51
|
Damodaran S, Strader LC. Indole 3-Butyric Acid Metabolism and Transport in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:851. [PMID: 31333697 PMCID: PMC6616111 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Auxin is a crucial phytohormone involved in multiple plant developmental processes. Spatiotemporal regulation of auxin levels is necessary to achieve development of organs in the proper place and at the proper time. These levels can be regulated by conversion of auxin [indole 3-acetic acid (IAA)] from its conjugated forms and its precursors. Indole 3-butyric acid (IBA) is an auxin precursor that is converted to IAA in a peroxisomal β-oxidation process. In Arabidopsis, altered IBA-to-IAA conversion leads to multiple plant defects, indicating that IBA contributes to auxin homeostasis in critical ways. Like IAA, IBA and its conjugates can be transported in plants, yet many IBA carriers still need to be identified. In this review, we discuss IBA transporters identified in Arabidopsis thus far, including the pleiotropic drug resistance (PDR) members of the G subfamily of ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABCG) family, the TRANSPORTER OF IBA1 (TOB1) member of the major facilitator superfamily (MFS) family and hypothesize other potential IBA carriers involved in plant development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Damodaran
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Lucia C. Strader
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Center for Science and Engineering Living Systems, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Center for Engineering MechanoBiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Pu Y, Walley JW, Shen Z, Lang MG, Briggs SP, Estelle M, Kelley DR. Quantitative Early Auxin Root Proteomics Identifies GAUT10, a Galacturonosyltransferase, as a Novel Regulator of Root Meristem Maintenance. Mol Cell Proteomics 2019; 18:1157-1170. [PMID: 30918009 PMCID: PMC6553934 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra119.001378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxin induces rapid gene expression changes throughout root development. How auxin-induced transcriptional responses relate to changes in protein abundance is not well characterized. This report identifies early auxin responsive proteins in roots at 30 min and 2 h after hormone treatment using a quantitative proteomics approach in which 3,514 proteins were reliably quantified. A comparison of the >100 differentially expressed proteins at each the time point showed limited overlap, suggesting a dynamic and transient response to exogenous auxin. Several proteins with established roles in auxin-mediated root development exhibited altered abundance, providing support for this approach. While novel targeted proteomics assays demonstrate that all six auxin receptors remain stable in response to hormone. Additionally, 15 of the top responsive proteins display root and/or auxin response phenotypes, demonstrating the validity of these differentially expressed proteins. Auxin signaling in roots dictates proteome reprogramming of proteins enriched for several gene ontology terms, including transcription, translation, protein localization, thigmatropism, and cell wall modification. In addition, we identified auxin-regulated proteins that had not previously been implicated in auxin response. For example, genetic studies of the auxin responsive protein galacturonosyltransferase 10 demonstrate that this enzyme plays a key role in root development. Altogether these data complement and extend our understanding of auxin response beyond that provided by transcriptome studies and can be used to uncover novel proteins that may mediate root developmental programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunting Pu
- From the Departments of ‡Genetics, Development and Cell Biology
| | - Justin W Walley
- ¶Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Zhouxin Shen
- §Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Michelle G Lang
- From the Departments of ‡Genetics, Development and Cell Biology
| | - Steven P Briggs
- §Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Mark Estelle
- §Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Dior R Kelley
- From the Departments of ‡Genetics, Development and Cell Biology,
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Matern A, Böttcher C, Eschen-Lippold L, Westermann B, Smolka U, Döll S, Trempel F, Aryal B, Scheel D, Geisler M, Rosahl S. A substrate of the ABC transporter PEN3 stimulates bacterial flagellin (flg22)-induced callose deposition in Arabidopsis thaliana. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:6857-6870. [PMID: 30833326 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.007676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonhost resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana against Phytophthora infestans, a filamentous eukaryotic microbe and the causal agent of potato late blight, is based on a multilayered defense system. Arabidopsis thaliana controls pathogen entry through the penetration-resistance genes PEN2 and PEN3, encoding an atypical myrosinase and an ABC transporter, respectively, required for synthesis and export of unknown indole compounds. To identify pathogen-elicited leaf surface metabolites and further unravel nonhost resistance in Arabidopsis, we performed untargeted metabolite profiling by incubating a P. infestans zoospore suspension on leaves of WT or pen3 mutant Arabidopsis plants. Among the plant-secreted metabolites, 4-methoxyindol-3-yl-methanol and S-(4-methoxy-indol-3-yl-methyl) cysteine were detected in spore suspensions recollected from WT plants, but at reduced levels from the pen3 mutant plants. In both whole-cell and microsome-based assays, 4-methoxyindol-3-yl-methanol was transported in a PEN3-dependent manner, suggesting that this compound is a PEN3 substrate. The syntheses of both compounds were dependent on functional PEN2 and phytochelatin synthase 1. None of these compounds inhibited mycelial growth of P. infestans in vitro Of note, exogenous application of 4-methoxyindol-3-yl methanol slightly elevated cytosolic Ca2+ levels and enhanced callose deposition in hydathodes of seedlings treated with a bacterial pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP), flagellin (flg22). Loss of flg22-induced callose deposition in leaves of pen3 seedlings was partially reverted by the addition of 4-methoxyindol-3-yl methanol. In conclusion, we have identified a specific indole compound that is a substrate for PEN3 and contributes to the plant defense response against microbial pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Matern
- From the Department of Stress and Developmental Biology and
| | | | | | - Bernhard Westermann
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany and
| | - Ulrike Smolka
- From the Department of Stress and Developmental Biology and
| | - Stefanie Döll
- From the Department of Stress and Developmental Biology and
| | - Fabian Trempel
- From the Department of Stress and Developmental Biology and
| | - Bibek Aryal
- the Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Dierk Scheel
- From the Department of Stress and Developmental Biology and
| | - Markus Geisler
- the Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Rosahl
- From the Department of Stress and Developmental Biology and
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Gräfe K, Shanmugarajah K, Zobel T, Weidtkamp-Peters S, Kleinschrodt D, Smits SHJ, Schmitt L. Cloning and expression of selected ABC transporters from the Arabidopsis thaliana ABCG family in Pichia pastoris. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211156. [PMID: 30657786 PMCID: PMC6338384 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytohormones play a major role in plant growth and development. They are in most cases not synthesized in their target location and hence need to be transported to the site of action, by for instance ATP-binding cassette transporters. Within the ATP-binding cassette transporter family, Pleiotropic Drug Resistance transporters are known to be involved in phytohormone transport. Interestingly, PDRs are only present in plants and fungi. In contrast to fungi, there are few biochemical studies of plant PDRs and one major reason is that suitable overexpression systems have not been identified. In this study, we evaluate the expression system Pichia pastoris for heterologous overexpression of PDR genes of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. We successfully cloned and expressed the potential phytohormone transporters PDR2 and PDR8 in P. pastoris. Sucrose gradient centrifugation confirmed that the overexpressed proteins were correctly targeted to the plasma membrane of P. pastoris and initial functional studies demonstrated ATPase activity for WBC1. However, difficulties in cloning and heterologous overexpression might be particular obstacles of the PDR family, since cloning and overexpression of White Brown Complex 1, a half-size transporter of the same ABCG subfamily with comparable domain organization, was more easily achieved. We present strategies and highlight critical factors to successfully clone plant PDR genes and heterologously expressed in P. pastoris.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Gräfe
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kalpana Shanmugarajah
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas Zobel
- Center for Advanced Imaging, Heinrich Heine University, Duüsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Diana Kleinschrodt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Protein Production Facility, Heinrich Heine University, Duüsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sander H. J. Smits
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lutz Schmitt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Borghi L, Kang J, de Brito Francisco R. Filling the Gap: Functional Clustering of ABC Proteins for the Investigation of Hormonal Transport in planta. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:422. [PMID: 31057565 PMCID: PMC6479136 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant hormones regulate a myriad of plant processes, from seed germination to reproduction, from complex organ development to microelement uptake. Much has been discovered on the factors regulating the activity of phytohormones, yet there are gaps in knowledge about their metabolism, signaling as well as transport. In this review we analyze the potential of the characterized phytohormonal transporters belonging to the ATP-Binding Cassette family (ABC proteins), thus to identify new candidate orthologs in model plants and species important for human health and food production. Previous attempts with phylogenetic analyses on transporters belonging to the ABC family suggested that sequence homology per se is not a powerful tool for functional characterization. However, we show here that sequence homology might indeed support functional conservation of characterized members of different classes of ABC proteins in several plant species, e.g., in the case of ABC class G transporters of strigolactones and ABC class B transporters of auxinic compounds. Also for the low-affinity, vacuolar abscisic acid (ABA) transporters belonging to the ABCC class we show that localization-, rather than functional-clustering occurs, possibly because of sequence conservation for targeting the tonoplast. The ABC proteins involved in pathogen defense are phylogenetically neighboring despite the different substrate identities, suggesting that sequence conservation might play a role in their activation/induction after pathogen attack. Last but not least, in case of the multiple lipid transporters belong to different ABC classes, we focused on ABC class D proteins, reported to transport/affect the synthesis of hormonal precursors. Based on these results, we propose that phylogenetic approaches followed by transport bioassays and in vivo investigations might accelerate the discovery of new hormonal transport routes and allow the designing of transgenic and genome editing approaches, aimed to improve our knowledge on plant development, plant-microbe symbioses, plant nutrient uptake and plant stress resistance.
Collapse
|
56
|
Aryal B, Huynh J, Schneuwly J, Siffert A, Liu J, Alejandro S, Ludwig-Müller J, Martinoia E, Geisler M. ABCG36/PEN3/PDR8 Is an Exporter of the Auxin Precursor, Indole-3-Butyric Acid, and Involved in Auxin-Controlled Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:899. [PMID: 31354769 PMCID: PMC6629959 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The PDR-type ABCG transporter, ABCG36/PDR8/PEN3, is thought to be implicated in the export of a few structurally unrelated substrates, including the auxin precursor, indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), although a clear-cut proof of transport is lacking. An outward facing, lateral root (LR) location for ABCG36 fuelled speculations that it might secrete IBA into the rhizosphere. Here, we provide strong evidence that ABCG36 catalyzes the export of IBA - but not of indole-3-acetic acid - through the plasma membrane. ABCG36 seems to function redundantly with the closely related isoform ABCG37/PDR9/PIS1 in a negative control of rootward IBA transport in roots, which might be dampened by concerted, lateral IBA export. Analyses of single and double mutant phenotypes suggest that both ABCG36 and ABCG37 function cooperatively in auxin-controlled plant development. Both seem to possess a dual function in the control of auxin homeostasis in the root tip and long-range transport in the mature root correlating with non-polar and polar expression profiles in the LR cap and epidermis, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bibek Aryal
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - John Huynh
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jerôme Schneuwly
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Siffert
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Markus Geisler
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Markus Geisler,
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Lefèvre F, Boutry M. Towards Identification of the Substrates of ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 178:18-39. [PMID: 29987003 PMCID: PMC6130012 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Most ATP-binding cassette (ABC) proteins function in transmembrane transport, and plant genomes encode a large number of ABC transporters compared with animal or fungal genomes. These transporters have been classified into eight subfamilies according to their topology and phylogenetic relationships. Transgenic plants and mutants with altered ABC transporter expression or function have contributed to deciphering the physiological roles of these proteins, such as in plant development, responses to biotic and abiotic stress, or detoxification activities within the cell. In agreement with the diversity of these functions, a large range of substrates (e.g. hormones and primary and secondary metabolites) have been identified. We review in detail transporters for which substrates have been unambiguously identified. However, some cases are far from clear, because some ABC transporters have the ability to transport several structurally unrelated substrates or because the identification of their substrates was performed indirectly without any flux measurement. Various heterologous or homologous expression systems have been used to better characterize the transport activity and other biochemical properties of ABC transporters, opening the way to addressing new issues such as the particular structural features of plant ABC transporters, the bidirectionality of transport, or the role of posttranslational modifications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- François Lefèvre
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Marc Boutry
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Bajaj R, Huang Y, Gebrechristos S, Mikolajczyk B, Brown H, Prasad R, Varma A, Bushley KE. Transcriptional responses of soybean roots to colonization with the root endophytic fungus Piriformospora indica reveals altered phenylpropanoid and secondary metabolism. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10227. [PMID: 29980739 PMCID: PMC6035220 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26809-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Piriformospora indica, a root endophytic fungus, has been shown to enhance biomass production and confer tolerance to various abiotic and biotic stresses in many plant hosts. A growth chamber experiment of soybean (Glycine max) colonized by P. indica compared to uninoculated control plants showed that the fungus significantly increased shoot dry weight, nutrient content, and rhizobial biomass. RNA-Seq analyses of root tissue showed upregulation of 61 genes and downregulation of 238 genes in colonized plants. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analyses demonstrated that upregulated genes were most significantly enriched in GO categories related to lignin biosynthesis and regulation of iron transport and metabolism but also mapped to categories of nutrient acquisition, hormone signaling, and response to drought stress. Metabolic pathway analysis revealed upregulation of genes within the phenylpropanoid and derivative pathways such as biosynthesis of monolignol subunits, flavonoids and flavonols (luteolin and quercetin), and iron scavenging siderophores. Highly enriched downregulated GO categories included heat shock proteins involved in response to heat, high-light intensity, hydrogen peroxide, and several related to plant defense. Overall, these results suggest that soybean maintains an association with this root endosymbiotic fungus that improves plant growth and nutrient acquisition, modulates abiotic stress, and promotes synergistic interactions with rhizobia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruchika Bajaj
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Yinyin Huang
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Sebhat Gebrechristos
- Master of Biological Sciences Program, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Brian Mikolajczyk
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Heather Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ram Prasad
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Ajit Varma
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Kathryn E Bushley
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Identification of genomic ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter genes and Cd-responsive ABCs in Brassica napus. Gene 2018; 664:139-151. [PMID: 29709635 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The plant ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters are one of the integral membrane proteins responsible for uptake and allocation of a wide range of metabolites and xenobiotics including heavy metals (e.g. zinc, manganese and cadmium). They play multiple roles in plant growth, development and environmental stress responses. Although the ABC transporters have been identified in model plants such as Arabidopsis and rice, they are have not been annotated and identified in rapeseed (Brassica napus) and also, little is known about functionality of these metal transporters. B. napus is an important oil crop ranking the third largest source of vegetable oil worldwide. Importantly, it is long considered as a desirable candidate for phytoremediation owning to its massive dry weight productivity and moderate Cd accumulation. In this study, we identified 314 ABC protein genes from B. napus using bioinformatics and high-throughput sequencing. Eight subfamilies including ABCA-G and ABCI have been categorized. The ABCG proteins constitute the largest subfamily with 116 members, and the ABCB and ABCC subfamilies ranks second and third with 69 and 47 members, respectively. Analyses of ABCs in B. napus genome reveal that their evolutional expansion was through localized allele duplications. Most of the ABC genes (74.2%, 233/314) were validated by RNA-sequencing rapeseed seedlings. Among the 233 profiled BnaABCs, 132 genes were differentially expressed (>1.5 fold change, p < 0.05) and 84 genes were significantly induced under Cd stress. Analyses of specific cis-elements in the upstream of eight representative genes show diverse motifs, which potentially respond to environmental stress, hormone responsiveness and other development signals.
Collapse
|
60
|
Li Y, Li Y, Liu Y, Wu Y, Xie Q. The sHSP22 Heat Shock Protein Requires the ABI1 Protein Phosphatase to Modulate Polar Auxin Transport and Downstream Responses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:2406-2425. [PMID: 29288233 PMCID: PMC5841700 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormones abscisic acid (ABA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) response pathways interact synergistically or antagonistically to regulate plant development and environmental adaptation. Here, we show that ABI1, a key negative regulator of ABA signaling, is essential for auxin-modulated root development. We performed a microarray analysis using the loss-of-function mutant abi1-3 and Col-0 seedlings treated with IAA. For sHSP22, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) small heat shock protein-encoding gene, the induction by IAA was dependent on ABI1shsp22 displayed enhanced sensitivity to ABA in primary root growth. In contrast, overexpression of full-length, but not truncated sHSP22 lacking signal peptide and ER-retention sequences, resulted in decreased ABA sensitivity. Overexpressed (OX) sHSP22 partially rescued the ABA hypersensitivity of abi1-3 In addition, sHSP22 is involved in auxin-regulated hypocotyl elongation at high temperature treatment. sHSP22 also affected accumulation of auxin efflux carrier PIN proteins due to potentiated intracellular trafficking. And sHSP22 OX lines initiated more lateral roots after auxin application. Our results suggest that sHSP22 regulates auxin response through modulating auxin polar transport, and ABI1-sHSP22 provides a novel module orchestrating ABA and auxin signaling crosstalk in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yaqiong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongchang Liu
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou, Hunan 425199, China
| | - Yaorong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Janiak A, Kwasniewski M, Sowa M, Gajek K, Żmuda K, Kościelniak J, Szarejko I. No Time to Waste: Transcriptome Study Reveals that Drought Tolerance in Barley May Be Attributed to Stressed-Like Expression Patterns that Exist before the Occurrence of Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 8:2212. [PMID: 29375595 PMCID: PMC5767312 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plant survival in adverse environmental conditions requires a substantial change in the metabolism, which is reflected by the extensive transcriptome rebuilding upon the occurrence of the stress. Therefore, transcriptomic studies offer an insight into the mechanisms of plant stress responses. Here, we present the results of global gene expression profiling of roots and leaves of two barley genotypes with contrasting ability to cope with drought stress. Our analysis suggests that drought tolerance results from a certain level of transcription of stress-influenced genes that is present even before the onset of drought. Genes that predispose the plant to better drought survival play a role in the regulatory network of gene expression, including several transcription factors, translation regulators and structural components of ribosomes. An important group of genes is involved in signaling mechanisms, with significant contribution of hormone signaling pathways and an interplay between ABA, auxin, ethylene and brassinosteroid homeostasis. Signal transduction in a drought tolerant genotype may be more efficient through the expression of genes required for environmental sensing that are active already during normal water availability and are related to actin filaments and LIM domain proteins, which may function as osmotic biosensors. Better survival of drought may also be attributed to more effective processes of energy generation and more efficient chloroplasts biogenesis. Interestingly, our data suggest that several genes involved in a photosynthesis process are required for the establishment of effective drought response not only in leaves, but also in roots of barley. Thus, we propose a hypothesis that root plastids may turn into the anti-oxidative centers protecting root macromolecules from oxidative damage during drought stress. Specific genes and their potential role in building up a drought-tolerant barley phenotype is extensively discussed with special emphasis on processes that take place in barley roots. When possible, the interconnections between particular factors are emphasized to draw a broader picture of the molecular mechanisms of drought tolerance in barley.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Janiak
- Department of Genetics, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Miroslaw Kwasniewski
- Centre for Bioinformatics and Data Analysis, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Marta Sowa
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Gajek
- Department of Genetics, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Żmuda
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Economics, University of Agriculture of Krakow, Kraków, Poland
| | - Janusz Kościelniak
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Economics, University of Agriculture of Krakow, Kraków, Poland
| | - Iwona Szarejko
- Department of Genetics, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Frick EM, Strader LC. Roles for IBA-derived auxin in plant development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:169-177. [PMID: 28992091 PMCID: PMC5853464 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone auxin is a central regulator of plant growth and development. Because auxin plays critical roles in cell division and cell expansion, plants use a number of cellular mechanisms to regulate auxin levels and response. Among these mechanisms is regulated input from the auxin precursor indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) toward the pool of active auxin [indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)]. In this review, we cover the mechanisms of IBA transport and conversion, and discuss specific roles for IBA-derived auxin in driving certain developmental events. We further discuss multiple open questions remaining for the IBA field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Frick
- NSF Science and Technology Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, USA
| | - Lucia C Strader
- NSF Science and Technology Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Ma Q, Grones P, Robert S. Auxin signaling: a big question to be addressed by small molecules. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:313-328. [PMID: 29237069 PMCID: PMC5853230 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Providing a mechanistic understanding of the crucial roles of the phytohormone auxin has been an important and coherent aspect of plant biology research. Since its discovery more than a century ago, prominent advances have been made in the understanding of auxin action, ranging from metabolism and transport to cellular and transcriptional responses. However, there is a long road ahead before a thorough understanding of its complex effects is achieved, because a lot of key information is still missing. The availability of an increasing number of technically advanced scientific tools has boosted the basic discoveries in auxin biology. A plethora of bioactive small molecules, consisting of the synthetic auxin-like herbicides and the more specific auxin-related compounds, developed as a result of the exploration of chemical space by chemical biology, have made the tool box for auxin research more comprehensive. This review mainly focuses on the compounds targeting the auxin co-receptor complex, demonstrates the various ways to use them, and shows clear examples of important basic knowledge obtained by their usage. Application of these precise chemical tools, together with an increasing amount of structural information for the major components in auxin action, will certainly aid in strengthening our insights into the complexity and diversity of auxin response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ma
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden
| | - Peter Grones
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
64
|
Sasse J, Martinoia E, Northen T. Feed Your Friends: Do Plant Exudates Shape the Root Microbiome? TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 23:25-41. [PMID: 29050989 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 751] [Impact Index Per Article: 125.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant health in natural environments depends on interactions with complex and dynamic communities comprising macro- and microorganisms. While many studies have provided insights into the composition of rhizosphere microbiomes (rhizobiomes), little is known about whether plants shape their rhizobiomes. Here, we discuss physiological factors of plants that may govern plant-microbe interactions, focusing on root physiology and the role of root exudates. Given that only a few plant transport proteins are known to be involved in root metabolite export, we suggest novel families putatively involved in this process. Finally, building off of the features discussed in this review, and in analogy to well-known symbioses, we elaborate on a possible sequence of events governing rhizobiome assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joelle Sasse
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Enrico Martinoia
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich 8008, Switzerland
| | - Trent Northen
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94958, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Hong L, Ye C, Lin J, Fu H, Wu X, Li QQ. Alternative polyadenylation is involved in auxin-based plant growth and development. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 93:246-258. [PMID: 29155478 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Auxin is widely involved in plant growth and development. However, the molecular mechanism on how auxin carries out this work is unclear. In particular, the effect of auxin on pre-mRNA post-transcriptional regulation is mostly unknown. By using a poly(A) tag (PAT) sequencing approach, mRNA alternative polyadenylation (APA) profiles after auxin treatment were revealed. We showed that hundreds of poly(A) site clusters (PACs) are affected by auxin at the transcriptome level, where auxin reduces PAC distribution in 5'-untranslated region (UTR), but increases in the 3'UTR. APA site usage frequencies of 42 genes were switched by auxin, suggesting that auxin affects the choice of poly(A) sites. Furthermore, poly(A) signal selection was altered after auxin treatment. For example, a mutant of poly(A) signal binding protein CPSF30 showed altered sensitivity to auxin treatment, indicating interactions between auxin and the poly(A) signal recognition machinery. We also found that auxin activity on lateral root development is likely mediated by altered expression of ARF7, ARF19 and IAA14 through poly(A) site switches. Our results shed light on the molecular mechanisms of auxin responses relative to its interactions with mRNA polyadenylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Hong
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Congting Ye
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Juncheng Lin
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, 91766, USA
| | - Haihui Fu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Xiaohui Wu
- Department of Automation, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Qingshun Q Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, 91766, USA
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Pierman B, Toussaint F, Bertin A, Lévy D, Smargiasso N, De Pauw E, Boutry M. Activity of the purified plant ABC transporter NtPDR1 is stimulated by diterpenes and sesquiterpenes involved in constitutive and induced defenses. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:19491-19502. [PMID: 28972149 PMCID: PMC5702685 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.811935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the plant ATP-binding cassette transporter family, pleiotropic drug resistance (PDR) transporters play essential functions, such as in hormone transport or defense against biotic and abiotic stresses. NtPDR1 from Nicotiana tabacum has been shown to be involved in the constitutive defense against pathogens through the secretion of toxic cyclic diterpenes, such as the antimicrobial substrates cembrene and sclareol from the leaf hairs (trichomes). However, direct evidence of an interaction between NtPDR1 and terpenes is lacking. Here, we stably expressed NtPDR1 in N. tabacum BY-2 suspension cells. NtPDR1 was purified as an active monomer glycosylated at a single site in the third external loop. NtPDR1 reconstitution in proteoliposomes stimulated its basal ATPase activity from 21 to 38 nmol of Pi·mg-1·min-1, and ATPase activity was further stimulated by the NtPDR1 substrates cembrene and sclareol, providing direct evidence of an interaction between NtPDR1 and its two substrates. Interestingly, NtPDR1 was also stimulated by capsidiol, a sesquiterpene produced by N. tabacum upon pathogen attack. We also monitored the transcriptional activity from the NtPDR1 promoter in situ with a reporter gene and found that, although NtPDR1 expression was limited to trichomes under normal conditions, addition of methyl jasmonate, a biotic stress hormone, induced expression in all leaf tissues. This finding indicated that NtPDR1 is involved not only in constitutive but also in induced plant defenses. In conclusion, we provide direct evidence of an interaction between the NtPDR1 transporter and its substrates and that NtPDR1 transports compounds involved in both constitutive (diterpenes) and induced (sesquiterpenes) plant defenses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Pierman
- From the Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Toussaint
- From the Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Aurélie Bertin
- the Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, CNRS UMR168, and Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, 75005 Paris, France, and
| | - Daniel Lévy
- the Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, CNRS UMR168, and Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, 75005 Paris, France, and
| | - Nicolas Smargiasso
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Edwin De Pauw
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Marc Boutry
- From the Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium,
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Park J, Lee Y, Martinoia E, Geisler M. Plant hormone transporters: what we know and what we would like to know. BMC Biol 2017; 15:93. [PMID: 29070024 PMCID: PMC5655956 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-017-0443-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Hormone transporters are crucial for plant hormone action, which is underlined by severe developmental and physiological impacts caused by their loss-of-function mutations. Here, we summarize recent knowledge on the individual roles of plant hormone transporters in local and long-distance transport. Our inventory reveals that many hormones are transported by members of distinct transporter classes, with an apparent dominance of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family and of the Nitrate transport1/Peptide transporter family (NPF). The current need to explore further hormone transporter regulation, their functional interaction, transport directionalities, and substrate specificities is briefly reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Park
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0116, USA.
| | - Youngsook Lee
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Enrico Martinoia
- Institute for Plant Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Geisler
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Underwood W, Somerville SC. Phosphorylation is required for the pathogen defense function of the Arabidopsis PEN3 ABC transporter. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2017; 12:e1379644. [PMID: 28910579 PMCID: PMC5647949 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2017.1379644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis PEN3 ABC transporter accumulates at sites of pathogen detection, where it is involved in defense against a number of pathogens. Perception of PAMPs by pattern recognition receptors initiates recruitment of PEN3 and also leads to PEN3 phosphorylation at multiple amino acid residues. Whether PAMP-induced phosphorylation of PEN3 is important for its defense function or focal recruitment has not been addressed. In this study, we evaluated the role of PEN3 phosphorylation in modulating the localization and defense function of the transporter. We report that PEN3 phosphorylation is critical for its function in defense, but dispensable for recruitment to powdery mildew penetration sites. These results indicate that PAMP-induced phosphorylation is likely to regulate the transport activity of PEN3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William Underwood
- Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- USDA-ARS Sunflower and Plant Biology Research Unit, Red River Valley Agricultural Research Center, Fargo, ND, USA
- CONTACT William Underwood USDA-ARS Sunflower and Plant Biology Research Unit, Northern Crop Science Laboratory, 1605 Albrecht Blvd N, Fargo 58102-2765, ND, USA
| | - Shauna C. Somerville
- Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Geisler M, Aryal B, di Donato M, Hao P. A Critical View on ABC Transporters and Their Interacting Partners in Auxin Transport. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:1601-1614. [PMID: 29016918 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Different subclasses of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters have been implicated in the transport of native variants of the phytohormone auxin. Here, the putative, individual roles of key members belonging to the ABCB, ABCD and ABCG families, respectively, are highlighted and the knowledge of their assumed expression and transport routes is reviewed and compared with their mutant phenotypes. Protein-protein interactions between ABC transporters and regulatory components during auxin transport are summarized and their importance is critically discussed. There is a focus on the functional interaction between members of the ABCB family and the FKBP42, TWISTED DWARF1, acting as a chaperone during plasma membrane trafficking of ABCBs. Further, the mode and relevance of functional ABCB-PIN interactions is diagnostically re-evaluated. A new nomenclature describing precisely the most likely ABCB-PIN interaction scenarios is suggested. Finally, available tools for the detection and prediction of ABC transporter interactomes are summarized and the potential of future ABC transporter interactome maps is highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Geisler
- University of Fribourg, Department of Biology, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Bibek Aryal
- University of Fribourg, Department of Biology, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Martin di Donato
- University of Fribourg, Department of Biology, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Pengchao Hao
- University of Fribourg, Department of Biology, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Remy E, Niño-González M, Godinho CP, Cabrito TR, Teixeira MC, Sá-Correia I, Duque P. Heterologous expression of the yeast Tpo1p or Pdr5p membrane transporters in Arabidopsis confers plant xenobiotic tolerance. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4529. [PMID: 28674455 PMCID: PMC5495770 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04534-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil contamination is a major hindrance for plant growth and development. The lack of effective strategies to remove chemicals released into the environment has raised the need to increase plant resilience to soil pollutants. Here, we investigated the ability of two Saccharomyces cerevisiae plasma-membrane transporters, the Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS) member Tpo1p and the ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) protein Pdr5p, to confer Multiple Drug Resistance (MDR) in Arabidopsis thaliana. Transgenic plants expressing either of the yeast transporters were undistinguishable from the wild type under control conditions, but displayed tolerance when challenged with the herbicides 2,4-D and barban. Plants expressing ScTPO1 were also more resistant to the herbicides alachlor and metolachlor as well as to the fungicide mancozeb and the Co2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Al3+ and Cd2+ cations, while ScPDR5-expressing plants exhibited tolerance to cycloheximide. Yeast mutants lacking Tpo1p or Pdr5p showed increased sensitivity to most of the agents tested in plants. Our results demonstrate that the S. cerevisiae Tpo1p and Pdr5p transporters are able to mediate resistance to a broad range of compounds of agricultural interest in yeast as well as in Arabidopsis, underscoring their potential in future biotechnological applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Remy
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | - Cláudia P Godinho
- Institute for BioEngineering and Biosciences (iBB), Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Tânia R Cabrito
- Institute for BioEngineering and Biosciences (iBB), Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Miguel C Teixeira
- Institute for BioEngineering and Biosciences (iBB), Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Isabel Sá-Correia
- Institute for BioEngineering and Biosciences (iBB), Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paula Duque
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Růžička K, Zhang M, Campilho A, Bodi Z, Kashif M, Saleh M, Eeckhout D, El‐Showk S, Li H, Zhong S, De Jaeger G, Mongan NP, Hejátko J, Helariutta Y, Fray RG. Identification of factors required for m 6 A mRNA methylation in Arabidopsis reveals a role for the conserved E3 ubiquitin ligase HAKAI. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 215:157-172. [PMID: 28503769 PMCID: PMC5488176 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
N6-adenosine methylation (m6 A) of mRNA is an essential process in most eukaryotes, but its role and the status of factors accompanying this modification are still poorly understood. Using combined methods of genetics, proteomics and RNA biochemistry, we identified a core set of mRNA m6 A writer proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana. The components required for m6 A in Arabidopsis included MTA, MTB, FIP37, VIRILIZER and the E3 ubiquitin ligase HAKAI. Downregulation of these proteins led to reduced relative m6 A levels and shared pleiotropic phenotypes, which included aberrant vascular formation in the root, indicating that correct m6 A methylation plays a role in developmental decisions during pattern formation. The conservation of these proteins amongst eukaryotes and the demonstration of a role in writing m6 A for the E3 ubiquitin ligase HAKAI is likely to be of considerable relevance beyond the plant sciences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Růžička
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics of PlantsCentral European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular ResearchMasaryk University62500BrnoCzech Republic
- Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of Helsinki00014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Mi Zhang
- Plant Sciences DivisionSchool of BiosciencesUniversity of NottinghamSutton Bonington CampusLoughboroughLE12 5RDUK
| | - Ana Campilho
- Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of Helsinki00014HelsinkiFinland
- Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic ResourcesUniversity of Porto4485‐661 VairãoPortugal
| | - Zsuzsanna Bodi
- Plant Sciences DivisionSchool of BiosciencesUniversity of NottinghamSutton Bonington CampusLoughboroughLE12 5RDUK
| | - Muhammad Kashif
- Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of Helsinki00014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Mária Saleh
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics of PlantsCentral European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular ResearchMasaryk University62500BrnoCzech Republic
| | - Dominique Eeckhout
- Department of Plant Systems BiologyVIB9052GentBelgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent University9052GentBelgium
| | - Sedeer El‐Showk
- Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of Helsinki00014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Hongying Li
- Plant Sciences DivisionSchool of BiosciencesUniversity of NottinghamSutton Bonington CampusLoughboroughLE12 5RDUK
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement on Loess PlateauMinistry of AgricultureTaiyuanShanxi030031China
| | - Silin Zhong
- Plant Sciences DivisionSchool of BiosciencesUniversity of NottinghamSutton Bonington CampusLoughboroughLE12 5RDUK
- The State Key Laboratory of AgrobiotechnologyThe School of Life SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Geert De Jaeger
- Department of Plant Systems BiologyVIB9052GentBelgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent University9052GentBelgium
| | - Nigel P. Mongan
- School of Veterinary Medicine and SciencesUniversity of NottinghamSutton BoningtonLoughboroughLE12 5RDUK
| | - Jan Hejátko
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics of PlantsCentral European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular ResearchMasaryk University62500BrnoCzech Republic
| | - Ykä Helariutta
- Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of Helsinki00014HelsinkiFinland
- Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 1LRUK
| | - Rupert G. Fray
- Plant Sciences DivisionSchool of BiosciencesUniversity of NottinghamSutton Bonington CampusLoughboroughLE12 5RDUK
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Arabidopsis ABCG34 contributes to defense against necrotrophic pathogens by mediating the secretion of camalexin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E5712-E5720. [PMID: 28652324 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1702259114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogens cause huge yield losses. Plant defense often depends on toxic secondary metabolites that inhibit pathogen growth. Because most secondary metabolites are also toxic to the plant, specific transporters are needed to deliver them to the pathogens. To identify the transporters that function in plant defense, we screened Arabidopsis thaliana mutants of full-size ABCG transporters for hypersensitivity to sclareol, an antifungal compound. We found that atabcg34 mutants were hypersensitive to sclareol and to the necrotrophic fungi Alternaria brassicicola and Botrytis cinereaAtABCG34 expression was induced by Abrassicicola inoculation as well as by methyl-jasmonate, a defense-related phytohormone, and AtABCG34 was polarly localized at the external face of the plasma membrane of epidermal cells of leaves and roots. atabcg34 mutants secreted less camalexin, a major phytoalexin in Athaliana, whereas plants overexpressing AtABCG34 secreted more camalexin to the leaf surface and were more resistant to the pathogen. When treated with exogenous camalexin, atabcg34 mutants exhibited hypersensitivity, whereas BY2 cells expressing AtABCG34 exhibited improved resistance. Analyses of natural Arabidopsis accessions revealed that AtABCG34 contributes to the disease resistance in naturally occurring genetic variants, albeit to a small extent. Together, our data suggest that AtABCG34 mediates camalexin secretion to the leaf surface and thereby prevents Abrassicicola infection.
Collapse
|
73
|
Ziegler J, Schmidt S, Strehmel N, Scheel D, Abel S. Arabidopsis Transporter ABCG37/PDR9 contributes primarily highly oxygenated Coumarins to Root Exudation. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28623273 PMCID: PMC5473935 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03250-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical composition of root exudates strongly impacts the interactions of plants with microorganisms in the rhizosphere and the efficiency of nutrient acquisition. Exudation of metabolites is in part mediated by ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. In order to assess the contribution of individual ABC transporters to root exudation, we performed an LC-MS based non-targeted metabolite profiling of semi-polar metabolites accumulating in root exudates of Arabidopsis thaliana plants and mutants deficient in the expression of ABCG36 (PDR8/PEN3), ABCG37 (PDR9) or both transporters. Comparison of the metabolite profiles indicated distinct roles for each ABC transporter in root exudation. Thymidine exudation could be attributed to ABCG36 function, whereas coumarin exudation was strongly reduced only in ABCG37 deficient plants. However, coumarin exudation was compromised in abcg37 mutants only with respect to certain metabolites of this substance class. The specificity of ABCG37 for individual coumarins was further verified by a targeted LC-MS based coumarin profiling method. The response to iron deficiency, which is known to strongly induce coumarin exudation, was also investigated. In either treatment, the distribution of individual coumarins between roots and exudates in the investigated genotypes suggested the involvement of ABCG37 in the exudation specifically of highly oxygenated rather than monohydroxylated coumarins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Ziegler
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Stephan Schmidt
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Nadine Strehmel
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Dierk Scheel
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Steffen Abel
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany.,Department of Plant Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Toussaint F, Pierman B, Bertin A, Lévy D, Boutry M. Purification and biochemical characterization of NpABCG5/NpPDR5, a plant pleiotropic drug resistance transporter expressed in Nicotiana tabacum BY-2 suspension cells. Biochem J 2017; 474:1689-1703. [PMID: 28298475 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pleiotropic drug resistance (PDR) transporters belong to the ABCG subfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters and are involved in the transport of various molecules across plasma membranes. During evolution, PDR genes appeared independently in fungi and in plants from a duplication of a half-size ABC gene. The enzymatic properties of purified PDR transporters from yeast have been characterized. This is not the case for any plant PDR transporter, or, incidentally, for any purified plant ABC transporter. Yet, plant PDR transporters play important roles in plant physiology such as hormone signaling or resistance to pathogens or herbivores. Here, we describe the expression, purification, enzymatic characterization and 2D analysis by electron microscopy of NpABCG5/NpPDR5 from Nicotiana plumbaginifolia, which has been shown to be involved in the plant defense against herbivores. We constitutively expressed NpABCG5/NpPDR5, provided with a His-tag in a homologous system: suspension cells from Nicotiana tabacum (Bright Yellow 2 line). NpABCG5/NpPDR5 was targeted to the plasma membrane and was solubilized by dodecyl maltoside and purified by Ni-affinity chromatography. The ATP-hydrolyzing specific activity (27 nmol min-1 mg-1) was stimulated seven-fold in the presence of 0.1% asolectin. Electron microscopy analysis indicated that NpABCG5/NpPDR5 is monomeric and with dimensions shorter than those of known ABC transporters. Enzymatic data (optimal pH and sensitivity to inhibitors) confirmed that plant and fungal PDR transporters have different properties. These data also show that N. tabacum suspension cells are a convenient host for the purification and biochemical characterization of ABC transporters.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 5/chemistry
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 5/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 5/isolation & purification
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 5/metabolism
- Adenosine Triphosphatases/chemistry
- Adenosine Triphosphatases/genetics
- Adenosine Triphosphatases/isolation & purification
- Adenosine Triphosphatases/metabolism
- Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism
- Batch Cell Culture Techniques
- Bioreactors
- Cell Membrane/drug effects
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cell Membrane/ultrastructure
- Cells, Cultured
- Chromatography, Affinity
- Detergents/chemistry
- Glucosides/chemistry
- Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
- Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
- Membrane Transport Modulators/pharmacology
- Microscopy, Electron
- Molecular Weight
- Phosphatidylcholines/chemistry
- Plant Proteins/chemistry
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Plant Proteins/isolation & purification
- Plant Proteins/metabolism
- Protein Conformation
- Protein Transport/drug effects
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/isolation & purification
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Solubility
- Nicotiana/cytology
- Nicotiana/enzymology
- Nicotiana/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Toussaint
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Baptiste Pierman
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Aurélie Bertin
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, 75005 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Daniel Lévy
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, 75005 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Marc Boutry
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Massalha H, Korenblum E, Tholl D, Aharoni A. Small molecules below-ground: the role of specialized metabolites in the rhizosphere. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 90:788-807. [PMID: 28333395 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Soil communities are diverse taxonomically and functionally. This ecosystem experiences highly complex networks of interactions, but may also present functionally independent entities. Plant roots, a metabolically active hotspot in the soil, take an essential part in below-ground interactions. While plants are known to release an extremely high portion of the fixated carbon to the soil, less information is known about the composition and role of C-containing compounds in the rhizosphere, in particular those involved in chemical communication. Specialized metabolites (or secondary metabolites) produced by plants and their associated microbes have a critical role in various biological activities that modulate the behavior of neighboring organisms. Thus, elucidating the chemical composition and function of specialized metabolites in the rhizosphere is a key element in understanding interactions in this below-ground environment. Here, we review key classes of specialized metabolites that occur as mostly non-volatile compounds in root exudates or are emitted as volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The role of these metabolites in below-ground interactions and response to nutrient deficiency, as well as their tissue and cell type-specific biosynthesis and release are discussed in detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Massalha
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Elisa Korenblum
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Dorothea Tholl
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Wang S, Yoshinari A, Shimada T, Hara-Nishimura I, Mitani-Ueno N, Feng Ma J, Naito S, Takano J. Polar Localization of the NIP5;1 Boric Acid Channel Is Maintained by Endocytosis and Facilitates Boron Transport in Arabidopsis Roots. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:824-842. [PMID: 28341806 PMCID: PMC5435427 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Boron uptake in Arabidopsis thaliana is mediated by nodulin 26-like intrinsic protein 5;1 (NIP5;1), a boric acid channel that is located preferentially on the soil side of the plasma membrane in root cells. However, the mechanism underlying this polar localization is poorly understood. Here, we show that the polar localization of NIP5;1 in epidermal and endodermal root cells is mediated by the phosphorylation of Thr residues in the conserved TPG (ThrProGly) repeat in the N-terminal region of NIP5;1. Although substitutions of Ala for three Thr residues in the TPG repeat did not affect lateral diffusion in the plasma membrane, these substitutions inhibited endocytosis and strongly compromised the polar localization of GFP-NIP5;1. Consistent with this, the polar localization was compromised in µ subunit mutants of the clathrin adaptor AP2. The Thr-to-Ala substitutions did not affect the boron transport activity of GFP-NIP5;1 in Xenopus laevis oocytes but did inhibit the ability to complement boron translocation to shoots and rescue growth defects in nip5;1-1 mutant plants under boron-limited conditions. These results demonstrate that the polar localization of NIP5;1 is maintained by clathrin-mediated endocytosis, is dependent on phosphorylation in the TPG repeat, and is necessary for the efficient transport of boron in roots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheliang Wang
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai 599-8531, Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Akira Yoshinari
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai 599-8531, Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Tomoo Shimada
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 608-8502, Japan
| | - Ikuko Hara-Nishimura
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 608-8502, Japan
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, Kobe 658-0072, Japan
| | - Namiki Mitani-Ueno
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan
| | - Jian Feng Ma
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan
| | - Satoshi Naito
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Junpei Takano
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai 599-8531, Japan
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Ruprecht C, Vaid N, Proost S, Persson S, Mutwil M. Beyond Genomics: Studying Evolution with Gene Coexpression Networks. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 22:298-307. [PMID: 28126286 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how genomes change as organisms become more complex is a central question in evolution. Molecular evolutionary studies typically correlate the appearance of genes and gene families with the emergence of biological pathways and morphological features. While such approaches are of great importance to understand how organisms evolve, they are also limited, as functionally related genes work together in contexts of dynamic gene networks. Since functionally related genes are often transcriptionally coregulated, gene coexpression networks present a resource to study the evolution of biological pathways. In this opinion article, we discuss recent developments in this field and how coexpression analyses can be merged with existing genomic approaches to transfer functional knowledge between species to study the appearance or extension of pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colin Ruprecht
- Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Neha Vaid
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sebastian Proost
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne,Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Marek Mutwil
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Mao H, Nakamura M, Viotti C, Grebe M. A Framework for Lateral Membrane Trafficking and Polar Tethering of the PEN3 ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 172:2245-2260. [PMID: 27803190 PMCID: PMC5129716 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The outermost cell layer of plants, the epidermis, and its outer (lateral) membrane domain facing the environment are continuously challenged by biotic and abiotic stresses. Therefore, the epidermis and the outer membrane domain provide important selective and protective barriers. However, only a small number of specifically outer membrane-localized proteins are known. Similarly, molecular mechanisms underlying the trafficking and the polar placement of outer membrane domain proteins require further exploration. Here, we demonstrate that ACTIN7 (ACT7) mediates trafficking of the PENETRATION3 (PEN3) outer membrane protein from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) to the plasma membrane in the root epidermis of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and that actin function contributes to PEN3 endocytic recycling. In contrast to such generic ACT7-dependent trafficking from the TGN, the EXOCYST84b (EXO84b) tethering factor mediates PEN3 outer-membrane polarity. Moreover, precise EXO84b placement at the outer membrane domain itself requires ACT7 function. Hence, our results uncover spatially and mechanistically distinct requirements for ACT7 function during outer lateral membrane cargo trafficking and polarity establishment. They further identify an exocyst tethering complex mediator of outer lateral membrane cargo polarity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hailiang Mao
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, SE-90 187 Umeå, Sweden (H.M., M.G.); and
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Plant Physiology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (M.N., C.V., M.G.)
| | - Moritaka Nakamura
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, SE-90 187 Umeå, Sweden (H.M., M.G.); and
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Plant Physiology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (M.N., C.V., M.G.)
| | - Corrado Viotti
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, SE-90 187 Umeå, Sweden (H.M., M.G.); and
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Plant Physiology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (M.N., C.V., M.G.)
| | - Markus Grebe
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, SE-90 187 Umeå, Sweden (H.M., M.G.); and
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Plant Physiology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (M.N., C.V., M.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Geisler
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Learning from each other: ABC transporter regulation by protein phosphorylation in plant and mammalian systems. Biochem Soc Trans 2016; 43:966-74. [PMID: 26517911 DOI: 10.1042/bst20150128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transporter family in higher plants is highly expanded compared with those of mammalians. Moreover, some members of the plant ABC subfamily B (ABCB) display very high substrate specificity compared with their mammalian counterparts that are often associated with multi-drug resistance phenomena. In this review, we highlight prominent functions of plant and mammalian ABC transporters and summarize our knowledge on their post-transcriptional regulation with a focus on protein phosphorylation. A deeper comparison of regulatory events of human cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and ABCB1 from the model plant Arabidopsis reveals a surprisingly high degree of similarity. Both physically interact with orthologues of the FK506-binding proteins that chaperon both transporters to the plasma membrane in an action that seems to involve heat shock protein (Hsp)90. Further, both transporters are phosphorylated at regulatory domains that connect both nt-binding folds. Taken together, it appears that ABC transporters exhibit an evolutionary conserved but complex regulation by protein phosphorylation, which apparently is, at least in some cases, tightly connected with protein-protein interactions (PPI).
Collapse
|
81
|
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) proteins form a large and ubiquitous family, most members of which are membrane-associated primary transporters. Plant genomes code for a particularly large number of these ABC proteins, with more than 120 genes present in both Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa (rice). Although plant ABC transporters were initially identified as detoxifiers, sequestering xenobitotics into the vacuole, they were later found to be involved in a wide range of essential physiological processes. Currently, the exact substrates transported by most of these transporters are still unknown and we therefore cannot exclude that a single substrate (e.g. a hormone) is responsible for the diversity of physiological roles. This gap in our knowledge is mainly due to the fact that only a few studies have used direct methods to identify the substrates of these membrane transporters. To address this issue, transport assays involving isolated cells, vesicular membranes or reconstituted liposomes are essential. In this review, we will highlight the importance of the direct biochemical characterization of plant ABC transporters and give some insights into the current status of the homologous and heterologous expression of such proteins.
Collapse
|
82
|
Abstract
Plant hormones (phytohormones) integrate endogenous and exogenous signals thus synchronizing plant growth with environmental and developmental changes. Similar to animals, phytohormones have distinct source and target tissues, hence controlled transport and focused targeting are required for their functions. Many evidences accumulated in the last years about the regulation of long-distance and directional transport of phytohormones. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters turned out to play major roles in routing phytohormones not only in the plant body but also towards the outer environment. The ABCG-type proteins ABCG25 and ABCG40 are high affinity abscisic acid (ABA) transporters. ABCG14 is highly co-expressed with cytokinin biosynthesis and is the major root-to-shoot cytokinin transporter. Pleiotropic drug resistance1 (PDR1) from Petunia hybrida transports strigolactones (SLs) from the root tip to the plant shoot but also outside to the rhizosphere, where SLs are the main attractants to mycorrhizal fungi. Last but not least, ABCG36 and ABCG37 possibly play a dual role in coumarine and IBA transport.
Collapse
|
83
|
Cellular mechanisms for cargo delivery and polarity maintenance at different polar domains in plant cells. Cell Discov 2016; 2:16018. [PMID: 27462465 PMCID: PMC4950145 DOI: 10.1038/celldisc.2016.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The asymmetric localization of proteins in the plasma membrane domains of eukaryotic cells is a fundamental manifestation of cell polarity that is central to multicellular organization and developmental patterning. In plants, the mechanisms underlying the polar localization of cargo proteins are still largely unknown and appear to be fundamentally distinct from those operating in mammals. Here, we present a systematic, quantitative comparative analysis of the polar delivery and subcellular localization of proteins that characterize distinct polar plasma membrane domains in plant cells. The combination of microscopic analyses and computational modeling revealed a mechanistic framework common to diverse polar cargos and underlying the establishment and maintenance of apical, basal, and lateral polar domains in plant cells. This mechanism depends on the polar secretion, constitutive endocytic recycling, and restricted lateral diffusion of cargos within the plasma membrane. Moreover, our observations suggest that polar cargo distribution involves the individual protein potential to form clusters within the plasma membrane and interact with the extracellular matrix. Our observations provide insights into the shared cellular mechanisms of polar cargo delivery and polarity maintenance in plant cells.
Collapse
|
84
|
Correction: Learning from each other: ABC transporter regulation by protein phosphorylation in plant and mammalian systems. Biochem Soc Trans 2016; 44:663-73. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20150128_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transporter family in higher plants is highly expanded compared with those of mammalians. Moreover, some members of the plant ABCB subfamily display very high substrate specificity compared with their mammalian counterparts that are often associated with multidrug resistance (MDR) phenomena. In this review we highlight prominent functions of plant and mammalian ABC transporters and summarize our knowledge on their post-transcriptional regulation with a focus on protein phosphorylation. A deeper comparison of regulatory events of human cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and ABCB1 from the model plant Arabidopsis reveals a surprisingly high degree of similarity. Both physically interact with orthologues of the FK506-binding proteins (FKBPs) that chaperon both transporters to the plasma membrane in an action that seems to involve Hsp90. Further both transporters are phosphorylated at regulatory domains that connect both nucleotide-binding folds. Taken together it appears that ABC transporters exhibit an evolutionary conserved but complex regulation by protein phosphorylation, which apparently is, at least in some cases, tightly connected with protein–protein interactions (PPI).
Collapse
|
85
|
Hwang JU, Song WY, Hong D, Ko D, Yamaoka Y, Jang S, Yim S, Lee E, Khare D, Kim K, Palmgren M, Yoon HS, Martinoia E, Lee Y. Plant ABC Transporters Enable Many Unique Aspects of a Terrestrial Plant's Lifestyle. MOLECULAR PLANT 2016; 9:338-355. [PMID: 26902186 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial plants have two to four times more ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter genes than other organisms, including their ancestral microalgae. Recent studies found that plants harboring mutations in these transporters exhibit dramatic phenotypes, many of which are related to developmental processes and functions necessary for life on dry land. These results suggest that ABC transporters multiplied during evolution and assumed novel functions that allowed plants to adapt to terrestrial environmental conditions. Examining the literature on plant ABC transporters from this viewpoint led us to propose that diverse ABC transporters enabled many unique and essential aspects of a terrestrial plant's lifestyle, by transporting various compounds across specific membranes of the plant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Ung Hwang
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Won-Yong Song
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Daewoong Hong
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Donghwi Ko
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Yasuyo Yamaoka
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Sunghoon Jang
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Sojeong Yim
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Eunjung Lee
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Deepa Khare
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Kyungyoon Kim
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Michael Palmgren
- Center for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease - PUMPKIN, Danish National Research Foundation, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Hwan Su Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Enrico Martinoia
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University Zurich, Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Youngsook Lee
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Korea; Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Xu D, Veres D, Belew Z, Olsen C, Nour-Eldin H, Halkier B. Functional Expression and Characterization of Plant ABC Transporters in Xenopus laevis Oocytes for Transport Engineering Purposes. Methods Enzymol 2016; 576:207-24. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
87
|
Baetz U. Root Exudates as Integral Part of Belowground Plant Defence. BELOWGROUND DEFENCE STRATEGIES IN PLANTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-42319-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
88
|
Rajsz A, Warzybok A, Migocka M. Genes Encoding Cucumber Full-Size ABCG Proteins Show Different Responses to Plant Growth Regulators and Sclareolide. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REPORTER 2016; 34:720-736. [PMID: 27429510 PMCID: PMC4923091 DOI: 10.1007/s11105-015-0956-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Full-size members of the ABCG (ATP-binding cassette, subfamily G) subfamily of ABC transporters have been found only in plants and fungi. The plant genes encoding full-size ABCGs identified so far appeared to be differentially regulated under various environmental constraints, plant growth regulators, and microbial elicitors, indicating a broad functional role of these proteins in plant responses to abiotic and biotic stress. Nevertheless, the structure and physiological function of full-size ABCGs in many plant species are still unknown. We have recently identified 16 genes encoding full-size ABCG proteins in cucumber and found that the transcripts of two of them, CsABCG36 (CsPDR8) and CsABCG40 (CsPDR12), are most abundant in roots and are significantly affected by phytohormones and auxin herbicide. In this study, we analyzed the structure and phylogeny of all the full-size cucumber ABCG transporters and studied the organ expression profiles of the remaining 14 CsABCG genes. In addition, we investigated the effect of different plant growth regulators and the diterpene sclareolide on CsABCG expression in cucumber roots. Until now, the full-size plant ABCG transporters have been grouped into five different clusters. The new phylogenetic analysis of full-size ABCGs from model plants and cucumber clustered these proteins into six different subgroups. Interestingly, the expression profiles of cucumber ABCG genes assigned to the same clusters were not correlated, suggesting functional diversification or different regulatory mechanisms of the full-size cucumber ABCG proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Rajsz
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, University of Wroclaw, Institute of Experimental Biology, Kanonia 6/8, 50-328 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Warzybok
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, University of Wroclaw, Institute of Experimental Biology, Kanonia 6/8, 50-328 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Magdalena Migocka
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, University of Wroclaw, Institute of Experimental Biology, Kanonia 6/8, 50-328 Wrocław, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Li C, Korpelainen H. Transcriptomic regulatory network underlying morphological and physiological acclimation to nitrogen starvation and excess in poplar roots and leaves. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 35:1279-1282. [PMID: 26491054 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Li
- The Nurturing Station for the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin'an 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Helena Korpelainen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Luo J, Zhou J, Li H, Shi W, Polle A, Lu M, Sun X, Luo ZB. Global poplar root and leaf transcriptomes reveal links between growth and stress responses under nitrogen starvation and excess. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 35:1283-302. [PMID: 26420789 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) starvation and excess have distinct effects on N uptake and metabolism in poplars, but the global transcriptomic changes underlying morphological and physiological acclimation to altered N availability are unknown. We found that N starvation stimulated the fine root length and surface area by 54 and 49%, respectively, decreased the net photosynthetic rate by 15% and reduced the concentrations of NH4+, NO3(-) and total free amino acids in the roots and leaves of Populus simonii Carr. in comparison with normal N supply, whereas N excess had the opposite effect in most cases. Global transcriptome analysis of roots and leaves elucidated the specific molecular responses to N starvation and excess. Under N starvation and excess, gene ontology (GO) terms related to ion transport and response to auxin stimulus were enriched in roots, whereas the GO term for response to abscisic acid stimulus was overrepresented in leaves. Common GO terms for all N treatments in roots and leaves were related to development, N metabolism, response to stress and hormone stimulus. Approximately 30-40% of the differentially expressed genes formed a transcriptomic regulatory network under each condition. These results suggest that global transcriptomic reprogramming plays a key role in the morphological and physiological acclimation of poplar roots and leaves to N starvation and excess.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Hong Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Wenguang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Andrea Polle
- Büsgen-Institute, Department of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Georg-August University, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mengzhu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Xiaomei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Zhi-Bin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Šimášková M, O'Brien JA, Khan M, Van Noorden G, Ötvös K, Vieten A, De Clercq I, Van Haperen JMA, Cuesta C, Hoyerová K, Vanneste S, Marhavý P, Wabnik K, Van Breusegem F, Nowack M, Murphy A, Friml J, Weijers D, Beeckman T, Benková E. Cytokinin response factors regulate PIN-FORMED auxin transporters. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8717. [PMID: 26541513 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Auxin and cytokinin are key endogenous regulators of plant development. Although cytokinin-mediated modulation of auxin distribution is a developmentally crucial hormonal interaction, its molecular basis is largely unknown. Here we show a direct regulatory link between cytokinin signalling and the auxin transport machinery uncovering a mechanistic framework for cytokinin-auxin cross-talk. We show that the CYTOKININ RESPONSE FACTORS (CRFs), transcription factors downstream of cytokinin perception, transcriptionally control genes encoding PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin transporters at a specific PIN CYTOKININ RESPONSE ELEMENT (PCRE) domain. Removal of this cis-regulatory element effectively uncouples PIN transcription from the CRF-mediated cytokinin regulation and attenuates plant cytokinin sensitivity. We propose that CRFs represent a missing cross-talk component that fine-tunes auxin transport capacity downstream of cytokinin signalling to control plant development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mária Šimášková
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Gent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - José Antonio O'Brien
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Gent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Mamoona Khan
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Giel Van Noorden
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Gent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Krisztina Ötvös
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Anne Vieten
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Centre for Molecular Biology of Plants, University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Inge De Clercq
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Gent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
| | | | - Candela Cuesta
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Klára Hoyerová
- Institute of Experimental Botany, ASCR, Rozvojová 263, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Steffen Vanneste
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Gent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Peter Marhavý
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Krzysztof Wabnik
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Frank Van Breusegem
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Gent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Moritz Nowack
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Gent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Angus Murphy
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Dolf Weijers
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703HA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Gent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Eva Benková
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Zhang K, Novak O, Wei Z, Gou M, Zhang X, Yu Y, Yang H, Cai Y, Strnad M, Liu CJ. Arabidopsis ABCG14 protein controls the acropetal translocation of root-synthesized cytokinins. Nat Commun 2015; 5:3274. [PMID: 24513716 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinins are a major group of phytohormones regulating plant growth, development and stress responses. However, in contrast to the well-defined polar transport of auxins, the molecular basis of cytokinin transport is poorly understood. Here we show that an ATP-binding cassette transporter in Arabidopsis, AtABCG14, is essential for the acropetal (root to shoot) translocation of the root-synthesized cytokinins. AtABCG14 is expressed primarily in the pericycle and stelar cells of roots. Knocking out AtABCG14 strongly impairs the translocation of trans-zeatin (tZ)-type cytokinins from roots to shoots, thereby affecting the plant's growth and development. AtABCG14 localizes to the plasma membrane of transformed cells. In planta feeding of C(14) or C(13)-labelled tZ suggests that it acts as an efflux pump and its presence in the cells directly correlates with the transport of the fed cytokinin. Therefore, AtABCG14 is a transporter likely involved in the long-distance translocation of cytokinins in planta.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Zhang
- 1] Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA [2]
| | - Ondrej Novak
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Zhaoyang Wei
- Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Mingyue Gou
- Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Xuebin Zhang
- Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Yong Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York 11439, USA
| | - Huijun Yang
- Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Yuanheng Cai
- Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- 1] Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic [2] Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Chang-Jun Liu
- Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Zhu J, Geisler M. Keeping it all together: auxin-actin crosstalk in plant development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:4983-98. [PMID: 26085676 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Polar auxin transport and the action of the actin cytoskeleton are tightly interconnected, which is documented by the finding that auxin transporters reach their final destination by active movement of secretory vesicles along F-actin tracks. Moreover, auxin transporter polarity and flexibility is thought to depend on transporter cycling that requires endocytosis and exocytosis of vesicles. In this context, we have reviewed the current literature on an involvement of the actin cytoskeleton in polar auxin transport and identify known similarities and differences in its structure, function and dynamics in comparison to non-plant organisms. By describing how auxin modulates actin expression and actin organization and how actin and its stability affects auxin-transporter endocytosis and recycling, we discuss the current knowledge on regulatory auxin-actin feedback loops. We focus on known effects of auxin and of auxin transport inhibitors on the stability and organization of actin and examine the functionality of auxin and/or auxin transport inhibitor-binding proteins with respect to their suitability to integrate auxin/auxin transport inhibitor action. Finally, we indicate current difficulties in the interpretation of organ, time and concentration-dependent auxin/auxin transport inhibitor treatments and formulate simple future experimental guidelines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinsheng Zhu
- University of Fribourg, Department of Biology-Plant Biology, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Markus Geisler
- University of Fribourg, Department of Biology-Plant Biology, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Lu X, Dittgen J, Piślewska-Bednarek M, Molina A, Schneider B, Svatoš A, Doubský J, Schneeberger K, Weigel D, Bednarek P, Schulze-Lefert P. Mutant Allele-Specific Uncoupling of PENETRATION3 Functions Reveals Engagement of the ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter in Distinct Tryptophan Metabolic Pathways. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 168:814-27. [PMID: 26023163 PMCID: PMC4741342 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) penetration (PEN) genes quantitatively contribute to the execution of different forms of plant immunity upon challenge with diverse leaf pathogens. PEN3 encodes a plasma membrane-resident pleiotropic drug resistance-type ATP-binding cassette transporter and is thought to act in a pathogen-inducible and PEN2 myrosinase-dependent metabolic pathway in extracellular defense. This metabolic pathway directs the intracellular biosynthesis and activation of tryptophan-derived indole glucosinolates for subsequent PEN3-mediated efflux across the plasma membrane at pathogen contact sites. However, PEN3 also functions in abiotic stress responses to cadmium and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA)-mediated auxin homeostasis in roots, raising the possibility that PEN3 exports multiple functionally unrelated substrates. Here, we describe the isolation of a pen3 allele, designated pen3-5, that encodes a dysfunctional protein that accumulates in planta like wild-type PEN3. The specific mutation in pen3-5 uncouples PEN3 functions in IBA-stimulated root growth modulation, callose deposition induced with a conserved peptide epitope of bacterial flagellin (flg22), and pathogen-inducible salicylic acid accumulation from PEN3 activity in extracellular defense, indicating the engagement of multiple PEN3 substrates in different PEN3-dependent biological processes. We identified 4-O-β-D-glucosyl-indol-3-yl formamide (4OGlcI3F) as a pathogen-inducible, tryptophan-derived compound that overaccumulates in pen3 leaf tissue and has biosynthesis that is dependent on an intact PEN2 metabolic pathway. We propose that a precursor of 4OGlcI3F is the PEN3 substrate in extracellular pathogen defense. These precursors, the shared indole core present in IBA and 4OGlcI3F, and allele-specific uncoupling of a subset of PEN3 functions suggest that PEN3 transports distinct indole-type metabolites in distinct biological processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xunli Lu
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany (X.L., J.Di., M.P.-B., P.B., P.S.-L.);Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704 Poznan, Poland (M.P.-B., P.B.);Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain (A.M.); Research Groups on Biosynthesis/Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (B.S.) and Mass Spectrometry/Proteomics (A.S., J.Do.), Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany; andDepartment of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (K.S., D.W.)
| | - Jan Dittgen
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany (X.L., J.Di., M.P.-B., P.B., P.S.-L.);Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704 Poznan, Poland (M.P.-B., P.B.);Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain (A.M.); Research Groups on Biosynthesis/Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (B.S.) and Mass Spectrometry/Proteomics (A.S., J.Do.), Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany; andDepartment of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (K.S., D.W.)
| | - Mariola Piślewska-Bednarek
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany (X.L., J.Di., M.P.-B., P.B., P.S.-L.);Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704 Poznan, Poland (M.P.-B., P.B.);Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain (A.M.); Research Groups on Biosynthesis/Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (B.S.) and Mass Spectrometry/Proteomics (A.S., J.Do.), Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany; andDepartment of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (K.S., D.W.)
| | - Antonio Molina
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany (X.L., J.Di., M.P.-B., P.B., P.S.-L.);Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704 Poznan, Poland (M.P.-B., P.B.);Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain (A.M.); Research Groups on Biosynthesis/Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (B.S.) and Mass Spectrometry/Proteomics (A.S., J.Do.), Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany; andDepartment of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (K.S., D.W.)
| | - Bernd Schneider
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany (X.L., J.Di., M.P.-B., P.B., P.S.-L.);Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704 Poznan, Poland (M.P.-B., P.B.);Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain (A.M.); Research Groups on Biosynthesis/Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (B.S.) and Mass Spectrometry/Proteomics (A.S., J.Do.), Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany; andDepartment of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (K.S., D.W.)
| | - Aleš Svatoš
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany (X.L., J.Di., M.P.-B., P.B., P.S.-L.);Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704 Poznan, Poland (M.P.-B., P.B.);Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain (A.M.); Research Groups on Biosynthesis/Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (B.S.) and Mass Spectrometry/Proteomics (A.S., J.Do.), Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany; andDepartment of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (K.S., D.W.)
| | - Jan Doubský
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany (X.L., J.Di., M.P.-B., P.B., P.S.-L.);Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704 Poznan, Poland (M.P.-B., P.B.);Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain (A.M.); Research Groups on Biosynthesis/Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (B.S.) and Mass Spectrometry/Proteomics (A.S., J.Do.), Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany; andDepartment of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (K.S., D.W.)
| | - Korbinian Schneeberger
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany (X.L., J.Di., M.P.-B., P.B., P.S.-L.);Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704 Poznan, Poland (M.P.-B., P.B.);Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain (A.M.); Research Groups on Biosynthesis/Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (B.S.) and Mass Spectrometry/Proteomics (A.S., J.Do.), Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany; andDepartment of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (K.S., D.W.)
| | - Detlef Weigel
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany (X.L., J.Di., M.P.-B., P.B., P.S.-L.);Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704 Poznan, Poland (M.P.-B., P.B.);Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain (A.M.); Research Groups on Biosynthesis/Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (B.S.) and Mass Spectrometry/Proteomics (A.S., J.Do.), Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany; andDepartment of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (K.S., D.W.)
| | - Paweł Bednarek
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany (X.L., J.Di., M.P.-B., P.B., P.S.-L.);Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704 Poznan, Poland (M.P.-B., P.B.);Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain (A.M.); Research Groups on Biosynthesis/Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (B.S.) and Mass Spectrometry/Proteomics (A.S., J.Do.), Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany; andDepartment of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (K.S., D.W.)
| | - Paul Schulze-Lefert
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany (X.L., J.Di., M.P.-B., P.B., P.S.-L.);Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704 Poznan, Poland (M.P.-B., P.B.);Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain (A.M.); Research Groups on Biosynthesis/Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (B.S.) and Mass Spectrometry/Proteomics (A.S., J.Do.), Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany; andDepartment of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (K.S., D.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Tapken W, Murphy AS. Membrane nanodomains in plants: capturing form, function, and movement. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:1573-86. [PMID: 25725094 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The plasma membrane is the interface between the cell and the external environment. Plasma membrane lipids provide scaffolds for proteins and protein complexes that are involved in cell to cell communication, signal transduction, immune responses, and transport of small molecules. In animals, fungi, and plants, a substantial subset of these plasma membrane proteins function within ordered sterol- and sphingolipid-rich nanodomains. High-resolution microscopy, lipid dyes, pharmacological inhibitors of lipid biosynthesis, and lipid biosynthetic mutants have been employed to examine the relationship between the lipid environment and protein activity in plants. They have also been used to identify proteins associated with nanodomains and the pathways by which nanodomain-associated proteins are trafficked to their plasma membrane destinations. These studies suggest that plant membrane nanodomains function in a context-specific manner, analogous to similar structures in animals and fungi. In addition to the highly conserved flotillin and remorin markers, some members of the B and G subclasses of ATP binding cassette transporters have emerged as functional markers for plant nanodomains. Further, the glycophosphatidylinositol-anchored fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins, that are often associated with detergent-resistant membranes, appear also to have a functional role in membrane nanodomains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Tapken
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Angus S Murphy
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Sasse J, Simon S, Gübeli C, Liu GW, Cheng X, Friml J, Bouwmeester H, Martinoia E, Borghi L. Asymmetric localizations of the ABC transporter PaPDR1 trace paths of directional strigolactone transport. Curr Biol 2015; 25:647-55. [PMID: 25683808 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Strigolactones, first discovered as germination stimulants for parasitic weeds [1], are carotenoid-derived phytohormones that play major roles in inhibiting lateral bud outgrowth and promoting plant-mycorrhizal symbiosis [2-4]. Furthermore, strigolactones are involved in the regulation of lateral and adventitious root development, root cell division [5, 6], secondary growth [7], and leaf senescence [8]. Recently, we discovered the strigolactone transporter Petunia axillaris PLEIOTROPIC DRUG RESISTANCE 1 (PaPDR1), which is required for efficient mycorrhizal colonization and inhibition of lateral bud outgrowth [9]. However, how strigolactones are transported through the plant remained unknown. Here we show that PaPDR1 exhibits a cell-type-specific asymmetric localization in different root tissues. In root tips, PaPDR1 is co-expressed with the strigolactone biosynthetic gene DAD1 (CCD8), and it is localized at the apical membrane of root hypodermal cells, presumably mediating the shootward transport of strigolactone. Above the root tip, in the hypodermal passage cells that form gates for the entry of mycorrhizal fungi, PaPDR1 is present in the outer-lateral membrane, compatible with its postulated function as strigolactone exporter from root to soil. Transport studies are in line with our localization studies since (1) a papdr1 mutant displays impaired transport of strigolactones out of the root tip to the shoot as well as into the rhizosphere and (2) DAD1 expression and PIN1/PIN2 levels change in plants deregulated for PDR1 expression, suggestive of variations in endogenous strigolactone contents. In conclusion, our results indicate that the polar localizations of PaPDR1 mediate directional shootward strigolactone transport as well as localized exudation into the soil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle Sasse
- Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sibu Simon
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Christian Gübeli
- Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Guo-Wei Liu
- Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Xi Cheng
- Wageningen UR, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Harro Bouwmeester
- Wageningen UR, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Enrico Martinoia
- Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lorenzo Borghi
- Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Abstract
Long before its chemical identity was known, the phytohormone auxin was postulated to regulate plant growth. In the late 1800s, Sachs hypothesized that plant growth regulators, present in small amounts, move differentially throughout the plant to regulate growth. Concurrently, Charles Darwin and Francis Darwin were discovering that light and gravity were perceived by the tips of shoots and roots and that the stimulus was transmitted to other tissues, which underwent a growth response. These ideas were improved upon by Boysen-Jensen and Paál and were later developed into the Cholodny-Went hypothesis that tropisms were caused by the asymmetric distribution of a growth-promoting substance. These observations led to many efforts to identify this elusive growth-promoting substance, which we now know as auxin. In this review of auxin field advances over the past century, we start with a seminal paper by Kenneth Thimann and Charles Schneider titled "The relative activities of different auxins" from the American Journal of Botany, in which they compare the growth altering properties of several auxinic compounds. From this point, we explore the modern molecular understanding of auxin-including its biosynthesis, transport, and perception. Finally, we end this review with a discussion of outstanding questions and future directions in the auxin field. Over the past 100 yr, much of our progress in understanding auxin biology has relied on the steady and collective advance of the field of auxin researchers; we expect that the next 100 yr of auxin research will likewise make many exciting advances.
Collapse
|
98
|
Zargar SM, Fujiwara M, Inaba S, Kobayashi M, Kurata R, Ogata Y, Fukao Y. Correlation analysis of proteins responsive to Zn, Mn, or Fe deficiency in Arabidopsis roots based on iTRAQ analysis. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2015; 34:157-66. [PMID: 25366567 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-014-1696-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
For discovering the functional correlation between the identified and quantified proteins by iTRAQ analysis, here we propose a correlation analysis method with cosine correlation coefficients as a powerful tool. iTRAQ analysis is a quantitative proteomics approach that enables identification and quantification of a large number of proteins. In order to obtain proteins responsive to Zn, Mn, or Fe mineral deficiency, we conducted iTRAQ analysis using a microsomal fraction of protein extractions from Arabidopsis root tissues. We identified and quantified 730 common proteins in three biological replicates with less than 1 % false discovery rate. To determine the role of these proteins in tolerating mineral deficiencies and their relation to each other, we calculated cosine correlation coefficients and represented the outcomes on a correlation map for visual understanding of functional relations among the identified proteins. Functionally similar proteins were gathered into the same clusters. Interestingly, a cluster of proteins (FRO2, IRT1, AHA2, PDR9/ABCG37, and GLP5) highly responsive to Fe deficiency was identified, which included both known and unknown novel proteins involved in tolerating Fe deficiency. We propose that the correlation analysis with the cosine correlation coefficients is a powerful method for finding important proteins of interest to several biological processes through comprehensive data sets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Majeed Zargar
- Plant Global Education Project Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama, 8916-5, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
99
|
Atkinson JA, Rasmussen A, Traini R, Voß U, Sturrock C, Mooney SJ, Wells DM, Bennett MJ. Branching out in roots: uncovering form, function, and regulation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 166:538-50. [PMID: 25136060 PMCID: PMC4213086 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.245423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Root branching is critical for plants to secure anchorage and ensure the supply of water, minerals, and nutrients. To date, research on root branching has focused on lateral root development in young seedlings. However, many other programs of postembryonic root organogenesis exist in angiosperms. In cereal crops, the majority of the mature root system is composed of several classes of adventitious roots that include crown roots and brace roots. In this Update, we initially describe the diversity of postembryonic root forms. Next, we review recent advances in our understanding of the genes, signals, and mechanisms regulating lateral root and adventitious root branching in the plant models Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), maize (Zea mays), and rice (Oryza sativa). While many common signals, regulatory components, and mechanisms have been identified that control the initiation, morphogenesis, and emergence of new lateral and adventitious root organs, much more remains to be done. We conclude by discussing the challenges and opportunities facing root branching research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Atkinson
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, United Kingdom (J.A.A., A.R., R.T., U.V., C.S., S.J.M., D.M.W., M.J.B.); andCollege of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (M.J.B.)
| | - Amanda Rasmussen
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, United Kingdom (J.A.A., A.R., R.T., U.V., C.S., S.J.M., D.M.W., M.J.B.); andCollege of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (M.J.B.)
| | - Richard Traini
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, United Kingdom (J.A.A., A.R., R.T., U.V., C.S., S.J.M., D.M.W., M.J.B.); andCollege of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (M.J.B.)
| | - Ute Voß
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, United Kingdom (J.A.A., A.R., R.T., U.V., C.S., S.J.M., D.M.W., M.J.B.); andCollege of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (M.J.B.)
| | - Craig Sturrock
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, United Kingdom (J.A.A., A.R., R.T., U.V., C.S., S.J.M., D.M.W., M.J.B.); andCollege of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (M.J.B.)
| | - Sacha J Mooney
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, United Kingdom (J.A.A., A.R., R.T., U.V., C.S., S.J.M., D.M.W., M.J.B.); andCollege of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (M.J.B.)
| | - Darren M Wells
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, United Kingdom (J.A.A., A.R., R.T., U.V., C.S., S.J.M., D.M.W., M.J.B.); andCollege of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (M.J.B.)
| | - Malcolm J Bennett
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, United Kingdom (J.A.A., A.R., R.T., U.V., C.S., S.J.M., D.M.W., M.J.B.); andCollege of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (M.J.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
Abstract
Plants are permanently situated in a fixed location and thus are well adapted to sense and respond to environmental stimuli and developmental cues. At the cellular level, several of these responses require delicate adjustments that affect the activity and steady-state levels of plasma membrane proteins. These adjustments involve both vesicular transport to the plasma membrane and protein internalization via endocytic sorting. A substantial part of our current knowledge of plant plasma membrane protein sorting is based on studies of PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin transport proteins, which are found at distinct plasma membrane domains and have been implicated in directional efflux of the plant hormone auxin. Here, we discuss the mechanisms involved in establishing such polar protein distributions, focusing on PINs and other key plant plasma membrane proteins, and we highlight the pathways that allow for dynamic adjustments in protein distribution and turnover, which together constitute a versatile framework that underlies the remarkable capabilities of plants to adjust growth and development in their ever-changing environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Luschnig
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, Vienna 1190, Austria
| | - Grégory Vert
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, CNRS UPR 2355, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, Bâtiment 23A, Gif-sur-Yvette 91190, France
| |
Collapse
|