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Hematopoietic Stem and Immune Cells in Chronic HIV Infection. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:148064. [PMID: 26300920 PMCID: PMC4537765 DOI: 10.1155/2015/148064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) belongs to multipotent adult somatic stem cells. A single HSC can reconstitute the entire blood system via self-renewal, differentiation into all lineages of blood cells, and replenishment of cells lost due to attrition or disease in a person's lifetime. Although all blood and immune cells derive from HSC, immune cells, specifically immune memory cells, have the properties of HSC on self-renewal and differentiation into lineage effector cells responding to the invading pathogens. Moreover, the interplay between immune memory cell and viral pathogen determines the course of a viral infection. Here, we state our point of view on the role of blood stem and progenitor cell in chronic HIV infection, with a focus on memory CD4 T-cell in the context of HIV/AIDS eradication and cure.
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Leng J, Ho HP, Buzon MJ, Pereyra F, Walker BD, Yu XG, Chang EJ, Lichterfeld M. A cell-intrinsic inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcription in CD4(+) T cells from elite controllers. Cell Host Microbe 2015; 15:717-728. [PMID: 24922574 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 reverse transcription represents the predominant target for pharmacological inhibition of viral replication, but cell-intrinsic mechanisms that can block HIV-1 reverse transcription in a clinically significant way are poorly defined. We find that effective HIV-1 reverse transcription depends on the phosphorylation of viral reverse transcriptase by host cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 2 at a highly conserved Threonine residue. CDK2-dependent phosphorylation increased the efficacy and stability of viral reverse transcriptase and enhanced viral fitness. Interestingly, p21, a cell-intrinsic CDK inhibitor that is upregulated in CD4(+) T cells from "elite controllers," potently inhibited CDK2-dependent phosphorylation of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and significantly reduced the efficacy of viral reverse transcription. These data suggest that p21 can indirectly block HIV-1 reverse transcription by inhibiting host cofactors supporting HIV-1 replication and identify sites of viral vulnerability that are effectively targeted in persons with natural control of HIV-1 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Leng
- Infectious Disease Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hsin-Pin Ho
- Department of Chemistry, York College and the Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria J Buzon
- Infectious Disease Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Florencia Pereyra
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Xu G Yu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Emmanuel J Chang
- Department of Chemistry, York College and the Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mathias Lichterfeld
- Infectious Disease Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Kajaste-Rudnitski A, Naldini L. Cellular innate immunity and restriction of viral infection: implications for lentiviral gene therapy in human hematopoietic cells. Hum Gene Ther 2015; 26:201-9. [PMID: 25808164 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2015.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic gene therapy has tremendous potential to treat human disease. Nevertheless, for gene therapy to be efficacious, effective gene transfer into target cells must be reached without inducing detrimental effects on their biological properties. This remains a great challenge for the field as high vector doses and prolonged ex vivo culture conditions are still required to reach significant transduction levels of clinically relevant human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), while other potential target cells such as primary macrophages can hardly be transduced. The reasons behind poor permissiveness of primary human hematopoietic cells to gene transfer partly reside in the retroviral origin of lentiviral vectors (LVs). In particular, host antiviral factors referred to as restriction factors targeting the retroviral life cycle can hamper LV transduction efficiency. Furthermore, LVs may activate innate immune sensors not only in differentiated hematopoietic cells but also in HSPCs, with potential consequences on transduction efficiency as well as their biological properties. Therefore, better understanding of the vector-host interactions in the context of hematopoietic gene transfer is important for the development of safer and more efficient gene therapy strategies. In this review, we briefly summarize the current knowledge regarding innate immune recognition of lentiviruses in primary human hematopoietic cells as well as discuss its relevance for LV-based ex vivo gene therapy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kajaste-Rudnitski
- 1 Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute , Milan 20132, Italy
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Eradication of HIV-1 from the macrophage reservoir: an uncertain goal? Viruses 2015; 7:1578-98. [PMID: 25835530 PMCID: PMC4411666 DOI: 10.3390/v7041578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) establishes latency in resting memory CD4+ T cells and cells of myeloid lineage. In contrast to the T cells, cells of myeloid lineage are resistant to the HIV-1 induced cytopathic effect. Cells of myeloid lineage including macrophages are present in anatomical sanctuaries making them a difficult drug target. In addition, the long life span of macrophages as compared to the CD4+ T cells make them important viral reservoirs in infected individuals especially in the late stage of viral infection where CD4+ T cells are largely depleted. In the past decade, HIV-1 persistence in resting CD4+ T cells has gained considerable attention. It is currently believed that rebound viremia following cessation of combination anti-retroviral therapy (cART) originates from this source. However, the clinical relevance of this reservoir has been questioned. It is suggested that the resting CD4+ T cells are only one source of residual viremia and other viral reservoirs such as tissue macrophages should be seriously considered. In the present review we will discuss how macrophages contribute to the development of long-lived latent reservoirs and how macrophages can be used as a therapeutic target in eradicating latent reservoir.
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Herbeck J, Ghorai S, Chen L, Rinaldo CR, Margolick JB, Detels R, Jacobson L, Wolinsky S, Mullins JI. p21(WAF1/CIP1) RNA expression in highly HIV-1 exposed, uninfected individuals. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119218. [PMID: 25746435 PMCID: PMC4352077 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Some individuals remain HIV-1 antibody and PCR negative after repeated exposures to the virus, and are referred to as HIV-exposed seronegatives (HESN). However, the causes of resistance to HIV-1 infection in cases other than those with a homozygous CCR5Δ32 deletion are unclear. We hypothesized that human p21WAF1/CIP1 (a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor) could play a role in resistance to HIV-1 infection in HESN, as p21 expression has been associated with suppression of HIV-1 in elite controllers and reported to block HIV-1 integration in cell culture. We measured p21 RNA expression in PBMC from 40 HESN and 40 low exposure HIV-1 seroconverters (LESC) prior to their infection using a real-time PCR assay. Comparing the 20 HESN with the highest exposure risk (median = 111 partners/2.5 years prior to the 20 LESC with the lowest exposure risk (median = 1 partner/2.5 years prior), p21 expression trended higher in HESN in only one of two experiments (P = 0.11 vs. P = 0.80). Additionally, comparison of p21 expression in the top 40 HESN (median = 73 partners/year) and lowest 40 LESC (median = 2 partners/year) showed no difference between the groups (P = 0.84). There was a weak linear trend between risk of infection after exposure and increasing p21 gene expression (R2 = 0.02, P = 0.12), but again only in one experiment. Hence, if p21 expression contributes to the resistance to viral infection in HESN, it likely plays a minor role evident only in those with extremely high levels of exposure to HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Herbeck
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Suvankar Ghorai
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lennie Chen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Charles R. Rinaldo
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Joseph B. Margolick
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Roger Detels
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Lisa Jacobson
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Steven Wolinsky
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - James I. Mullins
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The eradication of HIV necessitates elimination of the HIV latent reservoir. Identifying host determinants governing latency and reservoir size in the setting of antiretroviral therapy (ART) is an important step in developing strategies to cure HIV infection. We sought to determine the impact of cell-intrinsic immunity on the HIV latent reservoir. DESIGN We investigated the relevance of a comprehensive panel of established anti-HIV-1 host restriction factors to multiple established virologic and immunologic measures of viral persistence in HIV-1-infected, ART-suppressed individuals. METHODS We measured the mRNA expression of 42 anti-HIV-1 host restriction factors, levels of cell-associated HIV-1 RNA, levels of total pol and 2-long terminal repeat (2-LTR) circle HIV-1 DNA and immunophenotypes of CD4 T cells in 72 HIV-1-infected individuals on suppressive ART (23 individuals initiated ART less than 1 year post-infection, and 49 individuals initiated ART greater than 1 year post-infection). Correlations were analysed using nonparametric tests. RESULTS The enhanced expression of a few select host restriction factors, p21, schlafen 11 and PAF1, was strongly associated with reduced CD4 T-cell associated HIV RNA during ART (P < 0.001). In addition, our data suggested that ART perturbs the regulatory relationship between CD4 T-cell activation and restriction factor expression. Lastly, cell-intrinsic immune responses were significantly enhanced in individuals who initiated ART during early versus chronic infection and may contribute to the reduced reservoir size observed in these individuals. CONCLUSION Intrinsic immune responses modulate HIV persistence during suppressive ART and may be manipulated to enhance the efficacy of ART and promote viral eradication through reversal of latency in vivo.
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Abstract
UNLABELLED The transcription factor NF-κB is important for HIV-1 transcription initiation in primary HIV-1 infection and reactivation in latently HIV-1-infected cells. However, comparative analysis of the regulation and function of NF-κB in latently HIV-1-infected cells has not been done. Here we show that the expression of IκB-α, an endogenous inhibitor of NF-κB, is enhanced by latent HIV-1 infection via induction of the host-derived factor COMMD1/Murr1 in myeloid cells but not in lymphoid cells by using four sets of latently HIV-1-infected cells and the respective parental cells. IκB-α protein was stabilized by COMMD1, which attenuated NF-κB signaling during Toll-like receptor ligand and tumor necrosis factor alpha treatment and enhanced HIV-1 latency in latently HIV-1-infected cells. Activation of the phosphoinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-JAK pathway is involved in COMMD1 induction in latently HIV-1-infected cells. Our findings indicate that COMMD1 induction is the NF-κB inhibition mechanism in latently HIV-1-infected cells that contributes to innate immune deficiency and reinforces HIV-1 latency. Thus, COMMD1 might be a double-edged sword that is beneficial in primary infection but not beneficial in latent infection when HIV-1 eradication is considered. IMPORTANCE HIV-1 latency is a major barrier to viral eradication in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy. In this study, we found that COMMD1/Murr1, previously identified as an HIV-1 restriction factor, inhibits the proteasomal degradation of IκB-α by increasing the interaction with IκB-α in latently HIV-1-infected myeloid cells. IκB-α protein was stabilized by COMMD1, which attenuated NF-κB signaling during the innate immune response and enhanced HIV-1 latency in latently HIV-1-infected cells. Activation of the PI3K-JAK pathway is involved in COMMD1 induction in latently HIV-1-infected cells. Thus, the host-derived factor COMMD1 is beneficial in suppressing primary infection but enhances latent infection, indicating that it may be a double-edged sword in HIV-1 eradication.
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Herrera-Carrillo E, Berkhout B. Potential mechanisms for cell-based gene therapy to treat HIV/AIDS. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 19:245-63. [PMID: 25388088 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.980236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION An estimated 35 million people are infected with HIV worldwide. Anti-retroviral therapy (ART) has reduced the morbidity and mortality of HIV-infected patients but efficacy requires strict adherence and the treatment is not curative. Most importantly, the emergence of drug-resistant virus strains and drug toxicity can restrict the long-term therapeutic efficacy in some patients. Therefore, novel treatment strategies that permanently control or eliminate the virus and restore the damaged immune system are required. Gene therapy against HIV infection has been the topic of intense investigations for the last two decades because it can theoretically provide such a durable anti-HIV control. AREAS COVERED In this review we discuss two major gene therapy strategies to combat HIV. One approach aims to kill HIV-infected cells and the other is based on the protection of cells from HIV infection. We discuss the underlying molecular mechanisms for candidate approaches to permanently block HIV infection, including the latest strategies and future therapeutic applications. EXPERT OPINION Hematopoietic stem cell-based gene therapy for HIV/AIDS may eventually become an alternative for standard ART and should ideally provide a functional cure in which the virus is durably controlled without medication. Recent results from preclinical research and early-stage clinical trials support the feasibility and safety of this novel strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Herrera-Carrillo
- Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology , Meibergdreef 15, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ , The Netherlands
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Booiman T, Cobos Jiménez V, van Dort KA, van 't Wout AB, Kootstra NA. Phosphodiesterase 8a supports HIV-1 replication in macrophages at the level of reverse transcription. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109673. [PMID: 25295610 PMCID: PMC4190361 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-1 infected macrophages play a key role in HIV-1 infection. Even during anti-retroviral treatment, macrophages keep producing virus due to suboptimal tissue penetration and reduced efficacy of antiretrovirals. It is therefore of major importance to understand which host factors are involved in HIV-1 replication in macrophages. Previously, we have shown that genetic polymorphisms in phosphodiesterase 8a (PDE8A) are strongly associated with HIV-1 replication in these cells. Here we analyzed the mechanism and regulation of PDE8A in HIV-1 replication in macrophages. RESULTS PDE8A mRNA expression strongly increases upon differentiation of monocytes into macrophages, which corresponds to the increased susceptibility of mature macrophages to HIV-1. In parallel, expression of microRNA miR-145-5p, predicted to target PDE8A mRNA, strongly decreased. The interaction of miR-145-5p with the 3' UTR of PDE8A mRNA could be experimentally validated, suggesting that indeed miR-145-5p can regulate PDE8A expression levels. Knockdown of PDE8A in macrophages resulted in a decrease in total HIV-1 replication and proviral DNA levels. These observations confirm that PDE8A regulates HIV-1 replication in macrophages and that this effect is mediated through early steps in the viral replication cycle. CONCLUSIONS PDE8A is highly expressed in macrophages, and its expression is regulated by miR-145-5p. Our findings strongly suggest that PDE8A supports HIV-1 replication in macrophages and that this effect is mediated at the level of reverse transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thijs Booiman
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Sanquin Research, Landsteiner Laboratory and Center for Infection and Immunity (CINIMA) at the Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Viviana Cobos Jiménez
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Sanquin Research, Landsteiner Laboratory and Center for Infection and Immunity (CINIMA) at the Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karel A. van Dort
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Sanquin Research, Landsteiner Laboratory and Center for Infection and Immunity (CINIMA) at the Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Angélique B. van 't Wout
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Sanquin Research, Landsteiner Laboratory and Center for Infection and Immunity (CINIMA) at the Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Neeltje A. Kootstra
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Sanquin Research, Landsteiner Laboratory and Center for Infection and Immunity (CINIMA) at the Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Phenyl-1-Pyridin-2yl-ethanone-based iron chelators increase IκB-α expression, modulate CDK2 and CDK9 activities, and inhibit HIV-1 transcription. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:6558-71. [PMID: 25155598 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02918-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 transcription is activated by the Tat protein, which recruits CDK9/cyclin T1 to the HIV-1 promoter. CDK9 is phosphorylated by CDK2, which facilitates formation of the high-molecular-weight positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) complex. We previously showed that chelation of intracellular iron inhibits CDK2 and CDK9 activities and suppresses HIV-1 transcription, but the mechanism of the inhibition was not understood. In the present study, we tested a set of novel iron chelators for the ability to inhibit HIV-1 transcription and elucidated their mechanism of action. Novel phenyl-1-pyridin-2yl-ethanone (PPY)-based iron chelators were synthesized and examined for their effects on cellular iron, HIV-1 inhibition, and cytotoxicity. Activities of CDK2 and CDK9, expression of CDK9-dependent and CDK2-inhibitory mRNAs, NF-κB expression, and HIV-1- and NF-κB-dependent transcription were determined. PPY-based iron chelators significantly inhibited HIV-1, with minimal cytotoxicity, in cultured and primary cells chronically or acutely infected with HIV-1 subtype B, but they had less of an effect on HIV-1 subtype C. Iron chelators upregulated the expression of IκB-α, with increased accumulation of cytoplasmic NF-κB. The iron chelators inhibited CDK2 activity and reduced the amount of CDK9/cyclin T1 in the large P-TEFb complex. Iron chelators reduced HIV-1 Gag and Env mRNA synthesis but had no effect on HIV-1 reverse transcription. In addition, iron chelators moderately inhibited basal HIV-1 transcription, equally affecting HIV-1 and Sp1- or NF-κB-driven transcription. By virtue of their involvement in targeting several key steps in HIV-1 transcription, these novel iron chelators have the potential for the development of new therapeutics for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.
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Riveira-Muñoz E, Ruiz A, Pauls E, Permanyer M, Badia R, Mothe B, Crespo M, Clotet B, Brander C, Ballana E, Esté JA. Increased expression of SAMHD1 in a subset of HIV-1 elite controllers. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014; 69:3057-60. [PMID: 25063780 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dku276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES SAMHD1 and the CDKN1A (p21) cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor have been postulated to mediate HIV-1 restriction in CD4+ cells. We have shown that p21 affects HIV replication through its effect on SAMHD1. Thus, we aimed at evaluating the expression of SAMHD1 and p21 in different HIV+ phenotypic groups. PATIENTS AND METHODS We evaluated SAMHD1 and CDKN1A mRNA expression in CD4+ T cells from HIV+ individuals including elite controllers (n = 12), individuals who control HIV without the need for antiretroviral treatment, viraemic progressors (n = 10) and HIV-1 seronegative healthy donors (n = 14). Immunological variables were measured by flow cytometry. RESULTS We show that a subset of HIV+ elite controllers with lower T cell proliferation levels (Ki67+ cells) expressed higher SAMHD1 compared with healthy donors or viraemic progressors. Conversely, there was no difference in p21 expression before or after T cell activation with a bispecific CD3/CD8 antibody. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that SAMHD1 may play a role in controlling virus replication in HIV+ individuals and slow the rate of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Riveira-Muñoz
- AIDS Research Institute-IrsiCaixa and AIDS Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Alba Ruiz
- AIDS Research Institute-IrsiCaixa and AIDS Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Eduardo Pauls
- AIDS Research Institute-IrsiCaixa and AIDS Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Marc Permanyer
- AIDS Research Institute-IrsiCaixa and AIDS Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Roger Badia
- AIDS Research Institute-IrsiCaixa and AIDS Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Mothe
- AIDS Research Institute-IrsiCaixa and AIDS Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Manel Crespo
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- AIDS Research Institute-IrsiCaixa and AIDS Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Christian Brander
- AIDS Research Institute-IrsiCaixa and AIDS Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ester Ballana
- AIDS Research Institute-IrsiCaixa and AIDS Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - José A Esté
- AIDS Research Institute-IrsiCaixa and AIDS Unit, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
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Cummins NW, Badley AD. Making sense of how HIV kills infected CD4 T cells: implications for HIV cure. MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR THERAPIES 2014; 2:20. [PMID: 26056587 PMCID: PMC4452072 DOI: 10.1186/2052-8426-2-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Defining how HIV does, and does not, kill the host CD4 T cell that it infects is of paramount importance in an era when research is approaching a cure for infection. Three mutually exclusive pathways can lead to the death of HIV-infected cells during the HIV life cycle, before, coincident and after HIV integration and consequently may affect viral replication. We discuss the molecular mechanism underlying these pathways, the evidence supporting their roles in vivo, and contemplate how understanding these pathways might inform novel approaches to promote viral cure of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan W Cummins
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, 200 - 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Andrew D Badley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, 200 - 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
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Cummins NW, Badley AD. Making sense of how HIV kills infected CD4 T cells: implications for HIV cure. MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR THERAPIES 2014; 2:20. [PMID: 26056587 PMCID: PMC4452072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Defining how HIV does, and does not, kill the host CD4 T cell that it infects is of paramount importance in an era when research is approaching a cure for infection. Three mutually exclusive pathways can lead to the death of HIV-infected cells during the HIV life cycle, before, coincident and after HIV integration and consequently may affect viral replication. We discuss the molecular mechanism underlying these pathways, the evidence supporting their roles in vivo, and contemplate how understanding these pathways might inform novel approaches to promote viral cure of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan W Cummins
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, 200 - 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Andrew D Badley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, 200 - 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
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Reply to Pauls et al.: p21 is a master regulator of HIV replication in macrophages through dNTP synthesis block. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E1325-6. [PMID: 24834497 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1322699111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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65
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Mathews CK. Deoxyribonucleotides as genetic and metabolic regulators. FASEB J 2014; 28:3832-40. [PMID: 24928192 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-251249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
For >35 yr, we have known that the accuracy of DNA replication is controlled in large part by the relative concentrations of the 4 canonical deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphates (dNTPs) at the replisome. Since this field was last reviewed, ∼8 yr ago, there has been increased understanding of the mutagenic pathways as they occur in living cells. At the same time, aspects of deoxyribonucleotide metabolism have been shown to be critically involved in processes as diverse as cell cycle control, protooncogene expression, cellular defense against HIV infection, replication rate control, telomere length control, and mitochondrial function. Evidence supports a relationship between dNTP pools and microsatellite repeat instability. Relationships between dNTP synthesis and breakdown in controlling steady-state pools have become better defined. In addition, new experimental approaches have allowed definitive analysis of mutational pathways induced by dNTP pool abnormalities, both in Escherichia coli and in yeast. Finally, ribonucleoside triphosphate (rNTP) pools have been shown to be critical determinants of DNA replication fidelity. These developments are discussed in this review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher K Mathews
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
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66
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Autran B, Hamimi C, Katlama C. One Step Closer to HIV Eradication? CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40506-014-0017-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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67
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Saez-Cirion A, Jacquelin B, Barré-Sinoussi F, Müller-Trutwin M. Immune responses during spontaneous control of HIV and AIDS: what is the hope for a cure? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2014; 369:20130436. [PMID: 24821922 PMCID: PMC4024229 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV research has made rapid progress and led to remarkable achievements in recent decades, the most important of which are combination antiretroviral therapies (cART). However, in the absence of a vaccine, the pandemic continues, and additional strategies are needed. The 'towards an HIV cure' initiative aims to eradicate HIV or at least bring about a lasting remission of infection during which the host can control viral replication in the absence of cART. Cases of spontaneous and treatment-induced control of infection offer substantial hope. Here, we describe the scientific knowledge that is lacking, and the priorities that have been established for research into a cure. We discuss in detail the immunological lessons that can be learned by studying natural human and animal models of protection and spontaneous control of viraemia or of disease progression. In particular, we describe the insights we have gained into the immune mechanisms of virus control, the impact of early virus-host interactions and why chronic inflammation, a hallmark of HIV infection, is an obstacle to a cure. Finally, we enumerate current interventions aimed towards improving the host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - M. Müller-Trutwin
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Régulation des Infections Rétrovirales, Paris, France
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Efficient parvovirus replication requires CRL4Cdt2-targeted depletion of p21 to prevent its inhibitory interaction with PCNA. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004055. [PMID: 24699724 PMCID: PMC3974872 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection by the autonomous parvovirus minute virus of mice (MVM) induces a vigorous DNA damage response in host cells which it utilizes for its efficient replication. Although p53 remains activated, p21 protein levels remain low throughout the course of infection. We show here that efficient MVM replication required the targeting for degradation of p21 during this time by the CRL4Cdt2 E3-ubiquitin ligase which became re-localized to MVM replication centers. PCNA provides a molecular platform for substrate recognition by the CRL4Cdt2 E3-ubiquitin ligase and p21 targeting during MVM infection required its interaction both with Cdt2 and PCNA. PCNA is also an important co-factor for MVM replication which can be antagonized by p21 in vitro. Expression of a stable p21 mutant that retained interaction with PCNA inhibited MVM replication, while a stable p21 mutant which lacked this interaction did not. Thus, while interaction with PCNA was important for targeting p21 to the CRL4Cdt2 ligase re-localized to MVM replication centers, efficient viral replication required subsequent depletion of p21 to abrogate its inhibition of PCNA.
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69
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Kumar A, Herbein G. The macrophage: a therapeutic target in HIV-1 infection. MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR THERAPIES 2014; 2:10. [PMID: 26056579 PMCID: PMC4452058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is still a serious global health concern responsible for more than 25 million deaths in last three decades. More than 34 million people are living with HIV infection. Macrophages and CD4+ T cells are the principal targets of HIV-1. The pathogenesis of HIV-1 takes different routes in macrophages and CD4+ T cells. Macrophages are resistant to the cytopathic effect of HIV-1 and produce virus for longer periods of time. In addition, macrophages being present in every organ system thus can disseminate virus to the different anatomical sites leading to the formation of viral sanctuaries. Complete cure of HIV-1 needs better understanding of viral pathogenesis in these reservoirs and implementation of knowledge into robust therapeutic products. In this review we will focus on the unique relationship between HIV-1 and macrophages. Furthermore, we will describe how successful antiretroviral therapy (ART) is in suppressing HIV and novel molecular and cellular strategies against HIV-1 in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- />Department of Virology, UPRES EA4266 Pathogens & Inflammation, University of Franche-Comte, SFR FED 4234, F-25030 Besançon, France
| | - Georges Herbein
- />Department of Virology, UPRES EA4266 Pathogens & Inflammation, University of Franche-Comte, SFR FED 4234, F-25030 Besançon, France
- />Department of Virology, Hôpital Saint-Jacques, CHRU Besançon, 2 place Saint-Jacques, F-25030 Besançon cedex, France
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70
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Kumar A, Herbein G. The macrophage: a therapeutic target in HIV-1 infection. MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR THERAPIES 2014; 2:10. [PMID: 26056579 PMCID: PMC4452058 DOI: 10.1186/2052-8426-2-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is still a serious global health concern responsible for more than 25 million deaths in last three decades. More than 34 million people are living with HIV infection. Macrophages and CD4+ T cells are the principal targets of HIV-1. The pathogenesis of HIV-1 takes different routes in macrophages and CD4+ T cells. Macrophages are resistant to the cytopathic effect of HIV-1 and produce virus for longer periods of time. In addition, macrophages being present in every organ system thus can disseminate virus to the different anatomical sites leading to the formation of viral sanctuaries. Complete cure of HIV-1 needs better understanding of viral pathogenesis in these reservoirs and implementation of knowledge into robust therapeutic products. In this review we will focus on the unique relationship between HIV-1 and macrophages. Furthermore, we will describe how successful antiretroviral therapy (ART) is in suppressing HIV and novel molecular and cellular strategies against HIV-1 in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Department of Virology, UPRES EA4266 Pathogens & Inflammation, University of Franche-Comte, SFR FED 4234, F-25030 Besançon, France
| | - Georges Herbein
- Department of Virology, UPRES EA4266 Pathogens & Inflammation, University of Franche-Comte, SFR FED 4234, F-25030 Besançon, France ; Department of Virology, Hôpital Saint-Jacques, CHRU Besançon, 2 place Saint-Jacques, F-25030 Besançon cedex, France
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71
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Passaes CP, Sáez-Cirión A. HIV cure research: advances and prospects. Virology 2014; 454-455:340-52. [PMID: 24636252 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Thirty years after the identification of HIV, a cure for HIV infection is still to be achieved. Advances of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) in recent years have transformed HIV infection into a chronic disease when treatment is available. However, in spite of the favorable outcomes provided by the newer therapies, cART is not curative and patients are at risk of developing HIV-associated disorders. Moreover, universal access to antiretroviral treatment is restricted by financial obstacles. This review discusses the most recent strategies that have been developed in the search for an HIV cure and to improve life quality of people living with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline P Passaes
- Unité de Régulation des Infections Rétrovirales, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France; CEA, Division of Immuno-Virology, iMETI/DSV, 18 Route du Panorama, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
| | - Asier Sáez-Cirión
- Unité de Régulation des Infections Rétrovirales, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
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p21 regulates the HIV-1 restriction factor SAMHD1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E1322-4. [PMID: 24610778 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1322059111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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