51
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Vairamani K, Wang HS, Medvedovic M, Lorenz JN, Shull GE. RNA SEQ Analysis Indicates that the AE3 Cl -/HCO 3- Exchanger Contributes to Active Transport-Mediated CO 2 Disposal in Heart. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7264. [PMID: 28779178 PMCID: PMC5544674 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07585-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of the AE3 Cl−/HCO3− exchanger (Slc4a3) in mice causes an impaired cardiac force-frequency response and heart failure under some conditions but the mechanisms are not known. To better understand the functions of AE3, we performed RNA Seq analysis of AE3-null and wild-type mouse hearts and evaluated the data with respect to three hypotheses (CO2 disposal, facilitation of Na+-loading, and recovery from an alkaline load) that have been proposed for its physiological functions. Gene Ontology and PubMatrix analyses of differentially expressed genes revealed a hypoxia response and changes in vasodilation and angiogenesis genes that strongly support the CO2 disposal hypothesis. Differential expression of energy metabolism genes, which indicated increased glucose utilization and decreased fatty acid utilization, were consistent with adaptive responses to perturbations of O2/CO2 balance in AE3-null myocytes. Given that the myocardium is an obligate aerobic tissue and consumes large amounts of O2, the data suggest that loss of AE3, which has the potential to extrude CO2 in the form of HCO3−, impairs O2/CO2 balance in cardiac myocytes. These results support a model in which the AE3 Cl−/HCO3− exchanger, coupled with parallel Cl− and H+-extrusion mechanisms and extracellular carbonic anhydrase, is responsible for active transport-mediated disposal of CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanimozhi Vairamani
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45267, USA
| | - Hong-Sheng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45267, USA
| | - Mario Medvedovic
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45267, USA
| | - John N Lorenz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45267, USA
| | - Gary E Shull
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45267, USA.
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52
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Arozarena I, Wellbrock C. Targeting invasive properties of melanoma cells. FEBS J 2017; 284:2148-2162. [PMID: 28196297 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/11/2024]
Abstract
Melanoma is a skin cancer notorious for its metastatic potential. As an initial step of the metastatic cascade, melanoma cells part from the primary tumour and invade the surrounding tissue, which is crucial for their dissemination and the formation of distant secondary tumours. Over the last two decades, our understanding of both, general and melanoma specific mechanisms of invasion has significantly improved, but to date no efficient therapeutic strategy tackling the invasive properties of melanoma cells has reached the clinic. In this review, we assess the major contributions towards the understanding of the molecular biology of melanoma cell invasion with a focus on melanoma specific traits. These traits are based on the neural crest origin of melanoma cells and explain their intrinsic invasive nature. A particular emphasis is given not only to lineage specific signalling mediated by TGFβ, and noncanonical and canonical WNT signalling, but also to the role of PDE5A and RHO-GTPases in modulating modes of melanoma cell invasion. We discuss existing caveats in the current understanding of the metastatic properties of melanoma cells, as well as the relevance of the 'phenotype switch' model and 'co-operativity' between different phenotypes in heterogeneous tumours. At the centre of these phenotypes is the lineage commitment factor microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, one of the most crucial regulators of the balance between de-differentiation (neural crest specific gene expression) and differentiation (melanocyte specific gene expression) that defines invasive and noninvasive melanoma cell phenotypes. Finally, we provide insight into the current evidence linking resistance to targeted therapies to invasive properties of melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imanol Arozarena
- Cancer Signalling Group, Navarrabiomed (Miguel Servet Foundation), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Claudia Wellbrock
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, UK
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53
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Bifurcated BACH2 control coordinates mantle cell lymphoma survival and dispersal during hypoxia. Blood 2017; 130:763-776. [PMID: 28592433 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-02-767293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACH2, a B-cell-specific transcription factor, plays a critical role in oxidative stress-mediated drug resistance in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL); however, the biological functions of BACH2 and its regulation of B-cell malignancies in chronic hypoxic microenvironment have not been studied. Here, we found that silencing BACH2 led to not only increased tumor formation and colony formation but also increased tumor dispersal to spleen and bone marrow. Decreased BACH2 levels in patients were also correlated with bone marrow and gastrointestinal dispersal of MCL and blastoid subtypes of MCL. Unexpectedly, decreased BACH2 levels in dispersed MCL cells were due to direct transcriptional repression by hypoxia-induced factor 1α (HIF-1α) and increased heme-mediated protein degradation. In normoxic conditions, BACH2 was able to modulate HIF-1α degradation by suppressing prolyl hydroxylase 3 expression. Bifurcated BACH2 controls during hypoxia and normoxia coordinate not only MCL tumor dispersal but also drug resistance, including bortezomib resistance, via plasmacytic differentiation. Our data highlight an interactive relationship between tumor cells and local microenvironment and the mechanisms of B-cell transcription factor in the regulation of MCL dispersal.
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54
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The master role of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor in melanocyte and melanoma biology. J Transl Med 2017; 97:649-656. [PMID: 28263292 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2017.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain transcription factors have vital roles in lineage development, including specification of cell types and control of differentiation. Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) is a key transcription factor for melanocyte development and differentiation. MITF regulates expression of numerous pigmentation genes to promote melanocyte differentiation, as well as fundamental genes for maintaining cell homeostasis, including genes encoding proteins involved in apoptosis (eg, BCL2) and the cell cycle (eg, CDK2). Loss-of-function mutations of MITF cause Waardenburg syndrome type IIA, whose phenotypes include depigmentation due to melanocyte loss, whereas amplification or specific mutation of MITF can be an oncogenic event that is seen in a subset of familial or sporadic melanomas. In this article, we review basic features of MITF biological function and highlight key unresolved questions regarding this remarkable transcription factor.
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55
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Ferguson J, Smith M, Zudaire I, Wellbrock C, Arozarena I. Glucose availability controls ATF4-mediated MITF suppression to drive melanoma cell growth. Oncotarget 2017; 8:32946-32959. [PMID: 28380427 PMCID: PMC5464841 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well know that cancer cells have adopted an altered metabolism and that glucose is a major source of energy for these cells. In melanoma, enhanced glucose usage is favoured through the hyper-activated MAPK pathway, which suppresses OXPHOS and stimulates glycolysis. However, it has not been addressed how glucose availability impacts on melanoma specific signaling pathways that drive melanoma cell proliferation. Here we show that melanoma cells are dependent on high glucose levels for efficient growth. Thereby, glucose metabolism controls the expression of the melanoma fate transcription factor MITF, a master regulator of melanoma cell survival and proliferation, invasion and therapy resistance. Restriction of glucose availability to physiological concentrations induces the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Increased ROS levels lead to the up-regulation of AFT4, which in turn suppresses MITF expression by competing with CREB, an otherwise potent inducer of the MITF promoter. Our data give new insight into the complex regulation of MITF, a key regulator of melanoma biology, and support previous findings that link metabolic disorders such as hyperglycemia and diabetes with increased melanoma risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Ferguson
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PT, Manchester, UK
| | - Michael Smith
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PT, Manchester, UK
| | - Isabel Zudaire
- Navarrabiomed-Fundación Miguel Servet-Idisna, Calle Irunlarrea, 3 Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Claudia Wellbrock
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PT, Manchester, UK
| | - Imanol Arozarena
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PT, Manchester, UK
- Navarrabiomed-Fundación Miguel Servet-Idisna, Calle Irunlarrea, 3 Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
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56
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Cavadas MAS, Cheong A, Taylor CT. The regulation of transcriptional repression in hypoxia. Exp Cell Res 2017; 356:173-181. [PMID: 28219680 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A sufficient supply molecular oxygen is essential for the maintenance of physiologic metabolism and bioenergetic homeostasis for most metazoans. For this reason, mechanisms have evolved for eukaryotic cells to adapt to conditions where oxygen demand exceeds supply (hypoxia). These mechanisms rely on the modification of pre-existing proteins, translational arrest and transcriptional changes. The hypoxia inducible factor (HIF; a master regulator of gene induction in response to hypoxia) is responsible for the majority of induced gene expression in hypoxia. However, much less is known about the mechanism(s) responsible for gene repression, an essential part of the adaptive transcriptional response. Hypoxia-induced gene repression leads to a reduction in energy demanding processes and the redirection of limited energetic resources to essential housekeeping functions. Recent developments have underscored the importance of transcriptional repressors in cellular adaptation to hypoxia. To date, at least ten distinct transcriptional repressors have been reported to demonstrate sensitivity to hypoxia. Central among these is the Repressor Element-1 Silencing Transcription factor (REST), which regulates over 200 genes. In this review, written to honor the memory and outstanding scientific legacy of Lorenz Poellinger, we provide an overview of our existing knowledge with respect to transcriptional repressors and their target genes in hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A S Cavadas
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Alex Cheong
- Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Cormac T Taylor
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences and Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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57
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An Integrative Analysis of Preeclampsia Based on the Construction of an Extended Composite Network Featuring Protein-Protein Physical Interactions and Transcriptional Relationships. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165849. [PMID: 27802351 PMCID: PMC5089765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy disorder defined by hypertension and proteinuria. This disease remains a major cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Defective placentation is generally described as being at the root of the disease. The characterization of the transcriptome signature of the preeclamptic placenta has allowed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). However, we still lack a detailed knowledge on how these DEGs impact the function of the placenta. The tools of network biology offer a methodology to explore complex diseases at a systems level. In this study we performed a cross-platform meta-analysis of seven publically available gene expression datasets comparing non-pathological and preeclamptic placentas. Using the rank product algorithm we identified a total of 369 DEGs consistently modified in PE. The DEGs were used as seeds to build both an extended physical protein-protein interactions network and a transcription factors regulatory network. Topological and clustering analysis was conducted to analyze the connectivity properties of the networks. Finally both networks were merged into a composite network which presents an integrated view of the regulatory pathways involved in preeclampsia and the crosstalk between them. This network is a useful tool to explore the relationship between the DEGs and enable hypothesis generation for functional experimentation.
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58
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Dehne N, Brüne B. Hypoxic inhibition of JMJD3 reduces H3K27me3 demethylation and induction of the STAT6 target gene CCL18. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2016; 1859:1490-1501. [PMID: 27737800 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia, by activating transcription factors induces transcription of some genes but it also reduces mRNA synthesis by mechanisms that are poorly defined. Activation of human macrophages with interleukin (IL)-4 showed that up-regulation of some IL-4 target genes was reduced when macrophages were incubated at 1% oxygen. Hypoxia impaired induction of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 18 (CCL18), although IL-4-induced DNA binding of the transcription factor STAT6 remained intact. In contrast, induction of serine peptidase inhibitor, Kunitz type (SPINT)2, another IL-4/STAT6 target gene, was not affected by hypoxia. The repressive histone mark histone 3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3), known to prevent chromatin remodelling and transcription, was removed from the SPINT2 but not the CCL18 gene locus under hypoxia or dimethyloxalylglycine-treatment. The H3K27me3 demethylase JMJD3 was required for CCL18 gene induction but dispensable for induction of SPINT2. Our data indicate that hypoxic inhibition of JMJD3 activity reduces demethylation of H3K27me3, nucleosome removal, and hence induction of the STAT6 target gene CCL18, while induction of other STAT6-inducible genes such as SPINT2 remained unaffected by JMJD3. In contrast to mouse MΦ in human cells JMJD3 is not recruited by transcription factors like IRF4, KL4, or PPARγ to convey specificity in gene induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Dehne
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Bernhard Brüne
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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59
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Cavadas MAS, Mesnieres M, Crifo B, Manresa MC, Selfridge AC, Keogh CE, Fabian Z, Scholz CC, Nolan KA, Rocha LMA, Tambuwala MM, Brown S, Wdowicz A, Corbett D, Murphy KJ, Godson C, Cummins EP, Taylor CT, Cheong A. REST is a hypoxia-responsive transcriptional repressor. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31355. [PMID: 27531581 PMCID: PMC4987654 DOI: 10.1038/srep31355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular exposure to hypoxia results in altered gene expression in a range of physiologic and pathophysiologic states. Discrete cohorts of genes can be either up- or down-regulated in response to hypoxia. While the Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF) is the primary driver of hypoxia-induced adaptive gene expression, less is known about the signalling mechanisms regulating hypoxia-dependent gene repression. Using RNA-seq, we demonstrate that equivalent numbers of genes are induced and repressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells. We demonstrate that nuclear localization of the Repressor Element 1-Silencing Transcription factor (REST) is induced in hypoxia and that REST is responsible for regulating approximately 20% of the hypoxia-repressed genes. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays we demonstrate that REST-dependent gene repression is at least in part mediated by direct binding to the promoters of target genes. Based on these data, we propose that REST is a key mediator of gene repression in hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A S Cavadas
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.,Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.,Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Marion Mesnieres
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Bianca Crifo
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Mario C Manresa
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Andrew C Selfridge
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Ciara E Keogh
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Zsolt Fabian
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Carsten C Scholz
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.,Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.,Institute of Physiology and Zurich Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karen A Nolan
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Diabetes Complications Research Centre, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Liliane M A Rocha
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Murtaza M Tambuwala
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Co. Londonderry, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Stuart Brown
- Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Anita Wdowicz
- Neurotherapeutics Research Group, UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Danielle Corbett
- Neurotherapeutics Research Group, UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Keith J Murphy
- Neurotherapeutics Research Group, UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Catherine Godson
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Eoin P Cummins
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Cormac T Taylor
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.,Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Alex Cheong
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.,Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.,Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
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60
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Böhme I, Bosserhoff AK. Acidic tumor microenvironment in human melanoma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2016; 29:508-23. [PMID: 27233233 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
One characteristic of solid tumors such as malignant melanoma is the acidification of the tumor microenvironment. The deregulation of cancer cell metabolism is considered a main cause of extracellular acidosis. Here, cancer cells utilize aerobic glycolysis instead of oxidative phosphorylation even under normoxic conditions, as originally described by Otto Warburg. These metabolic alterations cause enhanced acid production, especially of lactate and carbon dioxide (CO2 ). The extensive production of acidic metabolites and the enhanced acid export to the extracellular space cause a consistent acidification of the tumor microenvironment, thus promoting the formation of an acid-resistant tumor cell population with increased invasive and metastatic potential. As melanoma is one of the deadliest and most metastatic forms of cancer, understanding the effects of this extracellular acidosis on human melanoma cells with distinct metastatic properties is important. The aim of this review was to summarize recent studies of the acidification of the tumor microenvironment, focusing on the specific effects of the acidic milieu on melanoma cells and to give a short overview of therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Böhme
- Institute of Biochemistry, Emil-Fischer-Centrum, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Anja Katrin Bosserhoff
- Institute of Biochemistry, Emil-Fischer-Centrum, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany. .,Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
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61
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Xia Y, Li Y, Westover KD, Sun J, Chen H, Zhang J, Fisher DE. Inhibition of Cell Proliferation in an NRAS Mutant Melanoma Cell Line by Combining Sorafenib and α-Mangostin. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155217. [PMID: 27152946 PMCID: PMC4859503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Mangostin is a natural product commonly used in Asia for cosmetic and medicinal applications including topical treatment of acne and skin cancer. Towards finding new pharmacological strategies that overcome NRAS mutant melanoma, we performed a cell proliferation-based combination screen using a collection of well-characterized small molecule kinase inhibitors and α-Mangostin. We found that α-Mangostin significantly enhances Sorafenib pharmacological efficacy against an NRAS mutant melanoma cell line. The synergistic effects of α-Mangostin and Sorafenib were associated with enhanced inhibition of activated AKT and ERK, induced ER stress, and reduced autophagy, eventually leading to apoptosis. The structure of α-Mangostin resembles several inhibitors of the Retinoid X receptor (RXR). MITF expression, which is regulated by RXR, was modulated by α-Mangostin. Molecular docking revealed that α-Mangostin can be accommodated by the ligand binding pocket of RXR and may thereby compete with RXR-mediated control of MITF expression. In summary, these data demonstrate an unanticipated synergy between α-Mangostin and sorafenib, with mechanistic actions that convert a known safe natural product to a candidate combinatorial therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xia
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 Building 13th ST, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ying Li
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 Building 13th ST, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Clinical Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.7 Front Kangfu ST, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Kenneth D. Westover
- Departments of Biochemistry and Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jiaming Sun
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hongxiang Chen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 Building 13th ST, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jianming Zhang
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 Building 13th ST, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David E. Fisher
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 Building 13th ST, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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62
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Vachtenheim J, Ondrušová L. Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor expression levels in melanoma cells contribute to cell invasion and proliferation. Exp Dermatol 2016; 24:481-4. [PMID: 25866058 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) is a nodal point in melanoma transcriptional network that regulates dozens of genes with critical functions in cell differentiation, proliferation and survival. Highly variable MITF expression levels exist in tumor cell subpopulations conferring marked heterogeneity and plasticity in the tumor tissue. A model has been postulated whereby lower MITF levels favour cell invasion and suppress proliferation, whereas high levels stimulate differentiation and proliferation. Additionally, MITF is considered to be a prosurvival gene and a lineage addiction oncogene in melanoma. Herein, we review how MITF expression may affect the melanoma phenotype with consequences on the survival, invasion and metastasis of melanoma cells, and we discuss the research challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Vachtenheim
- Laboratory of Transcription and Cell Signaling, Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lubica Ondrušová
- Laboratory of Transcription and Cell Signaling, Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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63
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Houslay MD. Melanoma, Viagra, and PDE5 Inhibitors: Proliferation and Metastasis. Trends Cancer 2016; 2:163-165. [PMID: 28741569 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of the cGMP-degrading phosphodiesterase (PDE) 5 have achieved blockbuster status in the treatment of penile erectile dysfunction (PED). Their repurposing is currently being proposed to treat certain solid tumours and various other diseases. In cruel irony, however, it appears from recent clinical studies that PDE5 inhibitors may increase the risk of malignant melanoma by negating newly identified brakes on proliferation and metastasis provided by PDE5A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles D Houslay
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5th Floor Franklin-Wilkins Building, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, UK.
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64
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Laugier F, Delyon J, André J, Bensussan A, Dumaz N. Hypoxia and MITF regulate KIT oncogenic properties in melanocytes. Oncogene 2016; 35:5070-7. [PMID: 26973244 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
KIT mutations are frequent in acral, mucosal and chronic sun-damage (CSD) melanoma, but little is known about the mechanisms driving the transformation of KIT-mutated melanocytes into melanoma cells. We showed that exposition of melanocytes harboring the (L576P)KIT mutation to a hypoxic environment induced their transformation into malignant cells. Transformed (L576P)KIT melanocytes showed downregulation of MITF expression characteristic of melanoma initiating cells (MICs). In agreement, these cells were able to form spheres in neural crest cell medium and low-adherence conditions, also a characteristic of MICs. Downregulation of MITF by RNA interference induced transformation of KIT-mutated melanocytes in normoxia and acquisition of a MIC phenotype by these cells. Hence, low level of MITF cooperates with oncogenic KIT to transform melanocytes. Activation of the cAMP pathway in transformed (L576P)KIT melanocytes stimulated MITF expression, and reduced cellular proliferation and sphere formation. These findings highlight the essential role of MITF in revealing the oncogenic activity of KIT in melanocytes and suggest that the cAMP pathway is a therapeutic target in KIT-mutated melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Laugier
- INSERM, U976, Centre de Recherche sur la Peau, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS976, Paris, France
| | - J Delyon
- INSERM, U976, Centre de Recherche sur la Peau, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS976, Paris, France
| | - J André
- INSERM, U976, Centre de Recherche sur la Peau, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS976, Paris, France
| | - A Bensussan
- INSERM, U976, Centre de Recherche sur la Peau, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS976, Paris, France
| | - N Dumaz
- INSERM, U976, Centre de Recherche sur la Peau, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS976, Paris, France
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65
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Riesenberg S, Groetchen A, Siddaway R, Bald T, Reinhardt J, Smorra D, Kohlmeyer J, Renn M, Phung B, Aymans P, Schmidt T, Hornung V, Davidson I, Goding CR, Jönsson G, Landsberg J, Tüting T, Hölzel M. MITF and c-Jun antagonism interconnects melanoma dedifferentiation with pro-inflammatory cytokine responsiveness and myeloid cell recruitment. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8755. [PMID: 26530832 PMCID: PMC4659938 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation promotes phenotypic plasticity in melanoma, a source of non-genetic heterogeneity, but the molecular framework is poorly understood. Here we use functional genomic approaches and identify a reciprocal antagonism between the melanocyte lineage transcription factor MITF and c-Jun, which interconnects inflammation-induced dedifferentiation with pro-inflammatory cytokine responsiveness of melanoma cells favouring myeloid cell recruitment. We show that pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α instigate gradual suppression of MITF expression through c-Jun. MITF itself binds to the c-Jun regulatory genomic region and its reduction increases c-Jun expression that in turn amplifies TNF-stimulated cytokine expression with further MITF suppression. This feed-forward mechanism turns poor peak-like transcriptional responses to TNF-α into progressive and persistent cytokine and chemokine induction. Consistently, inflammatory MITF(low)/c-Jun(high) syngeneic mouse melanomas recruit myeloid immune cells into the tumour microenvironment as recapitulated by their human counterparts. Our study suggests myeloid cell-directed therapies may be useful for MITF(low)/c-Jun(high) melanomas to counteract their growth-promoting and immunosuppressive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Riesenberg
- Unit for RNA Biology, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Angela Groetchen
- Unit for RNA Biology, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Robert Siddaway
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Tobias Bald
- Laboratory for Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Julia Reinhardt
- Unit for RNA Biology, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Denise Smorra
- Unit for RNA Biology, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Judith Kohlmeyer
- Laboratory for Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Marcel Renn
- Laboratory for Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Bengt Phung
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Barngatan 2B, Lund 221 85, Sweden
| | - Pia Aymans
- Laboratory for Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Tobias Schmidt
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Veit Hornung
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Irwin Davidson
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, Illkirch Cédex 67404, France
| | - Colin R Goding
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Göran Jönsson
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Barngatan 2B, Lund 221 85, Sweden
| | - Jennifer Landsberg
- Laboratory for Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Tüting
- Laboratory for Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Hölzel
- Unit for RNA Biology, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
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66
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Giannoni E, Taddei ML, Morandi A, Comito G, Calvani M, Bianchini F, Richichi B, Raugei G, Wong N, Tang D, Chiarugi P. Targeting stromal-induced pyruvate kinase M2 nuclear translocation impairs oxphos and prostate cancer metastatic spread. Oncotarget 2015; 6:24061-74. [PMID: 26183399 PMCID: PMC4695170 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are key determinants of cancer progression. In prostate carcinoma (PCa), CAFs induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metabolic reprogramming of PCa cells towards oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), promoting tumor growth and metastatic dissemination. We herein establish a novel role for pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), an established effector of Warburg-like glycolytic behavior, in OXPHOS metabolism induced by CAFs. Indeed, CAFs promote PKM2 post-translational modifications, such as cysteine oxidation and Src-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation, allowing nuclear migration of PKM2 and the formation of a trimeric complex with hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and the transcriptional repressor Differentially Expressed in Chondrocytes-1 (DEC1). DEC1 recruitment is mandatory for downregulating miR205 expression, thereby fostering EMT execution and metabolic switch toward OXPHOS. Furthermore, the analysis of a cohort of PCa patients reveals a significant positive correlation between PKM2 nuclear localization and cancer aggressiveness, thereby validating our in vitro observations. Crucially, in vitro and in vivo pharmacological targeting of PKM2 nuclear translocation using DASA-58, as well as metformin, impairs metastatic dissemination of PCa cells in SCID mice. Our study indicates that impairing the metabolic tumor:stroma interplay by targeting the PKM2/OXPHOS axis, may be a valuable novel therapeutic approach in aggressive prostate carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Giannoni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Letizia Taddei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Morandi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Comito
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Maura Calvani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Bianchini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Barbara Richichi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Giovanni Raugei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Nicholas Wong
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, L8N4A6, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Damu Tang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, L8N4A6, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paola Chiarugi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134, Florence, Italy
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67
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Habryka A, Gogler-Pigłowska A, Sojka D, Kryj M, Krawczyk Z, Scieglinska D. Cell type-dependent modulation of the gene encoding heat shock protein HSPA2 by hypoxia-inducible factor HIF-1: Down-regulation in keratinocytes and up-regulation in HeLa cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2015; 1849:1155-69. [PMID: 26164067 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
HSPA2 belongs to the multigene HSPA family, whose members encode chaperone proteins. Although expression and function of HSPA2 is mainly associated with spermatogenesis, recent studies demonstrated that in humans, the gene is active in various cancers, as well as in normal tissues, albeit in a cell type-specific manner. In the epidermis, HSPA2 is expressed in keratinocytes in the basal layer. Currently, the mechanisms underlying the regulation of HSPA2 expression remain unknown. This study was aimed at determining whether HIF-1 and its binding site, the hypoxia-response element (HRE) located in the HSPA2 promoter, are involved in HSPA2 regulation. As a model system, we used an immortal human keratinocyte line (HaCaT) and cervical cancer cells (HeLa) grown under control or hypoxic conditions. Using an in vitro gene reporter assay, we demonstrated that in keratinocytes HSPA2 promoter activity is reduced under conditions that facilitate stabilization of HIF-1α, whereas HIF-1 inhibitors abrogated the suppressive effect of hypoxia on promoter activity. Chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that HIF-1α binds to the HSPA2 promoter. In keratinocytes, hypoxia or overexpression of a stable form of HIF-1α attenuated the expression of endogenous HSPA2, whereas targeted repression of HIF-1α by RNAi increased transcription of HSPA2 under hypoxia. Conversely, in HeLa cells, HSPA2 expression increased under conditions that stimulated HIF-1α activity, whereas inhibition of HIF-1α abrogated hypoxia-induced up-regulation of HSPA2 expression. Taken together, our results demonstrate that HIF-1 can exert differential, cell context-dependent regulatory control of the HSPA2 gene. Additionally, we also showed that HSPA2 expression can be stimulated during hypoxia/reoxygenation stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Habryka
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Gogler-Pigłowska
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Damian Sojka
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Mariusz Kryj
- The Oncologic and Reconstructive Surgery Clinic, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Zdzisław Krawczyk
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Dorota Scieglinska
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland.
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68
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Wellbrock C, Arozarena I. Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor in melanoma development and MAP-kinase pathway targeted therapy. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2015; 28:390-406. [PMID: 25818589 PMCID: PMC4692100 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is a neoplasm of melanocytes, and the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) is essential for the existence of melanocytes. MITF's relevance for this cell lineage is maintained in melanoma, where it is an important regulator of survival and balances melanoma cell proliferation with terminal differentiation (pigmentation). The MITF gene is amplified in ~20% of melanomas and MITF mutation can predispose to melanoma development. Furthermore, the regulation of MITF expression and function is strongly linked to the BRAF/MEK/ERK/MAP-kinase (MAPK) pathway, which is deregulated in >90% of melanomas and central target of current therapies. MITF expression in melanoma is heterogeneous, and recent findings highlight the relevance of this heterogeneity for the response of melanoma to MAPK pathway targeting drugs, as well as for MITF's role in melanoma progression. This review aims to provide an updated overview on the regulation of MITF function and plasticity in melanoma with a focus on its link to MAPK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Wellbrock
- Manchester Cancer Research CentreWellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix ResearchFaculty of Life SciencesThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Imanol Arozarena
- Manchester Cancer Research CentreWellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix ResearchFaculty of Life SciencesThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
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69
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LaGory EL, Wu C, Taniguchi CM, Ding CKC, Chi JT, von Eyben R, Scott DA, Richardson AD, Giaccia AJ. Suppression of PGC-1α Is Critical for Reprogramming Oxidative Metabolism in Renal Cell Carcinoma. Cell Rep 2015; 12:116-127. [PMID: 26119730 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Long believed to be a byproduct of malignant transformation, reprogramming of cellular metabolism is now recognized as a driving force in tumorigenesis. In clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), frequent activation of HIF signaling induces a metabolic switch that promotes tumorigenesis. Here, we demonstrate that PGC-1α, a central regulator of energy metabolism, is suppressed in VHL-deficient ccRCC by a HIF/Dec1-dependent mechanism. In VHL wild-type cells, PGC-1α suppression leads to decreased expression of the mitochondrial transcription factor Tfam and impaired mitochondrial respiration. Conversely, PGC-1α expression in VHL-deficient cells restores mitochondrial function and induces oxidative stress. ccRCC cells expressing PGC-1α exhibit impaired tumor growth and enhanced sensitivity to cytotoxic therapies. In patients, low levels of PGC-1α expression are associated with poor outcome. These studies demonstrate that suppression of PGC-1α recapitulates key metabolic phenotypes of ccRCC and highlight the potential of targeting PGC-1α expression as a therapeutic modality for the treatment of ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward L LaGory
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Colleen Wu
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Cullen M Taniguchi
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chien-Kuang Cornelia Ding
- Duke Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Jen-Tsan Chi
- Duke Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Rie von Eyben
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - David A Scott
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Adam D Richardson
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Amato J Giaccia
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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70
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Clinical significance of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 and VEGF-A in osteosarcoma. Int J Clin Oncol 2015; 20:1233-43. [PMID: 26077139 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-015-0848-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the function of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF1) in many kinds of solid tumor has been revealed, the significance of HIF1 in osteosarcoma is still controversial and not well understood. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was used to detect HIF1 expression. The correlation between HIF1 and clinicopathology factors was analyzed by use of chi-squared tests. The prognostic value of HIF1 was evaluated by univariate and multivariate analysis. Moreover, the function of HIF1 in osteosarcoma cells was further investigated in in-vitro experiments by regulating HIF1 and vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) expression. RESULTS Expression of HIF1 was high for 56.82 % of the samples in our investigation. HIF1 expression was significantly associated with positive metastasis (P = 0.037). By use of the Kaplan-Meier method, high expression of HIF1 was proved to be related to poorer overall survival (P = 0.007). By use of a Cox-regression model, HIF1 was identified as an independent prognostic biomarker (P = 0.019). We also proved that HIF1 can promote osteosarcoma invasion in hypoxia by inducing VEGF-A expression. CONCLUSIONS HIF1 was identified as an independent prognostic biomarker in osteosarcoma. It can promote osteosarcoma cell invasion by inducing VEGF-A expression, indicating that HIF1 is a potential drug target in osteosarcoma.
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71
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Jayachandran A, Anaka M, Prithviraj P, Hudson C, McKeown SJ, Lo PH, Vella LJ, Goding CR, Cebon J, Behren A. Thrombospondin 1 promotes an aggressive phenotype through epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in human melanoma. Oncotarget 2015; 5:5782-97. [PMID: 25051363 PMCID: PMC4170613 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), in which epithelial cells loose their polarity and become motile mesenchymal cells, is a determinant of melanoma metastasis. We compared gene expression signatures of mesenchymal-like melanoma cells with those of epithelial-like melanoma cells, and identified Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) as highly up-regulated in the mesenchymal phenotype. This study investigated whether THBS1, a major physiological activator of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, is involved in melanoma EMT-like process. We sought to examine expression patterns in distinct melanoma phenotypes including invasive, de-differentiated, label-retaining and drug resistant populations that are putatively associated with an EMT-like process. Here we show that THBS1 expression and secretion was elevated in melanoma cells exhibiting invasive, drug resistant, label retaining and mesenchymal phenotypes and correlated with reduced expression of genes involved in pigmentation. Elevated THBS1 levels were detected in Vemurafenib resistant melanoma cells and inhibition of THBS1 led to significantly reduced chemoresistance in melanoma cells. Notably, siRNA-mediated silencing of THBS1 and neutralizing antibody to THBS1 reduced invasion in mesenchymal-like melanoma cells, while ectopic THBS1 expression in epithelial-like melanoma cells enhanced invasion. Furthermore, the loss of THBS1 inhibited in vivo motility of melanoma cells within the embryonic chicken neural tube. In addition, we found aberrant THBS1 protein expression in metastatic melanoma tumor biopsies. These results implicate a role for THBS1 in EMT, and hence THBS1 may serve as a novel target for strategies aimed at the treatment of melanoma invasion and drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Jayachandran
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne-Austin Branch, Cancer Immunobiology Laboratory, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia. Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Matthew Anaka
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne-Austin Branch, Cancer Immunobiology Laboratory, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia. Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Prashanth Prithviraj
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne-Austin Branch, Cancer Immunobiology Laboratory, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia. Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Christopher Hudson
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne-Austin Branch, Cancer Immunobiology Laboratory, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Sonja J McKeown
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Pu-Han Lo
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne-Austin Branch, Cancer Immunobiology Laboratory, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Laura J Vella
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne-Austin Branch, Cancer Immunobiology Laboratory, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia. Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Colin R Goding
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Jonathan Cebon
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne-Austin Branch, Cancer Immunobiology Laboratory, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia. Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Andreas Behren
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne-Austin Branch, Cancer Immunobiology Laboratory, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia. Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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72
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Phenotypic diversity of patient-derived melanoma populations in stem cell medium. J Transl Med 2015; 95:672-83. [PMID: 25867763 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2015.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanomas are highly heterogeneous tumors and there is no treatment effective at achieving long-term remission for metastatic melanoma patients. Thus, an appropriate model system for studying melanoma biology and response to drugs is necessary. It has been shown that composition of the medium is a critical factor in preserving the complexity of the tumor in in vitro settings, and melanospheres maintained in stem cell medium are a good model in this respect. In the present study, we observed that not all nodular melanoma patient-derived cell populations grown in stem cell medium were capable of forming melanospheres, and cell aggregates and anchorage-independent single-cell cultures emerged instead. Self-renewing capacity and unlimited growth potential indicated the presence of cells with stem-like properties in all patient-derived populations but immunophenotype and MITF expression exhibited variability. Enhanced MITF expression and activity was observed in melanospheres in comparison with cell aggregates and single-cell culture, and hypoxic-like conditions that increased the ability of single-cell population to form melanospheres enhanced MITF expression and cell pigmentation as well. Thus, MITF seems to be a critical transcription factor for formation of both patient-derived and hypoxia-induced melanospheres. After 2 years of continuous culturing, melanospheres progressively underwent transition into cell aggregates that was accompanied by changes in expression of several MITF-dependent genes associated with melanogenesis and survival and alterations in the composition of subpopulations but not in the frequency of ABCB5-positive cells. Several biological properties of parent tumor are well preserved in patient-derived melanospheres, but during prolonged culturing the heterogeneity is substantially lost when the melanospheres are substituted by cell aggregates. This should be considered when cell aggregates instead of melanospheres are used in the study of melanoma biology and cell response to drugs.
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73
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Chen R, Wang Y, Ning R, Hu J, Liu W, Xiong J, Wu L, Liu J, Hu G, Yang J. Decreased carboxylesterases expression and hydrolytic activity in type 2 diabetic mice through Akt/mTOR/HIF-1α/Stra13 pathway. Xenobiotica 2015; 45:782-93. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2015.1020353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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74
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Abildgaard C, Guldberg P. Molecular drivers of cellular metabolic reprogramming in melanoma. Trends Mol Med 2015; 21:164-71. [PMID: 25618774 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of metastatic melanoma is accompanied by distinct changes in cellular metabolism, most notably a change in strategy for energy production from mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to cytoplasmic aerobic glycolysis. This bioenergetic switch occurs at the expense of less-efficient utilization of glucose, but is required for melanoma cells to meet their bioenergetic and biosynthetic demands. Recent work has implicated well-established melanoma drivers such as BRAF, PTEN, MITF, and ARF in the regulation of cellular energy metabolism. The metabolic changes in melanoma cells offer new opportunities for therapeutic intervention. However, inter- and intratumor bioenergetic heterogeneity caused by variation in genetic driver profiles and mitochondrial performance may impact on the effectiveness of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilie Abildgaard
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per Guldberg
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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75
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Hartman ML, Czyz M. MITF in melanoma: mechanisms behind its expression and activity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 72:1249-60. [PMID: 25433395 PMCID: PMC4363485 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1791-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
MITF (microphthalmia-associated transcription factor) represents a melanocytic lineage-specific transcription factor whose role is profoundly extended in malignant melanoma. Over the last few years, the function of MITF has been tightly connected to plasticity of melanoma cells. MITF participates in executing diverse melanoma phenotypes defined by distinct gene expression profiles. Mutation-dependent alterations in MITF expression and activity have been found in a relatively small subset of melanomas. MITF activity is rather modulated by its upstream activators and suppressors operating on transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational levels. These regulatory mechanisms also include epigenetic and microenvironmental signals. Several transcription factors and signaling pathways involved in the regulation of MITF expression and/or activity such as the Wnt/β-catenin pathway are broadly utilized by various types of tumors, whereas others, e.g., BRAFV600E/ERK1/2 are more specific for melanoma. Furthermore, the MITF activity can be affected by the availability of transcriptional co-partners that are often redirected by MITF from their own canonical signaling pathways. In this review, we discuss the complexity of a multilevel regulation of MITF expression and activity that underlies distinct context-related phenotypes of melanoma and might explain diverse responses of melanoma patients to currently used therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz L Hartman
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Medical University of Lodz, 6/8 Mazowiecka Street, 92-215, Lodz, Poland
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76
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Pro-survival role of MITF in melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 135:352-358. [PMID: 25142731 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is a therapy-resistant skin cancer due to numerous mechanisms supporting cell survival. Although components of melanoma cytoprotective mechanisms are overexpressed in many types of tumors, some of their regulators are characteristic for melanoma. Several genes mediating pro-survival functions have been identified as direct targets of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), a melanocyte-specific modulator also recognized as a lineage addiction oncogene in melanoma. BRAF(V600E) and other proteins deregulated in melanoma influence MITF expression and activity, or they are the partners of MITF in melanoma response to radiotherapy and chemotherapeutics. In this review, the pro-survival activity of MITF is discussed.
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77
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Hsiao JJ, Fisher DE. The roles of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor and pigmentation in melanoma. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 563:28-34. [PMID: 25111671 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
MITF and pigmentation play important roles in both normal melanocyte and transformed melanoma cell biology. MITF is regulated by many pathways and it also regulates many targets, some of which are still being discovered and functionally validated. MITF is involved in a wide range of processes in melanocytes, including pigment synthesis and lineage survival. Pigmentation itself plays an important role as the interface between genetic and environmental factors that contribute to melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Hsiao
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Building 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - David E Fisher
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Building 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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A novel hypoxia-associated subset of FN1 high MITF low melanoma cells: identification, characterization, and prognostic value. Mod Pathol 2014; 27:1088-100. [PMID: 24390218 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2013.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In many human cancers, the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition has an important role in the induction of cancer stem-like cells, and hence, in the causation of intratumoral heterogeneity. This process, also referred to as mesenchymal mimicry, is, however, only poorly understood in melanoma and histological correlation is still lacking. In an immunohistochemical analysis of a large prospective series of 220 primary and metastatic melanomas for the well-known epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition marker FN1, we observed melanoma cells with high FN1 expression in metastases with ischemic necrosis, but rarely or not at all in samples lacking evidence of hypoxia. In a blinded, retrospective series of 82 melanoma metastases with 10-year follow-up, the presence of clusters of these FN1(high) melanoma cells correlated significantly with shortened melanoma-specific survival, highlighting the prognostic value of their presence. We describe in detail the unique light- and electron-microscopic features of these FN1(high) melanoma cells, enabling their identification in routinely hematoxylin-and-eosin-stained sections. In addition, by laser microdissection and subsequent gene expression analysis and immunohistochemistry, we highlight their distinctive, molecular phenotype that includes expression of various markers of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (eg, ZEB1) and of melanoma stem-like cells (eg, NGFR), and lack of immunoreactivity for the melanocytic marker MITF. This phenotype could be reproduced in vitro by culturing melanoma cells under hypoxic conditions. Functionally, the hypoxic microenvironment was shown to induce a more migratory and invasive cell type. In conclusion, we identified a novel clinically relevant FN1(high)MITF(low) cell type in melanoma associated with ischemic necrosis, and propose that these cells reside at the crossroad of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and stem-like cell induction, plausibly triggered by the hypoxic environment.
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79
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Zbytek B, Peacock DL, Seagroves TN, Slominski A. Putative role of HIF transcriptional activity in melanocytes and melanoma biology. DERMATO-ENDOCRINOLOGY 2014; 5:239-51. [PMID: 24194964 PMCID: PMC3772912 DOI: 10.4161/derm.22678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is a highly oxygen sensitive bHLH protein that is part of the heterodimeric HIF-1 transcription factor. Under hypoxic stress, HIF-1 activity is induced to control expression of multiple downstream target genes, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The normal epidermis exists in a constant mild hypoxic microenvironment and constitutively expresses HIF-1α and HIF-2α. Expression of HIF-1α and/or HIF-2α has been suggested to correlate with the increased malignant potential of melanocytes, therefore, failures of melanoma therapies may be partially linked to high HIF activity. Notably, melanomas that have the V600E BRAF mutation exhibit increased HIF-1α expression. We have utilized a bioinformatics approach to identify putative hypoxia response elements (HREs) in a set of genes known to participate in the process of melanogenesis (includingTRPM1, SLC45A2, HRAS, C-KIT, PMEL and CRH). While some of the mechanistic links between these genes and the HIF pathway have been previously explored, others await further investigation. Although agents targeting HIF activity have been proposed as novel treatment modalities for melanoma, there are currently no clinical trials in progress to test their efficacy in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blazej Zbytek
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Center for Adult Cancer Research; University of Tennessee Health Science Center; Memphis, TN USA
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80
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Shtivelman E, Davies MA, Hwu P, Yang J, Lotem M, Oren M, Flaherty KT, Fisher DE. Pathways and therapeutic targets in melanoma. Oncotarget 2014; 5:1701-52. [PMID: 24743024 PMCID: PMC4039128 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to summarize the current knowledge of molecular pathways and their clinical relevance in melanoma. Metastatic melanoma was a grim diagnosis, but in recent years tremendous advances have been made in treatments. Chemotherapy provided little benefit in these patients, but development of targeted and new immune approaches made radical changes in prognosis. This would not have happened without remarkable advances in understanding the biology of disease and tremendous progress in the genomic (and other "omics") scale analyses of tumors. The big problems facing the field are no longer focused exclusively on the development of new treatment modalities, though this is a very busy area of clinical research. The focus shifted now to understanding and overcoming resistance to targeted therapies, and understanding the underlying causes of the heterogeneous responses to immune therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Patrick Hwu
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - James Yang
- National Cancer Institute, NIH, Washington DC, USA
| | - Michal Lotem
- Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Moshe Oren
- The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - David E. Fisher
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
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81
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Haq R, Fisher DE, Widlund HR. Molecular pathways: BRAF induces bioenergetic adaptation by attenuating oxidative phosphorylation. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:2257-63. [PMID: 24610826 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-0898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cancers acquire mutations in cooperating pathways that sustain their growth and survival. To support continued proliferation, tumor cells adapt their metabolism to balance energy production with their augmented biosynthetic needs. Although most normal differentiated cells use mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) as the bioenergetic source, cancer cells have been proposed to rely principally on cytoplasmic glycolysis. The molecular basis for this shift, termed the Warburg effect, is the subject of intense investigation, because mechanistic understanding may lead to novel approaches to target the altered metabolism of cancer cells. Recently, mutations BRAF(V600E) have emerged as a major regulator of metabolic homeostasis. Melanoma cells may use a metabolic shift to circumvent BRAF(V600E)-induced senescence though limiting their reliance on OXPHOS and promote proliferation. Furthermore, BRAF(V600E) acts to suppress expression of the melanocyte master regulator microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and the mitochondrial biogenesis coactivator PGC1α. Accordingly, therapeutic inhibition of BRAF(V600E) reverses metabolic reprogramming in melanoma cells and elevates OXPHOS through increased MITF-PGC1α levels. BRAF-targeted drugs modulate the metabolic state of malignant melanoma cells, and counteracting these adaptive responses using pharmacologic agents may prove useful in combinatorial therapeutic strategies. Clin Cancer Res; 20(9); 2257-63. ©2014 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwan Haq
- Authors' Affiliations: Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown; Center for Melanoma, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center; and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Harvard Skin Diseases Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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82
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Gandellini P, Giannoni E, Casamichele A, Taddei ML, Callari M, Piovan C, Valdagni R, Pierotti MA, Zaffaroni N, Chiarugi P. miR-205 hinders the malignant interplay between prostate cancer cells and associated fibroblasts. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:1045-59. [PMID: 23924028 PMCID: PMC3929333 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Tumor microenvironment is a strong determinant for the acquisition of metastatic potential of cancer cells. We have recently demonstrated that cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) elicit a redox-dependent epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in prostate cancer (PCa) cells, driven by cycloxygenase-2/hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1)/nuclear factor-κB pathway and enhancing tumor aggressiveness. Here, we investigated the involvement of microRNAs (miRNAs) in tumor-stroma interplay to identify possible tools to counteract oxidative stress and metastasis dissemination. RESULTS We found that miR-205 is the most downmodulated miRNA in PCa cells upon CAF stimulation, due to direct transcriptional repression by HIF-1, a known redox-sensitive transcription factor. Rescue experiments demonstrated that ectopic miR-205 overexpression in PCa cells counteracts CAF-induced EMT, thus impairing enhancement of cell invasion, acquisition of stem cell traits, tumorigenicity, and metastatic dissemination. In addition, miR-205 blocks tumor-driven activation of surrounding fibroblasts by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion. INNOVATION Overall, such findings suggest miR-205 as a brake against PCa metastasis by blocking both the afferent and efferent arms of the circuit between tumor cells and associated fibroblasts, thus interrupting the pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory circuitries engaged by reactive stroma. CONCLUSION The evidence that miR-205 replacement in PCa cells is able not only to prevent but also to revert the oxidative/pro-inflammatory axis leading to EMT induced by CAFs sets the rationale for developing miRNA-based approaches to prevent and treat metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Gandellini
- 1 Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori , Milan, Italy
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83
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Kishore AH, Owens D, Word RA. Prostaglandin E2 regulates its own inactivating enzyme, 15-PGDH, by EP2 receptor-mediated cervical cell-specific mechanisms. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:1006-18. [PMID: 24471568 PMCID: PMC3942241 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-3392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Prostaglandins play important roles in parturition and have been used to induce cervical ripening and labor. Prior to cervical ripening at term, 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) is highly expressed in the cervix and metabolizes cyclooxygenase-2-mediated increases in active prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) to inactive 15-keto PGE2. At term, 15-PGDH gene expression decreases and PGE2 accumulates, leading to cervical ripening and labor. Previously, we found that the cervical isoform of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MiTF-CX) serves as a progestational transcription factor that represses IL-8 and hypoxia-mediated increases in cyclooxygenase-2. OBJECTIVE We tested the hypothesis that PGE2 regulates its own inactivation through MiTF-CX. DESIGN We used human cervical stromal cells to investigate the regulation of 15-PGDH. SETTING This was a laboratory-based study using cells from clinical tissue samples. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We evaluated the mechanisms by which PGE2 regulates 15-PGDH in human cervical stromal cells. RESULTS PGE2 repressed MiTF-CX and 15-PGDH, whereas ectopic overexpression of MiTF-CX induced 15-PGDH expression levels. Stabilization of HIF-1α by deferoxamine resulted in concomitant down-regulation of MiTF-CX and 15-PGDH. Ectopic overexpression of MiTF-CX abrogated PGE2- and deferoxamine-mediated loss of MiTF-CX and 15-PGDH. PGE2-induced loss of MiTF-CX and 15-PGDH was mediated through prostaglandin E2 receptor (EP2) receptors (PTGER2), but not cAMP. CONCLUSIONS The 15-PGDH gene is a MiTF-CX target gene in cervical stromal cells and is down-regulated by PGE2 through EP2 receptors. The findings suggest that EP2 receptor-specific antagonists may be used as an adjunct to present clinical management for the prevention of preterm cervical ripening and preterm labor.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hari Kishore
- The Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9032
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84
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Transcription Factor/microRNA Axis Blocks Melanoma Invasion Program by miR-211 Targeting NUAK1. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:441-451. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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85
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Ow JR, Tan YH, Jin Y, Bahirvani AG, Taneja R. Stra13 and Sharp-1, the Non-Grouchy Regulators of Development and Disease. Curr Top Dev Biol 2014; 110:317-38. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405943-6.00009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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86
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Bizzozero L, Cazzato D, Cervia D, Assi E, Simbari F, Pagni F, De Palma C, Monno A, Verdelli C, Querini PR, Russo V, Clementi E, Perrotta C. Acid sphingomyelinase determines melanoma progression and metastatic behaviour via the microphtalmia-associated transcription factor signalling pathway. Cell Death Differ 2013; 21:507-20. [PMID: 24317198 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2013.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a rapidly growing and highly metastatic cancer with high mortality rates, for which a resolutive treatment is lacking. Identification of novel therapeutic strategies and biomarkers of tumour stage is thus of particular relevance. We report here on a novel biomarker and possible candidate therapeutic target, the sphingolipid metabolising enzyme acid sphingomyelinase (A-SMase). A-SMase expression correlates inversely with tumour stage in human melanoma biopsies. Studies in a mouse model of melanoma and on cell lines derived from mouse and human melanomas demonstrated that A-SMase levels of expression actually determine the malignant phenotype of melanoma cells in terms of pigmentation, tumour progression, invasiveness and metastatic ability. The action of A-SMase is mediated by the activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase, the subsequent proteasomal degradation of the Microphtalmia-associated transcription factor (Mitf) and inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 2, Bcl-2 and c-Met, downstream targets of Mitf involved in tumour cell proliferation, survival and metastatisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bizzozero
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | - D Cazzato
- 1] Scientific Institute IRCCS E Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy [2] Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, National Research Council Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University Hospital L. Sacco, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - D Cervia
- 1] Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, National Research Council Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University Hospital L. Sacco, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy [2] Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems, Università della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - E Assi
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, National Research Council Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University Hospital L. Sacco, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - F Simbari
- Research Unit on Bioactive Molecules, Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Pagni
- Department of Pathology, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - C De Palma
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, National Research Council Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University Hospital L. Sacco, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - A Monno
- Division of Regenerative Medicine and Division of Molecular Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - C Verdelli
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, National Research Council Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University Hospital L. Sacco, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - P R Querini
- Division of Regenerative Medicine and Division of Molecular Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - V Russo
- Division of Regenerative Medicine and Division of Molecular Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - E Clementi
- 1] Scientific Institute IRCCS E Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy [2] Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, National Research Council Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University Hospital L. Sacco, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - C Perrotta
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, National Research Council Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University Hospital L. Sacco, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
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87
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O’Connell MP, Marchbank K, Webster MR, Valiga AA, Kaur A, Vultur A, Li L, Herlyn M, Villanueva J, Liu Q, Yin X, Widura S, Nelson J, Ruiz N, Camilli TC, Indig FE, Flaherty KT, Wargo JA, Frederick DT, Cooper ZA, Nair S, Amaravadi RK, Schuchter LM, Karakousis GC, Xu W, Xu X, Weeraratna AT. Hypoxia induces phenotypic plasticity and therapy resistance in melanoma via the tyrosine kinase receptors ROR1 and ROR2. Cancer Discov 2013; 3:1378-93. [PMID: 24104062 PMCID: PMC3918498 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-13-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED An emerging concept in melanoma biology is that of dynamic, adaptive phenotype switching, where cells switch from a highly proliferative, poorly invasive phenotype to a highly invasive, less proliferative one. This switch may hold significant implications not just for metastasis, but also for therapy resistance. We demonstrate that phenotype switching and subsequent resistance can be guided by changes in expression of receptors involved in the noncanonical Wnt5A signaling pathway, ROR1 and ROR2. ROR1 and ROR2 are inversely expressed in melanomas and negatively regulate each other. Furthermore, hypoxia initiates a shift of ROR1-positive melanomas to a more invasive, ROR2-positive phenotype. Notably, this receptor switch induces a 10-fold decrease in sensitivity to BRAF inhibitors. In patients with melanoma treated with the BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib, Wnt5A expression correlates with clinical response and therapy resistance. These data highlight the fact that mechanisms that guide metastatic progression may be linked to those that mediate therapy resistance. SIGNIFICANCE These data show for the fi rst time that a single signaling pathway, the Wnt signaling pathway, can effectively guide the phenotypic plasticity of tumor cells, when primed to do so by a hypoxic microenvironment. Importantly, this increased Wnt5A signaling can give rise to a subpopulation of highly invasive cells that are intrinsically less sensitive to novel therapies for melanoma, and targeting the Wnt5A/ROR2 axis could improve the efficacy and duration of response for patients with melanoma on vemurafenib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. O’Connell
- Tumor Metastasis and Microenvironment Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Katie Marchbank
- Tumor Metastasis and Microenvironment Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Marie R. Webster
- Tumor Metastasis and Microenvironment Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Alexander A. Valiga
- Tumor Metastasis and Microenvironment Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Amanpreet Kaur
- Tumor Metastasis and Microenvironment Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Adina Vultur
- Tumor Metastasis and Microenvironment Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ling Li
- Tumor Metastasis and Microenvironment Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Meenhard Herlyn
- Tumor Metastasis and Microenvironment Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jessie Villanueva
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Qin Liu
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Xiangfan Yin
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Sandy Widura
- Tumor Metastasis and Microenvironment Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Janelle Nelson
- Tumor Metastasis and Microenvironment Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Nivia Ruiz
- Tumor Metastasis and Microenvironment Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Tura C. Camilli
- The National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Fred E. Indig
- The National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ravi K. Amaravadi
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Lynn M. Schuchter
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Wei Xu
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ashani T. Weeraratna
- Tumor Metastasis and Microenvironment Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA
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88
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Rabinowitz MH. Inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase domain oxygen sensors: tricking the body into mounting orchestrated survival and repair responses. J Med Chem 2013; 56:9369-402. [PMID: 23977883 DOI: 10.1021/jm400386j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is an oxygen-sensitive dimeric transcription factor that responds to pathophysiologically low O2 tensions via up-regulation, which leads to an orchestrated biological response to hypoxia. The HIF prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD) enzymes are non-heme, iron-containing dioxygenases requiring for activity both molecular oxygen and 2-oxoglutarate that, under normoxia, selectively hydroxylate proline residues of HIF, initiating proteosomal degradation of the latter. The dependence of HIF protein levels on the concentration of O2 present, mediated by the PHD enzymes, forms the basis for one of the most significant biological sensor systems of tissue oxygenation in response to ischemic and inflammatory events. Consequently, pharmacological inhibition of PHD enzymes, leading to stabilization of HIF, may be of considerable therapeutic potential in treating conditions of tissue stress and injury. This Perspective reviews the PHDs and small molecule drug discovery efforts. A critical view of this challenging field is offered, which addresses potential concerns and highlights exciting possibilities for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Rabinowitz
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research & Development, LLC , 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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89
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HIF-1 is involved in the negative regulation of AURKA expression in breast cancer cell lines under hypoxic conditions. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2013; 140:505-17. [PMID: 23925655 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-013-2649-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Numerous microarray-based gene expression studies performed on several types of solid tumors revealed significant changes in key genes involved in progression and regulation of the cell cycle, including AURKA that is known to be overexpressed in many types of human malignancies. Tumor hypoxia is associated with poor prognosis in several cancer types, including breast cancer (BC). Since hypoxia is a condition that influences the expression of many genes involved in tumorigenesis, proliferation, and cell cycle regulation, we performed a microarray-based gene expression analysis in order to identify differentially expressed genes in BC cell lines exposed to hypoxia. This analysis showed that hypoxia induces a down-regulation of AURKA expression. Although hypoxia is a tumor feature, the molecular mechanisms that regulate AURKA expression in response to hypoxia in BC are still unknown. For the first time, we demonstrated that HIF-1 activation downstream of hypoxia could drive AURKA down-regulation in BC cells. In fact, we found that siRNA-mediated knockdown of HIF-1α significantly reduces the AURKA down-regulation in BC cells under hypoxia. The aim of our study was to obtain new insights into AURKA transcriptional regulation in hypoxic conditions. Luciferase reporter assays showed a reduction of AURKA promoter activity in hypoxia. Unlike the previous findings, we hypothesize a new possible mechanism where HIF-1, rather than inducing transcriptional activation, could promote the AURKA down-regulation via its binding to hypoxia-responsive elements into the proximal region of the AURKA promoter. The present study shows that hypoxia directly links HIF-1 with AURKA expression, suggesting a possible pathophysiological role of this new pathway in BC and confirming HIF-1 as an important player linking an environmental signal to the AURKA promoter. Since AURKA down-regulation overrides the estrogen-mediated growth and chemoresistance in BC cells, these findings could be important for the development of new possible therapies against BC.
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90
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Sturm RA, Fox C, McClenahan P, Jagirdar K, Ibarrola-Villava M, Banan P, Abbott NC, Ribas G, Gabrielli B, Duffy DL, Peter Soyer H. Phenotypic characterization of nevus and tumor patterns in MITF E318K mutation carrier melanoma patients. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 134:141-149. [PMID: 23774529 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A germline polymorphism of the microphthalmia transcription factor (MITF) gene encoding a SUMOylation-deficient E318K-mutated protein has recently been described as a medium-penetrance melanoma gene. In a clinical assessment of nevi from 301 volunteers taken from Queensland, we identified six individuals as MITF E318K mutation carriers. The phenotype for 5 of these individuals showed a commonality of fair skin, body freckling that varied over a wide range, and total nevus count between 46 and 430; in addition, all were multiple primary melanoma patients. The predominant dermoscopic signature pattern of nevi was reticular, and the frequency of globular nevi in carriers varied, which does not suggest that the MITF E318K mutation acts to force the continuous growth of nevi. Excised melanocytic lesions were available for four MITF E318K carrier patients and were compared with a matched range of wild-type (WT) melanocytic lesions. The MITF staining pattern showed a predominant nuclear signal in all sections, with no significant difference in the nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio between mutation-positive or -negative samples. A high incidence of amelanotic melanomas was found within the group, with three of the five melanomas from one patient suggesting a genetic interaction between the MITF E318K allele and an MC1R homozygous red hair color (RHC) variant genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Sturm
- Melanogenix Group, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Carly Fox
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Phil McClenahan
- Dermatology Research Centre, The University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kasturee Jagirdar
- Melanogenix Group, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Maider Ibarrola-Villava
- Melanogenix Group, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Department of Haematology and Medical Oncology, Fundacion Investigacion Hospital Clinico-INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Parastoo Banan
- Dermatology Research Centre, The University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Department of Dermatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicola C Abbott
- Dermatology Research Centre, The University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Department of Dermatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gloria Ribas
- Department of Haematology and Medical Oncology, Fundacion Investigacion Hospital Clinico-INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Brian Gabrielli
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David L Duffy
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - H Peter Soyer
- Dermatology Research Centre, The University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Department of Dermatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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91
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Hanna SC, Krishnan B, Bailey ST, Moschos SJ, Kuan PF, Shimamura T, Osborne LD, Siegel MB, Duncan LM, O'Brien ET, Superfine R, Miller CR, Simon MC, Wong KK, Kim WY. HIF1α and HIF2α independently activate SRC to promote melanoma metastases. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:2078-93. [PMID: 23563312 DOI: 10.1172/jci66715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is characterized by a propensity for early lymphatic and hematogenous spread. The hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) family of transcription factors is upregulated in melanoma by key oncogenic drivers. HIFs promote the activation of genes involved in cancer initiation, progression, and metastases. Hypoxia has been shown to enhance the invasiveness and metastatic potential of tumor cells by regulating the genes involved in the breakdown of the ECM as well as genes that control motility and adhesion of tumor cells. Using a Pten-deficient, Braf-mutant genetically engineered mouse model of melanoma, we demonstrated that inactivation of HIF1α or HIF2α abrogates metastasis without affecting primary tumor formation. HIF1α and HIF2α drive melanoma invasion and invadopodia formation through PDGFRα and focal adhesion kinase-mediated (FAK-mediated) activation of SRC and by coordinating ECM degradation via MT1-MMP and MMP2 expression. These results establish the importance of HIFs in melanoma progression and demonstrate that HIF1α and HIF2α activate independent transcriptional programs that promote metastasis by coordinately regulating cell invasion and ECM remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara C Hanna
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7295, USA
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92
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Widmer DS, Hoek KS, Cheng PF, Eichhoff OM, Biedermann T, Raaijmakers MIG, Hemmi S, Dummer R, Levesque MP. Hypoxia contributes to melanoma heterogeneity by triggering HIF1α-dependent phenotype switching. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 133:2436-2443. [PMID: 23474946 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported a model for melanoma progression in which oscillation between melanoma cell phenotypes characterized by invasion or proliferation is fundamental to tumor heterogeneity and disease progression. In this study we examine the possible role of hypoxia as one of the microenvironmental influences driving metastatic progression by promoting a switch from a proliferative to an invasive phenotype. Immunohistochemistry on primary human cutaneous melanoma biopsies showed intratumoral heterogeneity for cells expressing melanocytic markers, and a loss of these markers correlated with hypoxic regions. Furthermore, we show that the downregulation of melanocytic markers is dependent on hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF1α), a known regulator of the hypoxic response. In vitro invasion assays showed that a hypoxic environment increases the invasiveness of proliferative melanoma cell cultures in a HIF1α-dependent manner. In contrast, invasive phenotype melanoma cells showed no increase in invasive potential upon exposure to hypoxia. Thus, exposure of proliferative melanoma cells to hypoxic microenvironments is sufficient, in a HIF1α-dependent manner, to downregulate melanocytic marker expression and increase their invasive potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Widmer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Keith S Hoek
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Phil F Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ossia M Eichhoff
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Biedermann
- Department of Surgery, University Children's Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Silvio Hemmi
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Reinhard Dummer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mitchell P Levesque
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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93
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Steunou AL, Ducoux-Petit M, Lazar I, Monsarrat B, Erard M, Muller C, Clottes E, Burlet-Schiltz O, Nieto L. Identification of the hypoxia-inducible factor 2α nuclear interactome in melanoma cells reveals master proteins involved in melanoma development. Mol Cell Proteomics 2012; 12:736-48. [PMID: 23275444 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m112.020727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are heterodimeric transcription factors that play a key role in cellular adaptation to hypoxia. HIF proteins are composed of an α subunit regulated by oxygen pressure (essentially HIF1α or HIF2α) and a constitutively expressed β subunit. These proteins are often overexpressed in cancer cells, and HIF overexpression frequently correlates with poor prognosis, making HIF proteins promising therapeutic targets. HIF proteins are involved in melanoma initiation and progression; however, the specific function of HIF2 in melanoma has not yet been studied comprehensively. Identifying protein complexes is a valuable way to uncover protein function, and affinity purification coupled with mass spectrometry and label-free quantification is a reliable method for this approach. We therefore applied quantitative interaction proteomics to identify exhaustively the nuclear complexes containing HIF2α in a human melanoma cell line, 501mel. We report, for the first time, a high-throughput analysis of the interactome of an HIF subunit. Seventy proteins were identified that interact with HIF2α, including some well-known HIF partners and some new interactors. The new HIF2α partners microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, SOX10, and AP2α, which are master actors of melanoma development, were confirmed via co-immunoprecipitation experiments. Their ability to bind to HIF1α was also tested: microphthalmia-associated transcription factor and SOX10 were confirmed as HIF1α partners, but the transcription factor AP2α was not. AP2α expression correlates with low invasive capacities. Interestingly, we demonstrated that when HIF2α was overexpressed, only cells expressing large amounts of AP2α exhibited decreased invasive capacities in hypoxia relative to normoxia. The simultaneous presence of both transcription factors therefore reduces cells' invasive properties. Knowledge of the HIF2α interactome is thus a useful resource for investigating the general mechanisms of HIF function and regulation, and here we reveal unexpected, distinct roles for the HIF1 and HIF2 isoforms in melanoma progression.
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94
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Hari Kishore A, Li XH, Word RA. Hypoxia and PGE(2) regulate MiTF-CX during cervical ripening. Mol Endocrinol 2012; 26:2031-45. [PMID: 23144021 DOI: 10.1210/me.2012-1100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which the cervix remains closed during the massive uterine expansion of pregnancy are unknown. IL-8 is important for recruitment of immune cells into the cervical stroma, matrix remodeling, and dilation of the cervix during labor. Previously, we have shown that several cytokine genes transcriptionally repressed in the cervix during gestation are activated during cervical ripening and dilation. IL-8 gene expression is repressed in cervical stromal cells during pregnancy by the transcription factor microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MiTF-CX). Here, we tested the hypothesis that hypoxia and the transcription factor hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) may regulate MiTF-CX and cervical ripening. Using tissues from women during pregnancy before and after cervical ripening, we show that, during cervical ripening, HIF-1α was stabilized and relocalized to the nucleus. Further, we found that hypoxia and two hypoxia mimetics that stabilize HIF-1α activated the transcriptional repressor differentiated embryo chondrocyte-expressed gene 1, which bound to sites in the MiTF-CX promoter crucial for its positive autoregulation. Ectopic overexpression of MiTF-CX abrogated hypoxia-induced up-regulation of IL-8 gene expression. We also show that activation of HIF-1α induced cyclooxygenase-2 and that prostaglandin E(2) repressed MiTF-CX. We conclude that hypoxia and stabilization of the transcription factor HIF-1α result in up-regulation of differentiated embryo chondrocyte-expressed gene 1, loss of MiTF, and absence of MiTF binding to the IL-8 promoter, which in turn leads to up-regulation of IL-8 gene expression. Hypoxia also up-regulated cyclooxygenase-2, leading to prostaglandin E(2)-mediated loss of MiTF in cervical stromal cells. The results support a pivotal role for hypoxia and HIF-1α in the cervical ripening process during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annavarapu Hari Kishore
- The Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9032, USA
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