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van Huizen LM, Kuzmin NV, Barbé E, van der Velde S, te Velde EA, Groot ML. Second and third harmonic generation microscopy visualizes key structural components in fresh unprocessed healthy human breast tissue. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2019; 12:e201800297. [PMID: 30684312 PMCID: PMC7065644 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Real-time assessment of excised tissue may help to improve surgical results in breast tumor surgeries. Here, as a step towards this purpose, the potential of second and third harmonic generation (SHG, THG) microscopy is explored. SHG and THG are nonlinear optical microscopic techniques that do not require labeling of tissue to generate 3D images with intrinsic depth-sectioning at sub-cellular resolution. Until now, this technique had been applied on fixated breast tissue or to visualize the stroma only, whereas most tumors start in the lobules and ducts. Here, SHG/THG images of freshly excised unprocessed healthy human tissue are shown to reveal key breast components-lobules, ducts, fat tissue, connective tissue and blood vessels, in good agreement with hematoxylin and eosin histology. DNA staining of fresh unprocessed mouse breast tissue was performed to aid in the identification of cell nuclei in label-free THG images. Furthermore, 2- and 3-photon excited auto-fluorescence images of mouse and human tissue are collected for comparison. The SHG/THG imaging modalities generate high quality images of freshly excised tissue in less than a minute with an information content comparable to that of the gold standard, histopathology. Therefore, SHG/THG microscopy is a promising tool for real-time assessment of excised tissue during surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M.G. van Huizen
- Department of PhysicsLaserLab, Faculty of Science, VU AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Nikolay V. Kuzmin
- Department of PhysicsLaserLab, Faculty of Science, VU AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Ellis Barbé
- Department of PathologyAmsterdam UMC/VU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Susanne van der Velde
- Department of SurgeryAmsterdam UMC/VU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth A. te Velde
- Department of SurgeryAmsterdam UMC/VU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Marie Louise Groot
- Department of PhysicsLaserLab, Faculty of Science, VU AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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52
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Abdeladim L, Matho KS, Clavreul S, Mahou P, Sintes JM, Solinas X, Arganda-Carreras I, Turney SG, Lichtman JW, Chessel A, Bemelmans AP, Loulier K, Supatto W, Livet J, Beaurepaire E. Multicolor multiscale brain imaging with chromatic multiphoton serial microscopy. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1662. [PMID: 30971684 PMCID: PMC6458155 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09552-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-scale microscopy approaches are transforming brain imaging, but currently lack efficient multicolor contrast modalities. We introduce chromatic multiphoton serial (ChroMS) microscopy, a method integrating one-shot multicolor multiphoton excitation through wavelength mixing and serial block-face image acquisition. This approach provides organ-scale micrometric imaging of spectrally distinct fluorescent proteins and label-free nonlinear signals with constant micrometer-scale resolution and sub-micron channel registration over the entire imaged volume. We demonstrate tridimensional (3D) multicolor imaging over several cubic millimeters as well as brain-wide serial 2D multichannel imaging. We illustrate the strengths of this method through color-based 3D analysis of astrocyte morphology and contacts in the mouse cerebral cortex, tracing of individual pyramidal neurons within densely Brainbow-labeled tissue, and multiplexed whole-brain mapping of axonal projections labeled with spectrally distinct tracers. ChroMS will be an asset for multiscale and system-level studies in neuroscience and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamiae Abdeladim
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, Ecole polytechnique, CNRS, INSERM, IP Paris, Palaiseau, 91128, France
| | - Katherine S Matho
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, Ecole polytechnique, CNRS, INSERM, IP Paris, Palaiseau, 91128, France
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, Paris, 75012, France
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, 11724, NY, USA
| | - Solène Clavreul
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, Paris, 75012, France
| | - Pierre Mahou
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, Ecole polytechnique, CNRS, INSERM, IP Paris, Palaiseau, 91128, France
| | - Jean-Marc Sintes
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, Ecole polytechnique, CNRS, INSERM, IP Paris, Palaiseau, 91128, France
| | - Xavier Solinas
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, Ecole polytechnique, CNRS, INSERM, IP Paris, Palaiseau, 91128, France
| | - Ignacio Arganda-Carreras
- Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of the Basque Country, San Sebastian, 20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48013, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), San Sebastian, 20018, Spain
| | - Stephen G Turney
- Center for Brain Science and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, 02138, MA, USA
| | - Jeff W Lichtman
- Center for Brain Science and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, 02138, MA, USA
| | - Anatole Chessel
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, Ecole polytechnique, CNRS, INSERM, IP Paris, Palaiseau, 91128, France
| | - Alexis-Pierre Bemelmans
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Molecular Imaging Research Center, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Fontenay-aux-Roses, 92265, France
| | - Karine Loulier
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, Paris, 75012, France
| | - Willy Supatto
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, Ecole polytechnique, CNRS, INSERM, IP Paris, Palaiseau, 91128, France
| | - Jean Livet
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, Paris, 75012, France.
| | - Emmanuel Beaurepaire
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, Ecole polytechnique, CNRS, INSERM, IP Paris, Palaiseau, 91128, France.
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53
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Wang K, Du Y, Liu H, Gan M, Tong S, Wen W, Zhuang Z, Qiu P. Visualizing the "sandwich" structure of osteocytes in their native environment deep in bone in vivo. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2019; 12:e201800360. [PMID: 30421510 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Osteocytes are the most abundant cells in bone and always the focus of bone research. They are embedded in the highly scattering mineralized bone matrix. Consequently, visualizing osteocytes deep in bone with subcellular resolution poses a major challenge for in vivo bone research. Here we overcome this challenge by demonstrating 3-photon imaging of osteocytes through the intact mouse skull in vivo. Through broadband transmittance characterization, we establish that the excitation at the 1700-nm window enables the highest optical transmittance through the skull. Using label-free third-harmonic generation (THG) imaging excited at this window, we visualize osteocytes through the whole 140-μm mouse skull and 155 μm into the brain in vivo. By developing selective labeling technique for the interstitial space, we visualize the "sandwich" structure of osteocytes in their native environment. Our work provides novel imaging methodology for bone research in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yu Du
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongji Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mengyao Gan
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shen Tong
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenhui Wen
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ziwei Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ping Qiu
- College of Physics and Energy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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54
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Peti-Peterdi J. A practical new way to measure kidney fibrosis. Kidney Int 2019; 90:941-942. [PMID: 27742198 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Proper histological measurement of kidney fibrosis is essentially important in both clinical pathology and basic research using animal models of chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, standard histology techniques and their blind evaluation are cumbersome. Ranjit et al. applied an advanced optical microscopy technique for hassle-free, unbiased, and highly sensitive characterization of kidney fibrosis and tested it in a classic model of chronic kidney disease in mice. This commentary emphasizes the advantages and future promise of this new approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- János Peti-Peterdi
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, and Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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55
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Virtual histological staining of unlabelled tissue-autofluorescence images via deep learning. Nat Biomed Eng 2019; 3:466-477. [PMID: 31142829 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-019-0362-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The histological analysis of tissue samples, widely used for disease diagnosis, involves lengthy and laborious tissue preparation. Here, we show that a convolutional neural network trained using a generative adversarial-network model can transform wide-field autofluorescence images of unlabelled tissue sections into images that are equivalent to the bright-field images of histologically stained versions of the same samples. A blind comparison, by board-certified pathologists, of this virtual staining method and standard histological staining using microscopic images of human tissue sections of the salivary gland, thyroid, kidney, liver and lung, and involving different types of stain, showed no major discordances. The virtual-staining method bypasses the typically labour-intensive and costly histological staining procedures, and could be used as a blueprint for the virtual staining of tissue images acquired with other label-free imaging modalities.
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56
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Zhuang Z, He C, Du Y, Wen W, Zhang G, Zhao Y, Tao M, Hu Z, Wang K, Qiu P. Refractive index and pulse broadening characterization using oil immersion and its influence on three-photon microscopy excited at the 1700-nm window. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2019; 12:e201800263. [PMID: 30239164 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Three-photon microscopy excited at the 1700-nm window enables deep-tissue penetration. However, the refractive indices of commonly used immersion oils, and the resultant pulse broadening are not known, preventing imaging optimization. Here, we demonstrate detailed characterization of the refractive index, pulse broadening and distortion for excitation pulses at this window for commonly used immersion oils. On the physical side, we uncover that absorption, rather than material dispersion, is the main cause of pulse broadening and distortion. On the application side, comparative three-photon imaging results indicate that 1600-nm excitation yields 5 times higher three-photon signal than 1690-nm excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chen He
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yu Du
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenhui Wen
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guoling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yaqian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ming Tao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Marine Algal Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhangli Hu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Marine Algal Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ping Qiu
- College of Physics and Energy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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57
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Chung HY, Greinert R, Kärtner FX, Chang G. Multimodal imaging platform for optical virtual skin biopsy enabled by a fiber-based two-color ultrafast laser source. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:514-525. [PMID: 30800496 PMCID: PMC6377886 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.000514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate multimodal label-free nonlinear optical microscopy in human skin enabled by a fiber-based two-color ultrafast source. Energetic femtosecond pulses at 775 nm and 1250 nm are simultaneously generated by an Er-fiber laser source employing frequency doubling and self-phase modulation enabled spectral selection. The integrated nonlinear optical microscope driven by such a two-color femtosecond source enables the excitation of endogenous two-photon excitation fluorescence, second-harmonic generation, and third-harmonic generation in human skin. Such a 3-channel imaging platform constitutes a powerful tool for clinical application and optical virtual skin biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Yu Chung
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Physics Department, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Franz X Kärtner
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Physics Department, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Guoqing Chang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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58
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Zhang Z, Groot ML, de Munck JC. Tensor regularized total variation for denoising of third harmonic generation images of brain tumors. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2019; 12:e201800129. [PMID: 29959831 PMCID: PMC7065612 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Third harmonic generation (THG) microscopy shows great potential for instant pathology of brain tissue during surgery. However, the rich morphologies contained and the noise associated makes image restoration, necessary for quantification of the THG images, challenging. Anisotropic diffusion filtering (ADF) has been recently applied to restore THG images of normal brain, but ADF is hard-to-code, time-consuming and only reconstructs salient edges. This work overcomes these drawbacks by expressing ADF as a tensor regularized total variation model, which uses the Huber penalty and the L1 norm for tensor regularization and fidelity measurement, respectively. The diffusion tensor is constructed from the structure tensor of ADF yet the tensor decomposition is performed only in the non-flat areas. The resulting model is solved by an efficient and easy-to-code primal-dual algorithm. Tests on THG brain tumor images show that the proposed model has comparable denoising performance as ADF while it much better restores weak edges and it is up to 60% more time efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqing Zhang
- LaserLab Amsterdam, Department of Physics, Faculty of SciencesVU UniversityAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear MedicineVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Amsterdam NeuroscienceVU UniversityAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Marie L. Groot
- LaserLab Amsterdam, Department of Physics, Faculty of SciencesVU UniversityAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Amsterdam NeuroscienceVU UniversityAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jan C. de Munck
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear MedicineVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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59
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Xia F, Wu C, Sinefeld D, Li B, Qin Y, Xu C. In vivo label-free confocal imaging of the deep mouse brain with long-wavelength illumination. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:6545-6555. [PMID: 31065448 PMCID: PMC6490975 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.006545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Optical microscopy is a valuable tool for in vivo monitoring of biological structures and functions because of its non-invasiveness. However, imaging deep into biological tissues is challenging due to the scattering and absorption of light. Previous research has shown that 1300 nm and 1700 nm are the two best wavelength windows for deep brain imaging. Here, we combined long-wavelength illumination of ~1700 nm with reflectance confocal microscopy and achieved an imaging depth of ~1.3 mm with ~1-micrometer spatial resolution in adult mouse brains, which is 3-4 times deeper than that of conventional confocal microscopy using visible wavelength. We showed that the method can be added to any laser-scanning microscopy with simple and low-cost sources and detectors, such as continuous-wave diode lasers and InGaAs photodiodes. The long-wavelength, reflectance confocal imaging we demonstrated is label-free, and requires low illumination power. Furthermore, the imaging system is simple and low-cost, potentially creating new opportunities for biomedical research and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xia
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Chunyan Wu
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - David Sinefeld
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Bo Li
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Yifan Qin
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Chris Xu
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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60
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Ricard C, Arroyo ED, He CX, Portera-Cailliau C, Lepousez G, Canepari M, Fiole D. Two-photon probes for in vivo multicolor microscopy of the structure and signals of brain cells. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 223:3011-3043. [PMID: 29748872 PMCID: PMC6119111 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-018-1678-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Imaging the brain of living laboratory animals at a microscopic scale can be achieved by two-photon microscopy thanks to the high penetrability and low phototoxicity of the excitation wavelengths used. However, knowledge of the two-photon spectral properties of the myriad fluorescent probes is generally scarce and, for many, non-existent. In addition, the use of different measurement units in published reports further hinders the design of a comprehensive imaging experiment. In this review, we compile and homogenize the two-photon spectral properties of 280 fluorescent probes. We provide practical data, including the wavelengths for optimal two-photon excitation, the peak values of two-photon action cross section or molecular brightness, and the emission ranges. Beyond the spectroscopic description of these fluorophores, we discuss their binding to biological targets. This specificity allows in vivo imaging of cells, their processes, and even organelles and other subcellular structures in the brain. In addition to probes that monitor endogenous cell metabolism, studies of healthy and diseased brain benefit from the specific binding of certain probes to pathology-specific features, ranging from amyloid-β plaques to the autofluorescence of certain antibiotics. A special focus is placed on functional in vivo imaging using two-photon probes that sense specific ions or membrane potential, and that may be combined with optogenetic actuators. Being closely linked to their use, we examine the different routes of intravital delivery of these fluorescent probes according to the target. Finally, we discuss different approaches, strategies, and prerequisites for two-photon multicolor experiments in the brains of living laboratory animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Ricard
- Brain Physiology Laboratory, CNRS UMR 8118, 75006, Paris, France
- Faculté de Sciences Fondamentales et Biomédicales, Université Paris Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006, Paris, France
- Fédération de Recherche en Neurosciences FR 3636, Paris, 75006, France
| | - Erica D Arroyo
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Cynthia X He
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Carlos Portera-Cailliau
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Gabriel Lepousez
- Unité Perception et Mémoire, Département de Neuroscience, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Marco Canepari
- Laboratory for Interdisciplinary Physics, UMR 5588 CNRS and Université Grenoble Alpes, 38402, Saint Martin d'Hères, France
- Laboratories of Excellence, Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Grenoble, France
- Institut National de la Santé et Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Grenoble, France
| | - Daniel Fiole
- Unité Biothérapies anti-Infectieuses et Immunité, Département des Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, BP 73, 91223, Brétigny-sur-Orge cedex, France.
- Human Histopathology and Animal Models, Infection and Epidemiology Department, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du docteur Roux, 75725, Paris Cedex 15, France.
- ESRF-The European Synchrotron, 38043, Grenoble cedex, France.
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61
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Galiñanes GL, Marchand PJ, Turcotte R, Pellat S, Ji N, Huber D. Optical alignment device for two-photon microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:3624-3639. [PMID: 30338144 PMCID: PMC6191613 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.003624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Two-photon excitation fluorescence microscopy has revolutionized our understanding of brain structure and function through the high resolution and large penetration depth it offers. Investigating neural structures in vivo requires gaining optical access to the brain, which is typically achieved by replacing a part of the skull with one or several layers of cover glass windows. To compensate for the spherical aberrations caused by the presence of these layers of glass, collar-correction objectives are typically used. However, the efficiency of this correction has been shown to depend significantly on the tilt angle between the glass window surface and the optical axis of the imaging system. Here, we first expand these observations and characterize the effect of the tilt angle on the collected fluorescence signal with thicker windows (double cover slide) and compare these results with an objective devoid of collar-correction. Second, we present a simple optical alignment device designed to rapidly minimize the tilt angle in vivo and align the optical axis of the microscope perpendicularly to the glass window to an angle below 0.25°, thereby significantly improving the imaging quality. Finally, we describe a tilt-correction procedure for users in an in vivo setting, enabling the accurate alignment with a resolution of <0.2° in only few iterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio L. Galiñanes
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Rue Michel Servet 1, 1206 Geneva,
Switzerland
| | - Paul J. Marchand
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Rue Michel Servet 1, 1206 Geneva,
Switzerland
| | - Raphaël Turcotte
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147,
USA
- Current address: Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT,
UK
| | - Sebastien Pellat
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Rue Michel Servet 1, 1206 Geneva,
Switzerland
| | - Na Ji
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147,
USA
- Current address: Department of Physics, Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA
| | - Daniel Huber
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Rue Michel Servet 1, 1206 Geneva,
Switzerland
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62
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Li Y, Liu TM. Discovering Macrophage Functions Using In Vivo Optical Imaging Techniques. Front Immunol 2018; 9:502. [PMID: 29599778 PMCID: PMC5863475 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are an important component of host defense and inflammation and play a pivotal role in immune regulation, tissue remodeling, and metabolic regulation. Since macrophages are ubiquitous in human bodies and have versatile physiological functions, they are involved in virtually every disease, including cancer, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and atherosclerosis. Molecular biological and histological methods have provided critical information on macrophage biology. However, many in vivo dynamic behaviors of macrophages are poorly understood and yet to be discovered. A better understanding of macrophage functions and dynamics in pathogenesis will open new opportunities for better diagnosis, prognostic assessment, and therapeutic intervention. In this article, we will review the advances in macrophage tracking and analysis with in vivo optical imaging in the context of different diseases. Moreover, this review will cover the challenges and solutions for optical imaging techniques during macrophage intravital imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Tzu-Ming Liu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
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63
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Zhang Z, Kuzmin NV, Groot ML, de Munck JC. Quantitative comparison of 3D third harmonic generation and fluorescence microscopy images. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2018; 11:e201600256. [PMID: 28464543 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201600256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Third harmonic generation (THG) microscopy is a label-free imaging technique that shows great potential for rapid pathology of brain tissue during brain tumor surgery. However, the interpretation of THG brain images should be quantitatively linked to images of more standard imaging techniques, which so far has been done qualitatively only. We establish here such a quantitative link between THG images of mouse brain tissue and all-nuclei-highlighted fluorescence images, acquired simultaneously from the same tissue area. For quantitative comparison of a substantial pair of images, we present here a segmentation workflow that is applicable for both THG and fluorescence images, with a precision of 91.3 % and 95.8 % achieved respectively. We find that the correspondence between the main features of the two imaging modalities amounts to 88.9 %, providing quantitative evidence of the interpretation of dark holes as brain cells. Moreover, 80 % bright objects in THG images overlap with nuclei highlighted in the fluorescence images, and they are 2 times smaller than the dark holes, showing that cells of different morphologies can be recognized in THG images. We expect that the described quantitative comparison is applicable to other types of brain tissue and with more specific staining experiments for cell type identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqing Zhang
- LaserLab Amsterdam, Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, VU University, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Physics and Medical Technology department, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nikolay V Kuzmin
- LaserLab Amsterdam, Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, VU University, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marie Louise Groot
- LaserLab Amsterdam, Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, VU University, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C de Munck
- Physics and Medical Technology department, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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64
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Owyong M, Hosseini-Nassab N, Efe G, Honkala A, van den Bijgaart RJE, Plaks V, Smith BR. Cancer Immunotherapy Getting Brainy: Visualizing the Distinctive CNS Metastatic Niche to Illuminate Therapeutic Resistance. Drug Resist Updat 2017; 33-35:23-35. [PMID: 29145972 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The advent of cancer immunotherapy (CIT) and its success in treating primary and metastatic cancer may offer substantially improved outcomes for patients. Despite recent advancements, many malignancies remain resistant to CIT, among which are brain metastases, a particularly virulent disease with no apparent cure. The immunologically unique niche of the brain has prompted compelling new questions in immuno-oncology such as the effects of tissue-specific differences in immune response, heterogeneity between primary tumors and distant metastases, and the role of spatiotemporal dynamics in shaping an effective anti-tumor immune response. Current methods to examine the immunobiology of metastases in the brain are constrained by tissue processing methods that limit spatial data collection, omit dynamic information, and cannot recapitulate the heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment. In the current review, we describe how high-resolution, live imaging tools, particularly intravital microscopy (IVM), are instrumental in answering these questions. IVM of pre-clinical cancer models enables short- and long-term observations of critical immunobiology and metastatic growth phenomena to potentially generate revolutionary insights into the spatiotemporal dynamics of brain metastasis, interactions of CIT with immune elements therein, and influence of chemo- and radiotherapy. We describe the utility of IVM to study brain metastasis in mice by tracking the migration and growth of fluorescently-labeled cells, including cancer cells and immune subsets, while monitoring the physical environment within optical windows using imaging dyes and other signal generation mechanisms to illuminate angiogenesis, hypoxia, and/or CIT drug expression within the metastatic niche. Our review summarizes the current knowledge regarding brain metastases and the immune milieu, presents the current status of CIT and its prospects in targeting brain metastases to circumvent therapeutic resistance, and proposes avenues to utilize IVM to study CIT drug delivery and therapeutic efficacy in preclinical models that will ultimately facilitate novel drug discovery and innovative combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Owyong
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0452, USA
| | | | - Gizem Efe
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0452, USA
| | - Alexander Honkala
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94306, USA
| | - Renske J E van den Bijgaart
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiotherapy and Oncoimmunology Laboratory, Radboudumc, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 32, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Vicki Plaks
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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65
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Genthial R, Beaurepaire E, Schanne-Klein MC, Peyrin F, Farlay D, Olivier C, Bala Y, Boivin G, Vial JC, Débarre D, Gourrier A. Label-free imaging of bone multiscale porosity and interfaces using third-harmonic generation microscopy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3419. [PMID: 28611441 PMCID: PMC5469828 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03548-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Interfaces provide the structural basis of essential bone functions. In the hierarchical structure of bone tissue, heterogeneities such as porosity or boundaries are found at scales ranging from nanometers to millimeters, all of which contributing to macroscopic properties. To date, however, the complexity or limitations of currently used imaging methods restrict our understanding of this functional integration. Here we address this issue using label-free third-harmonic generation (THG) microscopy. We find that the porous lacuno-canalicular network (LCN), revealing the geometry of osteocytes in the bone matrix, can be directly visualized in 3D with submicron precision over millimetric fields of view compatible with histology. THG also reveals interfaces delineating volumes formed at successive remodeling stages. Finally, we show that the structure of the LCN can be analyzed in relation with that of the extracellular matrix and larger-scale structures by simultaneously recording THG and second-harmonic generation (SHG) signals relating to the collagen organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Genthial
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, LIPHY, F-38000, Grenoble, France.,CNRS, LIPHY, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Emmanuel Beaurepaire
- LOB, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Inserm, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91120, Palaiseau, France
| | | | - Françoise Peyrin
- Université de Lyon, CREATIS, CNRS UMR5220, Inserm U1206, INSA-Lyon, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, France.,ESRF, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Delphine Farlay
- INSERM, UMR 1033, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69008, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, F-69008, Lyon, France
| | - Cécile Olivier
- Université de Lyon, CREATIS, CNRS UMR5220, Inserm U1206, INSA-Lyon, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, France.,ESRF, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Yohann Bala
- INSERM, UMR 1033, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69008, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, F-69008, Lyon, France
| | - Georges Boivin
- INSERM, UMR 1033, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69008, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, F-69008, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Claude Vial
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, LIPHY, F-38000, Grenoble, France.,CNRS, LIPHY, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Delphine Débarre
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, LIPHY, F-38000, Grenoble, France. .,CNRS, LIPHY, F-38000, Grenoble, France.
| | - Aurélien Gourrier
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, LIPHY, F-38000, Grenoble, France.,CNRS, LIPHY, F-38000, Grenoble, France
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66
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Galli R, Uckermann O, Temme A, Leipnitz E, Meinhardt M, Koch E, Schackert G, Steiner G, Kirsch M. Assessing the efficacy of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy for the detection of infiltrating glioblastoma in fresh brain samples. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2017; 10:404-414. [PMID: 27854107 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201500323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy is an emerging technique for identification of brain tumors. However, tumor identification by CARS microscopy on bulk samples and in vivo has been so far verified retrospectively on histological sections, which only provide a gross reference for the interpretation of CARS images without matching at cellular level. Therefore, fluorescent labels were exploited for direct assessment of the interpretation of CARS images of solid and infiltrative tumors. Glioblastoma cells expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) were used for induction of tumors in mice (n = 7). The neoplastic nature of cells imaged by CARS microscopy was unequivocally verified by addressing two-photon fluorescence of GFP on fresh brain slices and in vivo. In fresh unfixed biopsies of human glioblastoma (n = 10), the fluorescence of 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced protoporphyrin IX was used for identification of tumorous tissue. Distinctive morphological features of glioblastoma cells, i.e. larger nuclei, evident nuclear membrane and nucleolus, were identified in the CARS images of both mouse and human brain tumors. This approach demonstrates that the chemical contrast provided by CARS allows the localization of infiltrating tumor cells in fresh tissue and that the cell morphology in CARS images is useful for tumor recognition. Experimental glioblastoma expressing green fluorescent protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Galli
- Clinical Sensoring and Monitoring, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ortrud Uckermann
- Neurosurgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74,, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Achim Temme
- Neurosurgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74,, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Elke Leipnitz
- Neurosurgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74,, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthias Meinhardt
- Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Edmund Koch
- Clinical Sensoring and Monitoring, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gabriele Schackert
- Neurosurgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74,, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gerald Steiner
- Clinical Sensoring and Monitoring, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Physics, dept. of General Physics and Spectroscopy, Vilnius University, Sauletekio av. 9 bl. 3, 10222, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Matthias Kirsch
- Neurosurgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74,, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- CRTD/DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden - Cluster of Excellence, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 105, 01307, Dresden, Germany
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67
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Huang JY, Guo LZ, Wang JZ, Li TC, Lee HJ, Chiu PK, Peng LH, Liu TM. Fiber-based 1150-nm femtosecond laser source for the minimally invasive harmonic generation microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:36008. [PMID: 28271123 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.3.036008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Harmonic generation microscopy (HGM) has become one unique tool of optical virtual biopsy for the diagnosis of cancer and the in vivo cytometry of leukocytes. Without labeling, HGM can reveal the submicron features of tissues and cells in vivo. For deep imaging depth and minimal invasiveness, people commonly adopt 1100- to 1300-nm femtosecond laser sources. However, those lasers are typically based on bulky oscillators whose performances are sensitive to environmental conditions. We demonstrate a fiber-based 1150-nm femtosecond laser source, with 6.5-nJ pulse energy, 86-fs pulse width, and 11.25-MHz pulse repetition rate. It was obtained by a bismuth borate or magnesium-doped periodically poled lithium niobate (MgO:PPLN) mediated frequency doubling of the 2300-nm solitons, generated from an excitation of 1550-nm femtosecond pulses on a large mode area photonic crystal fiber. Combined with a home-built laser scanned microscope and a tailor-made frame grabber, we achieve a pulse-per-pixel HGM imaging in vivo at a 30-Hz frame rate. This integrated solution has the potential to be developed as a stable HGM system for routine clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yu Huang
- National Taiwan University, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lun-Zhang Guo
- National Taiwan University, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Zun Wang
- National Taiwan University, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tse-Chung Li
- National Taiwan University, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Jung Lee
- National Taiwan University, Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Kai Chiu
- Instrument Technology Research Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Lung-Han Peng
- National Taiwan University, Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ming Liu
- National Taiwan University, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei, TaiwandUniversity of Macau, Faculty of Health Sciences, Taipa, Macao SAR, ChinaeNational Taiwan University, Molecular Imaging Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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68
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Label-free, multi-scale imaging of ex-vivo mouse brain using spatial light interference microscopy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39667. [PMID: 28009019 PMCID: PMC5180101 DOI: 10.1038/srep39667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain connectivity spans over broad spatial scales, from nanometers to centimeters. In order to understand the brain at multi-scale, the neural network in wide-field has been visualized in detail by taking advantage of light microscopy. However, the process of staining or addition of fluorescent tags is commonly required, and the image contrast is insufficient for delineation of cytoarchitecture. To overcome this barrier, we use spatial light interference microscopy to investigate brain structure with high-resolution, sub-nanometer pathlength sensitivity without the use of exogenous contrast agents. Combining wide-field imaging and a mosaic algorithm developed in-house, we show the detailed architecture of cells and myelin, within coronal olfactory bulb and cortical sections, and from sagittal sections of the hippocampus and cerebellum. Our technique is well suited to identify laminar characteristics of fiber tract orientation within white matter, e.g. the corpus callosum. To further improve the macro-scale contrast of anatomical structures, and to better differentiate axons and dendrites from cell bodies, we mapped the tissue in terms of its scattering property. Based on our results, we anticipate that spatial light interference microscopy can potentially provide multiscale and multicontrast perspectives of gross and microscopic brain anatomy.
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69
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Palikaras K, Mari M, Petanidou B, Pasparaki A, Filippidis G, Tavernarakis N. Ectopic fat deposition contributes to age-associated pathology in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Lipid Res 2016; 58:72-80. [PMID: 27884963 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m069385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-dependent collapse of lipid homeostasis results in spillover of lipids and excessive fat deposition in nonadipose tissues. Ectopic fat contributes to lipotoxicity and has been implicated in the development of a metabolic syndrome that increases risk of age-associated diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms coupling ectopic fat accumulation with aging remain obscure. Here, we use nonlinear imaging modalities to visualize and quantify age-dependent ectopic lipid accumulation in Caenorhabditis elegans We find that aging is accompanied by pronounced deposition of lipids in nonadipose tissues, including the nervous system. Importantly, interventions that promote longevity such as low insulin signaling, germ-line loss, and dietary restriction, which effectively delay aging in evolutionary divergent organisms, diminish the rate of ectopic fat accumulation and the size of lipid droplets. Suppression of lipotoxic accumulation of fat in heterologous tissues is dependent on helix-loop-helix (HLH)-30/transcription factor EB (TFEB) and autophagy. Our findings in their totality highlight the pivotal role of HLH-30/TFEB and autophagic processes in the maintenance of lipid homeostasis during aging, in addition to establishing nonlinear imaging as a powerful tool for monitoring ectopic lipid droplet deposition in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Palikaras
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Foundation for Research and Technology, Heraklion 71110, Crete, Greece
| | - Meropi Mari
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Foundation for Research and Technology, Heraklion 71110, Crete, Greece
| | - Barbara Petanidou
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology, Heraklion 71110, Crete, Greece.,Physics Department University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Crete, Greece
| | - Angela Pasparaki
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Foundation for Research and Technology, Heraklion 71110, Crete, Greece
| | - George Filippidis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology, Heraklion 71110, Crete, Greece
| | - Nektarios Tavernarakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Foundation for Research and Technology, Heraklion 71110, Crete, Greece .,Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Crete, Greece
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70
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Soloperto A, Bisio M, Palazzolo G, Chiappalone M, Bonifazi P, Difato F. Modulation of Neural Network Activity through Single Cell Ablation: An in Vitro Model of Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery. Molecules 2016; 21:E1018. [PMID: 27527143 PMCID: PMC6274492 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21081018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The technological advancement of optical approaches, and the growth of their applications in neuroscience, has allowed investigations of the physio-pathology of neural networks at a single cell level. Therefore, better understanding the role of single neurons in the onset and progression of neurodegenerative conditions has resulted in a strong demand for surgical tools operating with single cell resolution. Optical systems already provide subcellular resolution to monitor and manipulate living tissues, and thus allow understanding the potentiality of surgery actuated at single cell level. In the present work, we report an in vitro experimental model of minimally invasive surgery applied on neuronal cultures expressing a genetically encoded calcium sensor. The experimental protocol entails the continuous monitoring of the network activity before and after the ablation of a single neuron, to provide a robust evaluation of the induced changes in the network activity. We report that in subpopulations of about 1000 neurons, even the ablation of a single unit produces a reduction of the overall network activity. The reported protocol represents a simple and cost effective model to study the efficacy of single-cell surgery, and it could represent a test-bed to study surgical procedures circumventing the abrupt and complete tissue removal in pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Soloperto
- Neuroscience and Brain Technologies Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, Italy.
| | - Marta Bisio
- Neuroscience and Brain Technologies Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, Italy.
| | - Gemma Palazzolo
- Neuroscience and Brain Technologies Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, Italy.
| | - Michela Chiappalone
- Neuroscience and Brain Technologies Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, Italy.
| | - Paolo Bonifazi
- Biocruces Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo 48903, Spain.
| | - Francesco Difato
- Neuroscience and Brain Technologies Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, Italy.
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71
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Gervois P, Wolfs E, Ratajczak J, Dillen Y, Vangansewinkel T, Hilkens P, Bronckaers A, Lambrichts I, Struys T. Stem Cell-Based Therapies for Ischemic Stroke: Preclinical Results and the Potential of Imaging-Assisted Evaluation of Donor Cell Fate and Mechanisms of Brain Regeneration. Med Res Rev 2016; 36:1080-1126. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Gervois
- Morphology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University; Campus Diepenbeek; Bioville Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Esther Wolfs
- Morphology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University; Campus Diepenbeek; Bioville Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Jessica Ratajczak
- Morphology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University; Campus Diepenbeek; Bioville Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Yörg Dillen
- Morphology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University; Campus Diepenbeek; Bioville Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Tim Vangansewinkel
- Morphology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University; Campus Diepenbeek; Bioville Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Petra Hilkens
- Morphology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University; Campus Diepenbeek; Bioville Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Annelies Bronckaers
- Morphology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University; Campus Diepenbeek; Bioville Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Ivo Lambrichts
- Morphology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University; Campus Diepenbeek; Bioville Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Tom Struys
- Morphology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University; Campus Diepenbeek; Bioville Diepenbeek Belgium
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72
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Harpel K, Baker RD, Amirsolaimani B, Mehravar S, Vagner J, Matsunaga TO, Banerjee B, Kieu K. Imaging of targeted lipid microbubbles to detect cancer cells using third harmonic generation microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:2849-60. [PMID: 27446711 PMCID: PMC4948635 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.002849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The use of receptor-targeted lipid microbubbles imaged by ultrasound is an innovative method of detecting and localizing disease. However, since ultrasound requires a medium between the transducer and the object being imaged, it is impractical to apply to an exposed surface in a surgical setting where sterile fields need be maintained and ultrasound gel may cause the bubbles to collapse. Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) is an emerging tool for accurate, label-free imaging of tissues and cells with high resolution and contrast. We have recently determined a novel application of MPM to be used for detecting targeted microbubble adherence to the upregulated plectin-receptor on pancreatic tumor cells. Specifically, the third-harmonic generation response can be used to detect bound microbubbles to various cell types presenting MPM as an alternative and useful imaging method. This is an interesting technique that can potentially be translated as a diagnostic tool for the early detection of cancer and inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin Harpel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, 1127 E. James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, USA
- Department of Medical Imaging, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, 1609 N. Warren Ave., Tucson, Arizona, 85719, USA
| | - Robert Dawson Baker
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, 1603 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Babak Amirsolaimani
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, 1603 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Soroush Mehravar
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, 1603 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Josef Vagner
- Ligand Discovery Laboratory, BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, 1657 E. Helen Street, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Terry O. Matsunaga
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, 1127 E. James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, USA
- Department of Medical Imaging, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, 1609 N. Warren Ave., Tucson, Arizona, 85719, USA
| | - Bhaskar Banerjee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, 1127 E. James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, USA
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, 1603 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell, Tucson, Arizona, 85724, USA
| | - Khanh Kieu
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, 1603 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
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73
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Lee W, Kabir MM, Emmadi R, Toussaint KC. Third-harmonic generation imaging of breast tissue biopsies. J Microsc 2016; 264:175-181. [PMID: 27229847 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate for the first time the imaging of unstained breast tissue biopsies using third-harmonic generation (THG) microscopy. As a label-free imaging technique, THG microscopy is compared to phase contrast and polarized light microscopy which are standard imaging methods for breast tissues. A simple feature detection algorithm is applied to detect tumour-associated lymphocyte rich regions in unstained breast biopsy tissue and compared with corresponding regions identified by a pathologist from bright-field images of hematoxylin and eosin stained breast tissue. Our results suggest that THG imaging holds potential as a complementary technique for analysing breast tissue biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woowon Lee
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A
| | - Mohammad M Kabir
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A
| | - Rajyasree Emmadi
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A
| | - Kimani C Toussaint
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A.. .,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and Bioengineering, Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A..
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74
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Kuzmin NV, Wesseling P, Hamer PCDW, Noske DP, Galgano GD, Mansvelder HD, Baayen JC, Groot ML. Third harmonic generation imaging for fast, label-free pathology of human brain tumors. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:1889-904. [PMID: 27231629 PMCID: PMC4871089 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.001889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In brain tumor surgery, recognition of tumor boundaries is key. However, intraoperative assessment of tumor boundaries by the neurosurgeon is difficult. Therefore, there is an urgent need for tools that provide the neurosurgeon with pathological information during the operation. We show that third harmonic generation (THG) microscopy provides label-free, real-time images of histopathological quality; increased cellularity, nuclear pleomorphism, and rarefaction of neuropil in fresh, unstained human brain tissue could be clearly recognized. We further demonstrate THG images taken with a GRIN objective, as a step toward in situ THG microendoscopy of tumor boundaries. THG imaging is thus a promising tool for optical biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. V. Kuzmin
- LaserLab Amsterdam, VU University, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P. Wesseling
- Dept. of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Dept. of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain Tumor Center, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P. C. de Witt Hamer
- Dept. of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain Tumor Center, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D. P. Noske
- Dept. of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain Tumor Center, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G. D. Galgano
- LaserLab Amsterdam, VU University, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H. D. Mansvelder
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J. C. Baayen
- Dept. of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M. L. Groot
- LaserLab Amsterdam, VU University, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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75
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Miyazaki J, Iida T, Tanaka S, Hayashi-Takagi A, Kasai H, Okabe S, Kobayashi T. Fast 3D visualization of endogenous brain signals with high-sensitivity laser scanning photothermal microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:1702-10. [PMID: 27231615 PMCID: PMC4871075 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.001702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A fast, high-sensitivity photothermal microscope was developed by implementing a spatially segmented balanced detection scheme into a laser scanning microscope. We confirmed a 4.9 times improvement in signal-to-noise ratio in the spatially segmented balanced detection compared with that of conventional detection. The system demonstrated simultaneous bi-modal photothermal and confocal fluorescence imaging of transgenic mouse brain tissue with a pixel dwell time of 20 μs. The fluorescence image visualized neurons expressing yellow fluorescence proteins, while the photothermal signal detected endogenous chromophores in the mouse brain, allowing 3D visualization of the distribution of various features such as blood cells and fine structures probably due to lipids. This imaging modality was constructed using compact and cost-effective laser diodes, and will thus be widely useful in the life and medical sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Miyazaki
- Advanced Ultrafast Laser Research Center, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo, 182-8585, Japan
- JST, CREST, K’ Gobancho, 7, Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Tadatsune Iida
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shinji Tanaka
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Akiko Hayashi-Takagi
- Department of Structural Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Haruo Kasai
- JST, CREST, K’ Gobancho, 7, Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
- Department of Structural Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shigeo Okabe
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Kobayashi
- Advanced Ultrafast Laser Research Center, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo, 182-8585, Japan
- JST, CREST, K’ Gobancho, 7, Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
- Department of Electrophysics, National Chiao-Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0971, Japan
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76
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Amato SP, Pan F, Schwartz J, Ragan TM. Whole Brain Imaging with Serial Two-Photon Tomography. Front Neuroanat 2016; 10:31. [PMID: 27047350 PMCID: PMC4802409 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2016.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Imaging entire mouse brains at submicron resolution has historically been a challenging undertaking and largely confined to the province of dedicated atlasing initiatives. This has limited systematic investigations into important areas of neuroscience, such as neural circuits, brain mapping and neurodegeneration. In this article, we describe in detail Serial Two-Photon (STP) tomography, a robust, reliable method for imaging entire brains with histological detail. We provide examples of how the basic methodology can be extended to other imaging modalities, such as Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), in order to provide unique contrast mechanisms. Furthermore, we provide a survey of the research that STP tomography has enabled in the field of neuroscience, provide examples of how this technology enables quantitative whole brain studies, and discuss the current limitations of STP tomography-based approaches.
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77
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Abstract
This article summarizes the past, present, and future promise of multiphoton excitation fluorescence microscopy for intravital kidney imaging. During the past 15years, several high-power visual research approaches have been developed using multiphoton imaging to study the normal functions of the healthy, intact, living kidney, and the various molecular and cellular mechanisms of the development of kidney diseases. In this review, the main focus will be on intravital multiphoton imaging of the glomerulus, the structure and function of the glomerular filtration barrier, especially the podocyte. Examples will be given for the combination of two powerful research tools, in vivo multiphoton imaging and mouse genetics using commercially available whole animal models for the detailed characterization of glomerular cell types, their function and fate, and for the better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of glomerular pathologies. One of the new modalities of multiphoton imaging, serial imaging of the same glomerulus in the same animal over several days will be emphasized for its potential for further advancing the field of nephrology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- János Peti-Peterdi
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, and Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, ZNI355, University of Southern California, 1501 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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78
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Ji M, Lewis S, Camelo-Piragua S, Ramkissoon SH, Snuderl M, Venneti S, Fisher-Hubbard A, Garrard M, Fu D, Wang AC, Heth JA, Maher CO, Sanai N, Johnson TD, Freudiger CW, Sagher O, Xie XS, Orringer DA. Detection of human brain tumor infiltration with quantitative stimulated Raman scattering microscopy. Sci Transl Med 2015; 7:309ra163. [PMID: 26468325 PMCID: PMC4900155 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aab0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Differentiating tumor from normal brain is a major barrier to achieving optimal outcome in brain tumor surgery. New imaging techniques for visualizing tumor margins during surgery are needed to improve surgical results. We recently demonstrated the ability of stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy, a nondestructive, label-free optical method, to reveal glioma infiltration in animal models. We show that SRS reveals human brain tumor infiltration in fresh, unprocessed surgical specimens from 22 neurosurgical patients. SRS detects tumor infiltration in near-perfect agreement with standard hematoxylin and eosin light microscopy (κ = 0.86). The unique chemical contrast specific to SRS microscopy enables tumor detection by revealing quantifiable alterations in tissue cellularity, axonal density, and protein/lipid ratio in tumor-infiltrated tissues. To ensure that SRS microscopic data can be easily used in brain tumor surgery, without the need for expert interpretation, we created a classifier based on cellularity, axonal density, and protein/lipid ratio in SRS images capable of detecting tumor infiltration with 97.5% sensitivity and 98.5% specificity. Quantitative SRS microscopy detects the spread of tumor cells, even in brain tissue surrounding a tumor that appears grossly normal. By accurately revealing tumor infiltration, quantitative SRS microscopy holds potential for improving the accuracy of brain tumor surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minbiao Ji
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Spencer Lewis
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - Shakti H Ramkissoon
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Matija Snuderl
- Department of Pathology, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA. Department of Neurology, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Sriram Venneti
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - Mia Garrard
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Dan Fu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Anthony C Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jason A Heth
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Cormac O Maher
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Nader Sanai
- Barrow Brain Tumor Research Center, Division of Neurosurgical Oncology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Timothy D Johnson
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - Oren Sagher
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Xiaoliang Sunney Xie
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Daniel A Orringer
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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79
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Unleashing Optics and Optoacoustics for Developmental Biology. Trends Biotechnol 2015; 33:679-691. [PMID: 26435161 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The past decade marked an optical revolution in biology: an unprecedented number of optical techniques were developed and adopted for biological exploration, demonstrating increasing interest in optical imaging and in vivo interrogations. Optical methods have become faster and have reached nanoscale resolution, and are now complemented by optoacoustic (photoacoustic) methods capable of imaging whole specimens in vivo. Never before were so many optical imaging barriers broken in such a short time-frame: with new approaches to optical microscopy and mesoscopy came an increased ability to image biology at unprecedented speed, resolution, and depth. This review covers the most relevant techniques for imaging in developmental biology, and offers an outlook on the next steps for these technologies and their applications.
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80
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Cui L, Tokarz D, Cisek R, Ng KK, Wang F, Chen J, Barzda V, Zheng G. Organized Aggregation of Porphyrins in Lipid Bilayers for Third Harmonic Generation Microscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:13928-32. [PMID: 26418395 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201506171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Nonlinear optical microscopy has become a powerful tool for high-resolution imaging of cellular and subcellular composition, morphology, and interactions because of its high spatial resolution, deep penetration, and low photo-damage to tissue. Developing specific harmonic probes is essential for exploiting nonlinear microscopic imaging for biomedical applications. We report an organized aggregate of porphyrins (OAP) that formed within lipidic nanoparticles showing fingerprint spectroscopic properties, structure-associated second harmonic generation, and superradiant third harmonic generation. The OAP facilitated harmonic microscopic imaging of living cells with significantly enhanced contrast. The structure-dependent switch between harmonic (OAP-intact) and fluorescence (OAP-disrupted) generation enabled real-time multi-modality imaging of the cellular fate of nanoparticles. Robustly produced under various conditions and easily incorporated into pre-formed lipid nanovesicles, OAP provides a biocompatible nanoplatform for harmonic imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Cui
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center and Techna Institute, UHN (Canada) http://www.utoronto.ca/zhenglab.,Medical Isotopes Research Center, Peking University (China).,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto (Canada)
| | - Danielle Tokarz
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences and Department of Physics, University of Toronto (Canada)
| | - Richard Cisek
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences and Department of Physics, University of Toronto (Canada)
| | - Kenneth K Ng
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center and Techna Institute, UHN (Canada) http://www.utoronto.ca/zhenglab
| | - Fan Wang
- Medical Isotopes Research Center, Peking University (China)
| | - Juan Chen
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center and Techna Institute, UHN (Canada) http://www.utoronto.ca/zhenglab
| | - Virginijus Barzda
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences and Department of Physics, University of Toronto (Canada)
| | - Gang Zheng
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center and Techna Institute, UHN (Canada) http://www.utoronto.ca/zhenglab. .,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto (Canada).
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81
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Cui L, Tokarz D, Cisek R, Ng KK, Wang F, Chen J, Barzda V, Zheng G. Organized Aggregation of Porphyrins in Lipid Bilayers for Third Harmonic Generation Microscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201506171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Cui
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center and Techna Institute, UHN (Canada) http://www.utoronto.ca/zhenglab
- Medical Isotopes Research Center, Peking University (China)
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto (Canada)
| | - Danielle Tokarz
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences and Department of Physics, University of Toronto (Canada)
| | - Richard Cisek
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences and Department of Physics, University of Toronto (Canada)
| | - Kenneth K. Ng
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center and Techna Institute, UHN (Canada) http://www.utoronto.ca/zhenglab
| | - Fan Wang
- Medical Isotopes Research Center, Peking University (China)
| | - Juan Chen
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center and Techna Institute, UHN (Canada) http://www.utoronto.ca/zhenglab
| | - Virginijus Barzda
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences and Department of Physics, University of Toronto (Canada)
| | - Gang Zheng
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center and Techna Institute, UHN (Canada) http://www.utoronto.ca/zhenglab
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto (Canada)
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82
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Thomas G, van Voskuilen J, Truong H, Gerritsen HC, Sterenborg HJCM. In vivo nonlinear optical imaging to monitor early microscopic changes in a murine cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma model. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2015; 8:668-680. [PMID: 25319484 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201400074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Early detection of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) can enable timely therapeutic and preventive interventions for patients. In this study, in vivo nonlinear optical imaging (NLOI) based on two-photon excitation fluorescence (TPEF) and second harmonic generation (SHG), was used to non-invasively detect microscopic changes occurring in murine skin treated topically with 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA). The optical microscopic findings and the measured TPEF-SHG index show that NLOI was able to clearly detect early cytostructural changes in DMBA treated skin that appeared clinically normal. This suggests that in vivo NLOI could be a non-invasive tool to monitor early signs of cSCC. In vivo axial NLOI scans of normal murine skin (upper left), murine skin with preclinical hyperplasia (upper right), early clinical murine skin lesion (lower left) and late or advanced murine skin lesion (lower right).
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Affiliation(s)
- Giju Thomas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Centre for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Erasmus Medical Centre, Post Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Johan van Voskuilen
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Utrecht University, 3508 TA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hoa Truong
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Utrecht University, 3508 TA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans C Gerritsen
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Utrecht University, 3508 TA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - H J C M Sterenborg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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83
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Trägårdh J, Robb G, Gadalla KKE, Cobb S, Travis C, Oppo GL, McConnell G. Label-free imaging of thick tissue at 1550 nm using a femtosecond optical parametric generator. OPTICS LETTERS 2015; 40:3484-7. [PMID: 26258338 DOI: 10.1364/ol.40.003484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a simple wavelength-tunable optical parametric generator (OPG), emitting broadband ultrashort pulses with peak wavelengths at 1530-1790 nm, for nonlinear label-free microscopy. The OPG consists of a periodically poled lithium niobate crystal, pumped at 1064 nm by a ultrafast Yb:fiber laser with high pulse energy. We demonstrate that this OPG can be used for label-free imaging, by third-harmonic generation, of nuclei of brain cells and blood vessels in a >150 μm thick brain tissue section, with very little decay of intensity with imaging depth and no visible damage to the tissue at an incident average power of 15 mW.
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84
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Nawa Y, Inami W, Lin S, Kawata Y, Terakawa S. High-resolution, label-free imaging of living cells with direct electron-beam-excitation-assisted optical microscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:14561-14568. [PMID: 26072816 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.014561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
High spatial resolution microscope is desired for deep understanding of cellular functions, in order to develop medical technologies. We demonstrate high-resolution imaging of un-labelled organelles in living cells, in which live cells on a 50 nm thick silicon nitride membrane are imaged by autofluorescence excited with a focused electron beam through the membrane. Electron beam excitation enables ultrahigh spatial resolution imaging of organelles, such as mitochondria, nuclei, and various granules. Since the autofluorescence spectra represent molecular species, this microscopy allows fast and detailed investigations of cellular status in living cells.
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85
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Masihzadeh O, Lei TC, Domingue SR, Kahook MY, Bartels RA, Ammar DA. Third harmonic generation microscopy of a mouse retina. Mol Vis 2015; 21:538-47. [PMID: 25999681 PMCID: PMC4440497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To demonstrate lipid-specific imaging of the retina through the use of third harmonic generation (THG), a multiphoton microscopic technique in which tissue contrast is generated from optical inhomogeneities. METHODS A custom fiber laser and multiphoton microscope was constructed and optimized for simultaneous two-photon autofluorescence (TPAF) and THG retinal imaging. Imaging was performed using fixed-frozen sections of mouse eyes without the use of exogenous fluorescent dyes. In parallel experiments, a fluorescent nuclear stain was used to verify the location of the retinal cell nuclei. RESULTS Simultaneous THG and TPAF images revealed all retinal layers with subcellular resolution. In BALB/c strains, the THG signal stems from the lipidic organelles of the cellular and nuclear membranes. In the C57BL/6 strain, the THG signal from the RPE cells originates from the pigmented granules. CONCLUSIONS THG microscopy can be used to image structures of the mouse retina using contrast inherent to the tissue and without the use of a fluorescent dye or exogenously expressed recombinant protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Masihzadeh
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO
| | - Tim C. Lei
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO
| | - Scott R. Domingue
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Malik Y. Kahook
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO
| | - Randy A. Bartels
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - David A. Ammar
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO
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86
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Mari M, Filippidis G, Palikaras K, Petanidou B, Fotakis C, Tavernarakis N. Imaging ectopic fat deposition in Caenorhabditis elegans muscles using nonlinear microscopy. Microsc Res Tech 2015; 78:523-8. [PMID: 25900261 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The elucidation of the molecular mechanisms that lead to the development of metabolic syndrome, a complex of pathological conditions including type-2 diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases, is an important issue with high biological significance and requires accurate methods capable of monitoring lipid storage distribution and dynamics in vivo. In this study, the nonlinear phenomena of second and third harmonic generation (SHG, THG) have been employed simultaneously as label-free, nondestructive diagnostic techniques, for the monitoring and the complementary three-dimensional (3D) imaging and analysis of the muscular areas and the lipid content localization. THG microscopy was used as a quantitative tool in order to record the accumulation of lipids in nonadipose tissues in the pharyngeal muscles of 18 Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) specimens, while the SHG imaging provided the detailed anatomical information about the structure of the muscles. The ectopic accumulation of fat on the pharyngeal muscles increases in wild-type (N2) C. elegans between 1 and 9 days of adulthood. This suggests a correlation of ectopic fat accumulation with the process of aging. Our results can contribute to the unraveling of the link between the deposition of ectopic fat and aging, but mainly to the validation of SHG and THG microscopy modalities as new, noninvasive tools to localize and quantify selectively lipid formation and distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meropi Mari
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology, Heraklion, Crete, 71110, Greece.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology, Heraklion, Crete, 71110, Greece
| | - George Filippidis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology, Heraklion, Crete, 71110, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Palikaras
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology, Heraklion, Crete, 71110, Greece
| | - Barbara Petanidou
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology, Heraklion, Crete, 71110, Greece.,Physics Department, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, 71003, Greece
| | - Costas Fotakis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology, Heraklion, Crete, 71110, Greece.,Physics Department, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, 71003, Greece
| | - Nektarios Tavernarakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology, Heraklion, Crete, 71110, Greece.,Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, 71003, Greece
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87
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Schie IW, Krafft C, Popp J. Applications of coherent Raman scattering microscopies to clinical and biological studies. Analyst 2015; 140:3897-909. [PMID: 25811305 DOI: 10.1039/c5an00178a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy are two nonlinear optical imaging modalities that are at the frontier of label-free and chemical specific biological and clinical diagnostics. The applications of coherent Raman scattering (CRS) microscopies are multifold, ranging from investigation of basic aspects of cell biology to the label-free detection of pathologies. This review summarizes recent progress of biological and clinical applications of CRS between 2008 and 2014, covering applications such as lipid droplet research, single cell analysis, tissue imaging and multiphoton histopathology of atherosclerosis, myelin sheaths, skin, hair, pharmaceutics, and cancer and surgical margin detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwan W Schie
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany.
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88
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Novel in vivo techniques to visualize kidney anatomy and function. Kidney Int 2015; 88:44-51. [PMID: 25738253 PMCID: PMC4490063 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2015.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Intravital imaging using multiphoton microscopy (MPM) has become an increasingly popular and widely used experimental technique in kidney research over the past few years. MPM allows deep optical sectioning of the intact, living kidney tissue with submicron resolution which is unparalleled among intravital imaging approaches. MPM has solved a long-standing critical technical barrier in renal research to study several complex and inaccessible cell types and anatomical structures in vivo in their native environment. Comprehensive and quantitative kidney structure and function MPM studies helped our better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the healthy and diseased kidney. This review summarizes recent in vivo MPM studies with a focus on the glomerulus and the filtration barrier, although select, glomerulus-related renal vascular and tubular functions are also mentioned. The latest applications of serial MPM of the same glomerulus in vivo, in the intact kidney over several days, during the progression of glomerular disease are discussed. This visual approach, in combination with genetically encoded fluorescent markers of cell lineage, has helped to track the fate and function (e.g. cell calcium changes) of single podocytes during the development of glomerular pathologies, and provided visual proof for the highly dynamic rather than static nature of the glomerular environment. Future intravital imaging applications have the promise to further push the limits of optical microscopy, and to advance our understanding of the mechanisms of kidney injury. Also, MPM will help to study new mechanisms of tissue repair and regeneration, a cutting edge area of kidney research.
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89
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Thomas G, van Voskuilen J, Gerritsen HC, Sterenborg HJCM. Advances and challenges in label-free nonlinear optical imaging using two-photon excitation fluorescence and second harmonic generation for cancer research. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2014; 141:128-38. [PMID: 25463660 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2014.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nonlinear optical imaging (NLOI) has emerged to be a promising tool for bio-medical imaging in recent times. Among the various applications of NLOI, its utility is the most significant in the field of pre-clinical and clinical cancer research. This review begins by briefly covering the core principles involved in NLOI, such as two-photon excitation fluorescence (TPEF) and second harmonic generation (SHG). Subsequently, there is a short description on the various cellular components that contribute to endogenous optical fluorescence. Later on the review deals with its main theme--the challenges faced during label-free NLO imaging in translational cancer research. While this review addresses the accomplishment of various label-free NLOI based studies in cancer diagnostics, it also touches upon the limitations of the mentioned studies. In addition, areas in cancer research that need to be further investigated by label-free NLOI are discussed in a latter segment. The review eventually concludes on the note that label-free NLOI has and will continue to contribute richly in translational cancer research, to eventually provide a very reliable, yet minimally invasive cancer diagnostic tool for the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giju Thomas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Erasmus Medical Centre, Post Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Johan van Voskuilen
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Utrecht University, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans C Gerritsen
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Utrecht University, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - H J C M Sterenborg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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90
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Aswendt M, Adamczak J, Tennstaedt A. A review of novel optical imaging strategies of the stroke pathology and stem cell therapy in stroke. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:226. [PMID: 25177269 PMCID: PMC4132298 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplanted stem cells can induce and enhance functional recovery in experimental stroke. Invasive analysis has been extensively used to provide detailed cellular and molecular characterization of the stroke pathology and engrafted stem cells. But post mortem analysis is not appropriate to reveal the time scale of the dynamic interplay between the cell graft, the ischemic lesion and the endogenous repair mechanisms. This review describes non-invasive imaging techniques which have been developed to provide complementary in vivo information. Recent advances were made in analyzing simultaneously different aspects of the cell graft (e.g., number of cells, viability state, and cell fate), the ischemic lesion (e.g., blood-brain-barrier consistency, hypoxic, and necrotic areas) and the neuronal and vascular network. We focus on optical methods, which permit simple animal preparation, repetitive experimental conditions, relatively medium-cost instrumentation and are performed under mild anesthesia, thus nearly under physiological conditions. A selection of recent examples of optical intrinsic imaging, fluorescence imaging and bioluminescence imaging to characterize the stroke pathology and engrafted stem cells are discussed. Special attention is paid to novel optimal reporter genes/probes for genetic labeling and tracking of stem cells and appropriate transgenic animal models. Requirements, advantages and limitations of these imaging platforms are critically discussed and placed into the context of other non-invasive techniques, e.g., magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography, which can be joined with optical imaging in multimodal approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Annette Tennstaedt
- In-vivo-NMR Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research, KölnGermany
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91
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Imaging without Fluorescence: Nonlinear Optical Microscopy for Quantitative Cellular Imaging. Anal Chem 2014; 86:8506-13. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5013706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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92
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Schain AJ, Hill RA, Grutzendler J. Label-free in vivo imaging of myelinated axons in health and disease with spectral confocal reflectance microscopy. Nat Med 2014; 20:443-9. [PMID: 24681598 PMCID: PMC3981936 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We report a newly developed technique for high-resolution in vivo imaging of myelinated axons in the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerve that requires no fluorescent labeling. This method, based on spectral confocal reflectance microscopy (SCoRe), uses a conventional laser-scanning confocal system to generate images by merging the simultaneously reflected signals from multiple lasers of different wavelengths. Striking color patterns unique to individual myelinated fibers are generated that facilitate their tracing in dense axonal areas. These patterns highlight nodes of Ranvier and Schmidt-Lanterman incisures and can be used to detect various myelin pathologies. Using SCoRe we carried out chronic brain imaging up to 400 μm deep, capturing de novo myelination of mouse cortical axons in vivo. We also established the feasibility of imaging myelinated axons in the human cerebral cortex. SCoRe adds a powerful component to the evolving toolbox for imaging myelination in living animals and potentially in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J. Schain
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, 300
George St. Suite 8201, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Robert A. Hill
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, 300
George St. Suite 8201, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Jaime Grutzendler
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, 300
George St. Suite 8201, New Haven, CT 06511
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Neurobiology, 300
George St. Suite 8201, New Haven, CT 06511
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93
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Ji M, Orringer DA, Freudiger CW, Ramkissoon S, Liu X, Lau D, Golby AJ, Norton I, Hayashi M, Agar NYR, Young GS, Spino C, Santagata S, Camelo-Piragua S, Ligon KL, Sagher O, Xie XS. Rapid, label-free detection of brain tumors with stimulated Raman scattering microscopy. Sci Transl Med 2014; 5:201ra119. [PMID: 24005159 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3005954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Surgery is an essential component in the treatment of brain tumors. However, delineating tumor from normal brain remains a major challenge. We describe the use of stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy for differentiating healthy human and mouse brain tissue from tumor-infiltrated brain based on histoarchitectural and biochemical differences. Unlike traditional histopathology, SRS is a label-free technique that can be rapidly performed in situ. SRS microscopy was able to differentiate tumor from nonneoplastic tissue in an infiltrative human glioblastoma xenograft mouse model based on their different Raman spectra. We further demonstrated a correlation between SRS and hematoxylin and eosin microscopy for detection of glioma infiltration (κ = 0.98). Finally, we applied SRS microscopy in vivo in mice during surgery to reveal tumor margins that were undetectable under standard operative conditions. By providing rapid intraoperative assessment of brain tissue, SRS microscopy may ultimately improve the safety and accuracy of surgeries where tumor boundaries are visually indistinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minbiao Ji
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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94
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Bentley JN, Ji M, Xie XS, Orringer DA. Real-time image guidance for brain tumor surgery through stimulated Raman scattering microscopy. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 14:359-61. [PMID: 24506808 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2013.877844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Brain tumor surgery is one of the key factors in prolonging survival in patients with low- and high-grade gliomas. However, resections of these infiltrative lesions have historically been limited by the inability to accurately detect tumor margins. New methods in microscopy and dye injection have enabled more complete resections, but continue to lack biochemical specificity or high-resolution image acquisition. Stimulated Raman scattering microscopy represents an improvement over past techniques in the ability to differentiate intraparenchymal tissues on the basis of biochemical attributes, and is available for use in real-time, a feature that facilitates its translation to the surgical setting.
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95
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Wu Y, Christensen R, Colón-Ramos D, Shroff H. Advanced optical imaging techniques for neurodevelopment. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2013; 23:1090-7. [PMID: 23831260 PMCID: PMC3830703 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, developmental neuroscience has been transformed by the widespread application of confocal and two-photon fluorescence microscopy. Even greater progress is imminent, as recent innovations in microscopy now enable imaging with increased depth, speed, and spatial resolution; reduced phototoxicity; and in some cases without external fluorescent probes. We discuss these new techniques and emphasize their dramatic impact on neurobiology, including the ability to image neurons at depths exceeding 1mm, to observe neurodevelopment noninvasively throughout embryogenesis, and to visualize neuronal processes or structures that were previously too small or too difficult to target with conventional microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yicong Wu
- Section on High Resolution Optical Imaging, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, 13 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Ryan Christensen
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536
| | - Daniel Colón-Ramos
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536
| | - Hari Shroff
- Section on High Resolution Optical Imaging, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, 13 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892
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96
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Chang T, Zimmerley MS, Quinn KP, Lamarre-Jouenne I, Kaplan DL, Beaurepaire E, Georgakoudi I. Non-invasive monitoring of cell metabolism and lipid production in 3D engineered human adipose tissues using label-free multiphoton microscopy. Biomaterials 2013; 34:8607-16. [PMID: 23932290 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Non-linear optical microscopy methods can characterize over time multiple functional properties of engineered tissues during development. Here, we demonstrate how the combined use of third-harmonic generation (THG) and two-photon excited fluorescence (2PEF) imaging can provide direct quantitative biomarkers of adipogenic stem cell differentiation and metabolic state, respectively. Specifically, we imaged over nine weeks silk scaffolds embedded with human mesenchymal stem cells and exposed to either propagation (PM) or adipogenic differentiation media (AM). THG was employed to visualize the formation of lipid droplets. 2PEF was used to assess the metabolic state of the cells through the redox ratio defined based on the endogenous FAD and NADH fluorescence. The redox ratio of cells in the AM scaffold was significantly lower than that in the PM scaffold during week 5 and 9, and correlated with significant increases in lipid-to-cell volume ratio, and number and size of lipid droplets in the AM scaffold. These findings indicate that the decrease in redox ratio during adipogenic differentiation is associated with fatty acid synthesis and lipid accumulation. Our methods therefore enabled us to identify and measure dynamic correlations between lipid droplet formation and cell metabolic state, while providing insight on the spatial heterogeneity of the observed signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, United States
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97
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Leahy C, Radhakrishnan H, Srinivasan VJ. Volumetric imaging and quantification of cytoarchitecture and myeloarchitecture with intrinsic scattering contrast. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 4:1978-90. [PMID: 24156058 PMCID: PMC3799660 DOI: 10.1364/boe.4.001978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We present volumetric imaging and computational techniques to quantify neuronal and myelin architecture with intrinsic scattering contrast. Using spectral / Fourier domain Optical Coherence Microscopy (OCM) and software focus-tracking we validate imaging of neuronal cytoarchitecture and demonstrate quantification in the rodent cortex in vivo. Additionally, by ex vivo imaging in conjunction with optical clearing techniques, we demonstrate that intrinsic scattering contrast is preserved in the brain, even after sacrifice and fixation. We volumetrically image cytoarchitecture and myeloarchitecture ex vivo across the entire depth of the rodent cortex. Cellular-level imaging up to the working distance of our objective (~3 mm) is demonstrated ex vivo. Architectonic features show the expected laminar characteristics; moreover, changes in contrast after the application of acetic acid suggest that entire neuronal cell bodies are responsible for the "negative contrast" present in the images. Clearing and imaging techniques that preserve tissue architectural integrity have the potential to enable non-invasive studies of the brain during development, disease, and remodeling, even in samples where exogenous labeling is impractical.
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98
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Abstract
Conventional histopathology with hematoxylin & eosin (H&E) has been the gold standard for histopathological diagnosis of a wide range of diseases. However, it is not performed in vivo and requires thin tissue sections obtained after tissue biopsy, which carries risk, particularly in the central nervous system. Here we describe the development of an alternative, multicolored way to visualize tissue in real-time through the use of coherent Raman imaging (CRI), without the use of dyes. CRI relies on intrinsic chemical contrast based on vibrational properties of molecules and intrinsic optical sectioning by nonlinear excitation. We demonstrate that multicolor images originating from CH(2) and CH(3) vibrations of lipids and protein, as well as two-photon absorption of hemoglobin, can be obtained with subcellular resolution from fresh tissue. These stain-free histopathological images show resolutions similar to those obtained by conventional techniques, but do not require tissue fixation, sectioning or staining of the tissue analyzed.
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99
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Weigelin B, Bakker GJ, Friedl P. Intravital third harmonic generation microscopy of collective melanoma cell invasion: Principles of interface guidance and microvesicle dynamics. INTRAVITAL 2012; 1:32-43. [PMID: 29607252 PMCID: PMC5858865 DOI: 10.4161/intv.21223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cell invasion is an adaptive process based on cell-intrinsic properties to migrate individually or collectively, and their adaptation to encountered tissue structure acting as barrier or providing guidance. Whereas molecular and physical mechanisms of cancer invasion are well-studied in 3D in vitro models, their topographic relevance, classification and validation toward interstitial tissue organization in vivo remain incomplete. Using combined intravital third and second harmonic generation (THG, SHG), and three-channel fluorescence microscopy in live tumors, we here map B16F10 melanoma invasion into the dermis with up to 600 µm penetration depth and reconstruct both invasion mode and tissue tracks to establish invasion routes and outcome. B16F10 cells preferentially develop adaptive invasion patterns along preformed tracks of complex, multi-interface topography, combining single-cell and collective migration modes, without immediate anatomic tissue remodeling or destruction. The data suggest that the dimensionality (1D, 2D, 3D) of tissue interfaces determines the microanatomy exploited by invading tumor cells, emphasizing non-destructive migration along microchannels coupled to contact guidance as key invasion mechanisms. THG imaging further detected the presence and interstitial dynamics of tumor-associated microparticles with submicron resolution, revealing tumor-imposed conditioning of the microenvironment. These topographic findings establish combined THG, SHG and fluorescence microscopy in intravital tumor biology and provide a template for rational in vitro model development and context-dependent molecular classification of invasion modes and routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Weigelin
- Department of Cell Biology; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gert-Jan Bakker
- Department of Cell Biology; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Friedl
- Department of Cell Biology; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers; Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX USA
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100
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Hoehn M, Aswendt M. Structure-function relationship of cerebral networks in experimental neuroscience: contribution of magnetic resonance imaging. Exp Neurol 2012; 242:65-73. [PMID: 22572591 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of neuronal networks, their interactions in resting condition as well as during brain activation have become of great interest for a better understanding of the signal processing of the brain during sensory stimulus or cognitive tasks. Parallel to the study of the functional networks and their dynamics, the underlying network structure is highly important as it provides the basis of the functional interaction. Moreover, under pathological conditions, some nodes in such a net may be impaired and the function of the whole network affected. Mechanisms such as functional deficit and improvement, and plastic reorganization are increasingly discussed in the context of existing structural and functional networks. While many of these aspects have been followed in human and clinical studies, the experimental range is limited for obvious reasons. Here, animal experimental studies are needed as they permit longer scan times and, moreover, comparison with invasive histology. Experimental non-invasive imaging modalities are now able to perform impressive contributions. In this review we try to highlight most recent new cutting-edge developments and applications in experimental neuroscience of functional and structural networks of the brain, relying on non-invasive imaging. We focus primarily on the potential of experimental Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), but also touch upon micro positron emission tomography (μPET) and optical imaging developments where they are applicable to the topic of the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Hoehn
- In-vivo-NMR Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research, Cologne, Germany.
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