51
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Al-Saedi F, Vaz DP, Stones DH, Krachler AM. 3-Sulfogalactosyl-dependent adhesion of Escherichia coli HS multivalent adhesion molecule is attenuated by sulfatase activity. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:19792-19803. [PMID: 28982977 PMCID: PMC5712619 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.817908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial adhesion to host receptors is an early and essential step in bacterial colonization, and the nature of adhesin–receptor interactions determines bacterial localization and thus the outcome of these interactions. Here, we determined the host receptors for the multivalent adhesion molecule (MAM) from the gut commensal Escherichia coli HS (MAMHS), which contains an array of seven mammalian cell entry domains. The MAMHS adhesin interacted with a range of host receptors, through recognition of a shared 3-O-sulfogalactosyl moiety. This functional group is also found in mucin, a component of the intestinal mucus layer and thus one of the prime adherence targets for commensal E. coli. Mucin gels impeded the motility of E. coli by acting as a physical barrier, and the barrier effect was enhanced by specific interactions between mucin and MAMHS in a sulfation-dependent manner. Desulfation of mucin by pure sulfatase or the sulfatase-producing commensal Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron decreased binding of E. coli to mucin and increased the attachment of bacteria to the epithelial surface via interactions with surface-localized sulfated lipid and protein receptors. Together, our results demonstrate that the E. coli adhesin MAMHS facilitates retention of a gut commensal by attachment to mucin. They further suggest that the amount of sulfatase secreted by mucin-foraging bacteria such as B. thetaiotaomicron, inhabiting the same niche, may affect the capacity of the mucus barrier to retain commensal E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fitua Al-Saedi
- From the Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT Birmingham, United Kingdom and
| | - Diana Pereira Vaz
- From the Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT Birmingham, United Kingdom and.,the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Daniel H Stones
- From the Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT Birmingham, United Kingdom and
| | - Anne Marie Krachler
- the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030
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52
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Isom GL, Davies NJ, Chong ZS, Bryant JA, Jamshad M, Sharif M, Cunningham AF, Knowles TJ, Chng SS, Cole JA, Henderson IR. MCE domain proteins: conserved inner membrane lipid-binding proteins required for outer membrane homeostasis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8608. [PMID: 28819315 PMCID: PMC5561183 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09111-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial proteins with MCE domains were first described as being important for Mammalian Cell Entry. More recent evidence suggests they are components of lipid ABC transporters. In Escherichia coli, the single-domain protein MlaD is known to be part of an inner membrane transporter that is important for maintenance of outer membrane lipid asymmetry. Here we describe two multi MCE domain-containing proteins in Escherichia coli, PqiB and YebT, the latter of which is an orthologue of MAM-7 that was previously reported to be an outer membrane protein. We show that all three MCE domain-containing proteins localise to the inner membrane. Bioinformatic analyses revealed that MCE domains are widely distributed across bacterial phyla but multi MCE domain-containing proteins evolved in Proteobacteria from single-domain proteins. Mutants defective in mlaD, pqiAB and yebST were shown to have distinct but partially overlapping phenotypes, but the primary functions of PqiB and YebT differ from MlaD. Complementing our previous findings that all three proteins bind phospholipids, results presented here indicate that multi-domain proteins evolved in Proteobacteria for specific functions in maintaining cell envelope homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia L Isom
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Nathaniel J Davies
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Zhi-Soon Chong
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jack A Bryant
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed Jamshad
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Sharif
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Adam F Cunningham
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy J Knowles
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Shu-Sin Chng
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jeffrey A Cole
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R Henderson
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
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53
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Against the tide: the role of bacterial adhesion in host colonization. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 44:1571-1580. [PMID: 27913666 PMCID: PMC5134996 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Evolving under the constant exposure to an abundance of diverse microbial life, the human body has developed many ways of defining the boundaries between self and non-self. Many physical and immunological barriers to microbial invasion exist, and yet bacteria have found a multitude of ways to overcome these, initiate interactions with and colonize the human host. Adhesion to host cells and tissues is a key feature allowing bacteria to persist in an environment under constant flux and to initiate transient or permanent symbioses with the host. This review discusses reasons why adhesion is such a seemingly indispensable requirement for bacteria–host interactions, and whether bacteria can bypass the need to adhere and still persist. It further outlines open questions about the role of adhesion in bacterial colonization and persistence within the host.
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54
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Innovative Solutions to Sticky Situations: Antiadhesive Strategies for Treating Bacterial Infections. Microbiol Spectr 2017; 4. [PMID: 27227305 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.vmbf-0023-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial adherence to host tissue is an essential process in pathogenesis, necessary for invasion and colonization and often required for the efficient delivery of toxins and other bacterial effectors. As existing treatment options for common bacterial infections dwindle, we find ourselves rapidly approaching a tipping point in our confrontation with antibiotic-resistant strains and in desperate need of new treatment options. Bacterial strains defective in adherence are typically avirulent and unable to cause infection in animal models. The importance of this initial binding event in the pathogenic cascade highlights its potential as a novel therapeutic target. This article seeks to highlight a variety of strategies being employed to treat and prevent infection by targeting the mechanisms of bacterial adhesion. Advancements in this area include the development of novel antivirulence therapies using small molecules, vaccines, and peptides to target a variety of bacterial infections. These therapies target bacterial adhesion through a number of mechanisms, including inhibition of pathogen receptor biogenesis, competition-based strategies with receptor and adhesin analogs, and the inhibition of binding through neutralizing antibodies. While this article is not an exhaustive description of every advancement in the field, we hope it will highlight several promising examples of the therapeutic potential of antiadhesive strategies.
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55
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Ghenem L, Elhadi N, Alzahrani F, Nishibuchi M. Vibrio Parahaemolyticus: A Review on Distribution, Pathogenesis, Virulence Determinants and Epidemiology. SAUDI JOURNAL OF MEDICINE & MEDICAL SCIENCES 2017; 5:93-103. [PMID: 30787765 PMCID: PMC6298368 DOI: 10.4103/sjmms.sjmms_30_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a Gram-negative, halophilic bacterium isolated from marine environments globally. After the consumption of contaminated seafood, V. parahaemolyticus causes acute gastroenteritis. To initiate infection, a wide range of virulence factors are required. A complex group of genes is known to participate in the pathogenicity of V. parahaemolyticus; however, to understand the full mechanism of infection, extensive research is yet required. V. parahaemolyticus has become the leading cause of seafood-related gastroenteritis in Japan, the United States and several other parts of the world. In addition, outbreaks caused by the pandemic clone of this organism are escalating and spreading universally. To minimize the risk of V. parahaemolyticus infection and warrant the safety of seafood, collaboration between governments and scientists is required. We herein provide an updated review of the pathogenicity determinants and distribution of V. parahaemolyticus to deliver a better understanding of the significance of V. parahaemolyticus and its host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubna Ghenem
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Dammam, 31441 Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasreldin Elhadi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Dammam, 31441 Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal Alzahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Dammam, 31441 Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mitsuaki Nishibuchi
- Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, 46 Shomoadachi-cho, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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56
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Ekiert DC, Bhabha G, Isom GL, Greenan G, Ovchinnikov S, Henderson IR, Cox JS, Vale RD. Architectures of Lipid Transport Systems for the Bacterial Outer Membrane. Cell 2017; 169:273-285.e17. [PMID: 28388411 PMCID: PMC5467742 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
How phospholipids are trafficked between the bacterial inner and outer membranes through the hydrophilic space of the periplasm is not known. We report that members of the mammalian cell entry (MCE) protein family form hexameric assemblies with a central channel capable of mediating lipid transport. The E. coli MCE protein, MlaD, forms a ring associated with an ABC transporter complex in the inner membrane. A soluble lipid-binding protein, MlaC, ferries lipids between MlaD and an outer membrane protein complex. In contrast, EM structures of two other E. coli MCE proteins show that YebT forms an elongated tube consisting of seven stacked MCE rings, and PqiB adopts a syringe-like architecture. Both YebT and PqiB create channels of sufficient length to span the periplasmic space. This work reveals diverse architectures of highly conserved protein-based channels implicated in the transport of lipids between the membranes of bacteria and some eukaryotic organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian C Ekiert
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of California, San Francisco, 600 16(th) Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of California, San Francisco, 600 16(th) Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Gira Bhabha
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of California, San Francisco, 600 16(th) Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Georgia L Isom
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Garrett Greenan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of California, San Francisco, 600 16(th) Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Sergey Ovchinnikov
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ian R Henderson
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jeffery S Cox
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of California, San Francisco, 600 16(th) Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ronald D Vale
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of California, San Francisco, 600 16(th) Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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57
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Targeting bacterial adherence inhibits multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection following burn injury. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39341. [PMID: 27996032 PMCID: PMC5171828 DOI: 10.1038/srep39341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical antimicrobial drugs target proliferation and therefore place microbes under extreme selective pressure to evolve resistance. Alternative drugs that target bacterial virulence without impacting survival directly offer an attractive solution to this problem, but to date few such molecules have been discovered. We previously discovered a widespread group of bacterial adhesins, termed Multivalent Adhesion Molecules (MAMs) that are essential for initial binding of bacteria to host tissues and virulence. Thus, targeting MAM-based adherence is a promising strategy for displacing pathogens from host tissues and inhibiting infection. Here, we show that topical application of polymeric microbeads functionalized with the adhesin MAM7 to a burn infected with multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa substantially decreased bacterial loads in the wound and prevented the spread of the infection into adjacent tissues. As a consequence, the application of this adhesion inhibitor allowed for vascularization and wound healing, and maintained local and systemic inflammatory responses to the burn. We propose that MAM7-functionalized microbeads can be used as a topical treatment, to reduce bacterial attachment and hence prevent bacterial colonization and infection of wounds. As adhesion is not required for microbial survival, this anti-infective strategy has the potential to treat multidrug-resistant infections and limit the emergence of drug-resistant pathogens.
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58
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Kirkpatrick CL, Lesouhaitier O, Malone JG, An SQ, Caly DL. Interaction and signalling networks: a report from the fourth 'Young Microbiologists Symposium on Microbe Signalling, Organisation and Pathogenesis'. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2016; 163:4-8. [PMID: 27902434 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
At the end of June, over 120 microbiologists from 18 countries gathered in Dundee, Scotland for the fourth edition of the Young Microbiologists Symposium on 'Microbe Signalling, Organisation and Pathogenesis'. The aim of the symposium was to give early career microbiologists the opportunity to present their work in a convivial environment and to interact with senior world-renowned scientists in exciting fields of microbiology research. The meeting was supported by the Microbiology Society, the Society of Applied Microbiology and the American Society for Microbiology with further sponsorship from the European Molecular Biology Organisation and the Royal Society of Edinburgh. In this report, we highlight some themes that emerged from the many interesting talks and poster presentations, as well as some of the other activities that were on offer at this energetic meeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare L Kirkpatrick
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Medicine, Institute of Genetics & Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), Faculty of Medicine/University Medical Centre, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Lesouhaitier
- Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironment, Normandy University, Université de Rouen, Évreux, France
| | - Jacob G Malone
- University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.,John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Shi-Qi An
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Delphine L Caly
- Institut Charles Viollette - ICV, Univ Lille, EA 7394, Lille, France
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59
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Marcos CM, de Oliveira HC, da Silva JDF, Assato PA, Yamazaki DS, da Silva RAM, Santos CT, Santos-Filho NA, Portuondo DL, Mendes-Giannini MJS, Fusco-Almeida AM. Identification and characterisation of elongation factor Tu, a novel protein involved in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis-host interaction. FEMS Yeast Res 2016; 16:fow079. [PMID: 27634774 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fow079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioides spp., which are temperature-dependent dimorphic fungi, are responsible for the most prevalent human systemic mycosis in Latin America, the paracoccidioidomycosis. The aim of this study was to characterise the involvement of elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis-host interaction. Adhesive properties were examined using recombinant PbEF-Tu proteins and the respective polyclonal anti-rPbEF-Tu antibody. Immunogold analysis demonstrated the surface location of EF-Tu in P. brasiliensis. Moreover, PbEF-Tu was found to bind to fibronectin and plasminogen by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and it was determined that the binding to plasminogen is at least partly dependent on lysine residues and ionic interactions. To verify the participation of EF-Tu in the interaction of P. brasiliensis with pneumocytes, we blocked the respective protein with an anti-rPbEF-Tu antibody and evaluated the consequences on the interaction index by flow cytometry. During the interaction, we observed a decrease of 2- and 3-fold at 8 and 24 h, respectively, suggesting the contribution of EF-Tu in fungal adhesion/invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Maria Marcos
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Haroldo Cesar de Oliveira
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Julhiany de Fátima da Silva
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Patricia Akemi Assato
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Daniella Sayuri Yamazaki
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Rosângela Aparecida Moraes da Silva
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Cláudia Tavares Santos
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Norival Alves Santos-Filho
- Instituto de Química, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Bioquímica e Tecnologia Química, Unidade de Síntese, Estrutura e Caracterização de Peptídeos e Proteínas, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Deivys Leandro Portuondo
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacéuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Maria José Soares Mendes-Giannini
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Ana Marisa Fusco-Almeida
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
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60
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Sen R, Nayak L, De RK. A review on host-pathogen interactions: classification and prediction. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 35:1581-99. [PMID: 27470504 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-016-2716-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The research on host-pathogen interactions is an ever-emerging and evolving field. Every other day a new pathogen gets discovered, along with comes the challenge of its prevention and cure. As the intelligent human always vies for prevention, which is better than cure, understanding the mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions gets prior importance. There are many mechanisms involved from the pathogen as well as the host sides while an interaction happens. It is a vis-a-vis fight of the counter genes and proteins from both sides. Who wins depends on whether a host gets an infection or not. Moreover, a higher level of complexity arises when the pathogens evolve and become resistant to a host's defense mechanisms. Such pathogens pose serious challenges for treatment. The entire human population is in danger of such long-lasting persistent infections. Some of these infections even increase the rate of mortality. Hence there is an immediate emergency to understand how the pathogens interact with their host for successful invasion. It may lead to discovery of appropriate preventive measures, and the development of rational therapeutic measures and medication against such infections and diseases. This review, a state-of-the-art updated scenario of host-pathogen interaction research, has been done by keeping in mind this urgency. It covers the biological and computational aspects of host-pathogen interactions, classification of the methods by which the pathogens interact with their hosts, different machine learning techniques for prediction of host-pathogen interactions, and future scopes of this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sen
- Machine Intelligence Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203, Barrackpore Trunk Road, Kolkata, 700108, India
| | - L Nayak
- Machine Intelligence Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203, Barrackpore Trunk Road, Kolkata, 700108, India
| | - R K De
- Machine Intelligence Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203, Barrackpore Trunk Road, Kolkata, 700108, India.
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61
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Bhatia S, Camacho LC, Haag R. Pathogen Inhibition by Multivalent Ligand Architectures. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:8654-66. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b12950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumati Bhatia
- Institut
für Chemie
und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Luis Cuellar Camacho
- Institut
für Chemie
und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institut
für Chemie
und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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62
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Displacement of Pathogens by an Engineered Bacterium Is a Multifactorial Process That Depends on Attachment Competition and Interspecific Antagonism. Infect Immun 2016; 84:1704-1711. [PMID: 27001540 PMCID: PMC4907129 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00020-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogen attachment to host cells is a key process during infection, and inhibition of pathogen adhesion is a promising approach to the prevention of infectious disease. We have previously shown that multivalent adhesion molecules (MAMs) are abundant in both pathogenic and commensal bacterial species, mediate early attachment to host cells, and can contribute to virulence. Here, we investigated the efficacy of an engineered bacterium expressing a commensal MAM on its surface in preventing pathogen attachment and pathogen-mediated cytotoxicity in a tissue culture infection model. We were able to dissect the individual contributions of adhesion and interspecific antagonism on the overall outcome of infection for a range of different pathogens by comparison with the results obtained with a fully synthetic adhesion inhibitor. We found that the potential of the engineered bacterium to outcompete the pathogen is not always solely dependent on its ability to hinder host attachment but, depending on the pathogenic species, may also include elements of interspecific antagonism, such as competition for nutrients and its ability to cause a loss of fitness due to production of antimicrobial factors.
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63
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Chauhan N, Wrobel A, Skurnik M, Leo JC. Yersinia adhesins: An arsenal for infection. Proteomics Clin Appl 2016; 10:949-963. [PMID: 27068449 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201600012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Yersiniae are a group of Gram-negative coccobacilli inhabiting a wide range of habitats. The genus harbors three recognized human pathogens: Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis, which both cause gastrointestinal disease, and Y. pestis, the causative agent of plague. These three organisms have served as models for a number of aspects of infection biology, including adhesion, immune evasion, evolution of pathogenic traits, and retracing the course of ancient pandemics. The virulence of the pathogenic Yersiniae is heavily dependent on a number of adhesin molecules. Some of these, such as the Yersinia adhesin A and invasin of the enteropathogenic species, and the pH 6 antigen of Y. pestis, have been extensively studied. However, genomic sequencing has uncovered a host of other adhesins present in these organisms, the functions of which are only starting to be investigated. Here, we review the current state of knowledge on the adhesin molecules present in the Yersiniae, and their functions and putative roles in the infection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Chauhan
- Evolution and Genetics, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Agnieszka Wrobel
- Evolution and Genetics, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mikael Skurnik
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum, Research Programs Unit, Immunobiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Central Hospital Laboratory Diagnostics, Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jack C Leo
- Evolution and Genetics, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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64
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Beltran S, Munoz-Bergmann CA, Elola-Lopez A, Quintana J, Segovia C, Trombert AN. The expression of heterologous MAM-7 in Lactobacillus rhamnosus reduces its intrinsic capacity to inhibit colonization of pathogen Vibrio parahaemolyticus in vitro. Biol Res 2016; 49:2. [PMID: 26739707 PMCID: PMC4704428 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-015-0064-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vibrio parahaemolyticus (V. parahaemolyticus) is a Gram-negative, halophilic bacterium recognized as one of the most important foodborne pathogen. When ingested, V. parahaemolyticus causes a self-limiting illness (Vibriosis), characterized mainly by watery diarrhoea. Treatment is usually oral rehydration and/or antibiotics in complicated cases. Since 1996, the pathogenic and pandemic V. parahaemolyticus O3:K6 serotype has spread worldwide, increasing the reported number of vibriosis cases. Thus, the design of new strategies for pathogen control and illness prevention is necessary. Lactobacillus sp. grouped Gram positive innocuous bacteria, part of normal intestinal microbiota and usually used as oral vaccines for several diarrheic diseases. Recombinants strains of Lactobacillus (RL) expressing pathogen antigens can be used as part of an anti-adhesion strategy where RL block the pathogen union sites in host cells. Thus, we aimed to express MAM-7 V. parahaemolyticus adhesion protein in Lactobacillus sp. to generate an RL that prevents pathogen colonization. RESULTS We cloned the MAM-7 gene from V. parahaemolyticus RIMD 2210633 in Lactobacillus expression vectors. Recombinant strains (Lactobacillus rhamnosus pSEC-MAM7 and L. rhamnosus pCWA-MAM7) adhered to CaCo-2 cells and competed with the pathogen. However, the L. rhamnosus wild type strain showed the best capacity to inhibit pathogen colonization in vitro. In addition, LDH-assay showed that recombinant strains were cytotoxic compared with the wild type isogenic strain. CONCLUSIONS MAM-7 expression in lactobacilli reduces the intrinsic inhibitory capacity of L. rhamnosus against V. parahaemolyticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Beltran
- Escuela de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide 5750, Santiago, Huechuraba, Chile.
- Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide 5750, Santiago, Huechuraba, Chile.
| | - Cristian A Munoz-Bergmann
- Escuela de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide 5750, Santiago, Huechuraba, Chile.
- Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide 5750, Santiago, Huechuraba, Chile.
| | - Ana Elola-Lopez
- Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide 5750, Santiago, Huechuraba, Chile.
| | - Javiera Quintana
- Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide 5750, Santiago, Huechuraba, Chile.
| | - Cristopher Segovia
- Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide 5750, Santiago, Huechuraba, Chile.
| | - Annette N Trombert
- Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide 5750, Santiago, Huechuraba, Chile.
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65
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Silveira DR, Milan C, Rosa JVD, Timm CD. Fatores de patogenicidade de Vibrio spp. de importância em doenças transmitidas por alimentos. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1808-1657001252013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO: As bactérias do gênero Vibrio habitam ambiente tipicamente marinho e estuarino, sendo comumente isoladas de pescados. As principais espécies de Vibrio reportadas como agentes de infecções em humanos são V. vulnificus , V. parahaemolyticus , V. cholerae e V. mimicus . V. vulnificus é considerado o mais perigoso, podendo causar septicemia e levar à morte. V. parahaemolyticus é um patógeno importante nas regiões costeiras de clima temperado e tropical em todo o mundo e tem sido responsável por casos de gastroenterites associadas ao consumo de peixes, moluscos e crustáceos marinhos. V. cholerae causa surtos, epidemias e pandemias relacionados com ambientes estuarinos. V. mimicus pode causar episódios esporádicos de gastroenterite aguda e infecções de ouvido. A patogenicidade das bactérias está ligada à habilidade do micro-organismo em iniciar uma doença (incluindo entrada, colonização e multiplicação no corpo humano). Para que isso ocorra, os micro-organismos fazem uso de diversos fatores. O objetivo desta revisão foi sintetizar o conhecimento disponível na literatura sobre os fatores de patogenicidade de V. vulnificus , V. parahaemolyticus , V. cholerae e V. mimicus .
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66
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Mahmoud RY, Stones DH, Li W, Emara M, El-Domany RA, Wang D, Wang Y, Krachler AM, Yu J. The Multivalent Adhesion Molecule SSO1327 plays a key role in Shigella sonnei pathogenesis. Mol Microbiol 2015; 99:658-73. [PMID: 26481305 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Shigella sonnei is a bacterial pathogen and causative agent of bacillary dysentery. It deploys a type III secretion system to inject effector proteins into host epithelial cells and macrophages, an essential step for tissue invasion and immune evasion. Although the arsenal of bacterial effectors and their cellular targets have been studied extensively, little is known about the prerequisites for deployment of type III secreted proteins during infection. Here, we describe a novel S. sonnei adhesin, SSO1327 which is a multivalent adhesion molecule (MAM) required for invasion of epithelial cells and macrophages and for infection in vivo. The S. sonnei MAM mediates intimate attachment to host cells, which is required for efficient translocation of type III effectors into host cells. SSO1327 is non-redundant to IcsA; its activity is independent of type III secretion. In contrast to the up-regulation of IcsA-dependent and independent attachment and invasion by deoxycholate in Shigella flexneri, deoxycholate negatively regulates IcsA and MAM in S. sonnei resulting in reduction in attachment and invasion and virulence attenuation in vivo. A strain deficient for SSO1327 is avirulent in vivo, but still elicits a host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha Y Mahmoud
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences (SIPBS), University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Daniel Henry Stones
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Wenqin Li
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences (SIPBS), University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Mohamed Emara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ramadan A El-Domany
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Depu Wang
- The center of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yili Wang
- Institute for Cancer Research, School of Basic Medical Science, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Anne Marie Krachler
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jun Yu
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences (SIPBS), University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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67
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Stones DH, Al-Saedi F, Vaz D, Perez-Soto N, Krachler AM. Biomimetic Materials to Characterize Bacteria-host Interactions. J Vis Exp 2015. [PMID: 26650964 PMCID: PMC4692734 DOI: 10.3791/53400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial attachment to host cells is one of the earliest events during bacterial colonization of host tissues and thus a key step during infection. The biochemical and functional characterization of adhesins mediating these initial bacteria-host interactions is often compromised by the presence of other bacterial factors, such as cell wall components or secreted molecules, which interfere with the analysis. This protocol describes the production and use of biomimetic materials, consisting of pure recombinant adhesins chemically coupled to commercially available, functionalized polystyrene beads, which have been used successfully to dissect the biochemical and functional interactions between individual bacterial adhesins and host cell receptors. Protocols for different coupling chemistries, allowing directional immobilization of recombinant adhesins on polymer scaffolds, and for assessment of the coupling efficiency of the resulting “bacteriomimetic” materials are also discussed. We further describe how these materials can be used as a tool to inhibit pathogen mediated cytotoxicity and discuss scope, limitations and further applications of this approach in studying bacterial - host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Stones
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham
| | - Fitua Al-Saedi
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham
| | - Diana Vaz
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham
| | - Nicolas Perez-Soto
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham
| | - Anne M Krachler
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham;
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68
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Ye Y, Gao J, Jiao R, Li H, Wu Q, Zhang J, Zhong X. The Membrane Proteins Involved in Virulence of Cronobacter sakazakii Virulent G362 and Attenuated L3101 Isolates. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1238. [PMID: 26617581 PMCID: PMC4637405 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic foodborne pathogen and the virulence differences were previously documented. However, information about membranous proteins involved in virulence differences was not available. In this study, virulent characterization such as biofilm formation and flagella motility between virulent C. sakazakii isolate G362 and attenuated L3101 were determined. Then, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) technology was used to preliminarily reveal differential expression of membranous proteins between G362 and L3101. On the mass spectrometry (MS) analysis and MASCOT research results, fourteen proteins with differential expression were successfully identified. At the threshold of twofold changes, five out of eight membranous proteins were up-regulated in G362. Using RT-PCR, the expression abundance of the protein (enzV, ompX, lptE, pstB, and OsmY) genes at mRNA levels was consistent with the results by 2-DE method. The findings presented here provided novel information and valuable knowledge for revealing pathogenic mechanism of C. sakazakii.
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Affiliation(s)
- YingWang Ye
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology Hefei, China ; State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China Guangzhou, China ; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application Guangzhou, China ; Guangdong Institute of Microbiology Guangzhou, China
| | - Jina Gao
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology Hefei, China
| | - Rui Jiao
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology Hefei, China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology Hefei, China ; State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China Guangzhou, China ; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application Guangzhou, China ; Guangdong Institute of Microbiology Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China Guangzhou, China ; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application Guangzhou, China ; Guangdong Institute of Microbiology Guangzhou, China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China Guangzhou, China ; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application Guangzhou, China ; Guangdong Institute of Microbiology Guangzhou, China
| | - Xian Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China Guangzhou, China ; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application Guangzhou, China ; Guangdong Institute of Microbiology Guangzhou, China
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69
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Parreira P, Shi Q, Magalhaes A, Reis CA, Bugaytsova J, Borén T, Leckband D, Martins MCL. Atomic force microscopy measurements reveal multiple bonds between Helicobacter pylori blood group antigen binding adhesin and Lewis b ligand. J R Soc Interface 2015; 11:20141040. [PMID: 25320070 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2014.1040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The strength of binding between the Helicobacter pylori blood group antigen-binding adhesin (BabA) and its cognate glycan receptor, the Lewis b blood group antigen (Le(b)), was measured by means of atomic force microscopy. High-resolution measurements of rupture forces between single receptor-ligand pairs were performed between the purified BabA and immobilized Le(b) structures on self-assembled monolayers. Dynamic force spectroscopy revealed two similar but statistically different bond populations. These findings suggest that the BabA may form different adhesive attachments to the gastric mucosa in ways that enhance the efficiency and stability of bacterial adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Parreira
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Q Shi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - A Magalhaes
- IPATIMUP-Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - C A Reis
- IPATIMUP-Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - J Bugaytsova
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - T Borén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - D Leckband
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - M C L Martins
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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70
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The phospholipid code: a key component of dying cell recognition, tumor progression and host-microbe interactions. Cell Death Differ 2015; 22:1893-905. [PMID: 26450453 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A significant effort is made by the cell to maintain certain phospholipids at specific sites. It is well described that proteins involved in intracellular signaling can be targeted to the plasma membrane and organelles through phospholipid-binding domains. Thus, the accumulation of a specific combination of phospholipids, denoted here as the 'phospholipid code', is key in initiating cellular processes. Interestingly, a variety of extracellular proteins and pathogen-derived proteins can also recognize or modify phospholipids to facilitate the recognition of dying cells, tumorigenesis and host-microbe interactions. In this article, we discuss the importance of the phospholipid code in a range of physiological and pathological processes.
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71
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Liu M, Chen S. A novel adhesive factor contributing to the virulence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14449. [PMID: 26399174 PMCID: PMC4585867 DOI: 10.1038/srep14449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial adhesins play a pivotal role in the tight bacteria-host cells attachment to initiate the downstream processes and bacterial infection of hosts. In this study, we identified a novel adhesin, VpadF in V. parahaemolyticus. Deletion of VpadF in V. parahaemolyticus markedly impaired its attachment and cytotoxicity to epithelial cells, as well as attenuated the virulence in murine model. Biochemical studies revealed that VpadF recognized both fibronectin and fibrinogen. The binding of VpadF to these two host receptors was mainly dependent on the its fifth bacterial immunoglobulin-like group domain and its C-terminal tail. Our finding suggested that VpadF is a major virulence factor of V. parahaemolyticus and a potential good candidate for V. parahaemolyticus infection control for both vaccine development and drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liu
- Shenzhen Key Lab for Food Biological Safety Control, Food Safety and Technology Research Center, Hong Kong PolyU Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.,State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Shenzhen Key Lab for Food Biological Safety Control, Food Safety and Technology Research Center, Hong Kong PolyU Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.,State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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72
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Ruano-Gallego D, Álvarez B, Fernández LÁ. Engineering the Controlled Assembly of Filamentous Injectisomes in E. coli K-12 for Protein Translocation into Mammalian Cells. ACS Synth Biol 2015; 4:1030-41. [PMID: 26017572 PMCID: PMC4603727 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.5b00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Bacterial pathogens containing type
III protein secretion systems
(T3SS) assemble large needle-like protein complexes in the bacterial
envelope, called injectisomes, for translocation of protein effectors
into host cells. The application of these “molecular syringes”
for the injection of proteins into mammalian cells is hindered by
their structural and genomic complexity, requiring multiple polypeptides
encoded along with effectors in various transcriptional units (TUs)
with intricate regulation. In this work, we have rationally designed
the controlled expression of the filamentous injectisomes found in
enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) in the nonpathogenic strain E. coli K-12. All structural components of EPEC injectisomes, encoded in
a genomic island called the locus of enterocyte effacement
(LEE), were engineered in five TUs (eLEEs) excluding effectors, promoters
and transcriptional regulators. These eLEEs were placed under the
control of the IPTG-inducible promoter Ptac and integrated into specific
chromosomal sites of E. coli K-12 using a marker-less
strategy. The resulting strain, named synthetic injector E.
coli (SIEC), assembles filamentous injectisomes similar to
those in EPEC. SIEC injectisomes form pores in the host plasma membrane
and are able to translocate T3-substrate proteins (e.g., translocated intimin receptor, Tir) into the cytoplasm of HeLa
cells reproducing the phenotypes of intimate attachment and polymerization
of actin-pedestals elicited by EPEC bacteria. Hence, SIEC strain allows
the controlled expression of functional filamentous injectisomes for
efficient translocation of proteins with T3S-signals into mammalian
cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ruano-Gallego
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology,
Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones
Científicas (CSIC), Campus UAM Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Álvarez
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology,
Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones
Científicas (CSIC), Campus UAM Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Ángel Fernández
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology,
Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones
Científicas (CSIC), Campus UAM Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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73
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Stones DH, Krachler AM. Dual function of a bacterial protein as an adhesin and extracellular effector of host GTPase signaling. Small GTPases 2015; 6:153-6. [PMID: 26156628 PMCID: PMC4601360 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2015.1028609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens often target conserved cellular mechanisms within their hosts to rewire signaling pathways and facilitate infection. Rho GTPases are important nodes within eukaryotic signaling networks and thus constitute a common target of pathogen-mediated manipulation. A diverse array of microbial mechanisms exists to interfere with Rho GTPase signaling. While targeting of GTPases by secreted bacterial effectors is a well-known strategy bacterial pathogens employ to interfere with the host, we have recently described pathogen adhesion as a novel extracellular stimulus that hijacks host GTPase signaling. The Multivalent Adhesion Molecule MAM7 from Vibrio parahaemolyticus directly binds host cell membrane lipids. The ensuing coalescence of phosphatidic acid ligands in the host membrane leads to downstream activation of RhoA and actin rearrangements. Herein, we discuss mechanistic models of lipid-mediated Rho activation and the implications from the infected host's and the pathogen's perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Henry Stones
- a Institute of Microbiology and Infection ; School of Biosciences ; University of Birmingham ; Edgbaston, Birmingham , United Kingdom
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74
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Abstract
To cause the diarrheal disease cholera, Vibrio cholerae must effectively colonize the small intestine. In order to do so, the bacterium needs to successfully travel through the stomach and withstand the presence of agents such as bile and antimicrobial peptides in the intestinal lumen and mucus. The bacterial cells penetrate the viscous mucus layer covering the epithelium and attach and proliferate on its surface. In this review, we discuss recent developments and known aspects of the early stages of V. cholerae intestinal colonization and highlight areas that remain to be fully understood. We propose mechanisms and postulate a model that covers some of the steps that are required in order for the bacterium to efficiently colonize the human host. A deeper understanding of the colonization dynamics of V. cholerae and other intestinal pathogens will provide us with a variety of novel targets and strategies to avoid the diseases caused by these organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Almagro-Moreno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Kali Pruss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Ronald K. Taylor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
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75
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Fatal attraction: how bacterial adhesins affect host signaling and what we can learn from them. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:2626-40. [PMID: 25625516 PMCID: PMC4346855 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16022626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of bacterial species to colonize and infect host organisms is critically dependent upon their capacity to adhere to cellular surfaces of the host. Adherence to cell surfaces is known to be essential for the activation and delivery of certain virulence factors, but can also directly affect host cell signaling to aid bacterial spread and survival. In this review we will discuss the recent advances in the field of bacterial adhesion, how we are beginning to unravel the effects adhesins have on host cell signaling, and how these changes aid the bacteria in terms of their survival and evasion of immune responses. Finally, we will highlight how the exploitation of bacterial adhesins may provide new therapeutic avenues for the treatment of a wide range of bacterial infections.
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76
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Letchumanan V, Chan KG, Lee LH. Vibrio parahaemolyticus: a review on the pathogenesis, prevalence, and advance molecular identification techniques. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:705. [PMID: 25566219 PMCID: PMC4263241 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a Gram-negative halophilic bacterium that is found in estuarine, marine and coastal environments. V. parahaemolyticus is the leading causal agent of human acute gastroenteritis following the consumption of raw, undercooked, or mishandled marine products. In rare cases, V. parahaemolyticus causes wound infection, ear infection or septicaemia in individuals with pre-existing medical conditions. V. parahaemolyticus has two hemolysins virulence factors that are thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh)-a pore-forming protein that contributes to the invasiveness of the bacterium in humans, and TDH-related hemolysin (trh), which plays a similar role as tdh in the disease pathogenesis. In addition, the bacterium is also encodes for adhesions and type III secretion systems (T3SS1 and T3SS2) to ensure its survival in the environment. This review aims at discussing the V. parahaemolyticus growth and characteristics, pathogenesis, prevalence and advances in molecular identification techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vengadesh Letchumanan
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Bandar Sunway, Malaysia ; Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kok-Gan Chan
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Learn-Han Lee
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
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77
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Lim J, Stones DH, Hawley CA, Watson CA, Krachler AM. Multivalent adhesion molecule 7 clusters act as signaling platform for host cellular GTPase activation and facilitate epithelial barrier dysfunction. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004421. [PMID: 25255250 PMCID: PMC4177989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is an emerging bacterial pathogen which colonizes the gastrointestinal tract and can cause severe enteritis and bacteraemia. During infection, V. parahaemolyticus primarily attaches to the small intestine, where it causes extensive tissue damage and compromises epithelial barrier integrity. We have previously described that Multivalent Adhesion Molecule (MAM) 7 contributes to initial attachment of V. parahaemolyticus to epithelial cells. Here we show that the bacterial adhesin, through multivalent interactions between surface-induced adhesin clusters and phosphatidic acid lipids in the host cell membrane, induces activation of the small GTPase RhoA and actin rearrangements in host cells. In infection studies with V. parahaemolyticus we further demonstrate that adhesin-triggered activation of the ROCK/LIMK signaling axis is sufficient to redistribute tight junction proteins, leading to a loss of epithelial barrier function. Taken together, these findings show an unprecedented mechanism by which an adhesin acts as assembly platform for a host cellular signaling pathway, which ultimately facilitates breaching of the epithelial barrier by a bacterial pathogen. Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a bacterial pathogen which occurs in marine and estuarine environments. It is a main cause of gastrointestinal illness following the consumption of raw or undercooked seafood. In immunocompromised people, the bacteria can sometimes enter the bloodstream and cause septicemia, a serious and often fatal condition. V. parahaemolyticus attaches to host tissues using adhesive proteins. Multivalent Adhesion Molecule (MAM) 7 is an adhesin which helps the bacteria to hold onto the host cells early on during infection. It does so by binding two different molecules on the host, a protein (fibronectin) and phospholipids called phosphatidic acids. We show that MAM7 does not only play a role in sticking to host cells. By forming adhesin clusters on the host surface and binding to host lipids, it triggers signaling processes in the host. These include activation of RhoA, an important mediator of cytoskeletal dynamics. By doing so, MAM7 perturbs proteins at cellular junctions, which normally maintain the cells in the gut as a tightly sealed layer protective of environmental influences. When bacteria use MAM7 to attach to the intestine, the seals between cells break, permitting bacteria to cross the barrier and cause infection of underlying tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenson Lim
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel H. Stones
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Alice Hawley
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Charlie Anne Watson
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Marie Krachler
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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78
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Krachler AM, Orth K. Targeting the bacteria-host interface: strategies in anti-adhesion therapy. Virulence 2014; 4:284-94. [PMID: 23799663 PMCID: PMC3710331 DOI: 10.4161/viru.24606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and are increasingly problematic to treat due to the rise in antibiotic-resistant strains. It becomes more and more challenging to develop new antimicrobials that are able to withstand the ever-increasing repertoire of bacterial resistance mechanisms. This necessitates the development of alternative approaches to prevent and treat bacterial infections. One of the first steps during bacterial infection is adhesion of the pathogen to host cells. A pathogen’s ability to colonize and invade host tissues strictly depends on this process. Thus, interference with adhesion (anti-adhesion therapy) is an efficient way to prevent or treat bacterial infections. As a basis to present different strategies to interfere with pathogen adhesion, this review briefly introduces general concepts of bacterial attachment to host cells. We further discuss advantages and disadvantages of anti-adhesion treatments and issues that are in need of improvement so as to make anti-adhesion compounds a more broadly applicable alternative to conventional antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marie Krachler
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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79
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O'Boyle N, Boyd A. Manipulation of intestinal epithelial cell function by the cell contact-dependent type III secretion systems of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 3:114. [PMID: 24455490 PMCID: PMC3887276 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus elicits gastroenteritis by deploying Type III Secretion Systems (TTSS) to deliver effector proteins into epithelial cells of the human intestinal tract. The bacteria must adhere to the human cells to allow colonization and operation of the TTSS translocation apparatus bridging the bacterium and the host cell. This article first reviews recent advances in identifying the molecules responsible for intercellular adherence. V. parahaemolyticus possesses two TTSS, each of which delivers an exclusive set of effectors and mediates unique effects on the host cell. TTSS effectors primarily target and alter the activation status of host cell signaling proteins, thereby bringing about changes in the regulation of cellular behavior. TTSS1 is responsible for the cytotoxicity of V. parahaemolyticus, while TTSS2 is necessary for the enterotoxicity of the pathogen. Recent publications have elucidated the function of several TTSS effectors and their importance in the virulence of the bacterium. This review will explore the ability of the TTSS to manipulate activities of human intestinal cells and how this modification of cell function favors bacterial colonization and persistence of V. parahaemolyticus in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicky O'Boyle
- Pathogenic Mechanisms Research Group, Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway Galway, Ireland
| | - Aoife Boyd
- Pathogenic Mechanisms Research Group, Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway Galway, Ireland
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80
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Hawley CA, Watson CA, Orth K, Krachler AM. A MAM7 peptide-based inhibitor of Staphylococcus aureus adhesion does not interfere with in vitro host cell function. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81216. [PMID: 24265842 PMCID: PMC3827224 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion inhibitors that block the attachment of pathogens to host tissues may be used synergistically with or as an alternative to antibiotics. The wide-spread bacterial adhesin Multivalent Adhesion Molecule (MAM) 7 has recently emerged as a candidate molecule for a broad-spectrum adhesion inhibitor which may be used to prevent bacterial colonization of wounds. Here we have tested if the antibacterial properties of a MAM-based inhibitor could be used to competitively inhibit adhesion of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) to host cells. Additionally, we analyzed its effect on host cellular functions linked to the host receptor fibronectin, such as migration, adhesion and matrix formation in vitro, to evaluate potential side effects prior to advancing our studies to in vivo infection models. As controls, we used inhibitors based on well-characterized bacterial adhesin-derived peptides from F1 and FnBPA, which are known to affect host cellular functions. Inhibitors based on F1 or FnBPA blocked MRSA attachment but at the same time abrogated important cellular functions. A MAM7-based inhibitor did not interfere with host cell function while showing good efficacy against MRSA adhesion in a tissue culture model. These observations provide a possible candidate for a bacterial adhesion inhibitor that does not cause adverse effects on host cells while preventing bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Alice Hawley
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Charlie Anne Watson
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Kim Orth
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Anne Marie Krachler
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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81
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Chen JM, Zhang M, Rybniker J, Boy-Röttger S, Dhar N, Pojer F, Cole ST. Mycobacterium tuberculosis EspB binds phospholipids and mediates EsxA-independent virulence. Mol Microbiol 2013; 89:1154-66. [PMID: 23869560 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The type-VII ESX-1 secretion apparatus, encoded by the esx-1 genetic locus, is essential for the export of EsxA and EsxB, two major virulence factors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ESX-1 also requires the products of the unlinked espACD operon for optimal function and these proteins are considered integral parts of the secretion apparatus. Here we show that the espACD operon is not necessary for the secretion of EspB, another ESX-1 substrate, and this unimpeded secretion of EspB is associated with significant residual virulence. Upon further investigation, we found that purified EspB can facilitate M. tb virulence even in the absence of EsxA and EsxB, and may do so by binding the bioactive phospholipids phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylserine, both of which are potent bioactive molecules with prominent roles in eukaryotic cell signalling. Our findings provide new insights into the impact of the espACD operon on the ESX-1 apparatus and reveal a distinct virulence function for EspB with novel implications in M. tb-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Chen
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Global Health Institute, Lausanne, Switzerland
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82
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Tavoosi N, Smith SA, Davis-Harrison RL, Morrissey JH. Factor VII and protein C are phosphatidic acid-binding proteins. Biochemistry 2013; 52:5545-52. [PMID: 23879866 DOI: 10.1021/bi4006368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Seven proteins in the human blood clotting cascade bind, via their GLA (γ-carboxyglutamate-rich) domains, to membranes containing exposed phosphatidylserine (PS), although with membrane binding affinities that vary by 3 orders of magnitude. Here we employed nanodiscs of defined phospholipid composition to quantify the phospholipid binding specificities of these seven clotting proteins. All bound preferentially to nanobilayers in which PS headgroups contained l-serine versus d-serine. Surprisingly, however, nanobilayers containing phosphatidic acid (PA) bound substantially more of two of these proteins, factor VIIa and activated protein C, than did equivalent bilayers containing PS. Consistent with this finding, liposomes containing PA supported higher proteolytic activity by factor VIIa and activated protein C toward their natural substrates (factors X and Va, respectively) than did PS-containing liposomes. Moreover, treating activated human platelets with phospholipase D enhanced the rates of factor X activation by factor VIIa in the presence of soluble tissue factor. We hypothesize that factor VII and protein C bind preferentially to the monoester phosphate of PA because of its accessibility and higher negative charge compared with the diester phosphates of most other phospholipids. We further found that phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate, which contains a monoester phosphate attached to its myo-inositol headgroup, also supported enhanced enzymatic activity of factor VIIa and activated protein C. We conclude that factor VII and protein C bind preferentially to monoester phosphates, which may have implications for the function of these proteases in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narjes Tavoosi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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83
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Smith BA, Harmatys KM, Xiao S, Cole EL, Plaunt AJ, Wolter W, Suckow MA, Smith BD. Enhanced cell death imaging using multivalent zinc(II)-bis(dipicolylamine) fluorescent probes. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:3296-303. [PMID: 23915311 DOI: 10.1021/mp300720k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
There is a clinical need for imaging technologies that can accurately detect cell death in a multitude of pathological conditions. Zinc(II)-bis(dipicolylamine) (Zn2BDPA) coordination complexes are known to associate with the anionic phosphatidylserine that is exposed on the surface of dead and dying cells, and fluorescent monovalent Zn2BDPA probes are successful cell death imaging agents. This present study compared the membrane targeting ability of two structurally related deep-red fluorescent probes, bis-Zn2BDPA-SR and tetra-Zn2BDPA-SR, with two and four appended Zn2BDPA units, respectively. Vesicle and cell microscopy studies indicated that a higher number of Zn2BDPA targeting units improved probe selectivity for phosphatidylserine-rich vesicles, and increased probe localization at the plasma membrane of dead and dying cells. The fluorescent probes were also tested in three separate animal models, (1) necrotic prostate tumor rat model, (2) thymus atrophy mouse model, and (3) traumatic brain injury mouse model. In each case, there was more tetra-Zn2BDPA-SR accumulation at the site of cell death than bis-Zn2BDPA-SR. The results indicate that multivalent Zn2BDPA probes are promising molecules for effective imaging of cell death processes in cell culture and in living subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan A Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 236 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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84
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Altura MA, Heath-Heckman EAC, Gillette A, Kremer N, Krachler AM, Brennan C, Ruby EG, Orth K, McFall-Ngai MJ. The first engagement of partners in the Euprymna scolopes-Vibrio fischeri symbiosis is a two-step process initiated by a few environmental symbiont cells. Environ Microbiol 2013; 15:2937-50. [PMID: 23819708 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We studied the Euprymna scolopes-Vibrio fischeri symbiosis to characterize, in vivo and in real time, the transition between the bacterial partner's free-living and symbiotic life styles. Previous studies using high inocula demonstrated that environmental V. fischeri cells aggregate during a 3 h period in host-shed mucus along the light organ's superficial ciliated epithelia. Under lower inoculum conditions, similar to the levels of symbiont cells in the environment, this interaction induces haemocyte trafficking into these tissues. Here, in experiments simulating natural conditions, microscopy revealed that at 3 h following first exposure, only ∼ 5 V. fischeri cells aggregated on the organ surface. These cells associated with host cilia and induced haemocyte trafficking. Symbiont viability was essential and mutants defective in symbiosis initiation and/or production of certain surface features, including the Mam7 protein, which is implicated in host cell attachment of V. cholerae, associated normally with host cilia. Studies with exopolysaccharide mutants, which are defective in aggregation, suggest a two-step process of V. fischeri cell engagement: association with host cilia followed by aggregation, i.e. host cell-symbiont interaction with subsequent symbiont-symbiont cell interaction. Taken together, these data provide a new model of early partner engagement, a complex model of host-symbiont interaction with exquisite sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Altura
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | | | - Amani Gillette
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Natacha Kremer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Anne-Marie Krachler
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Caitlin Brennan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Edward G Ruby
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Kim Orth
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Margaret J McFall-Ngai
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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85
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Zhang L, Orth K. Virulence determinants for Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection. Curr Opin Microbiol 2013; 16:70-7. [PMID: 23433802 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a marine microorganism that causes acute gastroenteritis associated with the consumption of contaminated raw or under cooked seafood. During infection, the bacterium utilizes a wide variety of virulence factors, including adhesins, toxins and type III secretion systems, to cause both cytotoxicity in cultured cells and enterotoxicity in animal models. Herein, we describe recent discoveries on the regulation and characterization of the virulence factors from V. para. Determining how this bacterial pathogen uses virulence factors to mediate pathogenicity improves our understanding of V. para. infections and more generally, host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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86
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Transcriptional modulation of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli virulence genes in response to epithelial cell interactions. Infect Immun 2012; 81:259-70. [PMID: 23115039 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00919-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality due to diarrheal illness in developing countries. There is currently no effective vaccine against these important pathogens. Because genes modulated by pathogen-host interactions potentially encode putative vaccine targets, we investigated changes in gene expression and surface morphology of ETEC upon interaction with intestinal epithelial cells in vitro. Pan-genome microarrays, quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR), and transcriptional reporter fusions of selected promoters were used to study changes in ETEC transcriptomes. Flow cytometry, immunofluorescence microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy were used to investigate alterations in surface antigen expression and morphology following pathogen-host interactions. Following host cell contact, genes for motility, adhesion, toxin production, immunodominant peptides, and key regulatory molecules, including cyclic AMP (cAMP) receptor protein (CRP) and c-di-GMP, were substantially modulated. These changes were accompanied by visible changes in both ETEC architecture and the expression of surface antigens, including a novel highly conserved adhesin molecule, EaeH. The studies reported here suggest that pathogen-host interactions are finely orchestrated by ETEC and are characterized by coordinated responses involving the sequential deployment of multiple virulence molecules. Elucidation of the molecular details of these interactions could highlight novel strategies for development of vaccines for these important pathogens.
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87
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Mosher D. Targeting the bacterial-host interaction: leveling the playing field. Virulence 2012; 3:349-50. [PMID: 22976559 DOI: 10.4161/viru.21269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Deane Mosher
- Departments of Biomolecular Chemistry and Medicine; University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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88
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Krachler AM, Mende K, Murray C, Orth K. In vitro characterization of multivalent adhesion molecule 7-based inhibition of multidrug-resistant bacteria isolated from wounded military personnel. Virulence 2012; 3:389-99. [PMID: 22722243 DOI: 10.4161/viru.20816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of wounded military personnel at military medical centers is often complicated by colonization and infection of wounds with pathogenic bacteria. These include nosocomially transmitted, often multidrug-resistant pathogens such as Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and extended spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. We analyzed the efficacy of multivalent adhesion molecule (MAM) 7-based anti-adhesion treatment of host cells against aforementioned pathogens in a tissue culture infection model. Herein, we observed that a correlation between two important hallmarks of virulence, attachment and cytotoxicity, could serve as a useful predictor for the success of MAM7-based inhibition against bacterial infections. Initially, we characterized 20 patient isolates (five from each pathogen mentioned above) in terms of genotypic diversity, antimicrobial susceptibility and important hallmarks of pathogenicity (biofilm formation, attachment to and cytotoxicity toward cultured host cells). All isolates displayed a high degree of genotypic diversity, which was also reflected by large strain-to-strain variability in terms of biofilm formation, attachment and cytotoxicity within each group of pathogen. Using non-pathogenic bacteria expressing MAM7 or latex beads coated with recombinant MAM7 for anti-adhesion treatment, we showed a decrease in cytotoxicity, indicating that MAM7 has potential as a prophylactic agent to attenuate infection by multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marie Krachler
- Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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89
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Krachler AM, Ham H, Orth K. Turnabout is fair play: use of the bacterial Multivalent Adhesion Molecule 7 as an antimicrobial agent. Virulence 2012; 3:68-71. [PMID: 22086133 DOI: 10.4161/viru.3.1.18172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogen attachment to host tissues is one of the initial and most crucial events during the establishment of bacterial infections and thus interference with this step could be an efficient strategy to fight bacterial colonization. Our recent work has identified one of the factors involved in initial binding of host cells by a wide range of Gram-negative pathogens, Multivalent Adhesion Molecule (MAM) 7. Interference with MAM7-mediated attachment, for example by pre-incubation of host cells with recombinant MAM7, significantly delays the onset of hallmarks of infection, such as pathogen-mediated cytotoxicity or the development of other adhesive structures such as actin pedestals. Thus, we are trying to develop tools based on MAM7 that can be used to prevent or diminish certain Gram-negative bacterial infections. Herein, we describe the use of bead-coupled MAM7 as an inhibitor of infection with the clinically relevant pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marie Krachler
- Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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90
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Broberg CA, Calder TJ, Orth K. Vibrio parahaemolyticus cell biology and pathogenicity determinants. Microbes Infect 2011; 13:992-1001. [PMID: 21782964 PMCID: PMC3384537 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2011.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a significant cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. Characterization of this pathogen has revealed a unique repertoire of virulence factors that allow for colonization of the human host and disease. The following describes the known pathogenicity determinants while establishing the need for continued research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A. Broberg
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas TX 75390-9148, USA
| | - Thomas J. Calder
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas TX 75390-9148, USA
| | - Kim Orth
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas TX 75390-9148, USA
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91
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Krachler AM, Orth K. Functional characterization of the interaction between bacterial adhesin multivalent adhesion molecule 7 (MAM7) protein and its host cell ligands. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:38939-47. [PMID: 21937438 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.291377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of a pathogen to rapidly form a stable interaction with the host cell surface is key to its success. Bacterial pathogens use a repertoire of virulence factors, but their efficient use relies on close contact between the host and the pathogen. We have recently identified a constitutively expressed MAM7 (multivalent adhesion molecule 7), which is widely distributed in gram-negative pathogens and enables them to establish initial contact with the host cell. Here, we describe the dissection of the MAM7 interaction with the host cell surface into two distinct binding events, involving the host protein fibronectin and the membrane phospholipid phosphatidic acid. We analyzed which domains within MAM7 and fibronectin are necessary for complex formation. We further studied phosphatidic acid binding by MAM7 using site-directed mutagenesis and liposome association assays and demonstrated that a specific distribution of basic charge on MAM7 is required for high affinity binding. Finally, we showed that fibronectin and phosphatidic acid binding to MAM7 are not mutually exclusive and that the three molecules likely assemble into a tripartite complex on the host cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marie Krachler
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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92
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