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Israelyan N, Colle AD, Li Z, Park Y, Xing A, Jacobsen JP, Luna RA, Jensen DD, Madra M, Saurman V, Rahim R, Latorre R, Law K, Carson W, Bunnett NW, Caron MG, Margolis KG. Effects of Serotonin and Slow-Release 5-Hydroxytryptophan on Gastrointestinal Motility in a Mouse Model of Depression. Gastroenterology 2019; 157:507-521.e4. [PMID: 31071306 PMCID: PMC6650329 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Mood disorders and constipation are often comorbid, yet their shared etiologies have rarely been explored. The neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) regulates central nervous system and enteric nervous system (ENS) development and long-term functions, including gastrointestinal (GI) motility and mood. Therefore, defects in neuron production of 5-HT might result in brain and intestinal dysfunction. Tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) is the rate-limiting enzyme in 5-HT biosynthesis. A variant of TPH2 that encodes the R441H substitution (TPH2-R441H) was identified in individuals with severe depression. We studied mice with an analogous mutation (TPH2-R439H), which results in a 60%-80% decrease in levels of 5-HT in the central nervous system and behaviors associated with depression in humans. Feeding chow that contains 5-HTP slow release (5-HTP SR) to TPH2-R439H mice restores levels of 5-HT in the central nervous system and reduces depressive-like behaviors. METHODS We compared the effects of feeding chow, with or without 5-HTP SR, to mice with the TPH2-R439H mutation and without this mutation (control mice). Myenteric and submucosal plexuses were isolated from all 4 groups of mice, and immunocytochemistry was used to quantify total enteric neurons, serotonergic neurons, and 5-HT-dependent subsets of neurons. We performed calcium imaging experiments to evaluate responses of enteric neurons to tryptamine-evoked release of endogenous 5-HT. In live mice, we measured total GI transit, gastric emptying, small intestinal transit, and propulsive colorectal motility. To measure colonic migrating motor complexes (CMMCs), we isolated colons and constructed spatiotemporal maps along the proximodistal length to quantify the frequency, velocity, and length of CMMCs. We measured villus height, crypt perimeter, and relative densities of enterochromaffin and enteroendocrine cells in small intestinal tissue. RESULTS Levels of 5-HT were significantly lower in enteric neurons from TPH2-R439H mice than from control mice. TPH2-R439H mice had abnormalities in ENS development and ENS-mediated GI functions, including reduced motility and intestinal epithelial growth. Total GI transit and propulsive colorectal motility were slower in TPH2-R439H mice than controls, and CMMCs were slower and less frequent. Villus height and crypt perimeter were significantly decreased in colon tissues from TPH2-R439H mice compared with controls. Administration of 5-HTP SR to adult TPH2-R439H mice restored 5-HT to enteric neurons and reversed these abnormalities. Adult TPH2-R439H mice given oral 5-HTP SR had normalized numbers of enteric neurons, total GI transit, and colonic motility. Intestinal tissue from these mice had normal measures of CMMCs and enteric epithelial growth CONCLUSIONS: In studies of TPH2-R439H mice, we found evidence for reduced release of 5-HT from enteric neurons that results in defects in ENS development and GI motility. Our findings indicate that neuron production of 5-HT links constipation with mood dysfunction. Administration of 5-HTP SR to mice restored 5-HT to the ENS and normalized GI motility and growth of the enteric epithelium. 5-HTP SR might be used to treat patients with intestinal dysfunction associated with low levels of 5-HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narek Israelyan
- Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center; New York, NY
| | - Andrew Del Colle
- Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center; New York, NY,Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Medical Center; New York, NY
| | - Zhishan Li
- Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center; New York, NY,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center; New York, NY
| | - Yeji Park
- Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center; New York, NY,Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Medical Center; New York, NY
| | - Albert Xing
- Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center; New York, NY
| | | | - Ruth Ann Luna
- Texas Children’s Hospital Microbiome Center, Baylor College of Medicine; Houston, TX
| | - Dane D. Jensen
- Departments of Surgery and Pharmacology, Columbia University Medical Center; New York, NY
| | - Moneek Madra
- Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center; New York, NY,Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Medical Center; New York, NY
| | - Virginia Saurman
- Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center; New York, NY
| | - Ray Rahim
- Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center; New York, NY,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center; New York, NY
| | - Rocco Latorre
- Departments of Surgery and Pharmacology, Columbia University Medical Center; New York, NY
| | - Kimberly Law
- Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center; New York, NY
| | - William Carson
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine; Durham, NC
| | - Nigel W. Bunnett
- Departments of Surgery and Pharmacology, Columbia University Medical Center; New York, NY
| | - Marc G. Caron
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine; Durham, NC
| | - Kara G. Margolis
- Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center; New York, NY
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Matthes S, Mosienko V, Popova E, Rivalan M, Bader M, Alenina N. Targeted Manipulation of Brain Serotonin: RNAi-Mediated Knockdown of Tryptophan Hydroxylase 2 in Rats. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:3207-3217. [PMID: 30977636 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of the biogenic monoamine serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT). Two existing TPH isoforms are responsible for the generation of two distinct serotonergic systems in vertebrates. TPH1, predominantly expressed in the gastrointestinal tract and pineal gland, mediates 5-HT biosynthesis in non-neuronal tissues, while TPH2, mainly found in the raphe nuclei of the brain stem, is accountable for the production of 5-HT in the brain. Neuronal 5-HT is a key regulator of mood and behavior and its deficiency has been implicated in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, e.g., depression and anxiety. To gain further insights into the complexity of central 5-HT modulations of physiological and pathophysiological processes, a new transgenic rat model, allowing an inducible gene knockdown of Tph2, was established based on doxycycline-inducible shRNA-expression. Biochemical phenotyping revealed a functional knockdown of Tph2 mRNA expression following oral doxycycline administration, with subsequent reductions in the corresponding levels of TPH2 enzyme expression and activity. Transgenic rats showed also significantly decreased tissue levels of 5-HT and its degradation product 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in the raphe nuclei, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and cortex, while peripheral 5-HT concentrations in the blood remained unchanged. In summary, this novel transgenic rat model allows inducible manipulation of 5-HT biosynthesis specifically in the brain and may help to elucidate the role of 5-HT in the pathophysiology of affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susann Matthes
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany
- Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Valentina Mosienko
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany
- College of Medicine and Health, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter, Hatherly Building, Prince of Wales Rd., EX4 4PS Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Popova
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Marion Rivalan
- Charité University Medicine, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Bader
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany
- Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Charité University Medicine, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, 13316 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch-Straße 2, 10178 Berlin, Germany
| | - Natalia Alenina
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, 13316 Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia
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Kulikova EA, Kulikov AV. Tryptophan hydroxylase 2 as a therapeutic target for psychiatric disorders: focus on animal models. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2019; 23:655-667. [PMID: 31216212 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2019.1634691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) is the key, rate-limiting enzyme of serotonin (5-HT) synthesis in the brain. Some polymorphic variants of the human Tph2 gene are associated with psychiatric disorders. Area covered: This review focuses on the mechanisms underlying the association between the TPH2 activity and behavioral disturbances in models of psychiatric disorders. Specifically, it discusses: 1) genetic and posttranslational mechanisms defining the TPH2 activity, 2) behavioral effects of knockout and loss-of-function mutations in the mouse Tph2 gene, 3) pharmacological inhibition and the activation of the TPH2 activity and 4) alterations in the brain TPH2 activity in animal models of psychiatric disorders. We show the dual role of the TPH2 activity: both deficit and excess of the TPH2 activity cause significant behavioral disturbances in animal models of depression, anxiety, aggression, obsessive-compulsive disorders, schizophrenia, and catalepsy. Expert opinion: Pharmacological chaperones correcting the structure of the TPH2 molecule are promising tools for treatment of some hereditary psychiatric disorders caused by loss-of-function mutations in the human Tph2 gene; while some stress-induced affective disorders, associated with the elevated TPH2 activity, may be effectively treated by TPH2 inhibitors. This dual role of TPH2 should be taken into consideration during therapy of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Kulikova
- a Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics , Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Science , Novosibirsk , Russia
| | - Alexander V Kulikov
- a Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics , Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Science , Novosibirsk , Russia
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Pratelli M, Pasqualetti M. Serotonergic neurotransmission manipulation for the understanding of brain development and function: Learning from Tph2 genetic models. Biochimie 2019; 161:3-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Albert PR, Vahid-Ansari F. The 5-HT1A receptor: Signaling to behavior. Biochimie 2019; 161:34-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Bazhenova EY, Fursenko DV, Kulikova EA, Khotskin NV, Sinyakova NA, Kulikov AA. Effect of photoperiodic alterations on depression-like behavior and the brain serotonin system in mice genetically different in tryptophan hydroxylase 2 activity. Neurosci Lett 2019; 699:91-96. [PMID: 30685409 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Reduction of natural illumination in fall/winter months causes seasonal affective disorders (SAD) in vulnerable individuals. Neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) is involved in the mechanism of SAD. Tryptophan hydroxylase-2 (TPH2) is the key enzyme of 5-HT synthesis in the brain. C1473 G polymorphism in the Tph2 gene is a key factor defining the enzyme activity in the mouse brain. The main aims of the study were to investigate the effects of C1473 G polymorphism on behavior and brain 5-HT system responses to photoperiod alterations. The experiment was carried out on adult mouse males of B6-1473C and B6-1473 G congenic lines with normal and low TPH2 activities, respectively. B6-1473C and B6-1473 G mice were divided into four groups of 8 each and exposed for 28 days to standard-day (14 h light and 10 h darkness) or short-day (4 h light and 20 h darkness) conditions. No effect of photoperiod on locomotor, exploratory activities and anxiety in the open field test was observed. At the same time, photoperiod alterations affected depressive-like immobility in the forced swim test, the 5-HT, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) levels, 5-HIAA/5-HT ratio and the Htr2a mRNA level in hippocampus and midbrain. The effect of the interaction between C1473 G polymorphism and photoperiod on 5-HT level and 5-HIAA/5-HT ratio in hippocampus was revealed. Short-day conditions reduced the level and increased 5-HIAA/5-HT ratio in this structure only in B6-1473 G mice. At the same time, C1473 G polymorphism does not alter effects of short-day conditions on immobility time in the forced swim test and the Htr2a mRNA level in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Y Bazhenova
- Department of Genetic Models of Neurological Disorders, Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
| | - Dariya V Fursenko
- Department of Genetic Models of Neurological Disorders, Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Elizabeth A Kulikova
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurogenomics, Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Nikita V Khotskin
- Department of Genetic Models of Neurological Disorders, Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Nadezhda A Sinyakova
- Department of Genetic Models of Neurological Disorders, Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Alexander A Kulikov
- Department of Genetic Models of Neurological Disorders, Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
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Lee EH, Han PL. Reciprocal interactions across and within multiple levels of monoamine and cortico-limbic systems in stress-induced depression: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 101:13-31. [PMID: 30917923 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The monoamine hypothesis of depression, namely that the reduction in synaptic serotonin and dopamine levels causes depression, has prevailed in past decades. However, clinical and preclinical studies have identified various cortical and subcortical regions whose altered neural activities also regulate depressive-like behaviors, independently from the monoamine system. Our systematic review indicates that neural activities of specific brain regions and associated neural circuitries are adaptively altered after chronic stress in a specific direction, such that the neural activity in the infralimbic cortex, lateral habenula and amygdala is upregulated, whereas the neural activity in the prelimbic cortex, hippocampus and monoamine systems is downregulated. The altered neural activity dynamics between monoamine systems and cortico-limbic systems are reciprocally interwoven at multiple levels. Furthermore, depressive-like behaviors can be experimentally reversed by counteracting the altered neural activity of a specific neural circuitry at multiple brain regions, suggesting the importance of the reciprocally interwoven neural networks in regulating depressive-like behaviors. These results promise for reshaping altered neural activity dynamics as a therapeutic strategy for treating depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Hwa Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Pyung-Lim Han
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Malhi GS, Das P, Outhred T, Irwin L, Morris G, Hamilton A, Lynch K, Mannie Z. Understanding suicide: Focusing on its mechanisms through a lithium lens. J Affect Disord 2018; 241:338-347. [PMID: 30142593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current intervention strategies have been slow in reducing suicide rates, particularly in mood disorders. Thus, for intervention and prevention, a new approach is necessary. Investigating the effects of a medication known for its anti-suicidal properties on neurobiological and neurocognitive substrates of suicidal thinking may provide a deeper and more meaningful understanding of suicide. METHOD A literature search of recognised databases was conducted to examine the intersection of suicide, mood disorders, and the mechanisms of lithium. RESULTS This review synthesises the extant evidence of putative suicide biomarkers and endophenotypes and melds these with known actions of lithium to provide a comprehensive picture of processes underlying suicide. Specifically, the central importance of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) is discussed in detail because it modulates multiple systems that have been repeatedly implicated in suicide, and which lithium also exerts effects on. LIMITATIONS Suicide also occurs outside of mood disorders but we limited our discussion to mood because of our focus on lithium and extending our existing model of suicidal thinking and behaviour that is contextualised within mood disorders. CONCLUSIONS Focusing on the neurobiological mechanisms underpinning suicidal thinking and behaviours through a lithium lens identifies important targets for assessment and intervention. The use of objective measures is critical and using these within a framework that integrates findings from different perspectives and domains of research is likely to yield replicable and validated markers that can be employed both clinically and for further investigation of this complex phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gin S Malhi
- Academic Department of Psychiatry, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW Australia; Sydney Medical School Northern, University of Sydney, NSW Australia; CADE Clinic, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW Australia.
| | - Pritha Das
- Academic Department of Psychiatry, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW Australia; Sydney Medical School Northern, University of Sydney, NSW Australia; CADE Clinic, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW Australia
| | - Tim Outhred
- Academic Department of Psychiatry, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW Australia; Sydney Medical School Northern, University of Sydney, NSW Australia; CADE Clinic, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW Australia
| | - Lauren Irwin
- Academic Department of Psychiatry, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW Australia; Sydney Medical School Northern, University of Sydney, NSW Australia; CADE Clinic, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW Australia
| | - Grace Morris
- Academic Department of Psychiatry, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW Australia; Sydney Medical School Northern, University of Sydney, NSW Australia; CADE Clinic, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW Australia
| | - Amber Hamilton
- Academic Department of Psychiatry, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW Australia; Sydney Medical School Northern, University of Sydney, NSW Australia; CADE Clinic, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW Australia
| | - Katie Lynch
- NSW Health and Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW Australia; Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Zola Mannie
- Academic Department of Psychiatry, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW Australia; Sydney Medical School Northern, University of Sydney, NSW Australia; CADE Clinic, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW Australia
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GSK3β: a plausible mechanism of cognitive and hippocampal changes induced by erythropoietin treatment in mood disorders? Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:216. [PMID: 30310078 PMCID: PMC6181907 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0270-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mood disorders are associated with significant psychosocial and occupational disability. It is estimated that major depressive disorder (MDD) will become the second leading cause of disability worldwide by 2020. Existing pharmacological and psychological treatments are limited for targeting cognitive dysfunctions in mood disorders. However, growing evidence from human and animal studies has shown that treatment with erythropoietin (EPO) can improve cognitive function. A recent study involving EPO-treated patients with mood disorders showed that the neural basis for their cognitive improvements appeared to involve an increase in hippocampal volume. Molecular mechanisms underlying hippocampal changes have been proposed, including the activation of anti-apoptotic, antioxidant, pro-survival and anti-inflammatory signalling pathways. The aim of this review is to describe the potential importance of glycogen synthase kinase 3-beta (GSK3β) as a multi-potent molecular mechanism of EPO-induced hippocampal volume change in mood disorder patients. We first examine published associations between EPO administration, mood disorders, cognition and hippocampal volume. We then highlight evidence suggesting that GSK3β influences hippocampal volume in MDD patients, and how this could assist with targeting more precise treatments particularly for cognitive deficits in patients with mood disorders. We conclude by suggesting how this developing area of research can be further advanced, such as using pharmacogenetic studies of EPO treatment in patients with mood disorders.
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De Berardis D, Fornaro M, Valchera A, Cavuto M, Perna G, Di Nicola M, Serafini G, Carano A, Pompili M, Vellante F, Orsolini L, Fiengo A, Ventriglio A, Yong-Ku K, Martinotti G, Di Giannantonio M, Tomasetti C. Eradicating Suicide at Its Roots: Preclinical Bases and Clinical Evidence of the Efficacy of Ketamine in the Treatment of Suicidal Behaviors. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2888. [PMID: 30249029 PMCID: PMC6213585 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the continuous advancement in neurosciences as well as in the knowledge of human behaviors pathophysiology, currently suicide represents a puzzling challenge. The World Health Organization (WHO) has established that one million people die by suicide every year, with the impressive daily rate of a suicide every 40 s. The weightiest concern about suicidal behavior is how difficult it is for healthcare professionals to predict. However, recent evidence in genomic studies has pointed out the essential role that genetics could play in influencing person's suicide risk. Combining genomic and clinical risk assessment approaches, some studies have identified a number of biomarkers for suicidal ideation, which are involved in neural connectivity, neural activity, mood, as well as in immune and inflammatory response, such as the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. This interesting discovery provides the neurobiological bases for the use of drugs that impact these specific signaling pathways in the treatment of suicidality, such as ketamine. Ketamine, an N-methyl-d-aspartate glutamate (NMDA) antagonist agent, has recently hit the headlines because of its rapid antidepressant and concurrent anti-suicidal action. Here we review the preclinical and clinical evidence that lay the foundations of the efficacy of ketamine in the treatment of suicidal ideation in mood disorders, thereby also approaching the essential question of the understanding of neurobiological processes of suicide and the potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico De Berardis
- National Health Service, Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, "G. Mazzini" Hospital, p.zza Italia 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, Chair of Psychiatry, University "G. D'Annunzio", 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Michele Fornaro
- Polyedra Research Group, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology, School of Medicine 'Federico II' Naples, 80121 Naples, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Valchera
- Polyedra Research Group, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
- Villa S. Giuseppe Hospital, Hermanas Hospitalarias, 63100 Ascoli Piceno, Italy.
| | - Marilde Cavuto
- Department of Theory, Analysis and Composition, Music Conservatory "L. Canepa", 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Giampaolo Perna
- Hermanas Hospitalarias, FoRiPsi, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Villa San Benedetto Menni, Albese con Cassano, 22032 Como, Italy.
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, University of Maastricht, 6221 Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33114, USA.
| | - Marco Di Nicola
- Institute of Psychiatry and Psychology, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, 00118 Rome, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Serafini
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Carano
- NHS, Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital "Madonna Del Soccorso", A.S.U.R. 12, 63074 San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Pompili
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00118 Rome, Italy.
| | - Federica Vellante
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, Chair of Psychiatry, University "G. D'Annunzio", 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Laura Orsolini
- Polyedra Research Group, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
- Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, College Lane Campus, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield SG141LZ, UK.
| | - Annastasia Fiengo
- Polyedra Research Group, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
- NHS, Department of Mental Health ASUR Marche AV5, Mental Health Unit, 63100 Ascoli Piceno, Italy.
| | - Antonio Ventriglio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71121 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Kim Yong-Ku
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Giovanni Martinotti
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, Chair of Psychiatry, University "G. D'Annunzio", 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Massimo Di Giannantonio
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, Chair of Psychiatry, University "G. D'Annunzio", 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Carmine Tomasetti
- Polyedra Research Group, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology, School of Medicine 'Federico II' Naples, 80121 Naples, Italy.
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Wu C, Gong WG, Wang YJ, Sun JJ, Zhou H, Zhang ZJ, Ren QG. Escitalopram alleviates stress-induced Alzheimer's disease-like tau pathologies and cognitive deficits by reducing hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis reactivity and insulin/GSK-3β signal pathway activity. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 67:137-147. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Reales G, Paixão-Côrtes VR, Cybis GB, Gonçalves GL, Pissinatti A, Salzano FM, Bortolini MC. Serotonin, behavior, and natural selection in New World monkeys. J Evol Biol 2018; 31:1180-1192. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Reales
- Departamento de Genética; Instituto de Biociências; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | | | - Gabriela B. Cybis
- Departamento de Estatística; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Gislene L. Gonçalves
- Departamento de Genética; Instituto de Biociências; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | | | - Francisco M. Salzano
- Departamento de Genética; Instituto de Biociências; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Maria Cátira Bortolini
- Departamento de Genética; Instituto de Biociências; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
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63
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Shah R, Courtiol E, Castellanos FX, Teixeira CM. Abnormal Serotonin Levels During Perinatal Development Lead to Behavioral Deficits in Adulthood. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:114. [PMID: 29928194 PMCID: PMC5997829 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) is one of the best-studied modulatory neurotransmitters with ubiquitous presynaptic release and postsynaptic reception. 5-HT has been implicated in a wide variety of brain functions, ranging from autonomic regulation, sensory perception, feeding and motor function to emotional regulation and cognition. The role of this neuromodulator in neuropsychiatric diseases is unquestionable with important neuropsychiatric medications, e.g., most antidepressants, targeting this system. Importantly, 5-HT modulates neurodevelopment and changes in its levels during development can have life-long consequences. In this mini-review, we highlight that exposure to both low and high serotonin levels during the perinatal period can lead to behavioral deficits in adulthood. We focus on three exogenous factors that can change 5-HT levels during the critical perinatal period: dietary tryptophan depletion, exposure to serotonin-selective-reuptake-inhibitors (SSRIs) and poor early life care. We discuss the effects of each of these on behavioral deficits in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Relish Shah
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, United States
| | - Emmanuelle Courtiol
- CNRS UMR 5292 - INSERM U1028, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Francisco X Castellanos
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone, New York, NY, United States.,Division of Clinical Research, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, United States
| | - Catia M Teixeira
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, United States.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone, New York, NY, United States
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64
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Khlghatyan J, Evstratova A, Chamberland S, Marakhovskaia A, Bahremand A, Toth K, Beaulieu JM. Mental Illnesses-Associated Fxr1 and Its Negative Regulator Gsk3β Are Modulators of Anxiety and Glutamatergic Neurotransmission. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:119. [PMID: 29706865 PMCID: PMC5906571 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variants of the fragile X mental retardation syndrome-related protein 1 (FXR1) have been associated to mood regulation, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorders. Nonetheless, genetic association does not indicate a functional link of a given gene to neuronal activity and associated behaviors. In addition, interaction between multiple genes is often needed to sculpt complex traits such as behavior. Thus, modulation of neuronal functions by a given gene product, such as Fxr1, has to be thoroughly studied in the context of its interactions with other gene products. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK3β) is a shared target of several psychoactive drugs. In addition, interaction between functional polymorphisms of GSK3b and FXR1 has been implicated in mood regulation in healthy subjects and bipolar patients. However, the mechanistic underpinnings of this interaction remain unknown. We used somatic CRISPR/Cas9 mediated knockout and overexpression to investigate the impact of Fxr1 and its regulator Gsk3β on neuronal functions directly in the adult mouse brain. Suppression of Gsk3β or increase of Fxr1 expression in medial prefrontal cortex neurons leads to anxiolytic-like responses associated with a decrease in AMPA mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents. Furthermore, Fxr1 and Gsk3β modulate glutamatergic neurotransmission via regulation of AMPA receptor subunits GluA1 and GluA2 as well as vesicular glutamate transporter VGlut1. These results underscore a potential mechanism underlying the action of Fxr1 on neuronal activity and behaviors. Association between the Gsk3β-Fxr1 pathway and glutamatergic signaling also suggests how it may contribute to emotional regulation in response to mood stabilizers, or in illnesses like mood disorders and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jivan Khlghatyan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Alesya Evstratova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Simon Chamberland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | | | - Arash Bahremand
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Katalin Toth
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Martin Beaulieu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
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65
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Kulikov AV, Gainetdinov RR, Ponimaskin E, Kalueff AV, Naumenko VS, Popova NK. Interplay between the key proteins of serotonin system in SSRI antidepressants efficacy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2018.1452912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V. Kulikov
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Raul R. Gainetdinov
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeni Ponimaskin
- Cellular Neurophysiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Allan V. Kalueff
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
- Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia
- Research Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia
- Russian Research Center for Radiology and Surgical Technologies, Pesochny 197758, Russia
| | - Vladimir S. Naumenko
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nina K. Popova
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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The potential benefit of combined versus monotherapy of coenzyme Q10 and fluoxetine on depressive-like behaviors and intermediates coupled to Gsk-3β in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 340:39-48. [PMID: 29291430 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Revised: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
As a part of the serotoninergic dysfunction implicated in neurobiology of depression, evidence has focused on serotonin (5-HT) receptors downstream signaling intermediates including glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Our team previously reported that coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) exerted antidepressant-like effect in rats exposed to chronic unpredictable mid stress (CUMS) via elevating serotonin levels. However, the effect of CoQ10 has not been elucidated in downstream signaling molecules mediating 5HT receptors' effect involved in depressive disorder hitherto. In the present study, we focused on 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors (activation of 5-HT1A receptor and inhibition of 5-HT2A receptors reduce depressive like-behaviors). We investigated the role of these 5-HT receptors and their linked GSK-3β signaling intermediates as an underlying mechanism of CoQ10 as monotherapy or combined with fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, to alleviate depressive-like phenotype. Effects of CoQ10 (100mg/kg/day) or/and fluoxetine (10mg/kg/day) were determined on 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A receptors mRNA expression, GSK-3β and phosphorylated (p)GSK-3β, CREB, pCREB and BDNF protein expression in rats subjected to CUMS for 6weeks. CUMS rats exhibited obvious depressive-like behaviors (anhedonia-like behavior, negative alterations in social interaction, open field and forced swimming tests) with increased corticosterone and adrenal glands weight, decreased hippocampal levels of pGSK-3β, pCREB and BDNF protein expressions. Additionally, they exhibited decreased hippocampal 5-HT1A and increased 5-HT2A receptor mRNA expression. CoQ10 or fluoxetine significantly attenuated the behavioral and neurochemical alterations in stressed rats with more significance with combined treatment. These findings imply that CoQ10 or/and fluoxetine attenuated CUMS-induced depressive-like behavior partly through modulating dysfunctional regulation of post-serotonergic receptor signaling pathway focusing on GSK-3β, CREB and BDNF.
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Escitalopram attenuates β-amyloid-induced tau hyperphosphorylation in primary hippocampal neurons through the 5-HT1A receptor mediated Akt/GSK-3β pathway. Oncotarget 2017; 7:13328-39. [PMID: 26950279 PMCID: PMC4924645 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tau hyperphosphorylation is an important pathological feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). To investigate whether escitalopram could inhibit amyloid-β (Aβ)-induced tau hyperphosphorylation and the underlying mechanisms, we treated the rat primary hippocampal neurons with Aβ1-42 and examined the effect of escitalopram on tau hyperphosphorylation. Results showed that escitalopram decreased Aβ1-42-induced tau hyperphosphorylation. In addition, escitalopram activated the Akt/GSK-3β pathway, and the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 blocked the attenuation of tau hyperphosphorylation induced by escitalopram. Moreover, the 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-OH-DPAT also activated the Akt/GSK-3β pathway and decreased Aβ1-42-induced tau hyperphosphorylation. Furthermore, the 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY-100635 blocked the activation of Akt/GSK-3β pathway and the attenuation of tau hyperphosphorylation induced by escitalopram. Finally, escitalopram improved Aβ1-42 induced impairment of neurite outgrowth and spine density, and reversed Aβ1-42 induced reduction of synaptic proteins. Our results demonstrated that escitalopram attenuated Aβ1-42-induced tau hyperphosphorylation in primary hippocampal neurons through the 5-HT1A receptor mediated Akt/GSK-3β pathway.
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Grieco SF, Velmeshev D, Magistri M, Eldar-Finkelman H, Faghihi MA, Jope RS, Beurel E. Ketamine up-regulates a cluster of intronic miRNAs within the serotonin receptor 2C gene by inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase-3. World J Biol Psychiatry 2017; 18:445-456. [PMID: 27723376 PMCID: PMC5386835 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2016.1224927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined mechanisms that contribute to the rapid antidepressant effect of ketamine in mice that is dependent on glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) inhibition. METHODS We measured serotonergic (5HT)-2C-receptor (5HTR2C) cluster microRNA (miRNA) levels in mouse hippocampus after administering an antidepressant dose of ketamine (10 mg/kg) in wild-type and GSK3 knockin mice, after GSK3 inhibition with L803-mts, and in learned helpless mice. RESULTS Ketamine up-regulated cluster miRNAs 448-3p, 764-5p, 1264-3p, 1298-5p and 1912-3p (2- to 11-fold). This up-regulation was abolished in GSK3 knockin mice that express mutant constitutively active GSK3. The GSK3 specific inhibitor L803-mts was antidepressant in the learned helplessness and novelty suppressed feeding depression-like behaviours and up-regulated the 5HTR2C miRNA cluster in mouse hippocampus. After administration of the learned helplessness paradigm mice were divided into cohorts that were resilient (non-depressed) or were susceptible (depressed) to learned helplessness. The resilient, but not depressed, mice displayed increased hippocampal levels of miRNAs 448-3p and 1264-3p. Administration of an antagonist to miRNA 448-3p diminished the antidepressant effect of ketamine in the learned helplessness paradigm, indicating that up-regulation of miRNA 448-3p provides an antidepressant action. CONCLUSIONS These findings identify a new outcome of GSK3 inhibition by ketamine that may contribute to antidepressant effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven F Grieco
- a Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences , Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami , Miami , FL , USA
- b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami , Miami , FL , USA
| | - Dmitry Velmeshev
- a Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences , Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami , Miami , FL , USA
- b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami , Miami , FL , USA
| | - Marco Magistri
- a Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences , Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami , Miami , FL , USA
- b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami , Miami , FL , USA
| | - Hagit Eldar-Finkelman
- c Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry , Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv , Israel
| | - Mohammad A Faghihi
- a Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences , Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami , Miami , FL , USA
- b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami , Miami , FL , USA
| | - Richard S Jope
- a Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences , Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami , Miami , FL , USA
- b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami , Miami , FL , USA
| | - Eleonore Beurel
- a Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences , Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami , Miami , FL , USA
- b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami , Miami , FL , USA
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69
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Mitic M, Brkic Z, Lukic I, Adzic M. Convergence of glycogen synthase kinase 3β and GR signaling in response to fluoxetine treatment in chronically stressed female and male rats. Behav Brain Res 2017; 333:295-303. [PMID: 28729116 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence strongly suggest that impaired glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signaling is involved in stress-related mood disorders, and nominate GR as a potential target for antidepressants (ADs). It is known that different classes of ADs affects the GR action via modifying its phosphorylation, while the mechanism through which ADs alter GR phosphorylation targeted by GSK3β, a kinase modulated via serotonin neurotransmission, are unclear. On this basis, we investigated whether GSK3β-GR signaling could be a convergence point of fluoxetine action on brain function and behavior, by examining its effect on GSK3β targeted-GR phosphorylation on threonine 171 (pGR171), and expression of GR-regulated genes in the hippocampus of female and male rats exposed to chronic isolation stress. Stress induced sex-specific GSK3β-targeted phosphorylation of pGR171 in the nucleus of the hippocampus of stressed animals. Namely, while in females stress triggered coupled action of GSK3β-pGR171 signaling, in males changes in pGR171 levels did not correspond to GSK3β activity. On the other hand, fluoxetine managed to up-regulate this pathway in sex-unbiased manner. Furthermore, fluoxetine reverted stress-induced changes in most of the analyzed genes in males, CRH, 5-HT1a and p11, while in females its effect was limited to CRH. These data further suggest that pGR171 signaling affects cellular localization of GR in response to chronic stress and fluoxetine in both sexes. Collectively, our results describe a novel convergence point between GR signaling and GSK3β pathway in rat hippocampus in response to stress and fluoxetine in both sexes and its involvement in fluoxetine-regulated brain function in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos Mitic
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, University of Belgrade, Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, P.O. Box-522-MBE090, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Zeljka Brkic
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, University of Belgrade, Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, P.O. Box-522-MBE090, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Iva Lukic
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, University of Belgrade, Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, P.O. Box-522-MBE090, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia; Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Miroslav Adzic
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, University of Belgrade, Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, P.O. Box-522-MBE090, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
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Fekih-Romdhane F, Belkhiria A, Ridha R. Pellagre révélée par un tableau psychiatrique. Presse Med 2017; 46:779-782. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Hsueh PT, Wang HH, Liu CL, Ni WF, Chen YL, Liu JK. Expression of cerebral serotonin related to anxiety-like behaviors in C57BL/6 offspring induced by repeated subcutaneous prenatal exposure to low-dose lipopolysaccharide. PLoS One 2017. [PMID: 28650979 PMCID: PMC5484498 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which likely occurs due to infection or contact with environmental allergens during pregnancy, is a proposed risk factor that induces anxiety- and autism spectrum disorder-like behaviors in offspring. However, the molecular and behavioral changes in offspring after maternal immune activation have not been completely identified. We hypothesized that a subcutaneous injection of LPS in a pregnant mouse would induce changes in cerebral serotonin (5-HT) in parallel to the appearance of anxiety-like behaviors in the dam’s offspring. After LPS injections (total, 100 μg/Kg), the time spent in the central region during the open field test and the number of times that the mice moved between the light and dark boxes and between the open and closed arms on the elevated plus maze test revealed anxiety-like behaviors in offspring at 5, 6 and 9 weeks of age. The mRNA expression levels of tph2 (5-HT synthesizing enzyme) and slc6a4 (5-HT transporter) were down-regulated in both adolescent (5 weeks of age) and adult (8 weeks of age) brains. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the numbers and sizes of tph2-expressing cells were notably decreased in the raphe nuclei of the midbrain of adults. Moreover, compared with controls (phosphate-buffered saline-treated offspring), the cerebral 5-HT concentration at adolescence and adulthood in LPS-induced offspring was significantly decreased. We concluded that maternal immune activation induced by exposure to a low dose of LPS decreased cerebral 5-HT levels in parallel to the down-regulation of the tph2 and slc6a4 genes and in conjunction with anxiety-like behaviors in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Tan Hsueh
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Han Wang
- Department of Biotechnology, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Lin Liu
- Department of Biotechnology, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Fen Ni
- Department of Biotechnology, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Lei Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (LJK); (CYL)
| | - Jong-Kang Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (LJK); (CYL)
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No effect of C1473G polymorphism in the tryptophan hydroxylase 2 gene on the response of the brain serotonin system to chronic fluoxetine treatment in mice. Neurosci Lett 2017; 653:264-268. [PMID: 28579486 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.05.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are antidepressants that block serotonin transporter (SERT) and increase serotonin (5-HT) level in the synaptic cleft. The interaction between SERT and the key enzyme of 5-HT synthesis in the brain, tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2), is essential to maintain the brain 5-HT level. The G allele of C1473G polymorphism in Tph2 gene decreases enzyme activity by half in mouse brain. Here we studied effect of C1473G polymorphism on the reaction of brain 5-HT system to chronic fluoxetine treatment (120mg/l in drinking water, for 3 weeks) in adult males of the congenic B6-1473C and B6-1473G mouse lines with high and low enzyme activity, respectively. The polymorphism did not affect the levels of 5-HT, its metabolite, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and Tph2 gene mRNA in the brain. Fluoxetine significantly attenuated 5-HT levels in the cortex and striatum, 5-HIAA concentrations in the cortex, hippocampus, striatum and midbrain, and Tph2 gene expression in the midbrain. However, we did not observed any effect of the genotype x treatment interaction on these neurochemical characteristics. Therefore, C1473G polymorphism does not seem to play an essential role in the reaction of the brain 5-HT system to chronic fluoxetine treatment.
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Abstract
Although serotonin neurotransmission has been implicated in several neurodevelopmental and psychological disorders, the factors that drive dysfunction of the serotonin system are poorly understood. Current research regarding the serotonin system revolves around its dysfunction in neuropsychiatric disorders, but there is no database collating genetic mutations that result in serotonin abnormalities. To bridge this gap, we developed a list of genes in mice that, when perturbed, result in altered levels of serotonin either in brain or blood. Due to the intrinsic limitations of search, the current list should be considered a preliminary subset of all relevant cases. Nevertheless, it offered an opportunity to gain insight into what types of genes have the potential to impact serotonin by using gene ontology (GO). This analysis found that genes associated with monoamine metabolism were more often associated with increases in brain serotonin than decreases. Speculatively, this could be because several pathways (and therefore many genes) are responsible for the clearance and metabolism of serotonin whereas only one pathway (and therefore fewer genes) is directly involved in the synthesis of serotonin. Another contributor could be cross talk between monoamine systems such as dopamine. In contrast, genes that were associated with decreases in brain serotonin were more likely linked to a developmental process. Sensitivity of serotonin neurons to developmental perturbations could be due to their complicated neuroanatomy or possibly they may be negatively regulated by dysfunction of their innervation targets. Thus, these observations suggest hypotheses regarding the mechanisms underlying the vulnerability of brain serotonin neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C. Tenpenny
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain
Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital and Department of Anesthesia,
Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood
Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Kathryn G. Commons
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain
Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital and Department of Anesthesia,
Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood
Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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The interaction of GSK3B and FXR1 genotypes may influence the mania and depression dimensions in mood disorders. J Affect Disord 2017; 213:172-177. [PMID: 28242499 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous evidence in healthy subjects suggested that functional polymorphisms GSK3B rs12630592 and FXR1 rs496250 interact in regulating mood and emotional processing. We attempted to replicate this interaction primarily on manic and depressive dimensions in mood disorder patients, and secondarily on schizophrenia patients, diagnosis itself and age of onset. METHODS Symptom dimensions were derived from the Comprehensive Assessment of Symptoms and History 82 items rated lifetime in acute episodes and stabilized interepisode intervals in 384 patients from the Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder Eastern Quebec Kindred Study. Linear mixed effect models of symptom dimensions included rs12630592-rs496250 main and interaction fixed effects (obtained from TaqMan genotypes), and a polygenic random effect. The distribution of lifetime best-estimate DSM-IV diagnosis of 855 kindred members was studied versus genotype under a polytomous logistic model. RESULTS In mood disorder patients, the level of mania (in both acute and stabilized periods) and depression in stabilized periods was positively associated with GSK3B rs12630592 T only in FXR1 rs496250 A-allele carriers (Bonferroni-corrected interaction p=0.024, 0.052 and 0.017 respectively). The two polymorphisms explained 11% of mania variance and 5% of interepisode depression variance. The association was observed neither in schizophrenia patients nor with the psychotic dimension in mood disorder patients. Interaction with the diagnosis distribution (p=0.03) was driven by the decreasing prevalence of recurrent major depression with rs12630592 T also only in carriers of rs496250 A. LIMITATIONS Sample size was limited, but power was sufficient to detect the tested interaction effect in this replication sample. CONCLUSIONS We replicate in affective patients an interaction between the FXR1 rs496250 and GSK3B rs12630592 polymorphisms in regulating mood dimensions.
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Meunier CNJ, Chameau P, Fossier PM. Modulation of Synaptic Plasticity in the Cortex Needs to Understand All the Players. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2017; 9:2. [PMID: 28203201 PMCID: PMC5285384 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2017.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is involved in cognitive tasks such as working memory, decision making, risk assessment and regulation of attention. These functions performed by the PFC are supposed to rely on rhythmic electrical activity generated by neuronal network oscillations determined by a precise balance between excitation and inhibition balance (E/I balance) resulting from the coordinated activities of recurrent excitation and feedback and feedforward inhibition. Functional alterations in PFC functions have been associated with cognitive deficits in several pathologies such as major depression, anxiety and schizophrenia. These pathological situations are correlated with alterations of different neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (DA), acetylcholine…) that result in alterations of the E/I balance. The aim of this review article is to cover the basic aspects of the regulation of the E/I balance as well as to highlight the importance of the complementarity role of several neurotransmitters in the modulation of the plasticity of excitatory and inhibitory synapses. We illustrate our purpose by recent findings that demonstrate that 5-HT and DA cooperate to regulate the plasticity of excitatory and inhibitory synapses targeting layer 5 pyramidal neurons (L5PyNs) of the PFC and to fine tune the E/I balance. Using a method based on the decomposition of the synaptic conductance into its excitatory and inhibitory components, we show that concomitant activation of D1-like receptors (D1Rs) and 5-HT1ARs, through a modulation of NMDA receptors, favors long term potentiation (LTP) of both excitation and inhibition and consequently does not modify the E/I balance. We also demonstrate that activation of D2-receptors requires functional 5-HT1ARs to shift the E-I balance towards more inhibition and to favor long term depression (LTD) of excitatory synapses through the activation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β). This cooperation between different neurotransmitters is particularly relevant in view of pathological situations in which alterations of one neurotransmitter system will also have consequences on the regulation of synaptic efficacy by other neurotransmitters. This opens up new perspectives in the development of therapeutic strategies for the pharmacological treatment of neuronal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire N J Meunier
- Institut de Neurosciences Paris-Saclay (NeuroPSI), UMR 91197 CNRS-Université Paris-Saclay Paris, France
| | - Pascal Chameau
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for NeuroScience, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Philippe M Fossier
- Institut de Neurosciences Paris-Saclay (NeuroPSI), UMR 91197 CNRS-Université Paris-Saclay Paris, France
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76
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Martínez-Idárraga A, Riveros-Barrera I, Sánchez R, Jaramillo LE, Calvo-Gómez JM, Yunis-Londoño JJ. [Characterisation of three polymorphisms of the tryptophan hydroxylase 2 gene in a sample of Colombian population with major depressive disorder]. REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE PSIQUIATRIA 2017; 46:22-30. [PMID: 28193370 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcp.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Identify whether rs11179000, rs136494 and rs4570625 polymorphisms of the tryptophan hydroxylase 2 gene, are associated with a major depressive disorder in a sample of the Colombian population. METHODS Case-control study was conducted in which a comparison was made between subjects diagnosed with major depressive disorder at some point in adulthood or active symptoms at the time of evaluation, and subjects with no psychiatric disease. Subjects were studied in the Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and the Institute of Genetics at the National University of Colombia. Polymorphisms were genotyped using Taqman probes in real time PCR. As well as studying the association between major depressive disorder and these (single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), the association with other factors previously associated with depression were also analysed. RESULTS No statistically significant association between genotypic and allelic frequencies of each polymorphism and major depressive disorder was found. Association between sex and complication during pregnancy / childbirth and major depressive disorder was observed. Association between sex and complication during pregnancy / childbirth and major depressive disorder was observed. CONCLUSIONS There was no association between any polymorphism and major depressive disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Martínez-Idárraga
- Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Irene Riveros-Barrera
- Grupo de Patología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia; Instituto de Genética, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Ricardo Sánchez
- Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Luis Eduardo Jaramillo
- Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - José Manuel Calvo-Gómez
- Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Juan José Yunis-Londoño
- Grupo de Patología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia; Instituto de Genética, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
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77
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Freitas AE, Neis VB, Rodrigues ALS. Agmatine, a potential novel therapeutic strategy for depression. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 26:1885-1899. [PMID: 27836390 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is the most common psychiatric disorder with lifetime prevalence of up to 20% worldwide. It is responsible for more years lost to disability than any other disorder. Despite the fact that current available antidepressant drugs are safe and effective, they are far from ideal. In addition to the need to administer the drugs for weeks or months to obtain clinical benefit, side effects are still a serious problem. Agmatine is an endogenous polyamine synthesized by the enzyme arginine decarboxylase. It modulates several receptors and is considered as a neuromodulator in the brain. In this review, studies demonstrating the antidepressant effects of agmatine are presented and discussed, as well as, the mechanisms of action related to these effects. Also, the potential beneficial effects of agmatine for the treatment of other neurological disorders are presented. In particular, we provide evidence to encourage future clinical studies investigating agmatine as a novel antidepressant drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andiara E Freitas
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - Vivian B Neis
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia S Rodrigues
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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78
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Sahin C, Unal G, Aricioglu F. Regulation of GSK-3 Activity as A Shared Mechanism in Psychiatric Disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.5455/bcp.20140317063255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ceren Sahin
- Marmara University, School of Pharmacy Department of Pharmacology and Psychopharmacology Research Unit, Istanbul - Turkey
| | - Gokhan Unal
- Marmara University, School of Pharmacy Department of Pharmacology and Psychopharmacology Research Unit, Istanbul - Turkey
| | - Feyza Aricioglu
- Marmara University, School of Pharmacy Department of Pharmacology and Psychopharmacology Research Unit, Istanbul - Turkey
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79
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Jacobsen JPR, Krystal AD, Krishnan KRR, Caron MG. Adjunctive 5-Hydroxytryptophan Slow-Release for Treatment-Resistant Depression: Clinical and Preclinical Rationale. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2016; 37:933-944. [PMID: 27692695 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin transporter (SERT) inhibitors treat depression by elevating brain extracellular 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HTExt). However, only one-third of patients respond adequately. Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is a major unmet need. Interestingly, elevating 5-HTExt beyond what is achieved by a SERT inhibitor appears to treat TRD. Adjunctive administration of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) safely elevates 5-HTExt beyond the SERT inhibitor effect in humans; however, 5-HTP cannot be a clinically viable drug because of its poor pharmacokinetics. A slow-release (SR) delivery mode would be predicted to overcome the pharmacokinetic limitations of 5-HTP, substantially enhancing the pharmacological action and transforming 5-HTP into a clinically viable drug. Animal studies bear out this prediction. Thus, adjunct 5-HTP SR could be an important new treatment for TRD. Here, we review the clinical and preclinical evidence for this treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew D Krystal
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Marc G Caron
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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80
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Lack of GSK3β activation and modulation of synaptic plasticity by dopamine in 5-HT1A-receptor KO mice. Neuropharmacology 2016; 113:124-136. [PMID: 27678414 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders are associated with excitation-inhibition (E-I) balance impairment in the prefrontal cortex. However, how the E-I balance is regulated is poorly known. The E-I balance of neuronal networks is linked to the action of numerous neuromodulators such as dopamine and 5-HT. We investigated the role of D2-receptors in tuning the E-I balance in a mouse model of anxiety, the 5-HT1A-receptor KO mice. We focused on synaptic plasticity of excitation and inhibition on layer 5 pyramidal neurons. We show that D2-receptor activation decreases the excitation and favors HFS-induced LTD of excitatory synapses via the activation of GSK3β. This effect is absent in 5-HT1A-receptor KO mice. Our data show that the fine control of excitatory transmission by GSK3β requires recruitment of D2-receptors and depends on the presence of 5-HT1A-receptors. In psychiatric disorders in which the number of 5-HT1A-receptors decreased, therapies should reconsider how serotonin and dopamine receptors interact and control neuronal network activity.
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81
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Agam G, Azab AN. Whether lithium inhibits glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β activity in vivo in humans is still an open question. Bipolar Disord 2016; 18:464-7. [PMID: 27440170 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Galila Agam
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,Psychiatry Research Unit, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Abed N Azab
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,School for Community Health Professions, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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82
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Jacobsen JPR, Rudder ML, Roberts W, Royer EL, Robinson TJ, Oh A, Spasojevic I, Sachs BD, Caron MG. SSRI Augmentation by 5-Hydroxytryptophan Slow Release: Mouse Pharmacodynamic Proof of Concept. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:2324-34. [PMID: 26932820 PMCID: PMC4946063 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Drugs, notably SSRIs, that elevate brain extracellular 5-HT (5-HTExt) are antidepressants. Unfortunately, most patients fail to remit. Multipronged clinical evidence suggests that elevating 5-HTExt beyond the SSRI effect enhances antidepressant efficacy, but previous such drug strategies had prohibitive limitations. In humans, adjunct treatment with the 5-HT precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) elevates 5-HTExt beyond the SSRI effect. Small pilot trials suggest that adjunct 5-HTP can confer antidepressant response in treatment-resistant depression (TRD). However, sustained, stable 5-HTExt elevation is required for antidepressant effect; therefore, the rapid absorption and elimination of standard 5-HTP immediate release (IR) likely curtail 5-HTP IR's antidepressant potential. Slow-release (SR) drug delivery can crucially improve efficacy and safety of rapidly absorbed and eliminated compounds. Here we tested in mice the hypothesis that SR delivery will substantially improve 5-HTP's drug properties, by minimizing adverse effects and securing sustained 5-HTExt elevation beyond the SSRI effect. We modeled 5-HTP SR with minipumps, 5-HTP IR with injections, and chronic SSRI with dietary fluoxetine. We tested adjunct 5-HTP SR in wild-type mice and in mice with low brain 5-HT owing to expression of a mutant form of the brain 5-HT synthesis enzyme, tryptophan hydroxylase 2. In both lines of mice, adjunct 5-HTP SR synergized with SSRI to elevate 5-HTExt beyond the SSRI effect. We observed no adverse effect. Adjunct 5-HTP IR could not produce this therapy-like profile, producing transient 5-HTExt spikes and marked adverse effects. Integrated with a body of clinical data, our mouse data suggest that an adjunct 5-HTP SR drug could safely and effectively elevate 5-HTExt beyond the SSRI effect and represent a novel treatment for TRD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meghan L Rudder
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Wendy Roberts
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Adrianna Oh
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Marc G Caron
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA,Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA,Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA,Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Room 0487, CARL Building, Box 3287, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Tel: +1 919 684 5433, Fax: +1 919 681 8641, E-mail:
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83
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Individual Differences in Behavioural Despair Predict Brain GSK-3beta Expression in Mice: The Power of a Modified Swim Test. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:5098591. [PMID: 27478647 PMCID: PMC4949347 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5098591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
While deficient brain plasticity is a well-established pathophysiologic feature of depression, little is known about disorder-associated enhanced cognitive processing. Here, we studied a novel mouse paradigm that potentially models augmented learning of adverse memories during development of a depressive-like state. We used a modification of the classic two-day protocol of a mouse Porsolt test with an additional session occurring on Day 5 following the initial exposure. Unexpectedly, floating behaviour and brain glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3beta) mRNA levels, a factor of synaptic plasticity as well as a marker of distress and depression, were increased during the additional swimming session that was prevented by imipramine. Observed increases of GSK-3beta mRNA in prefrontal cortex during delayed testing session correlated with individual parameters of behavioural despair that was not found in the classic Porsolt test. Repeated swim exposure was accompanied by a lower pGSK-3beta/GSK-3beta ratio. A replacement of the second or the final swim sessions with exposure to the context of testing resulted in increased GSK-3beta mRNA level similar to the effects of swimming, while exclusion of the second testing prevented these changes. Together, our findings implicate the activation of brain GSK-3beta expression in enhanced contextual conditioning of adverse memories, which is associated with an individual susceptibility to a depressive syndrome.
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84
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Freudenberg F, Carreño Gutierrez H, Post AM, Reif A, Norton WHJ. Aggression in non-human vertebrates: Genetic mechanisms and molecular pathways. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2016; 171:603-40. [PMID: 26284957 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Aggression is an adaptive behavioral trait that is important for the establishment of social hierarchies and competition for mating partners, food, and territories. While a certain level of aggression can be beneficial for the survival of an individual or species, abnormal aggression levels can be detrimental. Abnormal aggression is commonly found in human patients with psychiatric disorders. The predisposition to aggression is influenced by a combination of environmental and genetic factors and a large number of genes have been associated with aggression in both human and animal studies. In this review, we compare and contrast aggression studies in zebrafish and mouse. We present gene ontology and pathway analyses of genes linked to aggression and discuss the molecular pathways that underpin agonistic behavior in these species. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Freudenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Antonia M Post
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - William H J Norton
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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85
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Pardo M, Abrial E, Jope RS, Beurel E. GSK3β isoform-selective regulation of depression, memory and hippocampal cell proliferation. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2016; 15:348-55. [PMID: 26749572 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Abnormally active glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) contributes to pathological processes in multiple psychiatric and neurological disorders. Modeled in mice, this includes increasing susceptibility to dysregulation of mood-relevant behaviors, impairing performance in several cognitive tasks and impairing adult hippocampal neural precursor cell (NPC) proliferation. These deficits are all evident in GSK3α/β knockin mice, in which serine-to-alanine mutations block the inhibitory serine phosphorylation regulation of both GSK3 isoforms, leaving GSK3 hyperactive. It was unknown if both GSK3 isoforms perform redundant actions in these processes, or if hyperactivity of one GSK3 isoform has a predominant effect. To test this, we examined GSK3α or GSK3β knockin mice in which only one isoform was mutated to a hyperactive form. Only GSK3β, not GSK3α, knockin mice displayed heightened vulnerability to the learned helplessness model of depression-like behavior. Three cognitive measures impaired in GSK3α/β knockin mice showed differential regulation by GSK3 isoforms. Novel object recognition was impaired in GSK3β, not in GSK3α, knockin mice, whereas temporal order memory was not impaired in GSK3α or GSK3β knockin mice, and co-ordinate spatial processing was impaired in both GSK3α and GSK3β knockin mice. Adult hippocampal NPC proliferation was severely impaired in GSK3β knockin mice, but not impaired in GSK3α knockin mice. Increased activity of GSK3β, in the absence of overexpression or disease pathology, is sufficient to impair mood regulation, novel object recognition and hippocampal NPC proliferation, whereas hyperactive GSK3α individually does not impair these processes. These results show that hyperactivity of the two GSK3 isoforms execute non-redundant effects on these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pardo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - E Abrial
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - R S Jope
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - E Beurel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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86
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Tantray MA, Khan I, Hamid H, Alam MS, Dhulap A, Kalam A. Synthesis of benzimidazole-based 1,3,4-oxadiazole-1,2,3-triazole conjugates as glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibitors with antidepressant activity in in vivo models. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra07273a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthesized benzimidazole based 1,3,4-oxadiazole-1,2,3-triazole conjugates were found to inhibit GSK-3β activityin vitroand exhibit antidepressant-like activity inin vivostudies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mushtaq A. Tantray
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University)
- New Delhi 110062
- India
| | - Imran Khan
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University)
- New Delhi 110062
- India
| | - Hinna Hamid
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University)
- New Delhi 110062
- India
| | - Mohammad Sarwar Alam
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University)
- New Delhi 110062
- India
| | - Abhijeet Dhulap
- CSIR – Unit for Research and Development of Information Products (URDIP)
- Pune 411038
- India
| | - Abul Kalam
- Department of Pharmacology
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University)
- New Delhi 110062
- India
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87
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Dell'Osso L, Del Grande C, Gesi C, Carmassi C, Musetti L. A new look at an old drug: neuroprotective effects and therapeutic potentials of lithium salts. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2016; 12:1687-703. [PMID: 27468233 PMCID: PMC4946830 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s106479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence highlights bipolar disorder as being associated with impaired neurogenesis, cellular plasticity, and resiliency, as well as with cell atrophy or loss in specific brain regions. This has led most recent research to focus on the possible neuroprotective effects of medications, and particularly interesting findings have emerged for lithium. A growing body of evidence from preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies has in fact documented its neuroprotective effects from different insults acting on cellular signaling pathways, both preventing apoptosis and increasing neurotrophins and cell-survival molecules. Furthermore, positive effects of lithium on neurogenesis, brain remodeling, angiogenesis, mesenchymal stem cells functioning, and inflammation have been revealed, with a key role played through the inhibition of the glycogen synthase kinase-3, a serine/threonine kinase implicated in the pathogenesis of many neuropsychiatric disorders. These recent evidences suggest the potential utility of lithium in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, neurodevelopmental disorders, and hypoxic-ischemic/traumatic brain injury, with positive results at even lower lithium doses than those traditionally considered to be antimanic. The aim of this review is to briefly summarize the potential benefits of lithium salts on neuroprotection and neuroregeneration, emphasizing preclinical and clinical evidence suggesting new therapeutic potentials of this drug beyond its mood stabilizing properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Dell'Osso
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Del Grande
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Camilla Gesi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Carmassi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Musetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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88
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St-Pierre J, Laurent L, King S, Vaillancourt C. Effects of prenatal maternal stress on serotonin and fetal development. Placenta 2015; 48 Suppl 1:S66-S71. [PMID: 26691753 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fetuses are exposed to many environmental perturbations that can influence their development. These factors can be easily identifiable such as drugs, chronic diseases or prenatal maternal stress. Recently, it has been demonstrated that the serotonin synthetized by the placenta was crucial for fetal brain development. Moreover, many studies show the involvement of serotonin system alteration in psychiatric disease during childhood and adulthood. This review summarizes existing studies showing that prenatal maternal stress, which induces alteration of serotonin systems (placenta and fetal brain) during a critical window of early development, could lead to alteration of fetal development and increase risks of psychiatric diseases later in life. This phenomenon, termed fetal programming, could be moderated by the sex of the fetus. This review highlights the need to better understand the modification of the maternal, placental and fetal serotonin systems induced by prenatal maternal stress in order to find early biomarkers of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joey St-Pierre
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier and BioMed Research Center, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Laetitia Laurent
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier and BioMed Research Center, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Suzanne King
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute and McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Cathy Vaillancourt
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier and BioMed Research Center, Laval, QC, Canada.
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89
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Daniele S, Zappelli E, Martini C. Trazodone regulates neurotrophic/growth factors, mitogen-activated protein kinases and lactate release in human primary astrocytes. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:225. [PMID: 26627476 PMCID: PMC4666178 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0446-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the central nervous system, glial cells provide metabolic and trophic support to neurons and respond to protracted stress and insults by up-regulating inflammatory processes. Reactive astrocytes and microglia are associated with the pathophysiology of neuronal injury, neurodegenerative diseases and major depression, in both animal models and human brains. Several studies have reported clear anti-inflammatory effects of anti-depressant treatment on astrocytes, especially in models of neurological disorders. Trazodone (TDZ) is a triazolopyridine derivative that is structurally unrelated to other major classes of antidepressants. Although the molecular mechanisms of TDZ in neurons have been investigated, it is unclear whether astrocytes are also a TDZ target. METHODS The effects of TDZ on human astrocytes were investigated in physiological conditions and following inflammatory insult with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Astrocytes were assessed for their responses to pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines, and the receptors and signalling pathways involved in TDZ-mediated effects were evaluated. RESULTS TDZ had no effect on cell proliferation, but it decreased pro-inflammatory mediator release and modulated trophic and transcription factor mRNA expression. Following TDZ treatment, the AKT pathway was activated, whereas extracellular signal-regulated kinase and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase were inhibited. Most importantly, a 72-h TDZ pre-treatment before inflammatory insult completely reversed the anti-proliferative effects induced by LPS-TNF-α. The expression or the activity of inflammatory mediators, including interleukin-6, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase and nuclear factor κB, were also reduced. Furthermore, TDZ affected astrocyte metabolic support to neurons by counteracting the inflammation-mediated lactate decrease. Finally, TDZ protected neuronal-like cells against neurotoxicity mediated by activated astrocytes. These effects mainly involved an activation of 5-HT1A and an antagonism at 5-HT2A/C serotonin receptors. Fluoxetine, used in parallel, showed similar final effects nevertheless it activates different receptors/intracellular pathways. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our results demonstrated that TDZ directly acts on astrocytes by regulating intracellular signalling pathways and increasing specific astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor expression and lactate release. TDZ may contribute to neuronal support by normalizing trophic and metabolic support during neuroinflammation, which is associated with neurological diseases, including major depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Daniele
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano, 6, Pisa, 56126, PI, Italy.
| | - Elisa Zappelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano, 6, Pisa, 56126, PI, Italy.
| | - Claudia Martini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano, 6, Pisa, 56126, PI, Italy.
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90
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Increased ethanol consumption despite taste aversion in mice with a human tryptophan hydroxylase 2 loss of function mutation. Neurosci Lett 2015; 609:194-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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91
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Del' Guidice T, Beaulieu JM. Selective disruption of dopamine D2-receptors/beta-arrestin2 signaling by mood stabilizers. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2015; 35:224-32. [PMID: 26459714 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2015.1072976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Mood stabilizers are a heterogeneous class of drugs having antidepressant and anti-manic effects in bipolar disorders, depression and schizophrenia. Despite wide clinical applications, the mechanisms underlying their shared actions and therapeutic specificity are unknown. Here, we examine the effects of the structurally unrelated mood stabilizers lamotrigine, lithium and valproate on G protein and beta-arrestin-dependent components of dopamine D2 receptor signaling and assess their contribution to the behavioral effects of these drugs. When administered chronically to mice lacking either D2 receptors or beta-arrestin 2, lamotrigine, lithium and valproate failed to affect Akt/GSK3 signaling as they do in normal littermates. This lack of effect on signaling resulted in a loss of responsiveness to mood stabilizers in tests assessing "antimanic" or "antidepressant"-like behavioral drug effects. This shows that mood stabilizers lamotrigine, lithium and valproate can exert behavioral effects in mice by disrupting the beta-arrestin 2-mediated regulation of Akt/GSK3 signaling by D2 dopamine receptors, thereby suggesting a shared mechanism for mood stabilizer selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Del' Guidice
- a Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience , Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval-IUSMQ , Québec , Canada
| | - Jean-Martin Beaulieu
- a Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience , Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval-IUSMQ , Québec , Canada
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92
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Hami J, Karimi R, Haghir H, Gholamin M, Sadr-Nabavi A. Diabetes in Pregnancy Adversely Affects the Expression of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β in the Hippocampus of Rat Neonates. J Mol Neurosci 2015; 57:273-81. [PMID: 26242887 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0617-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes during pregnancy causes a wide range of neurodevelopmental and neurocognitive abnormalities in offspring. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is widely expressed during brain development and regulates multiple cellular processes, and its dysregulation is implicated in the pathogenesis of diverse neurodegenerative and psychological diseases. This study was designed to examine the effects of maternal diabetes on GSK-3β messenger RNA (mRNA) expression and phosphorylation in the developing rat hippocampus. Female rats were maintained diabetic from a week before pregnancy through parturition, and male offspring was killed immediately after birth. We found a significant bilateral upregulation of GSK-3β mRNA expression in the hippocampus of pups born to diabetic mothers at P0, compared to controls. Moreover, at the same time point, there was a marked bilateral increase in the phosphorylation level of GSK-3β in the diabetic group. Unlike phosphorylation levels, there was a significant upregulation in hippocampal GSK-3β mRNA expression in the insulin-treated group, when compared to controls. The present study revealed that diabetes during pregnancy strongly influences the regulation of GSK-3β in the right/left developing hippocampi. These dysregulations may be part of the cascade of events through which diabetes during pregnancy affects the newborn's hippocampal structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Hami
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Razieh Karimi
- Medical Genetics Research Center (MGRC), School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS), Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS), Azadi Square, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Haghir
- Medical Genetics Research Center (MGRC), School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS), Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS), Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehran Gholamin
- Division of Human Genetics, Immunology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ariane Sadr-Nabavi
- Medical Genetics Research Center (MGRC), School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS), Mashhad, Iran. .,Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS), Azadi Square, Mashhad, Iran. .,Molecular Medicine Research Department, Iranian Academic Centers for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR)-Khorasan Razavi Branch, Mashhad, Iran.
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93
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Abstract
Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) is a shared action believed to be involved in the regulation of behavior by psychoactive drugs such as antipsychotics and mood stabilizers. However, little is known about the identity of the substrates through which GSK3β affects behavior. We identified fragile X mental retardation-related protein 1 (FXR1P), a RNA binding protein associated to genetic risk for schizophrenia, as a substrate for GSK3β. Phosphorylation of FXR1P by GSK3β is facilitated by prior phosphorylation by ERK2 and leads to its down-regulation. In contrast, behaviorally effective chronic mood stabilizer treatments in mice inhibit GSK3β and increase FXR1P levels. In line with this, overexpression of FXR1P in the mouse prefrontal cortex also leads to comparable mood-related responses. Furthermore, functional genetic polymorphisms affecting either FXR1P or GSK3β gene expression interact to regulate emotional brain responsiveness and stability in humans. These observations uncovered a GSK3β/FXR1P signaling pathway that contributes to regulating mood and emotion processing. Regulation of FXR1P by GSK3β also provides a mechanistic framework that may explain how inhibition of GSK3β can contribute to the regulation of mood by psychoactive drugs in mental illnesses such as bipolar disorder. Moreover, this pathway could potentially be implicated in other biological functions, such as inflammation and cell proliferation, in which FXR1P and GSK3 are known to play a role.
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94
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Jung EM, Ka M, Kim WY. Loss of GSK-3 Causes Abnormal Astrogenesis and Behavior in Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:3954-3966. [PMID: 26179612 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9326-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Altered activity of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is associated with psychiatric diseases and neurodegenerative diseases. GSK-3 is a key regulator in multiple aspects of neuronal differentiation in the brain. However, little is known about the role of GSK-3 in astrocyte development. To examine the role of GSK-3 in astrocytes, we generated a conditional knockout mouse using a glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-cre driver, in which the GSK-3 alpha and beta genes are deleted in astrocytes. We found that GFAP-cre-mediated GSK-3 deletion led to a larger brain. The number and size of astrocytes were increased in GSK-3 mutant brains. The levels of GFAP and phospho-STAT3, indicators of astrogenesis, were elevated in GSK-3 mutants. Furthermore, we found upregulation of astrocyte regulatory molecules such as phospho-AKT, phospho-S6, and cyclin D in GSK-3 mutant brains. Finally, GSK-3 mutant mice exhibited aberrant anxiety and social behavior. Our results suggest that GSK-3 plays a significant role in astrocyte development and behavioral control in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui-Man Jung
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Minhan Ka
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Woo-Yang Kim
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
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95
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Hainer C, Mosienko V, Koutsikou S, Crook JJ, Gloss B, Kasparov S, Lumb BM, Alenina N. Beyond Gene Inactivation: Evolution of Tools for Analysis of Serotonergic Circuitry. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:1116-29. [PMID: 26132472 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the brain, serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) controls a multitude of physiological and behavioral functions. Serotonergic neurons in the raphe nuclei give rise to a complex and extensive network of axonal projections throughout the whole brain. A major challenge in the analysis of these circuits is to understand how the serotonergic networks are linked to the numerous functions of this neurotransmitter. In the past, many studies employed approaches to inactivate different genes involved in serotonergic neuron formation, 5-HT transmission, or 5-HT metabolism. Although these approaches have contributed significantly to our understanding of serotonergic circuits, they usually result in life-long gene inactivation. As a consequence, compensatory changes in serotonergic and other neurotransmitter systems may occur and complicate the interpretation of the observed phenotypes. To dissect the complexity of the serotonergic system with greater precision, approaches to reversibly manipulate subpopulations of serotonergic neurons are required. In this review, we summarize findings on genetic animal models that enable control of 5-HT neuronal activity or mapping of the serotonergic system. This includes a comparative analysis of several mouse and rat lines expressing Cre or Flp recombinases under Tph2, Sert, or Pet1 promoters with a focus on specificity and recombination efficiency. We further introduce applications for Cre-mediated cell-type specific gene expression to optimize spatial and temporal precision for the manipulation of serotonergic neurons. Finally, we discuss other temporally regulated systems, such as optogenetics and designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADD) approaches to control 5-HT neuron activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Hainer
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin 13125, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Bernd Gloss
- National Institute of Environmental Health Science, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | | | | | - Natalia Alenina
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin 13125, Germany
- Institute
of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
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96
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Ren QG, Wang YJ, Gong WG, Xu L, Zhang ZJ. Escitalopram Ameliorates Tau Hyperphosphorylation and Spatial Memory Deficits Induced by Protein Kinase A Activation in Sprague Dawley Rats. J Alzheimers Dis 2015; 47:61-71. [PMID: 26402755 DOI: 10.3233/jad-143012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Guo Ren
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan-Juan Wang
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei-Gang Gong
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Zhang
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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97
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Couroussé T, Bacq A, Belzung C, Guiard B, Balasse L, Louis F, Le Guisquet AM, Gardier AM, Schinkel AH, Giros B, Gautron S. Brain organic cation transporter 2 controls response and vulnerability to stress and GSK3β signaling. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:889-900. [PMID: 25092247 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between genetic and environmental factors, like exposure to stress, have an important role in the pathogenesis of mood-related psychiatric disorders, such as major depressive disorder. The polyspecific organic cation transporters (OCTs) were shown previously to be sensitive to the stress hormone corticosterone in vitro, suggesting that these transporters might have a physiologic role in the response to stress. Here, we report that OCT2 is expressed in several stress-related circuits in the brain and along the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis. Genetic deletion of OCT2 in mice enhanced hormonal response to acute stress and impaired HPA function without altering adrenal sensitivity to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). As a consequence, OCT2(-/-) mice were potently more sensitive to the action of unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) on depression-related behaviors involving self-care, spatial memory, social interaction and stress-sensitive spontaneous behavior. The functional state of the glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) signaling pathway, highly responsive to acute stress, was altered in the hippocampus of OCT2(-/-) mice. In vivo pharmacology and western blot experiments argue for increased serotonin tonus as a main mechanism for impaired GSK3β signaling in OCT2(-/-) mice brain during acute response to stress. Our findings identify OCT2 as an important determinant of the response to stress in the brain, suggesting that in humans OCT2 mutations or blockade by certain therapeutic drugs could interfere with HPA axis function and enhance vulnerability to repeated adverse events leading to stress-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Couroussé
- 1] INSERM U1130, Paris, France [2] CNRS UMR 8246, Paris, France [3] Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France [4] Université Paris Descartes, Ecole Doctorale Médicament Toxicologie Chimie Environnement, Paris, France
| | - A Bacq
- 1] INSERM U1130, Paris, France [2] CNRS UMR 8246, Paris, France [3] Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France
| | | | - B Guiard
- Laboratoire de Neuropharmacologie EA3544, Université Paris-Sud XI, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - L Balasse
- 1] INSERM U1130, Paris, France [2] CNRS UMR 8246, Paris, France [3] Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - F Louis
- 1] INSERM U1130, Paris, France [2] CNRS UMR 8246, Paris, France [3] Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France
| | | | - A M Gardier
- Laboratoire de Neuropharmacologie EA3544, Université Paris-Sud XI, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - A H Schinkel
- Division of Molecular Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B Giros
- 1] INSERM U1130, Paris, France [2] CNRS UMR 8246, Paris, France [3] Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France [4] Douglas Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - S Gautron
- 1] INSERM U1130, Paris, France [2] CNRS UMR 8246, Paris, France [3] Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France
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98
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Aloni E, Shapira M, Eldar-Finkelman H, Barnea A. GSK-3β Inhibition Affects Singing Behavior and Neurogenesis in Adult Songbirds. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2015; 85:233-44. [PMID: 26065821 DOI: 10.1159/000382029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
GSK-3 (glycogen synthase kinase-3) is a serine/threonine kinase which is a critical regulator in neuronal signaling, cognition, and behavior. We have previously shown that unlike other vertebrates that harbor both α and β GSK-3 genes, the α gene is missing in birds. Therefore, birds can be used as a new animal model to study the roles of GSK-3β in behavior and in regulating adult neurogenesis. In the present study, we inhibited GSK-3β in brains of adult male zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) and accordingly investigated how this inhibition affects behavior and cell proliferation. Our results show that GSK-3 inhibition: (1) affects specific aspects of singing behavior, which might be related to social interactions in birds, and (2) differentially affects cell proliferation in various parts of the ventricular zone. Taken together, our study demonstrates a role of GSK-3β in regulating singing behavior and neuronal proliferation in birds and highlights the importance of GSK-3β in modulating cognitive abilities as well as social behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etay Aloni
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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99
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Manosso LM, Moretti M, Ribeiro CM, Gonçalves FM, Leal RB, Rodrigues ALS. Antidepressant-like effect of zinc is dependent on signaling pathways implicated in BDNF modulation. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2015; 59:59-67. [PMID: 25600102 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Considering that intracellular signaling pathways that modulate brain BDNF are implicated in antidepressant responses, this study investigated whether signaling pathway inhibitors upstream to BDNF might influence the antidepressant-like effect of zinc, a metal that has been shown to display antidepressant properties. To this end, the influence of i.c.v. administration of H-89 (1μg/site, PKA inhibitor), KN-62 (1μg/site, CAMKII inhibitor), chelerythrine (1μg/site, PKC inhibitor), PD98059 (5μg/site, MEK1/2 inhibitor), U0126 (5μg/site, MEK1/2 inhibitor), LY294002 (10nmol/site, PI3K inhibitor) on the reduction of immobility time in the tail suspension test (TST) elicited by ZnCl2 (10mg/kg, p.o.) was investigated. Moreover, the effect of the combination of sub-effective doses of ZnCl2 (1mg/kg, p.o.) and AR-A014418 (0.001μg/site, GSK-3β inhibitor) was evaluated. The occurrence of changes in CREB phosphorylation and BDNF immunocontent in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of mice following ZnCl2 treatment was also investigated. The anti-immobility effect of ZnCl2 in the TST was prevented by treatment with PKA, PKC, CAMKII, MEK1/2 or PI3K inhibitors. Furthermore, ZnCl2 in combination with AR-A014418 caused a synergistic anti-immobility effect in the TST. None of the treatments altered locomotor activity of mice. ZnCl2 treatment caused no alteration in CREB phosphorylation and BDNF immunocontent. The results extend literature data regarding the mechanisms underlying the antidepressant-like action of zinc by indicating that its antidepressant-like effect may be dependent on the activation of PKA, CAMKII, PKC, ERK, and PI3K/GSK-3β pathways. However, zinc is not able to acutely increase BDNF in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana M Manosso
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Morgana Moretti
- Department of Natural Sciences, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau 89012-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Camille M Ribeiro
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Filipe M Gonçalves
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo B Leal
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia S Rodrigues
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil.
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100
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Akt-mediated regulation of antidepressant-sensitive serotonin transporter function, cell-surface expression and phosphorylation. Biochem J 2015; 468:177-90. [PMID: 25761794 DOI: 10.1042/bj20140826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study is focused on the cellular basis for Akt-mediated SERT regulation. SERT has been implicated in mood disorders. SERT is a primary target for antidepressants used in the therapeutic intervention of psychiatric disorders.
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