51
|
Orlova A, Wagner C, de Araujo ED, Bajusz D, Neubauer HA, Herling M, Gunning PT, Keserű GM, Moriggl R. Direct Targeting Options for STAT3 and STAT5 in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1930. [PMID: 31817042 PMCID: PMC6966570 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11121930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3 and STAT5 are important transcription factors that are able to mediate or even drive cancer progression through hyperactivation or gain-of-function mutations. Mutated STAT3 is mainly associated with large granular lymphocytic T-cell leukemia, whereas mutated STAT5B is associated with T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia, T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and γδ T-cell-derived lymphomas. Hyperactive STAT3 and STAT5 are also implicated in various hematopoietic and solid malignancies, such as chronic and acute myeloid leukemia, melanoma or prostate cancer. Classical understanding of STAT functions is linked to their phosphorylated parallel dimer conformation, in which they induce gene transcription. However, the functions of STAT proteins are not limited to their phosphorylated dimerization form. In this review, we discuss the functions and the roles of unphosphorylated STAT3/5 in the context of chromatin remodeling, as well as the impact of STAT5 oligomerization on differential gene expression in hematopoietic neoplasms. The central involvement of STAT3/5 in cancer has made these molecules attractive targets for small-molecule drug development, but currently there are no direct STAT3/5 inhibitors of clinical grade available. We summarize the development of inhibitors against the SH2 domains of STAT3/5 and discuss their applicability as cancer therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Orlova
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (A.O.); (C.W.); (H.A.N.)
| | - Christina Wagner
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (A.O.); (C.W.); (H.A.N.)
| | - Elvin D. de Araujo
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada; (E.D.d.A.); (P.T.G.)
- Centre for Medicinal Chemistry, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Dávid Bajusz
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (D.B.); (G.M.K.)
| | - Heidi A. Neubauer
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (A.O.); (C.W.); (H.A.N.)
| | - Marco Herling
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Response and Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Cologne University, 50937 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Patrick T. Gunning
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada; (E.D.d.A.); (P.T.G.)
- Centre for Medicinal Chemistry, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - György M. Keserű
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (D.B.); (G.M.K.)
| | - Richard Moriggl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (A.O.); (C.W.); (H.A.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Zhao M, Hu X, Xu Y, Wu C, Chen J, Ren Y, Kong L, Sun S, Zhang L, Jin R, Zhou X. Targeting of EZH2 inhibits epithelial‑mesenchymal transition in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma via regulating the STAT3/VEGFR2 axis. Int J Oncol 2019; 55:1165-1175. [PMID: 31545422 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor metastasis regulated by epithelial‑mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a significant role in the development of human cancers, whereas the molecular mechanisms of this process in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remain elusive. In this study, we found that inhibition of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) resulted in suppressed EMT in HNSCC in vitro and in vivo. We reported that signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 3 (STAT3)/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) axis served as the downstream signaling of EZH2 and mediated EMT in HNSCC. EZH2 inhibition downregulated the expression of key molecules of the STAT3/VEGFR2 axis and EMT‑related markers, while the expression of E‑cadherin was upregulated in HNSCC cells. Targeting the EZH2/STAT3/VEGFR2 axis significantly reduced motility of HNSCC cells. Furthermore, EZH2 knockdown reduced the growth of xenograft HNSCC tumors via inhibiting the EZH2/STAT3/VEGFR2 axis. In conclusion, we proposed that EZH2 regulates EMT and tumor invasion and metastasis in HNSCC by governing the STAT3/VEGFR2 axis. These findings provide a rationale for developing novel strategies to treat invasive and metastatic HNSCC via targeting the EZH2/STAT3/VEGFR2 pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Zhao
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngology Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomeng Hu
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngology Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Yini Xu
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngology Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Chuanqiang Wu
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngology Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Jinliang Chen
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngology Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Yu Ren
- Research Center of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Lingping Kong
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngology Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Shanshan Sun
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngology Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Lun Zhang
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngology Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Rui Jin
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngology Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngology Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Levy D. Lysine methylation signaling of non-histone proteins in the nucleus. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:2873-2883. [PMID: 31123776 PMCID: PMC11105312 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03142-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lysine methylation, catalyzed by protein lysine methyltransferases (PKMTs), is a central post-translational modification regulating many signaling pathways. It has direct and indirect effects on chromatin structure and transcription. Accumulating evidence suggests that dysregulation of PKMT activity has a fundamental impact on the development of many pathologies. While most of these works involve in-depth analysis of methylation events in the context of histones, in recent years, it has become evident that methylation of non-histone proteins also plays a pivotal role in cell processes. This review highlights the importance of non-histone methylation, with focus on methylation events taking place in the nucleus. Known experimental platforms which were developed to identify new methylation events, as well as examples of specific lysine methylation signaling events which regulate key transcription factors, are presented. In addition, the role of these methylation events in normal and disease states is emphasized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Levy
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beersheba, Israel.
- The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, 84105, Beersheba, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Tsai MH, Pai LM, Lee CK. Fine-Tuning of Type I Interferon Response by STAT3. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1448. [PMID: 31293595 PMCID: PMC6606715 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN-I) is induced during innate immune response and is required for initiating antiviral activity, growth inhibition, and immunomodulation. STAT1, STAT2, and STAT3 are activated in response to IFN-I stimulation. STAT1, STAT2, and IRF9 form ISGF3 complex which transactivates downstream IFN-stimulated genes and mediates antiviral response. However, the role of STAT3 remains to be characterized. Here, we review the multiple actions of STAT3 on suppressing IFN-I responses, including blocking IFN-I signaling, downregulating the expression of ISGF3 components, and antagonizing the transcriptional activity of ISGF3. Finally, we discuss the evolution of the suppressive activity of STAT3 and the therapeutic potential of STAT3 inhibitors in host defense against viral infections and IFN-I-associated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hsun Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Mei Pai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Kuo Lee
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Chong PSY, Chng WJ, de Mel S. STAT3: A Promising Therapeutic Target in Multiple Myeloma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11050731. [PMID: 31130718 PMCID: PMC6562880 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11050731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable plasma cell malignancy for which novel treatment options are required. Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3) overexpression in MM appears to be mediated by a variety of factors including interleukin-6 signaling and downregulation of Src homology phosphatase-1 (SHP-1). STAT3 overexpression in MM is associated with an adverse prognosis and may play a role in microenvironment-dependent treatment resistance. In addition to its pro-proliferative role, STAT3 upregulates anti-apoptotic proteins and leads to microRNA dysregulation in MM. Phosphatase of regenerating liver 3 (PRL-3) is an oncogenic phosphatase which is upregulated by STAT3. PRL-3 itself promotes STAT-3 phosphorylation resulting in a positive feedback loop. PRL-3 is overexpressed in a subset of MM patients and may cooperate with STAT3 to promote survival of MM cells. Indirectly targeting STAT3 via JAK (janus associated kinase) inhibition has shown promise in early clinical trials. Specific inhibitors of STAT3 showed in vitro efficacy but have failed in clinical trials while several STAT3 inhibitors derived from herbs have been shown to induce apoptosis of MM cells in vitro. Optimising the pharmacokinetic profiles of novel STAT3 inhibitors and identifying how best to combine these agents with existing anti-myeloma therapy are key questions to be addressed in future clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phyllis S Y Chong
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore.
| | - Wee-Joo Chng
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore.
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore 119074, Singapore.
| | - Sanjay de Mel
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore 119074, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
FAM64A positively regulates STAT3 activity to promote Th17 differentiation and colitis-associated carcinogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:10447-10452. [PMID: 31061131 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1814336116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
STAT3 is a transcription factor that plays central roles in various physiological processes, including differentiation of Th cells. Its deregulation results in serious diseases, including inflammatory diseases and cancer. The mechanisms related to how STAT3 activity is regulated remain enigmatic. Here we show that overexpression of FAM64A potentiates IL-6-induced activation of STAT3 and expression of downstream target genes, whereas deficiency of FAM64A has the opposite effects. FAM64A interacts with STAT3 in the nucleus and regulates binding of STAT3 to the promoters of its target genes. Deficiency of Fam64a significantly impairs differentiation of Th17 but not Th1 or induced regulatory T cells (iTreg). In addition, Fam64a deficiency attenuates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis, which is correlated with decreased differentiation of Th17 cells and production of proinflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, Fam64a deficiency suppresses azoxymethane (AOM)/DSS-induced colitis-associated cancer (CAC) in mice. These findings suggest that FAM64A regulates Th17 differentiation and colitis and inflammation-associated cancer by modulating transcriptional activity of STAT3.
Collapse
|
57
|
Sustained NF-κB-STAT3 signaling promotes resistance to Smac mimetics in Glioma stem-like cells but creates a vulnerability to EZH2 inhibition. Cell Death Discov 2019; 5:72. [PMID: 30854231 PMCID: PMC6399311 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-019-0155-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is an incurable and highly aggressive brain tumor. Understanding therapeutic resistance and survival mechanisms driving this tumor type is key to finding effective therapies. Smac mimetics (SM) emerged as attractive cancer therapeutics particularly for tumor populations that are highly resistant to conventional apoptosis-inducing therapies. We evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of SM on Glioma stem-like cells (GSCs) and showed that this family of compounds stimulates an adaptive response triggered by TNFα. Increased expression of TNFα results in a prolonged and sustained activation of NF-κB and STAT3 signaling thus activating several tumor cell resistance mechanisms in GSCs. We show that STAT3 activation is contingent on EZH2 activation and uncover a synergistic lethality between SM and EZH2 inhibitors. Therapeutic inhibition of EZH2 impaired the viability of SM-treated GSCs. Our study outlines the molecular underpinnings of SM resistance in glioblastoma and provides mechanistic insight to overcome this resistance and increase therapeutic efficacy.
Collapse
|
58
|
Huynh J, Chand A, Gough D, Ernst M. Therapeutically exploiting STAT3 activity in cancer - using tissue repair as a road map. Nat Rev Cancer 2019; 19:82-96. [PMID: 30578415 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-018-0090-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The tightly orchestrated temporal and spatial control of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) activity in epithelial, immune and stromal cells is critical for wound healing and tissue repair. Excessive STAT3 activation within cancer cells and cells of the tumour microenvironment can be viewed as a neoplastic mimic of an inflammation-driven repair response that collectively promotes tumour progression. In addition to the canonical transcriptional pathways by which STAT3 promotes stem cell-like characteristics, survival, proliferation, metastatic potential and immune evasion, cytoplasmic STAT3 activity fuels tumour growth by metabolic and other non-transcriptional mechanisms. Here, we review the tumour-modulating activities of STAT3 in light of its role as a signalling node integrating inflammatory responses during wound healing. Accordingly, many of the cytokines that contribute to the para-inflammatory state of most solid malignancies converge on and underpin dysregulated STAT3 activity. Targeting of these cytokines, their cognate receptors and associated signalling cascades in clinical trials is beginning to demonstrate therapeutic efficacy, given that interference with STAT3 activity is likely to simultaneously curb the growth of cancer cells and augment antitumour immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Huynh
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ashwini Chand
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel Gough
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Matthias Ernst
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
SETDB1-mediated methylation of Akt promotes its K63-linked ubiquitination and activation leading to tumorigenesis. Nat Cell Biol 2019; 21:214-225. [PMID: 30692626 PMCID: PMC6414065 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-018-0266-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The serine/threonine kinase Akt plays a central role in cell proliferation, survival and metabolism and its hyperactivation is linked to cancer progression. Here we report that Akt undergoes K64 methylation by SETDB1, which is crucial for cell membrane recruitment, phosphorylation and activation of Akt upon growth factor stimulation. Furthermore, we reveal an adaptor function of histone demethylase JMJD2A, which recognizes Akt K64 methylation and recruits E3 ligase TRAF6 and Skp2-SCF to the Akt complex, independently of its demethylase activity, thereby initiating K63-linked ubiquitination, cell membrane recruitment and activation of Akt. Notably, cancer associated Akt mutant (E17K) displays enhanced K64 methylation, leading to its hyper-phosphorylation and activation. SETDB1-mediated Akt K64 methylation is upregulated and correlated with Akt hyperactivation in non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), promotes tumor development and predicts poor outcome. Collectively, these findings reveal complicated layers of Akt activation regulation coordinated by SETDB1-mediated Akt K64 methylation to drive tumorigenesis.
Collapse
|
60
|
Loh JT, Lim TJF, Ikumi K, Matoba T, Janela B, Gunawan M, Toyama T, Bunjamin M, Ng LG, Poidinger M, Morita A, Ginhoux F, Yamazaki S, Lam KP, Su IH. Ezh2 Controls Skin Tolerance through Distinct Mechanisms in Different Subsets of Skin Dendritic Cells. iScience 2018; 10:23-39. [PMID: 30496973 PMCID: PMC6260444 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2018.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ezh2, a well-established epigenetic repressor, can down-regulate leukocyte inflammatory responses, but its role in cutaneous health remains elusive. Here we demonstrate that Ezh2 controls cutaneous tolerance by regulating Langerhans cell (LC) transmigration across the epidermal basement membrane directly via Talin1 methylation. Ezh2 deficiency impaired disassembly of adhesion structures in LCs, leading to their defective integrin-dependent emigration from the epidermis and failure in tolerance induction. Moreover, mobilization of Ezh2-deficient Langerin– dermal dendritic cells (dDCs) via high-dose treatment with a weak allergen restored tolerance, which is associated with an increased tolerogenic potential of Langerin– dDCs likely due to epigenetic de-repression of Aldh in the absence of Ezh2. Our data reveal novel roles for Ezh2 in governing LC- and dDC-mediated host protection against cutaneous allergen via distinct mechanisms. Ezh2 regulates LC transmigration across basement membrane via Talin1 methylation Ezh2-mediated LC migration is required for cutaneous tolerance induction Ezh2 represses Aldh epigenetically in dermal DCs Ezh2-deficient dermal DCs exhibit increased tolerogenicity
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Tong Loh
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore; Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 20 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138668, Republic of Singapore
| | - Thomas Jun Feng Lim
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Kyoko Ikumi
- Department of Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; Department of Geriatric and Environmental Dermatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Takuma Matoba
- Department of Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Baptiste Janela
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore 138648, Republic of Singapore
| | - Merry Gunawan
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Tatsuya Toyama
- Department of Breast Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Maegan Bunjamin
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Lai Guan Ng
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore 138648, Republic of Singapore
| | - Michael Poidinger
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore 138648, Republic of Singapore
| | - Akimichi Morita
- Department of Geriatric and Environmental Dermatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore 138648, Republic of Singapore
| | - Sayuri Yamazaki
- Department of Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Kong-Peng Lam
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 20 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138668, Republic of Singapore
| | - I-Hsin Su
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
van der Heijden CDCC, Noz MP, Joosten LAB, Netea MG, Riksen NP, Keating ST. Epigenetics and Trained Immunity. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:1023-1040. [PMID: 28978221 PMCID: PMC6121175 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE A growing body of clinical and experimental evidence has challenged the traditional understanding that only the adaptive immune system can mount immunological memory. Recent findings describe the adaptive characteristics of the innate immune system, underscored by its ability to remember antecedent foreign encounters and respond in a nonspecific sensitized manner to reinfection. This has been termed trained innate immunity. Although beneficial in the context of recurrent infections, this might actually contribute to chronic immune-mediated diseases, such as atherosclerosis. Recent Advances: In line with its proposed role in sustaining cellular memories, epigenetic reprogramming has emerged as a critical determinant of trained immunity. Recent technological and computational advances that improve unbiased acquisition of epigenomic profiles have significantly enhanced our appreciation for the complexities of chromatin architecture in the contexts of diverse immunological challenges. CRITICAL ISSUES Key to resolving the distinct chromatin signatures of innate immune memory is a comprehensive understanding of the precise physiological targets of regulatory proteins that recognize, deposit, and remove chemical modifications from chromatin as well as other gene-regulating factors. Drawing from a rapidly expanding compendium of experimental and clinical studies, this review details a current perspective of the epigenetic pathways that support the adapted phenotypes of monocytes and macrophages. FUTURE DIRECTIONS We explore future strategies that are aimed at exploiting the mechanism of trained immunity to improve the prevention and treatment of infections and immune-mediated chronic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marlies P Noz
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Leo A B Joosten
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mihai G Netea
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen, The Netherlands .,2 Department for Genomics & Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn , Bonn, Germany
| | - Niels P Riksen
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Samuel T Keating
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Scumaci D, Oliva A, Concolino A, Curcio A, Fiumara CV, Tammè L, Campuzano O, Pascali VL, Coll M, Iglesias A, Berne P, Casu G, Olivo E, Ausania F, Ricci P, Indolfi C, Brugada J, Brugada R, Cuda G. Integration of "Omics" Strategies for Biomarkers Discovery and for the Elucidation of Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Brugada Syndrome. Proteomics Clin Appl 2018; 12:e1800065. [PMID: 29956481 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201800065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The Brugada syndrome (BrS) is a severe inherited cardiac disorder. Given the high genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity of this disease, three different "omics" approaches are integrated in a synergic way to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of BrS as well as for identifying reliable diagnostic/prognostic markers. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The profiling of plasma Proteome and MiRNome is perfomed in a cohort of Brugada patients that were preliminary subjected to genomic analysis to assess a peculiar gene mutation profile. RESULTS The integrated analysis of "omics" data unveiled a cooperative activity of mutated genes, deregulated miRNAs and proteins in orchestrating transcriptional and post-translational events that are critical determining factors for the development of the Brugada pattern. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study provides the basis to shed light on the specific molecular fingerprints underlying BrS development and to gain further insights on the pathogenesis of this life-threatening cardiac disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Domenica Scumaci
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Research Center of Advanced Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Oliva
- Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Large Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Concolino
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Research Center of Advanced Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Curcio
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Claudia Vincenza Fiumara
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Research Center of Advanced Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Laura Tammè
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Research Center of Advanced Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Oscar Campuzano
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, Gencardio Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Girona,, 17290, Girona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV) 17007, Girona, Spain.,Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Girona, 17004, Girona, Spain
| | - Vincenzo L Pascali
- Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Large Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Coll
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, Gencardio Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Girona,, 17290, Girona, Spain
| | - Anna Iglesias
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, Gencardio Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Girona,, 17290, Girona, Spain
| | - Paola Berne
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Cardiologia Ospedale "San Francesco", 08100, Nuoro, Italy
| | - Gavino Casu
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Cardiologia Ospedale "San Francesco", 08100, Nuoro, Italy
| | - Erika Olivo
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Research Center of Advanced Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesco Ausania
- Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma
| | - Pietrantonio Ricci
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Girona, 17004, Girona, Spain.,Institute of Legal Medicine, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Ciro Indolfi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Josep Brugada
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV) 17007, Girona, Spain.,Arrhythmia's Unit, Hospital Clinic, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Brugada
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, Gencardio Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Girona,, 17290, Girona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV) 17007, Girona, Spain.,Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Girona, 17004, Girona, Spain.,Cardiology Service, Hospital Josep Trueta, 17007, Girona, Spain
| | - Giovanni Cuda
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Research Center of Advanced Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Abstract
Protein lysine methylation is a distinct posttranslational modification that causes minimal changes in the size and electrostatic status of lysine residues. Lysine methylation plays essential roles in regulating fates and functions of target proteins in an epigenetic manner. As a result, substrates and degrees (free versus mono/di/tri) of protein lysine methylation are orchestrated within cells by balanced activities of protein lysine methyltransferases (PKMTs) and demethylases (KDMs). Their dysregulation is often associated with neurological disorders, developmental abnormalities, or cancer. Methyllysine-containing proteins can be recognized by downstream effector proteins, which contain methyllysine reader domains, to relay their biological functions. While numerous efforts have been made to annotate biological roles of protein lysine methylation, limited work has been done to uncover mechanisms associated with this modification at a molecular or atomic level. Given distinct biophysical and biochemical properties of methyllysine, this review will focus on chemical and biochemical aspects in addition, recognition, and removal of this posttranslational mark. Chemical and biophysical methods to profile PKMT substrates will be discussed along with classification of PKMT inhibitors for accurate perturbation of methyltransferase activities. Semisynthesis of methyllysine-containing proteins will also be covered given the critical need for these reagents to unambiguously define functional roles of protein lysine methylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minkui Luo
- Chemical Biology Program , Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York , New York 10065 , United States.,Program of Pharmacology, Weill Graduate School of Medical Science , Cornell University , New York , New York 10021 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
STAT3 Interactors as Potential Therapeutic Targets for Cancer Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061787. [PMID: 29914167 PMCID: PMC6032216 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) mediate essential signaling pathways in different biological processes, including immune responses, hematopoiesis, and neurogenesis. Among the STAT members, STAT3 plays crucial roles in cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation. While STAT3 activation is transient in physiological conditions, STAT3 becomes persistently activated in a high percentage of solid and hematopoietic malignancies (e.g., melanoma, multiple myeloma, breast, prostate, ovarian, and colon cancers), thus contributing to malignant transformation and progression. This makes STAT3 an attractive therapeutic target for cancers. Initial strategies aimed at inhibiting STAT3 functions have focused on blocking the action of its activating kinases or sequestering its DNA binding ability. More recently, the diffusion of proteomic-based techniques, which have allowed for the identification and characterization of novel STAT3-interacting proteins able to modulate STAT3 activity via its subcellular localization, interact with upstream kinases, and recruit transcriptional machinery, has raised the possibility to target such cofactors to specifically restrain STAT3 oncogenic functions. In this article, we summarize the available data about the function of STAT3 interactors in malignant cells and discuss their role as potential therapeutic targets for cancer treatment.
Collapse
|
65
|
Structural Biology of STAT3 and Its Implications for Anticancer Therapies Development. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061591. [PMID: 29843450 PMCID: PMC6032208 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors are proteins able to bind DNA and induce the transcription of specific genes. Consequently, they play a pivotal role in multiple cellular pathways and are frequently over-expressed or dysregulated in cancer. Here, we will focus on a specific “signal transducer and activator of transcription” (STAT3) factor that is involved in several pathologies, including cancer. For long time, the mechanism by which STAT3 exerts its cellular functions has been summarized by a three steps process: (1) Protein phosphorylation by specific kinases, (2) dimerization promoted by phosphorylation, (3) activation of gene expression by the phosphorylated dimer. Consequently, most of the inhibitors reported in literature aimed at blocking phosphorylation and dimerization. However, recent observations reopened the debate and the entire functional mechanism has been revisited stimulating the scientific community to pursue new inhibition strategies. In particular, the dimerization of the unphosphorylated species has been experimentally demonstrated and specific roles proposed also for these dimers. Despite difficulties in the expression and purification of the full length STAT3, structural biology investigations allowed the determination of atomistic structures of STAT3 dimers and several protein domains. Starting from this information, computational methods have been used both to improve the understanding of the STAT3 functional mechanism and to design new inhibitors to be used as anticancer drugs. In this review, we will focus on the contribution of structural biology to understand the roles of STAT3, to design new inhibitors and to suggest new strategies of pharmacological intervention.
Collapse
|
66
|
Ayyar VS, Sukumaran S, DuBois DC, Almon RR, Qu J, Jusko WJ. Receptor/gene/protein-mediated signaling connects methylprednisolone exposure to metabolic and immune-related pharmacodynamic actions in liver. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2018; 45:557-575. [PMID: 29704219 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-018-9585-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A multiscale pharmacodynamic model was developed to characterize the receptor-mediated, transcriptomic, and proteomic determinants of corticosteroid (CS) effects on clinically relevant hepatic processes following a single dose of methylprednisolone (MPL) given to adrenalectomized (ADX) rats. The enhancement of tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) mRNA, protein, and enzyme activity were simultaneously described. Mechanisms related to the effects of MPL on glucose homeostasis, including the regulation of CCAAT-enhancer binding protein-beta (C/EBPβ) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) as well as insulin dynamics were evaluated. The MPL-induced suppression of circulating lymphocytes was modeled by coupling its effect on cell trafficking with pharmacogenomic effects on cell apoptosis via the hepatic (STAT3-regulated) acute phase response. Transcriptomic and proteomic time-course profiles measured in steroid-treated rat liver were utilized to model the dynamics of mechanistically relevant gene products, which were linked to associated systemic end-points. While time-courses of TAT mRNA, protein, and activity were well described by transcription-mediated changes, additional post-transcriptional processes were included to explain the lack of correlation between PEPCK mRNA and protein. The immune response model quantitatively discerned the relative roles of cell trafficking versus gene-mediated lymphocyte apoptosis by MPL. This systems pharmacodynamic model provides insights into the contributions of selected molecular events occurring in liver and explores mechanistic hypotheses for the multi-factorial control of clinically relevant pharmacodynamic outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivaswath S Ayyar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Siddharth Sukumaran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Debra C DuBois
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Richard R Almon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jun Qu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - William J Jusko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Implications of STAT3 and STAT5 signaling on gene regulation and chromatin remodeling in hematopoietic cancer. Leukemia 2018; 32:1713-1726. [PMID: 29728695 PMCID: PMC6087715 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-018-0117-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
STAT3 and STAT5 proteins are oncogenic downstream mediators of the JAK–STAT pathway. Deregulated STAT3 and STAT5 signaling promotes cancer cell proliferation and survival in conjunction with other core cancer pathways. Nuclear phosphorylated STAT3 and STAT5 regulate cell-type-specific transcription profiles via binding to promoter elements and exert more complex functions involving interaction with various transcriptional coactivators or corepressors and chromatin remodeling proteins. The JAK–STAT pathway can rapidly reshape the chromatin landscape upon cytokine, hormone, or growth factor stimulation and unphosphorylated STAT proteins also appear to be functional with respect to regulating chromatin accessibility. Notably, cancer genome landscape studies have implicated mutations in various epigenetic modifiers as well as the JAK–STAT pathway as underlying causes of many cancers, particularly acute leukemia and lymphomas. However, it is incompletely understood how mutations within these pathways can interact and synergize to promote cancer. We summarize the current knowledge of oncogenic STAT3 and STAT5 functions downstream of cytokine signaling and provide details on prerequisites for DNA binding and gene transcription. We also discuss key interactions of STAT3 and STAT5 with chromatin remodeling factors such as DNA methyltransferases, histone modifiers, cofactors, corepressors, and other transcription factors.
Collapse
|
68
|
Wang Y, Guo W, Li Z, Wu Y, Jing C, Ren Y, Zhao M, Kong L, Zhang C, Dong J, Shuang Y, Sun S, Chen J, Wu C, Qiao Y, Qu X, Wang X, Zhang L, Jin R, Zhou X. Role of the EZH2/miR-200 axis in STAT3-mediated OSCC invasion. Int J Oncol 2018. [PMID: 29532870 PMCID: PMC5843395 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) serves a pivotal role in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) tumor cell invasion into normal tissues or distant organs. However the downstream regulatory network of STAT3 signaling remains unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the potential mechanism underlying how STAT3 triggers enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) expression and inhibits microRNA (miR)-200a/b/429 expression in SCC25 and SCC15 cells in vitro and in vivo. Western blotting and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction were performed to detect expression, and numerous functional tests were conducted to explore cancer metastasis. The results indicated that when STAT3 signaling activity was attenuated by Stattic or enhanced with a STAT3 plasmid, the EZH2/miR-200 axis was markedly altered, thus resulting in modulation of the invasion and migration of OSCC cell lines. In addition, loss of function of EZH2 compromised the oncogenic role of STAT3 in both cell lines. F-actin morphology and the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers were also altered following disruption of the STAT3/EZH2/miR-200 axis. An orthotopic tumor model derived from SCC15 cells was used to confirm that targeting STAT3 or EZH2 suppressed OSCC invasion in vivo. In conclusion, the EZH2/miR-200 axis was revealed to mediate antitumor effects by targeting STAT3 signaling; these findings may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of OSCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngological Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute; National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Wenyu Guo
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngological Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute; National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoqing Li
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngological Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute; National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Yansheng Wu
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngological Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute; National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Chao Jing
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngological Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute; National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Yu Ren
- Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Minghui Zhao
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngological Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute; National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Lingping Kong
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngological Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute; National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Jiabin Dong
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngological Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute; National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Yu Shuang
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngological Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute; National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Shanshan Sun
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngological Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute; National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Jinliang Chen
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngological Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute; National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Chuanqiang Wu
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngological Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute; National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Yu Qiao
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngological Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute; National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Xin Qu
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngological Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute; National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Xudong Wang
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngological Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute; National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Lun Zhang
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngological Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute; National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Rui Jin
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngological Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute; National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngological Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute; National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Stark GR, Cheon H, Wang Y. Responses to Cytokines and Interferons that Depend upon JAKs and STATs. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a028555. [PMID: 28620095 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Many cytokines and all interferons activate members of a small family of kinases (the Janus kinases [JAKs]) and a slightly larger family of transcription factors (the signal transducers and activators of transcription [STATs]), which are essential components of pathways that induce the expression of specific sets of genes in susceptible cells. JAK-STAT pathways are required for many innate and acquired immune responses, and the activities of these pathways must be finely regulated to avoid major immune dysfunctions. Regulation is achieved through mechanisms that include the activation or induction of potent negative regulatory proteins, posttranslational modification of the STATs, and other modulatory effects that are cell-type specific. Mutations of JAKs and STATs can result in gains or losses of function and can predispose affected individuals to autoimmune disease, susceptibility to a variety of infections, or cancer. Here we review recent developments in the biochemistry, genetics, and biology of JAKs and STATs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George R Stark
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - HyeonJoo Cheon
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Wang C, Wang Q, Xu X, Xie B, Zhao Y, Li N, Cao X. The methyltransferase NSD3 promotes antiviral innate immunity via direct lysine methylation of IRF3. J Exp Med 2017; 214:3597-3610. [PMID: 29101251 PMCID: PMC5716042 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20170856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Wang et al. demonstrate that methyltransferase NSD3 directly methylates IRF3 and maintains IRF3 phosphorylation to enhance its transcriptional activity by disassociating the methylated IRF3 and PP1cc to prevent IRF3 dephosphorylation, consequently promoting antiviral innate immune response. Lysine methylation is an important posttranslational modification, implicated in various biological pathological conditions. The transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) is essential for antiviral innate immunity, yet the mechanism for methylation control of IRF3 activation remains unclear. In this paper, we discovered monomethylation of IRF3 at K366 is critical for IRF3 transcription activity in antiviral innate immunity. By mass spectrometry analysis of IRF3-associated proteins, we identified nuclear receptor–binding SET domain 3 (NSD3) as the lysine methyltransferase that directly binds to the IRF3 C-terminal region through its PWWP1 domain and methylates IRF3 at K366 via its SET domain. Deficiency of NSD3 impairs the antiviral innate immune response in vivo. Mechanistically, NSD3 enhances the transcription activity of IRF3 dependent on K366 monomethylation, which maintains IRF3 phosphorylation by promoting IRF3 dissociation of protein phosphatase PP1cc and consequently promotes type I interferon production. Our study reveals a critical role of NSD3-mediated IRF3 methylation in enhancing antiviral innate immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Wang
- Department of Immunology and Center for Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology and Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinlan Wang
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqing Xu
- Department of Immunology and Center for Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Xie
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Nan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology and Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuetao Cao
- Department of Immunology and Center for Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China .,National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology and Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
EZH2 promotes neoplastic transformation through VAV interaction-dependent extranuclear mechanisms. Oncogene 2017; 37:461-477. [PMID: 28967906 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we reported that the histone methyltransferase, EZH2, controls leukocyte migration through interaction with the cytoskeleton remodeling effector, VAV, and direct methylation of the cytoskeletal regulatory protein, Talin. However, it is unclear whether this extranuclear, epigenetic-independent function of EZH2 has a profound impact on the initiation of cellular transformation and metastasis. Here, we show that EZH2 increases Talin1 methylation and cleavage, thereby enhancing adhesion turnover and promoting accelerated tumorigenesis. This transforming capacity is abolished by targeted disruption of EZH2 interaction with VAV. Furthermore, our studies demonstrate that EZH2 in the cytoplasm is closely associated with cancer stem cell properties, and that overexpression of EZH2, a mutant EZH2 lacking its nuclear localization signal (EZH2ΔNLS), or a methyl-mimicking Talin1 mutant substantially promotes JAK2-dependent STAT3 activation and cellular transformation. Taken together, our results suggest a critical role for the VAV interaction-dependent, extranuclear action of EZH2 in neoplastic transformation.
Collapse
|
72
|
Cutler SJ, Doecke JD, Ghazawi I, Yang J, Griffiths LR, Spring KJ, Ralph SJ, Mellick AS. Novel STAT binding elements mediate IL-6 regulation of MMP-1 and MMP-3. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8526. [PMID: 28819304 PMCID: PMC5561029 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08581-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamic remodelling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is a key feature of cancer progression. Enzymes that modify the ECM, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), have long been recognised as important targets of anticancer therapy. Inflammatory cytokines are known to play a key role in regulating protease expression in cancer. Here we describe the identification of gamma-activated site (GAS)-like, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) binding elements (SBEs) within the proximal promoters of the MMP-1 and MMP-3 genes, which in association with AP-1 components (c-Fos or Jun), bind STAT-1 in a homodimer like complex (HDLC). We further demonstrate that MMP expression and binding of this complex to SBEs can either be enhanced by interleukin (IL)-6, or reduced by interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and that IL-6 regulation of MMPs is not STAT-3 dependent. Collectively, this data adds to existing understanding of the mechanism underlying cytokine regulation of MMP expression via STAT-1, and increases our understanding of the links between inflammation and malignancy in colon cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Cutler
- School of Medical Science, Griffith Institute for Health and Medical Research, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, 4215, QLD, Australia
| | - James D Doecke
- School of Medical Science, Griffith Institute for Health and Medical Research, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, 4215, QLD, Australia
| | - Ibtisam Ghazawi
- School of Medical Science, Griffith Institute for Health and Medical Research, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, 4215, QLD, Australia
| | - Jinbo Yang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, USA
| | - Lyn R Griffiths
- Institute for Health & Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia
| | - Kevin J Spring
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.,Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, South Western Sydney Clinical School UNSW & CONCERT Translational Cancer Research Centre, 1 Campbell Street, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
| | - Stephen J Ralph
- School of Medical Science, Griffith Institute for Health and Medical Research, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, 4215, QLD, Australia.
| | - Albert S Mellick
- School of Medical Science, Griffith Institute for Health and Medical Research, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, 4215, QLD, Australia. .,School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia. .,Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, South Western Sydney Clinical School UNSW & CONCERT Translational Cancer Research Centre, 1 Campbell Street, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Chen K, Liu J, Liu S, Xia M, Zhang X, Han D, Jiang Y, Wang C, Cao X. Methyltransferase SETD2-Mediated Methylation of STAT1 Is Critical for Interferon Antiviral Activity. Cell 2017; 170:492-506.e14. [PMID: 28753426 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Interferon-α (IFNα) signaling is essential for antiviral response via induction of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Through a non-biased high-throughput RNAi screening of 711 known epigenetic modifiers in cellular models of IFNα-mediated inhibition of HBV replication, we identified methyltransferase SETD2 as a critical amplifier of IFNα-mediated antiviral immunity. Conditional knockout mice with hepatocyte-specific deletion of Setd2 exhibit enhanced HBV infection. Mechanistically, SETD2 directly mediates STAT1 methylation on lysine 525 via its methyltransferase activity, which reinforces IFN-activated STAT1 phosphorylation and antiviral cellular response. In addition, SETD2 selectively catalyzes the tri-methylation of H3K36 on promoters of some ISGs such as ISG15, leading to gene activation. Our study identifies STAT1 methylation on K525 catalyzed by the methyltransferase SETD2 as an essential signaling event for IFNα-dependent antiviral immunity and indicates potential of SETD2 in controlling viral infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Chen
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Juan Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shuxun Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Meng Xia
- Department of Immunology & Center for Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dan Han
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yingming Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Department of Immunology & Center for Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Xuetao Cao
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Immunology & Center for Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China.
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Semi-Quantitative Mass Spectrometry in AML Cells Identifies New Non-Genomic Targets of the EZH2 Methyltransferase. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071440. [PMID: 28678185 PMCID: PMC5535931 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations to the gene encoding the EZH2 (KMT6A) methyltransferase, including both gain-of-function and loss-of-function, have been linked to a variety of haematological malignancies and solid tumours, suggesting a complex, context-dependent role of this methyltransferase. The successful implementation of molecularly targeted therapies against EZH2 requires a greater understanding of the potential mechanisms by which EZH2 contributes to cancer. One aspect of this effort is the mapping of EZH2 partner proteins and cellular targets. To this end we performed affinity-purification mass spectrometry in the FAB-M2 HL-60 acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) cell line before and after all-trans retinoic acid-induced differentiation. These studies identified new EZH2 interaction partners and potential non-histone substrates for EZH2-mediated methylation. Our results suggest that EZH2 is involved in the regulation of translation through interactions with a number of RNA binding proteins and by methylating key components of protein synthesis such as eEF1A1. Given that deregulated mRNA translation is a frequent feature of cancer and that eEF1A1 is highly expressed in many human tumours, these findings present new possibilities for the therapeutic targeting of EZH2 in AML.
Collapse
|
75
|
Mechanisms and consequences of Jak-STAT signaling in the immune system. Nat Immunol 2017; 18:374-384. [PMID: 28323260 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 766] [Impact Index Per Article: 109.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Kinases of the Jak ('Janus kinase') family and transcription factors (TFs) of the STAT ('signal transducer and activator of transcription') family constitute a rapid membrane-to-nucleus signaling module that affects every aspect of the mammalian immune system. Research on this paradigmatic pathway has experienced breakneck growth in the quarter century since its discovery and has yielded a stream of basic and clinical insights that have profoundly influenced modern understanding of human health and disease, exemplified by the bench-to-bedside success of Jak inhibitors ('jakinibs') and pathway-targeting drugs. Here we review recent advances in Jak-STAT biology, focusing on immune cell function, disease etiology and therapeutic intervention, as well as broader principles of gene regulation and signal-dependent TFs.
Collapse
|
76
|
Multiple Histone Lysine Methyltransferases Are Required for the Establishment and Maintenance of HIV-1 Latency. mBio 2017; 8:mBio.00133-17. [PMID: 28246360 PMCID: PMC5347344 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00133-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We showed previously that the histone lysine methyltransferase (HKMT) H3K27me3 (EZH2) is the catalytic subunit of Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) and is required for the maintenance of HIV-1 latency in Jurkat T cells. Here we show, by using chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments, that both PRC2 and euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2 (EHMT2), the G9a H3K9me2-3 methyltransferase, are highly enriched at the proviral 5′ long terminal repeat (LTR) and rapidly displaced upon proviral reactivation. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat(s) (CRISPR)-mediated knockout of EZH2 caused depletion of both EZH2 and EHMT2, but CRISPR-mediated knockout of EHMT2 was selective for EHMT2, consistent with the failure of EHMT2 knockouts to induce latent proviruses in this system. Either (i) knockout of methyltransferase by short hairpin RNA in Jurkat T cells prior to HIV-1 infection or (ii) inhibition of the enzymes with drugs significantly reduced the levels of the resulting silenced viruses, demonstrating that both enzymes are required to establish latency. To our surprise, inhibition of EZH2 (by GSK-343 or EPZ-6438) or inhibition of EHMT2 (by UNC-0638) in the Th17 primary cell model of HIV latency or resting memory T cells isolated from HIV-1-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy, was sufficient to induce the reactivation of latent proviruses. The methyltransferase inhibitors showed synergy with interleukin-15 and suberanilohydroxamic acid. We conclude that both PRC2 and EHMT2 are required for the establishment and maintenance of HIV-1 proviral silencing in primary cells. Furthermore, EZH2 inhibitors such as GSK-343 and EPZ-6438 and the EHMT2 inhibitor UNC-0638 are strong candidates for use as latency-reversing agents in clinical studies. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) reduces the circulating virus to undetectable levels. Although patients adhering to the HAART regimen have minimal viremia, HIV persists because of the existence of latent but replication-competent proviruses in a very small population of resting memory CD4+ T cells (~1 in 106 cells). Latency remains the major obstacle to a functional cure for HIV infection, since the persistent reservoir almost invariably rebounds within 2 to 8 weeks when HAART is interrupted. In latently infected cells, the HIV genome is stably integrated into the host chromosome but transcriptionally repressed because of epigenetic silencing mechanisms. We demonstrate here that multiple histone lysine methyltransferases play a critical role in both the establishment and maintenance of proviral silencing in cells obtained from well-suppressed patients. Drugs that inhibit these enzymes are available from oncology applications and may find a use in reversing latency as part of a reservoir reduction strategy.
Collapse
|
77
|
Pan YM, Wang CG, Zhu M, Xing R, Cui JT, Li WM, Yu DD, Wang SB, Zhu W, Ye YJ, Wu Y, Wang S, Lu YY. STAT3 signaling drives EZH2 transcriptional activation and mediates poor prognosis in gastric cancer. Mol Cancer 2016; 15:79. [PMID: 27938379 PMCID: PMC5148878 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-016-0561-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND STAT3 signaling plays the pivotal role in tumorigenesis through EZH2 epigenetic modification, which enhanced STAT3 activity by increased tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT3. Here, another possible feedback mechanism and clinical significance of EZH2 and STAT3 were investigated in gastric cancer (GC). METHODS STAT3, p-STAT3 (Tyr 705) and EZH2 expression were examined in 63 GC specimens with matched normal tissues by IHC staining. EZH2 and STAT3 were also identified in five GC cell lines using RT-PCR and western blot analyses. p-STAT3 protein was detected by western blotting. In order to investigate whether EZH2 expression was directly regulated by STAT3, EZH2 expression was further detected using siRNA for STAT3 or IL-6 stimulation, with dual luciferase reporter analyses, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays. The clinical significance of STAT3, p-STAT3 and EZH2 expression was evaluated by multi-factor COX regression and Kaplan-Meier analyses. RESULTS Hyper-activation of STAT3, p-STAT3 and EZH2 expression were observed in GC cells and tissues. STAT3 signaling was correlated with EZH2 expression in GC (R = 0.373, P = 0.003), which was consistent with our data showing that STAT3 as the transcriptional factor enhanced EZH2 transcriptional activity by binding the relative promoter region (-214 ~ -206). STAT3 was an independent signature for poor survival (P = 0.002). Patients with STAT3+/EZH2+ or p-STAT3+/EZH2+ had a worse outcome than others (P < 0.001); Besides, high levels of STAT3 and EZH2 was associated with advanced TNM staging (P = 0.017). Moreover, treatment with a combination of siSTAT3 and EZH2-specific inhibitor, 3-deazaneplanocin A (DZNEP), increased the apoptotic ratio of cells. It is benefit for targeting STAT3-EZH2 interplay in GC treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that STAT3 status mediated EZH2 upregulation, associated with advanced TNM stage and poor prognosis, suggesting that combination with knockdown of STAT3 and EZH2 inhibitor might be a novel therapy in GC treatment. Collectively, STAT3, p-STAT3 and EZH2 expression were provided for the precision medicine in GC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Ming Pan
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute , 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Cheng-Gang Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology Surgery, Surgical Oncology Laboratory, People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, 100044, China.,Department of Cardiology, Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Min Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute , 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Rui Xing
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute , 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Jian-Tao Cui
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute , 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Wen-Mei Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute , 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - De-Dong Yu
- Department of Oncology/Institute for Cancer Research, Baotou Central Hospital, Inner Mongolia, 014040, China
| | - Shu-Bin Wang
- Department of Oncology/Institute for Cancer Research, Baotou Central Hospital, Inner Mongolia, 014040, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Oncology/Institute for Cancer Research, Baotou Central Hospital, Inner Mongolia, 014040, China
| | - Ying-Jiang Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology Surgery, Surgical Oncology Laboratory, People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Yun Wu
- Department of Oncology/Institute for Cancer Research, Baotou Central Hospital, Inner Mongolia, 014040, China. .,Department of Oncology/Institute for Cancer Research, Baotou Central Hospital, Baotou, 014040, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology Surgery, Surgical Oncology Laboratory, People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, 100044, China. .,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Surgical Oncology Laboratory, People's Hospital, Beijing University, No. 11, South Xizhimen Street, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China.
| | - You-Yong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute , 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, China.
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Wang Y, Nan J, Willard B, Wang X, Yang J, Stark GR. Negative regulation of type I IFN signaling by phosphorylation of STAT2 on T387. EMBO J 2016; 36:202-212. [PMID: 27852626 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201694834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor ISGF3, comprised of IRF9 and tyrosine-phosphorylated STATs 1 and 2, transmits the signal from the type I interferon receptor to the genome. We have discovered a novel phosphorylation of STAT2 on T387 that negatively regulates this response. In most untreated cell types, the majority of STAT2 is phosphorylated on T387 constitutively. In response to interferon-β, the T387A mutant of STAT2 is much more effective than wild-type STAT2 in mediating the expression of many interferon-stimulated genes, in protecting cells against virus infection, and in inhibiting cell growth. Interferon-β-treated cells expressing wild-type STAT2 contain much less ISGF3 capable of binding to an interferon-stimulated response element than do cells expressing T387A STAT2. T387 lies in a cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) consensus sequence, and CDK inhibitors decrease T387 phosphorylation. Using CDK inhibitors to reverse the constitutive inhibitory phosphorylation of T387 of U-STAT2 might enhance the efficacy of type I interferons in many different clinical settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China.,Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jing Nan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Institute of Cancer Biology & Drug Screening, School of Life Sciences Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Belinda Willard
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Laboratory, Lerner Research Institute The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jinbo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China .,Institute of Cancer Biology & Drug Screening, School of Life Sciences Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - George R Stark
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Jia D, Tan Y, Liu H, Ooi S, Li L, Wright K, Bennett S, Addison CL, Wang L. Cardamonin reduces chemotherapy-enriched breast cancer stem-like cells in vitro and in vivo. Oncotarget 2016; 7:771-85. [PMID: 26506421 PMCID: PMC4808032 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The failure of cytotoxic chemotherapy in breast cancers has been closely associated with the presence of drug resistant cancer stem cells (CSCs). Thus, screening for small molecules that selectively inhibit growth of CSCs may offer great promise for cancer control, particularly in combination with chemotherapy. In this report, we provide the first demonstration that cardamonin, a small molecule, selectively inhibits breast CSCs that have been enriched by chemotherapeutic drugs. In addition, cardamonin also sufficiently prevents the enrichment of CSCs when simultaneously used with chemotherapeutic drugs. Specifically, cardamonin effectively abolishes chemotherapeutic drug-induced up-regulation of IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1 and activation of NF-κB/IKBα and Stat3. Furthermore, in a xenograft mouse model, co-administration of cardamonin and the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin significantly retards tumor growth and simultaneously decreases CSC pools in vivo. Since cardamonin has been found in some herbs, this work suggests a potential new approach for the effective treatment of breast CSCs by administration of cardamonin either concurrent with or after chemotherapeutic drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deyong Jia
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Yuan Tan
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Huijuan Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada.,Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Sarah Ooi
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Li Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Kathryn Wright
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Steffany Bennett
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Christina L Addison
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada.,Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Lisheng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada.,Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada.,Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Hillmer EJ, Zhang H, Li HS, Watowich SS. STAT3 signaling in immunity. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2016; 31:1-15. [PMID: 27185365 PMCID: PMC5050093 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 448] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The transcriptional regulator STAT3 has key roles in vertebrate development and mature tissue function including control of inflammation and immunity. Mutations in human STAT3 associate with diseases such as immunodeficiency, autoimmunity and cancer. Strikingly, however, either hyperactivation or inactivation of STAT3 results in human disease, indicating tightly regulated STAT3 function is central to health. Here, we attempt to summarize information on the numerous and distinct biological actions of STAT3, and highlight recent discoveries, with a specific focus on STAT3 function in the immune and hematopoietic systems. Our goal is to spur investigation on mechanisms by which aberrant STAT3 function drives human disease and novel approaches that might be used to modulate disease outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Hillmer
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Huiyuan Zhang
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Haiyan S Li
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Stephanie S Watowich
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Ceyzériat K, Abjean L, Carrillo-de Sauvage MA, Ben Haim L, Escartin C. The complex STATes of astrocyte reactivity: How are they controlled by the JAK–STAT3 pathway? Neuroscience 2016; 330:205-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
82
|
Sala D, Sacco A. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling as a potential target to treat muscle wasting diseases. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2016; 19:171-6. [PMID: 27023048 PMCID: PMC4866604 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The review summarizes our current knowledge of the role of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling in skeletal muscle regeneration and the maintenance of muscle mass. RECENT FINDINGS STAT3 signaling plays a pivotal role in regulating the function of multiple cell types in skeletal muscle. This includes muscle stem cells, myofibers, and macrophages. It regulates muscle stem cell function by antagonizing self-renewal. STAT3 also functions in myofibers to regulate skeletal muscle mass. This is highly relevant under pathological conditions where STAT3 activation promotes protein degradation and muscle atrophy. Transient pharmacological inhibition of STAT3 partially prevents muscle wasting. However, the mechanisms responsible for the improvement of muscle condition are not currently well understood. This is because of the complexity of the system, as STAT3 has a critical role in regulating the function of several cell types residing in skeletal muscle. SUMMARY Muscle wasting is associated with several human diseases such as muscle dystrophies or cancer cachexia. However, currently there are no effective treatments for this condition, and there is a critical need to identify new potential targets for the development of efficient therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Sala
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program (DARe), Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alessandra Sacco
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program (DARe), Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Corresponding author: Alessandra Sacco, Ph.D., Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA, Tel: 858-597-5337,
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Danis E, Yamauchi T, Echanique K, Zhang X, Haladyna JN, Riedel SS, Zhu N, Xie H, Orkin SH, Armstrong SA, Bernt KM, Neff T. Ezh2 Controls an Early Hematopoietic Program and Growth and Survival Signaling in Early T Cell Precursor Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Cell Rep 2016; 14:1953-65. [PMID: 26904942 PMCID: PMC4790111 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Early T cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ETP-ALL) is an aggressive subtype of ALL distinguished by stem-cell-associated and myeloid transcriptional programs. Inactivating alterations of Polycomb repressive complex 2 components are frequent in human ETP-ALL, but their functional role is largely undefined. We have studied the involvement of Ezh2 in a murine model of NRASQ61K-driven leukemia that recapitulates phenotypic and transcriptional features of ETP-ALL. Homozygous inactivation of Ezh2 cooperated with oncogenic NRASQ61K to accelerate leukemia onset. Inactivation of Ezh2 accentuated expression of genes highly expressed in human ETP-ALL and in normal murine early thymic progenitors. Moreover, we found that Ezh2 contributes to the silencing of stem-cell- and early-progenitor-cell-associated genes. Loss of Ezh2 also resulted in increased activation of STAT3 by tyrosine 705 phosphorylation. Our data mechanistically link Ezh2 inactivation to stem-cell-associated transcriptional programs and increased growth/survival signaling, features that convey an adverse prognosis in patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Danis
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Taylor Yamauchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kristen Echanique
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jessica N Haladyna
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Simone S Riedel
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Nan Zhu
- Stem Cell Biology and Hematopoiesis Program, Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Huafeng Xie
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School and HHMI, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stuart H Orkin
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School and HHMI, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Scott A Armstrong
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kathrin M Bernt
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Tobias Neff
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Xu ZS, Zhang HX, Zhang YL, Liu TT, Ran Y, Chen LT, Wang YY, Shu HB. PASD1 promotes STAT3 activity and tumor growth by inhibiting TC45-mediated dephosphorylation of STAT3 in the nucleus. J Mol Cell Biol 2016; 8:221-31. [PMID: 26892021 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjw005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is tightly regulated during various physiological processes, such as cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation, and aberrant STAT3 activation results in tumorigenesis. In this study, we identified the cancer/testis antigen PASD1 as a positive regulator of STAT3 activity. Overexpression of PASD1 activated STAT3 and potentiated IL-6-induced activation of STAT3, whereas knockdown of PASD1 had opposite effects. Endogenous coimmunoprecipitation experiments indicated that PASD1 interacted with STAT3 in the nucleus. Overexpression of PASD1 enhanced both basal and IL-6-induced STAT3 phosphorylation at Y705, whereas knockdown of PASD1 had opposite effects. Mechanistically, PASD1 competed with TC45, a nuclear protein tyrosine phosphatase, to associate with STAT3, thus inhibited TC45-mediated dephosphorylation of STAT3. Consistently, knockdown of PASD1 inhibited expression of many pro-oncogenic genes, leading to suppression of cell proliferation, anchorage-independent growth, cell migration, and tumor growth in nude mice. Our findings demonstrate that PASD1 serves as a critical nuclear positive regulator of STAT3-mediated gene expression and tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Sheng Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Medical Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Viral Immunology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hong-Xia Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Medical Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Viral Immunology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yu-Long Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Tian-Tian Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Medical Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Viral Immunology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yong Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Liu-Ting Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Medical Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Viral Immunology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yan-Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hong-Bing Shu
- College of Life Sciences, Medical Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Viral Immunology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Kadoch C, Copeland RA, Keilhack H. PRC2 and SWI/SNF Chromatin Remodeling Complexes in Health and Disease. Biochemistry 2016; 55:1600-14. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b01191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cigall Kadoch
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Robert A. Copeland
- Epizyme Inc., 400 Technology
Square, 4th floor, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Heike Keilhack
- Epizyme Inc., 400 Technology
Square, 4th floor, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Zouein FA, Altara R, Chen Q, Lesnefsky EJ, Kurdi M, Booz GW. Pivotal Importance of STAT3 in Protecting the Heart from Acute and Chronic Stress: New Advancement and Unresolved Issues. Front Cardiovasc Med 2015; 2:36. [PMID: 26664907 PMCID: PMC4671345 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2015.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), has been implicated in protecting the heart from acute ischemic injury under both basal conditions and as a crucial component of pre- and post-conditioning protocols. A number of anti-oxidant and antiapoptotic genes are upregulated by STAT3 via canonical means involving phosphorylation on Y705 and S727, although other incompletely defined posttranslational modifications are involved. In addition, STAT3 is now known to be present in cardiac mitochondria and to exert actions that regulate the electron transport chain, reactive oxygen species production, and mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening. These non-canonical actions of STAT3 are enhanced by S727 phosphorylation. The molecular basis for the mitochondrial actions of STAT3 is poorly understood, but STAT3 is known to interact with a critical subunit of complex I and to regulate complex I function. Dysfunctional complex I has been implicated in ischemic injury, heart failure, and the aging process. Evidence also indicates that STAT3 is protective to the heart under chronic stress conditions, including hypertension, pregnancy, and advanced age. Paradoxically, the accumulation of unphosphorylated STAT3 (U-STAT3) in the nucleus has been suggested to drive pathological cardiac hypertrophy and inflammation via non-canonical gene expression, perhaps involving a distinct acetylation profile. U-STAT3 may also regulate chromatin stability. Our understanding of how the non-canonical genomic and mitochondrial actions of STAT3 in the heart are regulated and coordinated with the canonical actions of STAT3 is rudimentary. Here, we present an overview of what is currently known about the pleotropic actions of STAT3 in the heart in order to highlight controversies and unresolved issues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fouad A Zouein
- American University of Beirut Faculty of Medicine , Beirut , Lebanon
| | - Raffaele Altara
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, The University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, MS , USA
| | - Qun Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, VA , USA
| | - Edward J Lesnefsky
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, VA , USA ; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, VA , USA ; McGuire Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Richmond, VA , USA
| | - Mazen Kurdi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, The University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, MS , USA ; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University , Hadath , Lebanon
| | - George W Booz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, The University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, MS , USA
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Carr SM, Poppy Roworth A, Chan C, La Thangue NB. Post-translational control of transcription factors: methylation ranks highly. FEBS J 2015; 282:4450-65. [PMID: 26402372 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Methylation of lysine and arginine residues on histones has long been known to determine both chromatin structure and gene expression. In recent years, the methylation of non-histone proteins has emerged as a prevalent modification which impacts on diverse processes such as cell cycle control, DNA repair, senescence, differentiation, apoptosis and tumourigenesis. Many of these non-histone targets represent transcription factors, cell signalling molecules and tumour suppressor proteins. Evidence now suggests that the dysregulation of methyltransferases, demethylases and reader proteins is involved in the development of many diseases, including cancer, and several of these proteins represent potential therapeutic targets for small molecule compounds, fuelling a recent surge in chemical inhibitor design. Such molecules will greatly help us to understand the role of methylation in both health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon M Carr
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, UK
| | - A Poppy Roworth
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Cheryl Chan
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
88
|
Katoh M. Mutation spectra of histone methyltransferases with canonical SET domains and EZH2-targeted therapy. Epigenomics 2015; 8:285-305. [PMID: 26411517 DOI: 10.2217/epi.15.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Germline mutations in canonical SET-methyltransferases have been identified in autism and intellectual disability syndromes and gain-of-function somatic alterations in EZH2, MLL3, NSD1, WHSC1 (NSD2) and WHSC1L1 (NSD3) in cancer. EZH2 interacts with AR, ERα, β-catenin, FOXP3, NF-κB, PRC2, REST and SNAI2, resulting in context-dependent transcriptional activation and repression. Pharmacological EZH2 inhibitors are currently in clinical trials for the treatment of B-cell lymphomas and solid tumors. EZH2 inhibitors might also be applicable in the treatment of SWI/SNF-mutant cancers, reflecting the reciprocal expression of and functional overlap between EZH2 and SMARCA4. Because of the risks for autoimmune diseases, cognitive impairment, cardiomyopathy and myelodysplastic syndrome, EZH2 inhibitors should be utilized for cancer treatment in patients receiving long-term surveillance but not for cancer chemoprevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Katoh
- Department of Omics Network, National Cancer Center, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ward, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Leppkes M, Neurath MF, Herrmann M, Becker C. Immune deficiency vs. immune excess in inflammatory bowel diseases-STAT3 as a rheo-STAT of intestinal homeostasis. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 99:57-66. [PMID: 26232455 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.5mr0515-221r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have provided many genetic alterations, conferring susceptibility to multifactorial polygenic diseases, such as inflammatory bowel diseases. Yet, how specific genetic alterations functionally affect intestinal inflammation often remains elusive. It is noteworthy that a large overlap of genes involved in immune deficiencies with those conferring inflammatory bowel disease risk has been noted. This has provided new arguments for the debate on whether inflammatory bowel disease arises from either an excess or a deficiency in the immune system. In this review, we highlight the functional effect of an inflammatory bowel disease-risk allele, which cannot be deduced from genome-wide association studies data alone. As exemplified by the transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), we show that a single gene can have a plethora of effects in various cell types of the gut. These effects may individually contribute to the restoration of intestinal homeostasis on the one hand or pave the way for excessive immunopathology on the other, as an inflammatory "rheo-STAT".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Leppkes
- *Medical Clinic 1 and Medical Clinic 3, University Clinic, Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus F Neurath
- *Medical Clinic 1 and Medical Clinic 3, University Clinic, Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Herrmann
- *Medical Clinic 1 and Medical Clinic 3, University Clinic, Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Becker
- *Medical Clinic 1 and Medical Clinic 3, University Clinic, Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Yung P, Stuetzer A, Fischle W, Martinez AM, Cavalli G. Histone H3 Serine 28 Is Essential for Efficient Polycomb-Mediated Gene Repression in Drosophila. Cell Rep 2015; 11:1437-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
|