P, Shin JM, Qian X, Matte B, Zhu JY, Kapila YL. ADAM17-mediated CD44 cleavage promotes orasphere formation or stemness and tumorigenesis in HNSCC. Cancer Med 2013; 2:793-802. [PMID: 24403253 PMCID: PMC3892384 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CD44, an extracellular matrix (ECM) receptor, has been described as a cancer stem cell marker in multiple cancers, including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). HNSCC orasphere formation or stemness was characterized by cleavage of CD44, and thus we hypothesized that this proteolytic processing may be critical to stemness and tumorigenesis. We tested this hypothesis by examining the mechanisms that regulate this process in vitro and in vivo, and by exploring its clinical relevance in human specimens. Sphere assays have been used to evaluate stemness in vitro. Spheres comprised of HNSCC cells or oraspheres and an oral cancer mouse model were used to examine the significance of CD44 cleavage using stable suppression and inhibition approaches. These mechanisms were also examined in HNSCC specimens. Oraspheres exhibited increased levels of CD44 cleavage compared to their adherent counterparts. Given that disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17 (ADAM17) is a major matrix metalloproteinase known to cleave CD44, we chemically inhibited and stably suppressed ADAM17 expression in HNSCC cells and found that these treatments blocked CD44 cleavage and abrogated orasphere formation. Furthermore, stable suppression of ADAM17 in HNSCC cells also diminished tumorigenesis in an oral cancer mouse model. Consistently, stable suppression of CD44 in HNSCC cells abrogated orasphere formation and inhibited tumorigenesis in vivo. The clinical relevance of these findings was confirmed in matched primary and metastatic human HNSCC specimens, which exhibited increased levels of ADAM17 expression and concomitant CD44 cleavage compared to controls. CD44 cleavage by ADAM17 is critical to orasphere formation or stemness and HNSCC tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pachiyappan Kamarajan
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Lindner C, Urbánek P, Pavelka B, Hartmann M, Herrlich P. A link between two tumorigenic proteins, CD44 and p21WAF1: CD44 increases phorbol ester-induced expression of p21WAF1 by stabilizing its mRNA and extending protein half-life. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:2698-704. [PMID: 23856463 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The cell surface glycoprotein CD44 enhances phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate (TPA)-induced expression of p21WAF1 by stabilizing its mRNA and enhancing the protein's half-life in several cell lines. Only the plasma membrane-anchored cytoplasmic tail of CD44 and its interacting ezrin, radixin, moesin (ERM) proteins are required for this effect. A mitogen activated kinase (MEK) inhibitor abolishes the action of CD44 on p21. Down-regulation of p21 dramatically decreased anchorage-independence of a cancer cell line, whereas CD44 expression in this background could partially rescue the phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Lindner
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
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78
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CD44 targeting magnetic glyconanoparticles for atherosclerotic plaque imaging. Pharm Res 2013; 31:1426-37. [PMID: 23568520 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1021-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The cell surface adhesion molecule CD44 plays important roles in the initiation and development of atherosclerotic plaques. We aim to develop nanoparticles that can selectively target CD44 for the non-invasive detection of atherosclerotic plaques by magnetic resonance imaging. METHODS Magnetic glyconanoparticles with hyaluronan immobilized on the surface have been prepared. The binding of these nanoparticles with CD44 was evaluated in vitro by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. In vivo magnetic resonance imaging of plaques was performed on an atherosclerotic rabbit model. RESULTS The magnetic glyconanoparticles can selectively bind CD44. In T2* weighted magnetic resonance images acquired in vivo, significant contrast changes in aorta walls were observed with a very low dose of the magnetic nanoparticles, allowing the detection of atherosclerotic plaques. Furthermore, imaging could be performed without significant delay after probe administration. The selectivity of hyaluronan nanoparticles in plaque imaging was established by several control experiments. CONCLUSIONS Magnetic nanoparticles bearing surface hyaluronan enabled the imaging of atherosclerotic plaques in vivo by magnetic resonance imaging. The low dose of nanoparticles required, the possibility to image without much delay and the high biocompatibility are the advantages of these nanoparticles as contrast agents for plaque imaging.
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79
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Lee MY, Yang JA, Jung HS, Beack S, Choi JE, Hur W, Koo H, Kim K, Yoon SK, Hahn SK. Hyaluronic acid-gold nanoparticle/interferon α complex for targeted treatment of hepatitis C virus infection. ACS NANO 2012; 6:9522-31. [PMID: 23092111 DOI: 10.1021/nn302538y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been extensively investigated as an emerging delivery carrier of various biopharmaceuticals. Instead of nonspecific polyethylene glycol (PEG) conjugated interferon α (IFNα) for the clinical treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, in this work, a target-specific long-acting delivery system of IFNα was successfully developed using the hybrid materials of AuNP and hyaluronic acid (HA). The HA-AuNP/IFNα complex was prepared by chemical binding of thiolated HA and physical binding of IFNα to AuNP. According to antiproliferation tests in Daudi cells, the HA-AuNP/IFNα complex showed a comparable biological activity to PEG-Intron with a highly enhanced stability in human serum. Even 7 days postinjection, HA-AuNP/IFNα complex was target-specifically delivered and remained in the murine liver tissue, whereas IFNα and PEG-Intron were not detected in the liver. Accordingly, HA-AuNP/IFNα complex significantly enhanced the expression of 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 1 (OAS1) for innate immune responses to viral infection in the liver tissue, which was much higher than those by IFNα, PEG-Intron, and AuNP/IFNα complex. Taken together, the target-specific HA-AuNP/IFNα complex was thought to be successfully applied to the systemic treatment of HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Young Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Korea
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80
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Boeckel DG, Shinkai RSA, Grossi ML, Teixeira ER. In vitro evaluation of cytotoxicity of hyaluronic acid as an extracellular matrix on OFCOL II cells by the MTT assay. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2012; 117:e423-8. [PMID: 23146572 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2012.07.486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the cytotoxicity of hyaluronic acid (HA) on a tissue-engineered compound for bone grafting containing osteoblastic cells (OFCOL II), platelet-rich plasma (PRP) with or without thrombin (Thr), and hydroxyapatite (HP) by the MTT assay. STUDY DESIGN Studied groups were formed as follows: (A) Cells + HA + PRP with Thr + hydroxyapatite (HP); (B) Cells + HA + PRP + HP; (C) Cells + HA + HP; (D) Cells + HP; (E) Cells + HA; (F) Cells + PRP with Thr; (G) Cells + PRP; and (H) Pure Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) with 15% fetal bovine serum. A 2-way ANOVA and Tukey's test were applied for statistical analysis (P < .05). RESULTS Results of cell viability for each group were as follows: A: 79%, B: 67%, C: 68%, D: 99%, E: 74%, G: 89%, F: 90%, and Group H: 100%. CONCLUSIONS Results suggested a decrease in cell viability in the presence of HA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosemary Sadami Arai Shinkai
- Associate Professor, Graduate Program in Dentistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Márcio Lima Grossi
- Associate Professor, Graduate Program in Dentistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Rolim Teixeira
- Professor, Graduate Program in Dentistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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81
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Yang JA, Kim ES, Kwon JH, Kim H, Shin JH, Yun SH, Choi KY, Hahn SK. Transdermal delivery of hyaluronic acid – Human growth hormone conjugate. Biomaterials 2012; 33:5947-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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82
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Tharmarajah G, Faas L, Reiss K, Saftig P, Young A, Van Raamsdonk CD. Adam10 haploinsufficiency causes freckle-like macules in Hairless mice. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2012; 25:555-65. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2012.01032.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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83
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Immune responses to RHAMM in patients with acute myeloid leukemia after chemotherapy and allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:146463. [PMID: 22719778 PMCID: PMC3375151 DOI: 10.1155/2012/146463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Leukemic blasts overexpress immunogenic antigens, so-called leukemia-associated antigens like the receptor for hyaluronan acid-mediated motility (RHAMM). Persistent RHAMM expression and decreasing CD8+ T-cell responses to RHAMM in the framework of allogeneic stem cell transplantation or chemotherapy alone might indicate the immune escape of leukemia cells. In the present study, we analyzed the expression of RHAMM in 48 patients suffering from acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Furthermore, we correlated transcripts with the clinical course of the disease before and after treatment. Real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was performed from RNA of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. T cell responses against RHAMM were assessed by tetramer staining (flow cytometry) and enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assays. Results were correlated with the clinical outcome of patients. The results of the present study showed that almost 60% of the patients were RHAMM positive; specific T-cells recognizing RHAMM could be detected, but they were nonfunctional in terms of interferon gamma or granzyme B release as demonstrated by ELISPOT assays. Immunotherapies like peptide vaccination or adoptive transfer of RHAMM-specific T cells might improve the immune response and the outcome of AML/MDS patients.
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84
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Colella G, Vicidomini A, Soro V, Lanza A, Cirillo N. Molecular insights into the effects of sodium hyaluronate preparations in keratinocytes. Clin Exp Dermatol 2012; 37:516-20. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2011.04279.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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85
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Willenberg A, Saalbach A, Simon JC, Anderegg U. Melanoma Cells Control HA Synthesis in Peritumoral Fibroblasts via PDGF-AA and PDGF-CC: Impact on Melanoma Cell Proliferation. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:385-93. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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86
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Kouvidi K, Berdiaki A, Nikitovic D, Katonis P, Afratis N, Hascall VC, Karamanos NK, Tzanakakis GN. Role of receptor for hyaluronic acid-mediated motility (RHAMM) in low molecular weight hyaluronan (LMWHA)-mediated fibrosarcoma cell adhesion. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:38509-38520. [PMID: 21914806 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.275875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) modulates key cancer cell functions through interaction with its CD44 and receptor for hyaluronic acid-mediated motility (RHAMM) receptors. HA was recently found to regulate the migration of fibrosarcoma cells in a manner specifically dependent on its size. Here, we investigated the effect of HA/RHAMM signaling on the ability of HT1080 fibrosarcoma cells to adhere onto fibronectin. Low molecular weight HA (LMWHA) significantly increased (p ≤ 0.01) the adhesion capacity of HT1080 cells, which high molecular weight HA inhibited. The ability of HT1080 RHAMM-deficient cells, but not of CD44-deficient ones, to adhere was significantly decreased (p ≤ 0.001) as compared with control cells. Importantly, the effect of LMWHA on HT1080 cell adhesion was completely attenuated in RHAMM-deficient cells. In contrast, adhesion of RHAMM-deficient cells was not sensitive to high molecular weight HA treatment, which identifies RHAMM as a specific conduit of the LMWHA effect. Western blot and real time-PCR analyses indicated that LMWHA significantly increased RHAMM transcript (p ≤ 0.05) and protein isoform levels (53%, 95 kDa; 37%, 73 kDa) in fibrosarcoma cells. Moreover, Western blot analyses showed that LMWHA in a RHAMM-dependent manner enhanced basal and adhesion-dependent ERK1/2 and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) phosphorylation in HT1080 cells. Utilization of a specific ERK1/2 inhibitor completely inhibited (p ≤ 0.001) LMWHA-dependent adhesion, suggesting that ERK1/2 is a downstream effector of LMWHA/RHAMM signaling. Likewise, the utilization of the specific ERK1 inhibitor resulted in a strong down-regulation of FAK activation in HT1080 cells, which identifies ERK1/2 as a FAK upstream activator. In conclusion, our results suggest that RHAMM/HA interaction regulates fibrosarcoma cell adhesion via the activation of FAK and ERK1/2 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Kouvidi
- Department of Histology-Embryology, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Berdiaki
- Department of Histology-Embryology, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Dragana Nikitovic
- Department of Histology-Embryology, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Pavlos Katonis
- Department of Orthopaedics, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Nikos Afratis
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras 26110, Greece
| | - Vincent C Hascall
- Cleveland Clinic, Biomedical Engineering ND-20, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Nikos K Karamanos
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras 26110, Greece
| | - George N Tzanakakis
- Department of Histology-Embryology, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece.
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87
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Cohen SM, Fishinghawk BG, Cohen MS. Translational imaging of lymphatics in cancer. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:956-62. [PMID: 21683745 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2010] [Revised: 10/10/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Imaging in the lymphatic system has gone through much advancement over the past 70 years since its beginnings. In this review, we will examine the modalities available for lymphatic imaging. We will explore the modern uses of early modalities, such as ultrasound as well as more modern modalities, such as Positron-Emission Tomography (PET). We will also describe some of the new modalities currently in development and their potential uses for the future as well as some of the current imaging modalities being studied in animal models.
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88
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Mizrahy S, Raz SR, Hasgaard M, Liu H, Soffer-Tsur N, Cohen K, Dvash R, Landsman-Milo D, Bremer MGEG, Moghimi SM, Peer D. Hyaluronan-coated nanoparticles: the influence of the molecular weight on CD44-hyaluronan interactions and on the immune response. J Control Release 2011; 156:231-8. [PMID: 21745506 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2011] [Revised: 06/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA), a naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan, exerts different biological functions depending on its molecular weight ranging from 4000-10M Da. While high Mw HA (HMw-HA) is considered as anti-inflammatory, low Mw HA (LMw-HA) has been reported to activate an innate immune response. In addition, opposing effects on cell proliferation mediated by the HA receptor CD44, have also been reported for high and low Mw HA. We have previously demonstrated that HMw-HA can be covalently attached to the surface of lipid nanoparticles (NPs), endowing the carriers with long circulation and active targeting towards HA-receptors (CD44 and CD168) highly expressed on tumors. Here we present a small library of HA-coated NPs distinguished only by the Mw of their surface anchored HA ranging from 6.4 kDa to 1500 kDa. All types of NPs exerted no effect on macrophages, T cells and ovarian cancer cells proliferation. In addition, no induction of cytokines or complement activation was observed. The affinity towards the CD44 receptor was found to be solely controlled by the Mw of the NPs surface-bound HA, from extremely low binding for LMw-HA to binding with high affinity for HMw-HA. These findings have major implications for the use of HA in nanomedicine as LMw-HA surface modified-NPs could be a viable option for the replacement of polyethylene glycol (PEG) when passive delivery is required, lacking adverse effects such as complement activation and cytokine induction, while HMw-HA-coated NPs could be used for active targeting to CD44 overexpressing tumors and aberrantly activated leukocytes in inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoshy Mizrahy
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Dept. of Cell Research and Immunology, Georg S. Wise Faculty of Life Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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89
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Kawaguchi M, Hearing VJ. The Roles of ADAMs Family Proteinases in Skin Diseases. Enzyme Res 2011; 2011:482498. [PMID: 21423681 PMCID: PMC3057028 DOI: 10.4061/2011/482498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A disintegrin and metalloproteinases (ADAMs) are members of a new gene family of transmembrane and secreted proteins, which belong to the zinc proteinase superfamily. These molecules are involved in various biological events such as cell adhesion, cell fusion, cell migration, membrane protein shedding, and proteolysis. Growing evidence now attests to the potential involvement of ADAMs proteinases in diverse processes such as skin wound healing, inflammation, pigmentation, tumor development, cell proliferation, and metastasis. This paper focuses on the roles of ADAMs proteinases in a wide variety of skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Kawaguchi
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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90
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Greyner HJ, Wiraszka T, Zhang LS, Petroll WM, Mummert ME. Inducible macropinocytosis of hyaluronan in B16-F10 melanoma cells. Matrix Biol 2010; 29:503-10. [PMID: 20600893 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2010.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Revised: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) is a glycosaminoglycan composed of N-acetylglucosamine and glucuronic acid subunits. Endocytosis is thought to play an essential role in the catabolism of HA due to the intracellular compartmentalization of the HA degrading hyaluronidase enzymes. Previous investigations have shown that keratinocytes, chondrocytes and breast tumor cell lines endocytose HA via the cell surface glycoprotein, CD44. However, other cell types endocytose HA using a CD44-independent mechanism that remains to be defined. The purpose of this study was to investigate HA endocytosis in B16-F10 melanoma cells. We found that B16-F10 melanoma cells expressed CD44 on their surfaces. Unexpectedly, CD44 did not play a role in the endocytosis of HA. Electron microscopy studies revealed that B16-F10 melanoma cells exhibited membrane ruffling, a characteristic feature of macropinocytosis, only after incubating the cells with the HA co-polymer. Moreover, B16-F10 melanoma cells endocytosed HA via macropinocytosis as assessed by drug inhibition studies and the co-localization of fluorescently labeled HA with fluorescent tracers under confocal microscopy. Based on these results, we conclude that induced macropinocytosis may provide a previously unrecognized avenue for HA endocytosis in some cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry J Greyner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, TX, USA
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91
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Biomarkers: the useful and the not so useful--an assessment of molecular prognostic markers for cutaneous melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130:1971-87. [PMID: 20555347 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Among individuals with localized (Stage I-II) melanoma, stratifying patients by a number of phenotypic variables (e.g., depth of invasion, ulceration) yields a wide range of 10-year melanoma-specific survival rates. With the possible exception of Ki-67, no molecular assessment is routinely used. However, there have been a tremendous number of studies assessing protein expression by immunohistochemistry toward the goal of better prediction of recurrence. In a previous systematic review, which required publication of multivariable prognostic models as a strict inclusion criterion, we identified 37 manuscripts that collectively reported on 62 proteins. Data for 324 proteins extracted from 418 manuscripts did not meet our inclusion criteria for that study, but are revisited here, emphasizing trends of protein expression across either melanocytic lesion progression or gradations of tumor thickness. These identified 101 additional proteins that stratify melanoma, organized according to the Hanahan and Weinberg functional capabilities of cancer.
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92
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Cai S, Thati S, Bagby TR, Diab HM, Davies NM, Cohen MS, Forrest ML. Localized doxorubicin chemotherapy with a biopolymeric nanocarrier improves survival and reduces toxicity in xenografts of human breast cancer. J Control Release 2010; 146:212-8. [PMID: 20403395 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Revised: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Patients with metastatic breast cancer have a five-year survival rate of 27% compared to 98% for localized cancer, and the presence of even a few cancer cells in lymph nodes, known as isolated tumor cells or nanometastases, significantly increases the risk of relapse in the absence of aggressive treatment. Therefore, diagnosis and treatment of lymphatic metastases in early breast cancer plays an important role in patient survival. Here, we demonstrate the first description of a delivery system for localized doxorubicin chemotherapy to the breast tissue. The hyaluronan-doxorubicin nanoconjugate exhibits a sustained release characteristic in vitro and in vivo in the breast tissues of rodents bearing human breast cancer xenografts. In addition, the conjugate reduces dose-limiting cardiac toxicity with minimal toxicity observed in normal tissues. Finally, the conjugate dramatically inhibits breast cancer progression in vivo, leading to an increased survival rate. Thus, localized chemotherapy to the breast lymphatics with a nanocarrier may represent an improved strategy for treatment of early stage breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Cai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, United States
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93
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Abstract
PURPOSE Hyaluronan and hyaluronan synthases have been implicated in cancer progression. Hyaluronan synthase-3 is up-regulated in metastatic colon cancer cells (SW620), and its expression mediates cellular growth in vitro. We hypothesized that inhibition of hyaluronan synthase-3 would decrease tumor formation and/or alter the pattern of metastasis in mouse models of colon cancer growth. METHODS Hyaluronan synthase-3 was inhibited in SW620 cells by transfection with small interfering RNA (silenced cells); a scrambled sequence served as a negative control. To study primary tumor growth, transfected cells were injected into the flanks of BALB/c nude mice. To study metastasis, an orthotopic model was used. Metastases were confirmed histologically. Student t test and Fisher exact probability test were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS Inhibition of hyaluronan synthase-3 significantly decreased subcutaneous tumor growth; tumor weight was 0.94 +/- 0.17 g in the hyaluronan synthase-3-silenced group vs 1.70 +/- 0.26 g in the control scrambled group (P < .01). In contrast, metastases were similar in both groups: liver metastases were present in 22% of the silenced group vs 11% of the scrambled group; lung metastases were present in 6% of the silenced group vs 0% of the scrambled group (P = not significant). CONCLUSION Inhibition of hyaluronan synthase-3 expression in SW620 colon cancer cells decreases subcutaneous tumor growth in mice, but has less of an effect on lung and liver metastases. This observation suggests that hyaluronan synthase-3 may enhance primary colon cancer growth.
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94
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Di Canio C, Lamponi S, Barbucci R. Spiral and square microstructured surfaces: the effect of the decreasing size of photo-immobilized hyaluronan domains on cell growth. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010; 92:276-84. [PMID: 19189383 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Spiral and squared micropatterned surfaces of decreasing dimensions were realized by photo-immobilizing a photoreactive hyaluronan (Hyal) derivative on silanized glass substrates. The microstructured surfaces were observed by atomic force microscope and scanning electron microscope. Scanning electron microscope analysis revealed the presence of a spiral (ranging from 100 microm down to 1 microm in the central part) and a square pattern consisting of a central square of 100 microm x 100 microm and squares of different dimensions decreasing from the centre to the edges of the micropatterned area (2 microm x 1 microm). Three cell types were tested on all the microstructured surfaces: human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC), human dermal fibroblasts (C54), and NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. Cell adhesion analysis demonstrated that HCAEC and C54 did not adhere to the immobilized Hyal on silanized glass but adapted their shape to the different sizes of the square and spiral patterns. Also, in both geometric patterns, the reduction of the adhesive glass width induced C54 to create bonds amongst themselves. NIH 3T3 cells adhered inside the squares and the spiral but reducing the adhesive glass width induced NIH 3T3 to adhere to immobilized Hyal. This fact is explained by the interactions between the cells and the immobilized Hyal as a consequence of the CD44/Hyal binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Di Canio
- Department of Chemical and Biosystems Science and Technologies and C.R.I.S.M.A, University of Siena, Via A. Moro, 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
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95
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Conway C, Mitra A, Jewell R, Randerson-Moor J, Lobo S, Nsengimana J, Edward S, Sanders DS, Cook M, Powell B, Boon A, Elliott F, de Kort F, Knowles MA, Bishop DT, Newton-Bishop J. Gene expression profiling of paraffin-embedded primary melanoma using the DASL assay identifies increased osteopontin expression as predictive of reduced relapse-free survival. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:6939-46. [PMID: 19887478 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-1631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gene expression studies in melanoma have been few because tumors are small and cryopreservation is rarely possible. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the Illumina DASL Array Human Cancer Panel for gene expression studies in formalin-fixed melanoma primary tumors and to identify prognostic biomarkers. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Primary tumors from two studies were sampled using a tissue microarray needle. Study 1: 254 tumors from a melanoma cohort recruited from 2000 to 2006. Study 2: 218 tumors from a case-control study of patients undergoing sentinel node biopsy. RESULTS RNA was obtained from 76% of blocks; 1.4% of samples failed analysis (transcripts from <250 of the 502 genes on the DASL chip detected). Increasing age of the block and increased melanin in the tumor were associated with reduced number of genes detected. The gene whose expression was most differentially expressed in association with relapse-free survival in study 1 was osteopontin (SPP1; P = 2.11 x 10(-6)) and supportive evidence for this was obtained in study 2 used as a validation set (P = 0.006; unadjusted data). Osteopontin level in study 1 remained a significant predictor of relapse-free survival when data were adjusted for age, sex, tumor site, and histologic predictors of relapse. Genes whose expression correlated most strongly with osteopontin were PBX1, BIRC5 (survivin), and HLF. CONCLUSION Expression data were obtained from 74% of primary melanomas and provided confirmatory evidence that osteopontin expression is a prognostic biomarker. These results suggest that predictive biomarker studies may be possible using stored blocks from mature clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Conway
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
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96
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Serum factors potentiate hypoxia-induced hepatotoxicity in vitro through increasing transforming growth factor-β1 activation and release. Cytokine 2009; 47:11-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2009.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2008] [Revised: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Stamenkovic I, Yu Q. Shedding light on proteolytic cleavage of CD44: the responsible sheddase and functional significance of shedding. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 129:1321-4. [PMID: 19434087 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2009.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
CD44 is the major cell-surface receptor for hyaluronan, which is implicated in cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion, cell migration, and signaling. Studies have shown that CD44-dependent migration requires CD44 to be shed from the cell surface and that matrix metalloproteinase-mediated cleavage may provide an underlying mechanism. However, the full spectrum of proteases that may participate in CD44 shedding has yet to be defined. In this issue, Anderegg et al. demonstrate that ADAM10, but not ADAM17 or MMP14, mediates constitutive shedding of CD44 in human melanoma cells and that knockdown of ADAM10 blocks the antiproliferative activity of the soluble proteolytic cleavage product of CD44.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Stamenkovic
- Experimental Pathology Division, Institut Universitaire de Pathologie CHUV, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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98
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Papakonstantinou E, Karakiulakis G. The 'sweet' and 'bitter' involvement of glycosaminoglycans in lung diseases: pharmacotherapeutic relevance. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 157:1111-27. [PMID: 19508395 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00279.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a significant role in the structure and function of the lung. The ECM is a three-dimensional fibre mesh, comprised of various interconnected and intercalated macromolecules, among which are the glycosaminoglycans (GAG). GAG are long, linear and highly charged, heterogeneous polysaccharides that are composed of a variable number of repeating disaccharide units (macromolecular sugars) and most of them, as their name implies, have a sweet taste. In the lung, GAG support the structure of the interstitium, the subepithelial tissue and the bronchial walls, and are secreted in the airway secretions. Besides maintaining lung tissue structure, GAG also play an important role in lung function as they regulate hydration and water homeostasis, modulate the inflammatory response and influence lung tissue repair and remodelling. However, depending on their size and/or degree of sulphation, and their immobilization or solubilization in the ECM, specific GAG in the lung either live up to their sweet taste/name, supporting normal lung physiology, or they are associated to 'bitter' effects, related to lung pathology. The present review discusses the biological role of GAG in the lung as well as the involvement of these molecules in various respiratory diseases. Given the great structural diversity of GAG, understanding the changes in GAG expression that occur in lung diseases may lead to novel targets for pharmacological intervention in order to prevent and/or to treat a range of lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Papakonstantinou
- 2nd Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Anderegg U, Eichenberg T, Parthaune T, Haiduk C, Saalbach A, Milkova L, Ludwig A, Grosche J, Averbeck M, Gebhardt C, Voelcker V, Sleeman JP, Simon JC. ADAM10 is the constitutive functional sheddase of CD44 in human melanoma cells. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 129:1471-82. [PMID: 18971959 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2008.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CD44 proteins are cell surface receptors for hyaluronic acid (HA), a component of the extracellular matrix that has multiple effects on cell behavior. CD44 can be shed from the cell surface by proteolytic cleavage. The resulting soluble form can interfere with the interaction between HA and membrane-bound CD44. Soluble CD44 can abolish the cell proliferation-promoting effect of HA on melanoma cell lines, suggesting that a better understanding of the shedding process might identify ways of blocking tumor cell proliferation. ADAM10, ADAM17, and MMP14 have previously been implicated in the shedding of CD44 from various tumor cells. Using immunohistochemistry we demonstrate that ADAM10 and ADAM17 but not MMP14 are significantly expressed on melanoma cells in histological sections. In human melanoma cell lines expression of these proteases could be blocked by transfection with appropriate siRNAs. However, only blocking of ADAM10 expression led to decreased shedding of CD44. In parallel, cell proliferation was promoted. Confocal microscopy demonstrated that ADAM10 and CD44 colocalize on the cell surface. We conclude that ADAM10 is the predominant protease involved in the constitutive shedding of endogenous CD44 from melanoma cells, and that enhancement of ADAM10 activity could be an approach to decrease the proliferation of melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Anderegg
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany.
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Boulaiz H, Prados J, Melguizo C, Marchal JA, Carrillo E, Peran M, Rodríguez-Serrano F, Martínez-Amat A, Caba O, Hita F, Concha A, Aránega A. Tumour malignancy loss and cell differentiation are associated with induction of gef gene in human melanoma cells. Br J Dermatol 2008; 159:370-8. [PMID: 18565182 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08688.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene therapy is a new method used to induce cancer cell differentiation. Our group previously showed that transfection of the gef gene from Escherichia coli, related to cell-killing functions, may be a novel candidate for cancer gene therapy. Its expression leads to cell cycle arrest unrelated to the triggering of apoptosis in MS-36 melanoma cells. OBJECTIVES To determine the basis of the antiproliferative effect of the gef gene in this cell line. METHODS Transmission electron microscopy, apoptosis analysis by confocal microscopy, flow cytometry and immunocytochemical analysis were used. RESULTS Ultrastructural analysis showed a strikingly different morphology after treatment with dexamethasone and expression of the gef gene, with large accumulations of pigment throughout the cell cytoplasm and presence of melanosomes in different stages of development. High mitochondrial turnover and myeloid bodies, characteristics of neurone cells, were also observed. In addition, both immunocytochemical and indirect immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated a significant decrease in HMB-45, Ki-67 and CD44 antigen expression and an increase in S100 and p53 expression in gef gene-transfected MS-36 melanoma cells that were correlated with the duration of dexamethasone treatment. In the present work, we report that gef gene not only reduces cell proliferation in transfected melanoma MS-36TG cell line but also induces morphological changes clearly indicative of melanoma cell differentiation and a reduction in tumour malignancy. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the hypothesis that the gef gene offers a new approach to differentiation therapy in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Boulaiz
- Department of Anatomy and Human Embryology, Basic Cardiovascular Research Section, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
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