51
|
Lai S, Pelech S. Regulatory roles of conserved phosphorylation sites in the activation T-loop of the MAP kinase ERK1. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:1040-50. [PMID: 26823016 PMCID: PMC4791125 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-07-0527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The catalytic domains of most eukaryotic protein kinases are highly conserved in their primary structures. Their phosphorylation within the well-known activation T-loop, a variable region between protein kinase catalytic subdomains VII and VIII, is a common mechanism for stimulation of their phosphotransferase activities. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1), a member of the extensively studied mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, serves as a paradigm for regulation of protein kinases in signaling modules. In addition to the well-documented T202 and Y204 stimulatory phosphorylation sites in the activation T-loop of ERK1 and its closest relative, ERK2, three additional flanking phosphosites have been confirmed (T198, T207, and Y210 from ERK1) by high-throughput mass spectrometry. In vitro kinase assays revealed the functional importance of T207 and Y210, but not T198, in negatively regulating ERK1 catalytic activity. The Y210 site could be important for proper conformational arrangement of the active site, and a Y210F mutant could not be recognized by MEK1 for phosphorylation of T202 and Y204 in vitro. Autophosphorylation of T207 reduces the catalytic activity and stability of activated ERK1. We propose that after the activation of ERK1 by MEK1, subsequent slower phosphorylation of the flanking sites results in inhibition of the kinase. Because the T207 and Y210 phosphosites of ERK1 are highly conserved within the eukaryotic protein kinase family, hyperphosphorylation within the kinase activation T-loop may serve as a general mechanism for protein kinase down-regulation after initial activation by their upstream kinases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shenshen Lai
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Steven Pelech
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada Kinexus Bioinformatics Corporation, Vancouver, BC V6P 6T3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Bernardo BC, Blaxall BC. From Bench to Bedside: New Approaches to Therapeutic Discovery for Heart Failure. Heart Lung Circ 2016; 25:425-34. [PMID: 26993094 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Heart failure is a significant global health problem, which is becoming worse as the population ages, and remains one of the biggest burdens on our economy. Despite significant advances in cardiovascular medicine, management and surgery, mortality rates remain high, with almost half of patients with heart failure dying within five years of diagnosis. As a multifactorial clinical syndrome, heart failure still represents an epidemic threat, highlighting the need for deeper insights into disease mechanisms and the development of innovative therapeutic strategies for both treatment and prevention. In this review, we discuss conventional heart failure therapies and highlight new pharmacological agents targeting pathophysiological features of the failing heart, for example, non-coding RNAs, angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors, cardiac myosin activators, BGP-15 and molecules targeting GRK2 including M119, gallein and paroxetine. Finally, we address the disparity between phase II and phase III clinical trials that prevent the translation of emerging HF therapies into new and approved therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca C Bernardo
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Burns C Blaxall
- The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Smorodinsky-Atias K, Goshen-Lago T, Goldberg-Carp A, Melamed D, Shir A, Mooshayef N, Beenstock J, Karamansha Y, Darlyuk-Saadon I, Livnah O, Ahn NG, Admon A, Engelberg D. Intrinsically active variants of Erk oncogenically transform cells and disclose unexpected autophosphorylation capability that is independent of TEY phosphorylation. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 27:1026-39. [PMID: 26658610 PMCID: PMC4791124 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-07-0521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The receptor-tyrosine kinase (RTK)/Ras/Raf pathway is an essential cascade for mediating growth factor signaling. It is abnormally overactive in almost all human cancers. The downstream targets of the pathway are members of the extracellular regulated kinases (Erk1/2) family, suggesting that this family is a mediator of the oncogenic capability of the cascade. Although all oncogenic mutations in the pathway result in strong activation of Erks, activating mutations in Erks themselves were not reported in cancers. Here we used spontaneously active Erk variants to check whether Erk's activity per se is sufficient for oncogenic transformation. We show that Erk1(R84S) is an oncoprotein, as NIH3T3 cells that express it form foci in tissue culture plates, colonies in soft agar, and tumors in nude mice. We further show that Erk1(R84S) and Erk2(R65S) are intrinsically active due to an unusual autophosphorylation activity they acquire. They autophosphorylate the activatory TEY motif and also other residues, including the critical residue Thr-207 (in Erk1)/Thr-188 (in Erk2). Strikingly, Erk2(R65S) efficiently autophosphorylates its Thr-188 even when dually mutated in the TEY motif. Thus this study shows that Erk1 can be considered a proto-oncogene and that Erk molecules possess unusual autoregulatory properties, some of them independent of TEY phosphorylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karina Smorodinsky-Atias
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute of Life Science, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456
| | - Tal Goshen-Lago
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute of Life Science, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Anat Goldberg-Carp
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute of Life Science, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Dganit Melamed
- Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Alexei Shir
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute of Life Science, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Navit Mooshayef
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute of Life Science, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456
| | - Jonah Beenstock
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute of Life Science, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Yael Karamansha
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute of Life Science, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel Wolfson Centre for Applied Structural Biology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Ilona Darlyuk-Saadon
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456 CREATE-NUS-HUJ, Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Inflammation Program, National University of Singapore, Singapore 138602
| | - Oded Livnah
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute of Life Science, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel Wolfson Centre for Applied Structural Biology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Natalie G Ahn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Arie Admon
- Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - David Engelberg
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute of Life Science, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456 CREATE-NUS-HUJ, Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Inflammation Program, National University of Singapore, Singapore 138602 CREATE-NUS-HUJ, Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Inflammation Program, National University of Singapore, Singapore 138602
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Schmid E, Neef S, Berlin C, Tomasovic A, Kahlert K, Nordbeck P, Deiss K, Denzinger S, Herrmann S, Wettwer E, Weidendorfer M, Becker D, Schäfer F, Wagner N, Ergün S, Schmitt JP, Katus HA, Weidemann F, Ravens U, Maack C, Hein L, Ertl G, Müller OJ, Maier LS, Lohse MJ, Lorenz K. Cardiac RKIP induces a beneficial β-adrenoceptor-dependent positive inotropy. Nat Med 2015; 21:1298-306. [PMID: 26479924 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In heart failure therapy, it is generally assumed that attempts to produce a long-term increase in cardiac contractile force are almost always accompanied by structural and functional damage. Here we show that modest overexpression of the Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP), encoded by Pebp1 in mice, produces a well-tolerated, persistent increase in cardiac contractility that is mediated by the β1-adrenoceptor (β1AR). This result is unexpected, as β1AR activation, a major driver of cardiac contractility, usually has long-term adverse effects. RKIP overexpression achieves this tolerance via simultaneous activation of the β2AR subtype. Analogously, RKIP deficiency exaggerates pressure overload-induced cardiac failure. We find that RKIP expression is upregulated in mouse and human heart failure, indicative of an adaptive role for RKIP. Pebp1 gene transfer in a mouse model of heart failure has beneficial effects, suggesting a new therapeutic strategy for heart failure therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Schmid
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Neef
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christopher Berlin
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Angela Tomasovic
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Kahlert
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Peter Nordbeck
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Deiss
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Denzinger
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Herrmann
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Erich Wettwer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Markus Weidendorfer
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Becker
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Florian Schäfer
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Wagner
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Süleyman Ergün
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Joachim P Schmitt
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hugo A Katus
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Weidemann
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ursula Ravens
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christoph Maack
- Clinic for Internal Medicine III, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany
| | - Lutz Hein
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (BIOSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Georg Ertl
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Oliver J Müller
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lars S Maier
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Martin J Lohse
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Würzburg, Germany.,Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kristina Lorenz
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Würzburg, Germany.,Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Mutlak M, Kehat I. Extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 as regulators of cardiac hypertrophy. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:149. [PMID: 26257652 PMCID: PMC4513555 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy results from increased mechanical load on the heart and through the actions of local and systemic neuro-humoral factors, cytokines and growth factors. These mechanical and neuroendocrine effectors act through stretch, G protein–coupled receptors and tyrosine kinases to induce the activation of a myriad of intracellular signaling pathways including the extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2). Since most stimuli that provoke myocardial hypertrophy also elicit an acute phosphorylation of the threonine-glutamate-tyrosine (TEY) motif within the activation loops of ERK1 and ERK2 kinases, resulting in their activation, ERKs have long been considered promotors of cardiac hypertrophy. Several mouse models were generated in order to directly understand the causal role of ERK1/2 activation in the heart. These models include direct manipulation of ERK1/2 such as overexpression, mutagenesis or knockout models, manipulations of upstream kinases such as MEK1 and manipulations of the phosphatases that dephosphorylate ERK1/2 such as DUSP6. The emerging understanding from these studies, as will be discussed here, is more complex than originally considered. While there is little doubt that ERK1/2 activation or the lack of it modulates the hypertrophic process or the type of hypertrophy that develops, it appears that not all ERK1/2 activation events are the same. While much has been learned, some questions remain regarding the exact role of ERK1/2 in the heart, the upstream events that result in ERK1/2 activation and the downstream effector in hypertrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mutlak
- The Rappaport Institute and the Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa, Israel
| | - Izhak Kehat
- The Rappaport Institute and the Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa, Israel ; Department of Cardiology and the Clinical Research Institute at Rambam, Rambam Medical Center , Haifa, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Buyandelger B, Mansfield C, Kostin S, Choi O, Roberts AM, Ware JS, Mazzarotto F, Pesce F, Buchan R, Isaacson RL, Vouffo J, Gunkel S, Knöll G, McSweeney SJ, Wei H, Perrot A, Pfeiffer C, Toliat MR, Ilieva K, Krysztofinska E, López-Olañeta MM, Gómez-Salinero JM, Schmidt A, Ng KE, Teucher N, Chen J, Teichmann M, Eilers M, Haverkamp W, Regitz-Zagrosek V, Hasenfuss G, Braun T, Pennell DJ, Gould I, Barton PJR, Lara-Pezzi E, Schäfer S, Hübner N, Felkin LE, O'Regan DP, Brand T, Milting H, Nürnberg P, Schneider MD, Prasad S, Petretto E, Knöll R. ZBTB17 (MIZ1) Is Important for the Cardiac Stress Response and a Novel Candidate Gene for Cardiomyopathy and Heart Failure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 8:643-52. [PMID: 26175529 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.113.000690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in sarcomeric and cytoskeletal proteins are a major cause of hereditary cardiomyopathies, but our knowledge remains incomplete as to how the genetic defects execute their effects. METHODS AND RESULTS We used cysteine and glycine-rich protein 3, a known cardiomyopathy gene, in a yeast 2-hybrid screen and identified zinc-finger and BTB domain-containing protein 17 (ZBTB17) as a novel interacting partner. ZBTB17 is a transcription factor that contains the peak association signal (rs10927875) at the replicated 1p36 cardiomyopathy locus. ZBTB17 expression protected cardiac myocytes from apoptosis in vitro and in a mouse model with cardiac myocyte-specific deletion of Zbtb17, which develops cardiomyopathy and fibrosis after biomechanical stress. ZBTB17 also regulated cardiac myocyte hypertrophy in vitro and in vivo in a calcineurin-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS We revealed new functions for ZBTB17 in the heart, a transcription factor that may play a role as a novel cardiomyopathy gene.
Collapse
|
57
|
Ferguson BS, McKinsey TA. Non-sirtuin histone deacetylases in the control of cardiac aging. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 83:14-20. [PMID: 25791169 PMCID: PMC4459895 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) catalyze the removal of acetyl-groups from lysine residues within nucelosomal histone tails and thousands of non-histone proteins. The 18 mammalian HDACs are grouped into four classes. Classes I, II and IV HDACs employ zinc as a co-factor for catalytic activity, while class III HDACs (also known as sirtuins) require NAD+ for enzymatic function. Small molecule inhibitors of zinc-dependent HDACs are efficacious in multiple pre-clinical models of pressure overload and ischemic cardiomyopathy, reducing pathological hypertrophy and fibrosis, and improving contractile function. Emerging data have revealed numerous mechanisms by which HDAC inhibitors benefit the heart, including suppression of oxidative stress and inflammation, inhibition of MAP kinase signaling, and enhancement of cardiac protein aggregate clearance and autophagic flux. Here, we summarize recent findings with zinc-dependent HDACs and HDAC inhibitors in the heart, focusing on newly described functions for distinct HDAC isoforms (e.g. HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC6). Potential for pharmacological HDAC inhibition as a means of treating age-related cardiac dysfunction is also discussed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: CV Aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley S Ferguson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado, Denver, 12700 E. 19th Ave Aurora, CO 80045-0508, USA
| | - Timothy A McKinsey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado, Denver, 12700 E. 19th Ave Aurora, CO 80045-0508, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Meng G, Yang S, Chen Y, Yao W, Zhu H, Zhang W. Attenuating effects of dihydromyricetin on angiotensin II-induced rat cardiomyocyte hypertrophy related to antioxidative activity in a NO-dependent manner. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2015; 53:904-912. [PMID: 25471017 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2014.948635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Dihydromyricetin (DMY) displays a range of biological properties. However, whether DMY attenuates cardiomyocyte hypertrophy is unknown. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether DMY had potential therapeutic value to protect against angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were pretreated with DMY (0-320 μM) followed with Ang II (100 nM) stimulation for 24 h, and then degree of hypertrophy was evaluated by cell surface analysis. Levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured with 2',7'-dichlorfluorescein-diacetate (DCFH-DA) fluorescent staining. Antioxidative activity was evaluated by malondialdehyde (MDA) level, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC). Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) was determined with a radioimmunoassay. RESULTS Pre-incubation with DMY (20, 40, 80, and 160 μM) for 8 h, 12 h, 24 h, or 48 h decreased cell surface areas. It down-regulated mRNA expression of atrial natriuretic factor (1.95- to 1.24-fold) and β-myosin heavy chains (3.51- to 2.32-fold), reduced levels of MDA as well as increased SOD activity and T-AOC. Expression of SOD and thioredoxin were enhanced by DMY, whereas p22(phox) and phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases were inhibited. Content of cGMP (0.54- to 0.80-fold) and phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase at serine 1177 (0.70- to 1.05-fold) were augmented by DMY. Moreover, attenuating effect of DMY on hypertrophy was abolished when NO production was inhibited by l-NAME. CONCLUSION Attenuating effects of DMY on Ang II-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy related to antioxidative activity in a NO-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Meng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University , Nantong, Jiangsu , China and
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
59
|
Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 1 induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy involves activation of p90 ribosomal s6 kinase. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122230. [PMID: 25830299 PMCID: PMC4382094 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies using pharmacological and genetic approaches have shown that increased activity/expression of the Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 1 (NHE1) play a critical role in the pathogenesis of cardiac hypertrophy. Despite the importance of NHE1 in cardiac hypertrophy, severe cerebrovascular side effects were associated with the use of NHE1 inhibitors when administered to patients with myocardial infarctions. p90 ribosomal S6 Kinase (RSK), a downstream regulator of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, has also been implicated in cardiac hypertrophy. We hypothesized that RSK plays a role in the NHE1 induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophic response. Infection of H9c2 cardiomyoblasts with the active form of the NHE1 adenovirus induced hypertrophy and was associated with an increase in the phosphorylation of RSK (P<0.05). Parameters of hypertrophy such as cell area, protein content and atrial natriuretic mRNA expression were significantly reduced in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts infected with active NHE1 in the presence of dominant negative RSK (DN-RSK) (P<0.05). These results confirm that NHE1 lies upstream of RSK. Increased phosphorylation and activation of GATA4 at Ser261 was correlated with increased RSK phosphorylation. This increase was reversed upon inhibition of RSK or NHE1. These findings demonstrate for the first time that the NHE1 mediated hypertrophy is accounted for by increased activation and phosphorylation of RSK, which subsequently increased the phosphorylation of GATA4; eventually activating fetal gene transcriptional machinery.
Collapse
|
60
|
Weise M, Vettel C, Spiger K, Gilsbach R, Hein L, Lorenz K, Wieland T, Aktories K, Orth JHC. A systemic Pasteurella multocida toxin aggravates cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis in mice. Cell Microbiol 2015; 17:1320-31. [PMID: 25759205 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT) persistently activates heterotrimeric G proteins of the Gαq/11 , Gα12/13 and Gαi family without interaction with G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). We show that PMT acts on heart tissue in vivo and on cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts in vitro by deamidation of heterotrimeric G proteins. Increased normalized ventricle weights and fibrosis were detected after intraperitoneal administration of PMT in combination with the GPCR agonist phenylephrine. In neonatal rat cardiomyocytes, PMT stimulated the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, which is crucial for the development of cellular hypertrophy. The toxin induced phosphorylation of the canonical phosphorylation sites of the extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2 and, additionally, caused phosphorylation of the recently recognized autophosphorylation site, which appears to be important for the development of cellular hypertrophy. Moreover, PMT stimulated the small GTPases Rac1 and RhoA. Both switch proteins are involved in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. In addition, PMT stimulated RhoA and Rac1 in neonatal rat cardiac fibroblasts. RhoA and Rac1 have been implicated in the regulation of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) secretion and expression. Accordingly, we show that PMT treatment increased secretion and expression of CTGF in cardiac fibroblasts. Altogether, the data indicate that PMT is an inducer of pathological remodelling of cardiac cells and identifies the toxin as a promising tool for studying heterotrimeric G protein-dependent signalling in cardiac cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Weise
- Institut für Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Dept. I, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 25, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
| | - Christiane Vettel
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Katharina Spiger
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ralf Gilsbach
- Institut für Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Dept. II, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lutz Hein
- Institut für Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Dept. II, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kristina Lorenz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Wieland
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Klaus Aktories
- Institut für Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Dept. I, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 25, Freiburg, 79104, Germany.,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Joachim H C Orth
- Institut für Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Dept. I, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 25, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Tham YK, Bernardo BC, Ooi JYY, Weeks KL, McMullen JR. Pathophysiology of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure: signaling pathways and novel therapeutic targets. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:1401-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1477-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
62
|
Malik S, deRubio RG, Trembley M, Irannejad R, Wedegaertner PB, Smrcka AV. G protein βγ subunits regulate cardiomyocyte hypertrophy through a perinuclear Golgi phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate hydrolysis pathway. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:1188-98. [PMID: 25609085 PMCID: PMC4357516 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-10-1476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gβγ regulation of the perinuclear Golgi PI4P pathway and a separate pathway at the PM is required for ET-1–stimulated hypertrophy, and the efficacy of Gβγ inhibition in preventing heart failure may be due, in part, to its blocking both of these pathways. We recently identified a novel GPCR-dependent pathway for regulation of cardiac hypertrophy that depends on Golgi phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) hydrolysis by a specific isoform of phospholipase C (PLC), PLCε, at the nuclear envelope. How stimuli are transmitted from cell surface GPCRs to activation of perinuclear PLCε is not clear. Here we tested the role of G protein βγ subunits. Gβγ inhibition blocked ET-1–stimulated Golgi PI4P depletion in neonatal and adult ventricular myocytes. Blocking Gβγ at the Golgi inhibited ET-1–dependent PI4P depletion and nuclear PKD activation. Translocation of Gβγ to the Golgi stimulated perinuclear Golgi PI4P depletion and nuclear PKD activation. Finally, blocking Gβγ at the Golgi or PM blocked ET-1–dependent cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. These data indicate that Gβγ regulation of the perinuclear Golgi PI4P pathway and a separate pathway at the PM is required for ET-1–stimulated hypertrophy, and the efficacy of Gβγ inhibition in preventing heart failure maybe due in part to its blocking both these pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Malik
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - R G deRubio
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - M Trembley
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - R Irannejad
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - P B Wedegaertner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - A V Smrcka
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
New vis-tas in lactosylceramide research. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 842:127-38. [PMID: 25408340 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-11280-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
64
|
Konhilas JP, Chen H, Luczak E, McKee LA, Regan J, Watson PA, Stauffer BL, Khalpey ZI, Mckinsey TA, Horn T, LaFleur B, Leinwand LA. Diet and sex modify exercise and cardiac adaptation in the mouse. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 308:H135-45. [PMID: 25398983 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00532.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The heart adapts to exercise stimuli in a sex-dimorphic manner when mice are fed the traditional soy-based chow. Females undergo more voluntary exercise (4 wk) than males and exhibit more cardiac hypertrophy per kilometer run (18, 32). We have found that diet plays a critical role in cage wheel exercise and cardiac adaptation to the exercise stimulus in this sex dimorphism. Specifically, feeding male mice a casein-based, soy-free diet increases daily running distance over soy-fed counterparts to equal that of females. Moreover, casein-fed males have a greater capacity to increase their cardiac mass in response to exercise compared with soy-fed males. To further explore the biochemical mechanisms for these differences, we performed a candidate-based RT-PCR screen on genes previously implicated in diet- or exercise-based cardiac hypertrophy. Of the genes screened, many exhibit significant exercise, diet, or sex effects but only transforming growth factor-β1 shows a significant three-way interaction with no genes showing a two-way interaction. Finally, we show that the expression and activity of adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase-α2 and acetyl-CoA carboxylase is dependent on exercise, diet, and sex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John P Konhilas
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado; Department of Physiology, Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona;
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Physiology, Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Elizabeth Luczak
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Laurel A McKee
- Department of Physiology, Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Jessica Regan
- Department of Physiology, Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Peter A Watson
- University of Colorado Denver, and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Brian L Stauffer
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, Colorado
| | - Zain I Khalpey
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; and
| | - Timothy A Mckinsey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Todd Horn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Bonnie LaFleur
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Leslie A Leinwand
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Ziolkowski W, Flis DJ, Halon M, Vadhana DMS, Olek RA, Carloni M, Antosiewicz J, Kaczor JJ, Gabbianelli R. Prolonged swimming promotes cellular oxidative stress and p66Shc phosphorylation, but does not induce oxidative stress in mitochondria in the rat heart. Free Radic Res 2014; 49:7-16. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2014.968147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
66
|
Javadov S, Jang S, Agostini B. Crosstalk between mitogen-activated protein kinases and mitochondria in cardiac diseases: therapeutic perspectives. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 144:202-25. [PMID: 24924700 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases cause more mortality and morbidity worldwide than any other diseases. Although many intracellular signaling pathways influence cardiac physiology and pathology, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family has garnered significant attention because of its vast implications in signaling and crosstalk with other signaling networks. The extensively studied MAPKs ERK1/2, p38, JNK, and ERK5, demonstrate unique intracellular signaling mechanisms, responding to a myriad of mitogens and stressors and influencing the signaling of cardiac development, metabolism, performance, and pathogenesis. Definitive relationships between MAPK signaling and cardiac dysfunction remain elusive, despite 30 years of extensive clinical studies and basic research of various animal/cell models, severities of stress, and types of stimuli. Still, several studies have proven the importance of MAPK crosstalk with mitochondria, powerhouses of the cell that provide over 80% of ATP for normal cardiomyocyte function and play a crucial role in cell death. Although many questions remain unanswered, there exists enough evidence to consider the possibility of targeting MAPK-mitochondria interactions in the prevention and treatment of heart disease. The goal of this review is to integrate previous studies into a discussion of MAPKs and MAPK-mitochondria signaling in cardiac diseases, such as myocardial infarction (ischemia), hypertrophy and heart failure. A comprehensive understanding of relevant molecular mechanisms, as well as challenges for studies in this area, will facilitate the development of new pharmacological agents and genetic manipulations for therapy of cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabzali Javadov
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, PR, USA.
| | - Sehwan Jang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, PR, USA
| | - Bryan Agostini
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, PR, USA
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Kun S, Mikolás E, Molnár GA, Sélley E, Laczy B, Csiky B, Kovács T, Wittmann I. Association of plasma ortho-tyrosine/para-tyrosine ratio with responsiveness of erythropoiesis-stimulating agent in dialyzed patients. Redox Rep 2014; 19:190-8. [PMID: 24693974 DOI: 10.1179/1351000214y.0000000090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Patients with end-stage renal failure (ESRF) treated with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) are often ESA-hyporesponsive associated with free radical production. Hydroxyl free radical converts phenylalanine into ortho-tyrosine, while physiological isomer para-tyrosine is formed enzymatically, mainly in the kidney. Production of 'para-tyrosine' is decreased in ESRF and it can be replaced by ortho-tyrosine in proteins. Our aim was to study the role of tyrosines in ESA-responsiveness. Methods Four groups of volunteers were involved in our cross-sectional study: healthy volunteers (CONTR; n = 16), patients on hemodialysis without ESA-treatment (non-ESA-HD; n = 8), hemodialyzed patients with ESA-treatment (ESA-HD; n = 40), and patients on continuous peritoneal dialysis (CAPD; n = 21). Plasma ortho-, para-tyrosine, and phenylalanine levels were detected using a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-method. ESA-demand was expressed by ESA-dose, ESA-dose/body weight, and erythropoietin resistance index1 (ERI1, weekly ESA-dose/body weight/hemoglobin). Results We found significantly lower para-tyrosine levels in all groups of dialyzed patients when compared with control subjects, while in contrast ortho-tyrosine levels and ortho-tyrosine/para-tyrosine ratio were comparatively significantly higher in dialyzed patients. Among groups of dialyzed patients the ortho-tyrosine level and ortho-tyrosine/para-tyrosine ratio were significantly higher in ESA-HD than in the non-ESA-HD and CAPD groups. There was a correlation between weekly ESA-dose/body weight, ERI1, and ortho-tyrosine/para-tyrosine ratio (r = 0.441, P = 0.001; r = 0.434, P = 0.001, respectively). Our most important finding was that the ortho-tyrosine/para-tyrosine ratio proved to be an independent predictor of ERI1 (β = 0.330, P = 0.016). In these multivariate regression models most of the known predictors of ESA-hyporesponsiveness were included. Discussion Our findings may suggest that elevation of the ratio of ortho-tyrosine/para-tyrosine could be responsible for decreased ESA-responsiveness in dialyzed patients.
Collapse
|
68
|
Le Douce V, Cherrier T, Riclet R, Rohr O, Schwartz C. The many lives of CTIP2: from AIDS to cancer and cardiac hypertrophy. J Cell Physiol 2014; 229:533-7. [PMID: 24122342 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
CTIP2 is a key transcriptional regulator involved in numerous physiological functions. Initial works have shown the importance of CTIP2 in the establishment and persistence of HIV latency in microglial cells, the main latent/quiescent viral reservoir in the brain. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of CTIP2 in several other pathologies, such as cardiac hypertrophy and various types of human malignancies. Targeting CTIP2 may therefore constitute a new approach in the treatment of these pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Le Douce
- Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale, EA7292, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; IUT de Schiltigheim, 1 Allée d'Athènes, Schiltigheim, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
69
|
Mishra S, Chatterjee S. Lactosylceramide promotes hypertrophy through ROS generation and activation of ERK1/2 in cardiomyocytes. Glycobiology 2014; 24:518-31. [PMID: 24658420 PMCID: PMC4001711 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwu020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophy is central to several heart diseases; however, not much is known about the role of glycosphingolipids (GSLs) in this phenotype. Since GSLs have been accorded several physiological functions, we sought to determine whether these compounds affect cardiac hypertrophy. By using a rat cardiomyoblast cell line, H9c2 cells and cultured primary neonatal rat cardiomyocytes, we have determined the effects of GSLs on hypertrophy. Our study comprises (a) measurement of [(3)H]-leucine incorporation into protein, (b) measurement of cell size and morphology by immunofluorescence microscopy and (c) real-time quantitative mRNA expression assay for atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide. Phenylephrine (PE), a well-established agonist of cardiac hypertrophy, served as a positive control in these studies. Subsequently, mechanistic studies were performed to explore the involvement of various signaling transduction pathways that may contribute to hypertrophy in these cardiomyocytes. We observed that lactosylceramide specifically exerted a concentration- (50-100 µM) and time (48 h)-dependent increase in hypertrophy in cardiomyocytes but not a library of other structurally related GSLs. Further, in cardiomyocytes, LacCer generated reactive oxygen species, stimulated the phosphorylation of p44 mitogen activated protein kinase and protein kinase-C, and enhanced c-jun and c-fos expression, ultimately leading to hypertrophy. In summary, we report here that LacCer specifically induces hypertrophy in cardiomyocytes via an "oxygen-sensitive signal transduction pathway."
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumita Mishra
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
70
|
Lorenz K, Stathopoulou K, Schmid E, Eder P, Cuello F. Heart failure-specific changes in protein kinase signalling. Pflugers Arch 2014; 466:1151-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-014-1462-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
71
|
Lee H, Yoo YS, Lee D, Song EJ. Cholesterol induces cardiac hypertrophy by activating the AKT pathway. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 138:307-13. [PMID: 23907017 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy leads to decompensated heart function, predisposition to heart failure, and sudden death due to physiological and pathological stimuli. Although high cholesterol is considered a principal risk factor for atherosclerosis and heart disease, it has not been shown whether cholesterol itself is sufficient to cause cardiac hypertrophy. In this study, we investigated whether cholesterol induces cardiac hypertrophy, and identified cellular mechanisms underlying hypertrophic responses using H9c2 cells as a model system. Here we show that cholesterol loading significantly increased the cellular surface area and upregulated hypertrophy marker gene, β-myosin-heavy chain (β-MHC). Cholesterol loading alone activated the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathways. Conversely, cholesterol induced hypertrophic characteristic features such as increase in cellular surface area, and the expression of β-MHC mRNA is markedly inhibited by LY294002, a PI3K kinase inhibitor. These results suggest that cholesterol may play a key role in the development of cardiac hypertrophy through the activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjung Lee
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea; Department of Life & Pharmaceutical Sciences Ewha Womans University, Daehyun-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
72
|
Bernardo BC, Ooi JY, McMullen JR. The yin and yang of adaptive and maladaptive processes in heart failure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ddstr.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|