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Nirmal D, Stojanovic N, Kishore A, Sivakumar S, Gorantla A, Chandrakumar H, Graham-Hill S, Budzikowski AS. A Case Report of Brugada Syndrome Associated With Physical Trauma. Cureus 2024; 16:e55557. [PMID: 38576680 PMCID: PMC10993764 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.55557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Brugada syndrome is an autosomal dominant channelopathy that usually affects healthy young males without apparent structural heart disease. It is associated with a spectrum of variable and dynamic clinical manifestations, high risk of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death. Our patient demonstrated transient and dynamic EKG changes of both type 1 (coved) and type 2 (saddleback) ST elevation, suggestive of the Brugada pattern that was associated with physical chest trauma and stressful situations. While common triggers like fever and certain drugs are well-recognized, this case illustrates the potential for physical stress and trauma to unmask or aggravate Brugada syndrome, albeit without definitive evidence for a causal link. Ultimately, this report underscores the importance of considering a broad differential diagnosis, including Brugada syndrome, in patients presenting with unexplained syncope or characteristic EKG changes, even when traditional triggers are absent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Nirmal
- Internal Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, USA
| | - Nikola Stojanovic
- Medicine, Brookdale University Hospital Medical Center, Brooklyn, USA
| | | | - Shruthi Sivakumar
- Neurology, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, USA
| | - Asher Gorantla
- Cardiology, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, USA
| | - Harshith Chandrakumar
- Cardiology, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, USA
| | | | - Adam S Budzikowski
- Cardiovascular Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, USA
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2
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Belhassen B, Shauer A. Wide QRS tachycardia with extreme QRS right-axis deviation. Heart Rhythm 2024:S1547-5271(24)00228-5. [PMID: 38431024 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2024.02.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Belhassen
- Heart Institute, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel; Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Ayelet Shauer
- Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
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3
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Deschênes I, Biswas R, Chinthalapudi K. Advances in understanding of cardiac sodium channel structure/function and their relation to disease pathogenesis and treatment. Heart Rhythm 2024; 21:124-125. [PMID: 38176766 PMCID: PMC10783539 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2023.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Deschênes
- Physiology and Cell Biology Department, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
| | - Rupam Biswas
- Physiology and Cell Biology Department, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Krishna Chinthalapudi
- Physiology and Cell Biology Department, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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4
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Ma JF, Zhou Y, Fu HX. Ventricular fibrillation induced by fever in structurally normal hearts. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1230295. [PMID: 37817866 PMCID: PMC10561293 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1230295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is a life-threatening arrhythmia that usually happens in patients with structural heart diseases. However, fever-induced ventricular fibrillation in structurally normal hearts was reported, and the four main diseases associated with these cases were Brugada syndrome, long QT syndrome, idiopathic ventricular fibrillation, and non-cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we analyzed this phenomenon and its clinical characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Fang Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
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Yılmaz E, Özdemir F. Brugada Phenocopy Induced by Hypovolemic Hyponatremia. Cureus 2023; 15:e45667. [PMID: 37868457 PMCID: PMC10589819 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.45667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Brugada syndrome (BrS) is a hereditary channelopathy caused by an autosomal dominant mutation in the cardiac sodium channel gene SCN5A alpha subunit. In individuals without structural heart disease, the risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) increases in this channelopathy with ST-segment elevation in V1-3 precordials. Brugada phenocopy (BrP) is a condition in which transient ST-segment elevations are observed, mimicking BrS electrocardiographic changes, which can occur with electrolyte and metabolic disorder scenarios. In this study, we share a case of BrP that occurred due to hypovolemic hyponatremia and recovered spontaneously with the correction of electrolyte disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Yılmaz
- Cardiology, Giresun University, Faculty of Medicine, Giresun, TUR
| | - Fatih Özdemir
- Cardiology, Giresun University, Faculty of Medicine, Giresun, TUR
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Sasaki O, Nishioka T, Sasaki H. Heat Stroke-Induced Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy With a Concomitant Transient Brugada-Like Electrocardiogram. Cureus 2023; 15:e42605. [PMID: 37641762 PMCID: PMC10460538 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.42605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A 79-year-old man presented with impaired consciousness, fever with a body temperature of 41.1°C, and an electrocardiogram showing significant ST segment elevation in leads V1-6, coved-type ST elevation in leads V1-3, and partial right bundle branch block. Echocardiography revealed notable left ventricle dysfunction with apex-based akinesis. Coronary angiography confirmed severe obstructive lesions but left ventriculography displayed the distinct apical ballooning of takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TC). This case highlights the presence of atypical electrocardiographic patterns in TC influenced by comorbidities, supporting the diagnosis of TC despite concurrent obstructive coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Sasaki
- Cardiology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Kawagoe, JPN
- Internal Medicine, Mombetsu General Hospital, Mombetsu, JPN
| | - Toshihiko Nishioka
- Cardiology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Kawagoe, JPN
| | - Hideki Sasaki
- Cardiovascular Surgery, Nagoya City University East Medical Center, Nagoya, JPN
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Khachatryan A, Chow RD, Harutyunyan H, Tamazyan V. Early Repolarization Augmentation Mimicking Pseudo-Infarction in a Patient With Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Normokalemia. Cureus 2023; 15:e41546. [PMID: 37426398 PMCID: PMC10329200 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.41546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Early repolarization (ER) changes, characterized by J point elevation with or without ST-segment elevation, are dynamic in their presentation and can be exacerbated by factors such as hypothermia, hypercalcemia, vagotonia, and certain medications. There is limited research regarding the mechanism of these changes and the dynamic changes of ER secondary to diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). This case report highlights the augmentation of early repolarization changes resembling ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in a patient with DKA that resolved with the treatment of acidosis. The misinterpretation of ER changes on electrocardiogram (ECG) as STEMI or pericarditis may result in the inappropriate utilization of resources, increased patient risk, and elevated morbidity and mortality. Recognition of the potential of DKA to cause ER changes can potentially avoid these unfavorable outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksan Khachatryan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center Midtown Campus, Baltimore, USA
| | - Robert D Chow
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center Midtown Campus, Baltimore, USA
| | - Hakob Harutyunyan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maimonides Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Vahagn Tamazyan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maimonides Medical Center, New York, USA
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Dev S, Yadav R, Sah B, Sah AK, Ghimire B, Shah JK. Hepatogastric fistula: a complication of pyogenic liver abscess in a patient with the Brugarda syndrome - A rare case report. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2023; 85:3098-3101. [PMID: 37363607 PMCID: PMC10289591 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000000791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatogastric fistula following pyogenic liver abscess (PLA) is a rare and fatal complication, and only a handful of cases have been reported without co-existing comorbidities of Brugarda syndrome. Case presentation A 22-year-old male presented to the emergency room with a known case of Brugarda pattern ECG with chief complaints of on-and-off abdominal pain and fever for 2 weeks and shortness of breath for one day. On evaluation, echocardiography showed a clot in the inferior vena cava (IVC) and right atrium (RA), and on computed tomography scan of the abdomen revealed a liver abscess with transmural gastric perforation. During, an exploratory laparotomy where a fistula joining the left lobe of the liver and stomach was detected, and an emergency excision was done. The patient was shifted to the ICU and later developed septic shock, which was managed medically. Clinical discussion Usually, thrombosis of the portal vein and the hepatic vein is a very common complication of a PLA but vascular complications like IVC, RA thrombosis, and hepatogastric fistula have been reported rarely. Our case is peculiar hepatogastric fistulization along with IVC/RA clots in a patient with Brugarda pattern ECG. The typical clinical manifestation of a patient with hepatogenic fistula is absent in our patient and presented with an on-off type of fever, epigastric pain, and shortness of breath and was managed surgically. Conclusion Hepatogasric fistula, thrombosis of the IVC, and RA are a rare complications of PLA. The patient with Brugarda syndrome is at high risk as its clinical manifestation gets exaggerated during sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Radheshyam Yadav
- Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital
| | - Birendra Sah
- Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital
| | - Ashok Kumar Sah
- Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital
| | - Bikal Ghimire
- Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital
| | - Jayant Kumar Shah
- Society of Surgeon of Nepal, Department of Information Technology, Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
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El Ouartassi H, El Boussaadani B, Faraj R, Fellat I, Cherti M. Unmasking Idiopathic Brugada ECG Pattern: Inducible Type 1 Brugada Pattern in a Young Patient and Clinical Implications. Cureus 2023; 15:e40739. [PMID: 37485210 PMCID: PMC10361336 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.40739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Brugada syndrome is a rare inherited channelopathy associated with an increased risk of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation, leading to syncope and sudden cardiac death. We present a case report of a young patient with an inducible type 1 Brugada pattern on an electrocardiogram (ECG), accompanied by a comprehensive literature review. The 19-year-old patient presented with dizziness and exhibited a type 2 Brugada pattern on admission ECG, which converted to a type 1 pattern following an Ajmaline test. Based on the absence of symptoms, inducible arrhythmias, or cardiac events in the patient's history, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator insertion was deemed unnecessary. Genetic testing was recommended, and screening ECGs were advised for the patient's first-degree relatives. The discussion explores the different types of Brugada patterns, their diagnostic significance, and the controversies surrounding risk stratification and management strategies. The case underscores the importance of maintaining clinical suspicion for Brugada syndrome in young patients and tailoring treatment approaches based on individual characteristics and risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajar El Ouartassi
- Cardiology, Ibn Sina University Hospital Center/Mohammed V University Rabat, Rabat, MAR
| | - Badre El Boussaadani
- Cardiology, Mohammed VI University Hospital Center of Tangier/Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tangier, MAR
| | - Raid Faraj
- Cardiology, Ibn Sina University Hospital Center/Mohammed V University Rabat, Rabat, MAR
| | - Ibtissam Fellat
- Cardiology, Ibn Sina University Hospital Center/Mohammed V University Rabat, Rabat, MAR
| | - Mohamed Cherti
- Cardiology, Ibn Sina University Hospital Center/Mohammed V University Rabat, Rabat, MAR
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10
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Ono R, Hori Y, Yamazaki T, Takahashi H, Fukushima K. Cardiac Arrest Due to Brugada Syndrome Associated With Influenza Infection: A Case Report and Literature Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e37158. [PMID: 37168174 PMCID: PMC10166275 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.37158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A 38-year-old Japanese male with no significant medical history but a family history of sudden cardiac death was referred for cardiac arrest. He had a fever (40°C) one day before his visit. His wife reported that he groaned while unconscious, which prompted a referral to the authors' hospital. He was febrile and experienced ventricular fibrillation in the emergency department. After the resolution of ventricular fibrillation, electrocardiography revealed a right bundle branch block with ST-segment elevation in leads V1-3, consistent with a Brugada electrocardiographic pattern; he also tested positive for influenza A infection. Antiarrhythmic and antipyretic agents were administered, and peramivir was initiated; a fatal arrhythmia did not occur. A cardioverter-defibrillator was implanted, and the patient was discharged without complications. Brugada syndrome is a genetic disease that causes fatal cardiac arrhythmias, with fever recognized to induce the Brugada electrocardiographic pattern. The mechanism of the Brugada-type electrocardiographic pattern, right bundle branch block, and ST-segment elevation in the right precordial leads is considered to be the result of an outward shift of ionic currents during early repolarization, causing a marked abbreviation of the action potential in epicardial cells of the right ventricle. Activation and inactivation kinetics for early sodium currents are faster at higher temperatures. To date, there have only been four published reports describing Brugada-like electrocardiographic changes associated with fever related to influenza infection, and this is the first report of cardiac arrest. Since influenza infection can cause high fever and trigger the fetal arrhythmia of Brugada syndrome, it is important to shorten the duration of the fever. Anti-influenza therapy may be considered in patients who have a history of sudden cardiac arrest in the family, as influenza may influence the development of the Brugada ECG pattern in these individuals. The authors also review the literature on Brugada-like electrocardiographic changes induced by influenza infection. Physicians should be aware that Brugada's electrocardiographic pattern and cardiac arrest can be caused by febrile episodes, including those related to influenza infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Ono
- Department of Cardiology, Matsudo City General Hospital, Chiba, JPN
| | - Yasuhiko Hori
- Department of Cardiology, Matsudo City General Hospital, Chiba, JPN
| | - Tatsuro Yamazaki
- Department of Cardiology, Matsudo City General Hospital, Chiba, JPN
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11
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Kreinbrook JA, Foster A, Paulino L, Leonelli F. Ventricular Fibrillation in an Afebrile COVID-19 Patient Presenting With Transient Type-I Brugada Pattern. Cureus 2023; 15:e38220. [PMID: 37252507 PMCID: PMC10224782 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.38220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 has been associated with an increased risk of both atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. Brugada syndrome (BrS), an inherited sodium channelopathy presenting with a characteristic ECG morphology, confers a baseline risk of ventricular arrhythmias such as ventricular fibrillation (VF), especially during febrile illnesses. However, mimics of BrS, termed Brugada phenocopies (BrP), have been noted in association with fever, electrolyte abnormalities, and toxidromes outside of viral illness. Such presentations manifest the same ECG pattern, the type-I Brugada pattern (type-I BP). Thus, the acute stage of an illness such as COVID-19, when accompanied by a first-time presentation of type-I BP, may not result in a certain diagnosis of BrS versus BrP. Thus, expert recommendations are to anticipate arrhythmia regardless of the presumed diagnosis. Here we demonstrate the importance of these guidelines and a novel report of VF in the setting of a transient type-I BP in afebrile COVID-19. We discuss the potential factors which may have triggered VF, the presentation of isolated "coved" ST elevation in V1, and the difficulty of BrS versus BrP diagnosis in acute illness. In summary, a SARS-CoV-2 positive 65-year-old male without significant cardiac history for BrS presented with type-I BP after two days of shortness of breath. Hypoxemia, hyperkalemia, hyperglycemia, elevated inflammatory markers, and acute kidney injury were present. After treatment, his ECG normalized; however, aborted VF occurred days later while afebrile and normokalemic. Follow-up ECG again revealed a type-I BP, which also became more apparent during an episode of bradycardia, a classic finding in BrS. This case suggests that there is room for larger studies to determine the prevalence and outcomes when type-I BP presents in acute COVID-19. When possible, genetic data should be obtained to confirm BrS, a notable limitation in our case. Regardless, it corroborates guideline-directed clinical management, with heightened vigilance for arrhythmia in such patients until full recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annalia Foster
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Clearwater, USA
| | - Luis Paulino
- Internal Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, USA
| | - Fabio Leonelli
- Cardiology, James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, Tampa, USA
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Liu S, Xia H, Yao X, Liu H, Liu Y, Xia X, Wang D, Liu X, Li G. Frontier and hotspot evolution in Brugada syndrome: A bibliometric analysis from 2002 to 2022. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e33038. [PMID: 36800577 PMCID: PMC9935997 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000033038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brugada syndrome (BrS) is a genetic disorder characterized by a typical electrocardiogram pattern and predisposition to arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Despite our considerably evolved understanding of BrS, no bibliometrics have been performed in this research field. We aimed to analyze and visualize the characteristics of the scientific outputs, topical evolutions, and research trends of BrS over the past 2 decades using bibliometric analysis. METHODS The literature associated with BrS was retrieved from the Science Citation Index Expanded of the Web of Science Core Collection database. Acquired data were then visually analyzed using CiteSpace and VOSviewer. RESULTS 3042 qualifying records were included in the final analysis. The publication outputs increased over time. The United States was the leading country in the BrS research. The University of Amsterdam (Netherlands) was the most prolific and influential institution. Pedro Brugada, Arthur Wilde, and Charles Antzelevitch exerted notable publication impact and made the most significant contributions in the field of BrS. Heart Rhythm had the highest outputs and Circulation was the most influential journal. Bundle branch block, ST-segment elevation, mechanism, management, right precordial lead, and guideline were the keywords with the strongest citation burst. CONCLUSION Research on BrS is prosperous. Keywords and co-citation analysis revealed that the mechanism, diagnosis, risk stratification, and management of BrS were the research hotspots. Besides, the underlying pathophysiology, novel therapies, and personalized risk assessment might be the emerging trends of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixu Liu
- Guanganmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongsheng Xia
- Guanganmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yao
- Guanganmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hengyuan Liu
- Beijing Huairou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yanyi Liu
- Guanganmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Xia
- Guanganmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Guanganmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Guanganmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guangxi Li
- Guanganmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- * Correspondence: Guangxi Li, Guanganmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (e-mail: )
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Assaf A, Theuns DA, Michels M, Roos-Hesselink J, Szili-Torok T, Yap SC. Usefulness of insertable cardiac monitors for risk stratification: current indications and clinical evidence. Expert Rev Med Devices 2023; 20:85-97. [PMID: 36695092 DOI: 10.1080/17434440.2023.2171862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The 2018 ESC Syncope guidelines expanded the indications for an insertable cardiac monitor (ICM) to patients with unexplained syncope and primary cardiomyopathy or inheritable arrhythmogenic disorders. AREAS COVERED This review article discusses the clinical evidence for using an ICM for risk stratification in different patient populations including Brugada syndrome, long QT syndrome, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, cardiac sarcoidosis, and congenital heart disease. EXPERT OPINION Clinical data on the usefulness of ICMs in different patient populations is limited but most studies demonstrate early detection of clinically relevant arrhythmias, such as nonsustained ventricular tachycardia or atrial fibrillation. It is important to emphasize that the study populations usually comprise selected populations where conventional diagnostic methods fail to clarify the mechanism of symptoms. The effect of an ICM on prognosis by earlier detection of arrhythmias is difficult to demonstrate in populations with rare disease. Risk stratification in patients with cardiomyopathy or inheritable arrhythmogenic disorders remains a niche indication for ICMs. The most important indication for an ICM remains unexplained syncope in patients at low risk of SCD. Given the device costs and uncertain clinical value of device-detected arrhythmias, it is unclear whether it is also useful in non-syncopal patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Assaf
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dominic Amj Theuns
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michelle Michels
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jolien Roos-Hesselink
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tamas Szili-Torok
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sing-Chien Yap
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Ahammed MR, Ananya FN. Association of Cardiac Electrical Disorders With KCND3 Gene Mutation. Cureus 2023; 15:e34597. [PMID: 36883079 PMCID: PMC9985904 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.34597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, cardiac channelopathies leading to electrical disorders are responsible for a significant number of sudden cardiac deaths without structural heart disease. Many genes encoding different ion channels in the heart were identified and their impairment was found to be associated with life-threatening cardiac abnormalities. KCND3, one of the genes expressed both in the heart and brain, is reported to have an association with Brugada syndrome, early-onset atrial fibrillation, early repolarization syndrome, and sudden unexplained death syndrome. KCND3 genetic screening could be a promising tool for functional studies for an understanding of the pathogenesis and genetic determinants of the above-mentioned electrical disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ripon Ahammed
- Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Queens Hospital Center, New York, USA
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15
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Satish H, Reddy MR. Reentry in cardiac ventricular epicardial tissue due to SCN5A L812Q gene mutation: a computational study. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2022; 8. [PMID: 35320795 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ac605c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the major cause of sudden death. Brugada syndrome is an inherited rare disease, that leads to death due to ventricular fibrillation (VF). Brugada Syndrome is related to mutations in the genes that encode SCN5A, a subunit of sodium ion channel (NaV). This computational study investigates the mechanism of loss of function gene mutation (SCN5A L812Q) in sodium ion channel that leads to spiral wave and further develops into VF in an epicardial tissue with homozygous condition. Study was made on wild type, L812Q heterozygous mutated and homozygous mutated ventricular tissues. Ten Tusscher human ventricular cell model (TP06) was used for the simulation study. VF is developed when a spiral wave that causes ventricular arrhythmia breaks. This leads to the formation of multiple spiral waves that are activated on different regions of the ventricles called wave break. This is observed in the epicardial tissue with homozygous condition as the effect of SCN5A L812Q gene mutation. This indicates that VF occurs in the SCN5A L812Q gene mutated homozygous ventricular epicardial tissue that may further lead to Brugada syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helan Satish
- Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - M Ramasubba Reddy
- Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
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16
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El‐Battrawy I, Lan H, Cyganek L, Maywald L, Zhong R, Zhang F, Xu Q, Lee J, Duperrex E, Hierlemann A, Saguner AM, Duru F, Kovacs B, Huang M, Liao Z, Albers S, Müller J, Dinkel H, Rose L, Hohn A, Yang Z, Qiao L, Li Y, Lang S, Kleinsorge M, Mügge A, Aweimer A, Fan X, Diecke S, Akin I, Li G, Zhou X. Deciphering the pathogenic role of a variant with uncertain significance for short QT and Brugada syndromes using gene-edited human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes and preclinical drug screening. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e646. [PMID: 34954893 PMCID: PMC8710296 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim El‐Battrawy
- First Department of MedicineFaculty of MedicineUniversity Medical Centre Mannheim (UMM), University of HeidelbergMannheimGermany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research)Partner Site Heidelberg‐Mannheim and GöttingenMannheimGermany
- Department of Cardiology and AngiologyBergmannsheil Bochum, Medical Clinic IIRuhr UniversityBochumGermany
| | - Huan Lan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceInstitute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
| | - Lukas Cyganek
- Stem Cell Unit, Clinic for Cardiology and PneumologyUniversity Medical Center GöttingenGöttingenGermany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research)Partner Site Heidelberg‐Mannheim and GöttingenMannheimGermany
| | - Lasse Maywald
- First Department of MedicineFaculty of MedicineUniversity Medical Centre Mannheim (UMM), University of HeidelbergMannheimGermany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research)Partner Site Heidelberg‐Mannheim and GöttingenMannheimGermany
| | - Rujia Zhong
- First Department of MedicineFaculty of MedicineUniversity Medical Centre Mannheim (UMM), University of HeidelbergMannheimGermany
| | - Feng Zhang
- First Department of MedicineFaculty of MedicineUniversity Medical Centre Mannheim (UMM), University of HeidelbergMannheimGermany
| | - Qiang Xu
- First Department of MedicineFaculty of MedicineUniversity Medical Centre Mannheim (UMM), University of HeidelbergMannheimGermany
| | - Jihyun Lee
- Department of Biosystems Science and EngineeringBioengineering LaboratoryBaselSwitzerland
| | - Eliane Duperrex
- Department of Biosystems Science and EngineeringBioengineering LaboratoryBaselSwitzerland
| | - Andreas Hierlemann
- Department of Biosystems Science and EngineeringBioengineering LaboratoryBaselSwitzerland
| | - Ardan M. Saguner
- Department of CardiologyElectrophysiology DivisionUniversity Heart Center ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Firat Duru
- Department of CardiologyElectrophysiology DivisionUniversity Heart Center ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Boldizsar Kovacs
- Department of CardiologyElectrophysiology DivisionUniversity Heart Center ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Mengying Huang
- First Department of MedicineFaculty of MedicineUniversity Medical Centre Mannheim (UMM), University of HeidelbergMannheimGermany
| | - Zhenxing Liao
- First Department of MedicineFaculty of MedicineUniversity Medical Centre Mannheim (UMM), University of HeidelbergMannheimGermany
| | - Sebastian Albers
- First Department of MedicineFaculty of MedicineUniversity Medical Centre Mannheim (UMM), University of HeidelbergMannheimGermany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research)Partner Site Heidelberg‐Mannheim and GöttingenMannheimGermany
| | - Jonas Müller
- First Department of MedicineFaculty of MedicineUniversity Medical Centre Mannheim (UMM), University of HeidelbergMannheimGermany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research)Partner Site Heidelberg‐Mannheim and GöttingenMannheimGermany
| | - Hendrik Dinkel
- First Department of MedicineFaculty of MedicineUniversity Medical Centre Mannheim (UMM), University of HeidelbergMannheimGermany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research)Partner Site Heidelberg‐Mannheim and GöttingenMannheimGermany
| | - Lena Rose
- First Department of MedicineFaculty of MedicineUniversity Medical Centre Mannheim (UMM), University of HeidelbergMannheimGermany
| | - Alyssa Hohn
- First Department of MedicineFaculty of MedicineUniversity Medical Centre Mannheim (UMM), University of HeidelbergMannheimGermany
| | - Zhen Yang
- First Department of MedicineFaculty of MedicineUniversity Medical Centre Mannheim (UMM), University of HeidelbergMannheimGermany
| | - Lin Qiao
- First Department of MedicineFaculty of MedicineUniversity Medical Centre Mannheim (UMM), University of HeidelbergMannheimGermany
| | - Yingrui Li
- First Department of MedicineFaculty of MedicineUniversity Medical Centre Mannheim (UMM), University of HeidelbergMannheimGermany
| | - Siegfried Lang
- First Department of MedicineFaculty of MedicineUniversity Medical Centre Mannheim (UMM), University of HeidelbergMannheimGermany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research)Partner Site Heidelberg‐Mannheim and GöttingenMannheimGermany
| | - Mandy Kleinsorge
- Stem Cell Unit, Clinic for Cardiology and PneumologyUniversity Medical Center GöttingenGöttingenGermany
- Department of CardiologyElectrophysiology DivisionUniversity Heart Center ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Andreas Mügge
- Department of Cardiology and AngiologyBergmannsheil Bochum, Medical Clinic IIRuhr UniversityBochumGermany
| | - Assem Aweimer
- Department of Cardiology and AngiologyBergmannsheil Bochum, Medical Clinic IIRuhr UniversityBochumGermany
| | - Xuehui Fan
- First Department of MedicineFaculty of MedicineUniversity Medical Centre Mannheim (UMM), University of HeidelbergMannheimGermany
| | | | - Ibrahim Akin
- First Department of MedicineFaculty of MedicineUniversity Medical Centre Mannheim (UMM), University of HeidelbergMannheimGermany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research)Partner Site Heidelberg‐Mannheim and GöttingenMannheimGermany
| | - Guang Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceInstitute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
| | - Xiaobo Zhou
- First Department of MedicineFaculty of MedicineUniversity Medical Centre Mannheim (UMM), University of HeidelbergMannheimGermany
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceInstitute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research)Partner Site Heidelberg‐Mannheim and GöttingenMannheimGermany
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17
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Abstract
The voltage-gated Na+ channel regulates the initiation and propagation of the action potential in excitable cells. The major cardiac isoform NaV1.5, encoded by SCN5A, comprises a monomer with four homologous repeats (I-IV) that each contain a voltage sensing domain (VSD) and pore domain. In native myocytes, NaV1.5 forms a macromolecular complex with NaVβ subunits and other regulatory proteins within the myocyte membrane to maintain normal cardiac function. Disturbance of the NaV complex may manifest as deadly cardiac arrhythmias. Although SCN5A has long been identified as a gene associated with familial atrial fibrillation (AF) and Brugada Syndrome (BrS), other genetic contributors remain poorly understood. Emerging evidence suggests that mutations in the non-covalently interacting NaVβ1 and NaVβ3 are linked to both AF and BrS. Here, we investigated the molecular pathologies of 8 variants in NaVβ1 and NaVβ3. Our results reveal that NaVβ1 and NaVβ3 variants contribute to AF and BrS disease phenotypes by modulating both NaV1.5 expression and gating properties. Most AF-linked variants in the NaVβ1 subunit do not alter the gating kinetics of the sodium channel, but rather modify the channel expression. In contrast, AF-related NaVβ3 variants directly affect channel gating, altering voltage-dependent activation and the time course of recovery from inactivation via the modulation of VSD activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweorn Angsutararux
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Wandi Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Taylor L Voelker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Jonathan R Silva
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
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18
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Jo NY, Chu CC, Ramsey BC. Brugada Electrocardiogram Pattern Induced by Recreational Delta-8-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC): A Case Report. Cureus 2021; 13:e19058. [PMID: 34853764 PMCID: PMC8608670 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.19058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Brugada electrocardiogram (ECG) pattern describes a characteristic right bundle branch block (RBBB) appearance with persistent ST-segment elevation in precordial leads V1 to V3, often associated with Brugada syndrome, a genetic sodium channelopathy, in the absence of ischemic or structural heart disease. Known triggers such as fever, electrolyte abnormalities, medications, or recreational drugs may elicit such an ECG pattern without a clear clinical significance yet creating a dilemma for clinicians providing care in the urgent setting. We present a case of reversible Brugada electrocardiogram pattern (BEP) after recreational use of delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and explore the need for further research on the safety of such an over-the-counter supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Y Jo
- Internal Medicine, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, USA
| | - Chu-Chiao Chu
- Cardiology, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, USA
| | - Bryan C Ramsey
- Interventional Cardiology, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, USA
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19
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Ayad S, Alyacoub R, Gergis K, Noori MAM, Elkattawy S, Abdelazeem B, Pullatt R. Fever and Hyponatremia Unmasking Brugada Pattern Electrocardiogram in a Patient With SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Cureus 2021; 13:e18578. [PMID: 34760421 PMCID: PMC8572016 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.18578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Brugada syndrome is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder that primarily affects myocardial sodium channels and has been associated with an increased risk of ventricular tachyarrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Here, we report a case of a 58-year-old Hispanic male with a history significant for prior pulmonary tuberculosis infection who presented with pleuritic left-sided chest pain associated with body aches, productive cough, fevers, and chills and was found to be positive for SARS-CoV-2 by real-time reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR). Electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG) on presentation demonstrated a coved ST-segment elevation in V1-V2, suggesting Brugada pattern type 1 without evidence of ischemic changes. EKG changes normalized once fever and hyponatremia improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Ayad
- Internal Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School/Trinitas Regional Medical Center, Elizabeth, USA
| | - Ramez Alyacoub
- Internal Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School/Trinitas Regional Medical Center, Elizabeth, USA
| | | | - Muhammad Atif Masood Noori
- Internal Medicine, Dow Medical College, Karachi, PAK.,Internal Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School/Trinitas Regional Medical Center, Elizabeth, USA
| | - Sherif Elkattawy
- Internal Medicine, Trinitas Regional Medical Center, Elizabeth, USA
| | - Basel Abdelazeem
- Internal Medicine, McLaren Health Care, Michigan State University, Flint, USA
| | - Raja Pullatt
- Cardiology, Internal Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School/Trinitas Regional Medical Center, Elizabeth, USA
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20
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Landa E, Sharifi S, Abraham J, Vigandt E, Munzinger E. Brugada Pattern Phenocopy Induced by Diabetic Ketoacidosis. Cureus 2021; 13:e15066. [PMID: 34141510 PMCID: PMC8206546 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.15066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Brugada syndrome is a congenital cardiac channelopathy characterized by ST-segment elevation (≥2 mm) and subsequent inverted T wave in a minimum of two right precordial leads (Brugada type 1 ECG [electrocardiogram] pattern) on ECG. Brugada syndrome is estimated to be responsible for 4%-12% of all sudden cardiac deaths and up to 20% in patients with structurally normal hearts. Development of a temporary Brugada pattern, known as Brugada phenocopy, has been observed in individuals presenting with reversible underlying conditions such as hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, acidosis, ischemia, and pulmonary embolism, among others. Herein we present a case of Brugada phenocopy seen in a patient in diabetic ketoacidosis, which resolved after the electrolyte abnormalities were corrected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Landa
- Internal Medicine, Unity Health, Searcy, USA
| | | | | | - Erika Vigandt
- Internal Medicine, Ross University School of Medicine, Bridgetown, BRB
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21
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Micaglio E, Locati ET, Monasky MM, Romani F, Heilbron F, Pappone C. Role of Pharmacogenetics in Adverse Drug Reactions: An Update towards Personalized Medicine. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:651720. [PMID: 33995067 PMCID: PMC8120428 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.651720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are an important and frequent cause of morbidity and mortality. ADR can be related to a variety of drugs, including anticonvulsants, anaesthetics, antibiotics, antiretroviral, anticancer, and antiarrhythmics, and can involve every organ or apparatus. The causes of ADRs are still poorly understood due to their clinical heterogeneity and complexity. In this scenario, genetic predisposition toward ADRs is an emerging issue, not only in anticancer chemotherapy, but also in many other fields of medicine, including hemolytic anemia due to glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, aplastic anemia, porphyria, malignant hyperthermia, epidermal tissue necrosis (Lyell's Syndrome and Stevens-Johnson Syndrome), epilepsy, thyroid diseases, diabetes, Long QT and Brugada Syndromes. The role of genetic mutations in the ADRs pathogenesis has been shown either for dose-dependent or for dose-independent reactions. In this review, we present an update of the genetic background of ADRs, with phenotypic manifestations involving blood, muscles, heart, thyroid, liver, and skin disorders. This review aims to illustrate the growing usefulness of genetics both to prevent ADRs and to optimize the safe therapeutic use of many common drugs. In this prospective, ADRs could become an untoward "stress test," leading to new diagnosis of genetic-determined diseases. Thus, the wider use of pharmacogenetic testing in the work-up of ADRs will lead to new clinical diagnosis of previously unsuspected diseases and to improved safety and efficacy of therapies. Improving the genotype-phenotype correlation through new lab techniques and implementation of artificial intelligence in the future may lead to personalized medicine, able to predict ADR and consequently to choose the appropriate compound and dosage for each patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Micaglio
- Arrhythmology and Electrophysiology Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela T Locati
- Arrhythmology and Electrophysiology Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Milan, Italy
| | - Michelle M Monasky
- Arrhythmology and Electrophysiology Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Romani
- Arrhythmology and Electrophysiology Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, (Vita-Salute University) for Federico Romani, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Pappone
- Arrhythmology and Electrophysiology Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, (Vita-Salute University) for Federico Romani, Milan, Italy
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22
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Iftikhar H, Bashir K. Type 2 Brugada Electrocardiogram Pattern Due to Supra-Therapeutic Phenytoin Level. Cureus 2021; 13:e14381. [PMID: 33976997 PMCID: PMC8106893 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.14381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brugada syndrome (BS) is a hereditary cardiac disease leading to sudden cardiac death. It does not display any structural cardiac abnormalities. It was first described in 1992, as the syndrome of ‘right bundle branch block, persistent ST segment elevation, and sudden death.’ Brugada phenocopy (BP) is a relatively new term used to describe electrocardiogram (ECG) patterns that resemble BS but are due to other reversible causes such as electrolyte abnormalities, fever, cocaine or alcohol intoxication, and side effect of certain medications such as sodium channel blockers, beta blockers, antidepressants, alpha adrenergic blockers, etc. Earlier studies have shown that patients taking sodium channel blocking antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) especially phenytoin can have Brugada type 1 like ECG pattern. Previously, type 2 ECG pattern secondary to supra-therapeutic phenytoin level has not been described. We describe a case with type 2 Brugada ECG pattern due to supra-therapeutic phenytoin level; the ECG pattern completely resolved following lowering the phenytoin to a therapeutic level. These patients need special considerations in ED management, disposition, and follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haris Iftikhar
- Emergency Medicine, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, QAT
| | - Khalid Bashir
- Emergency Medicine, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, QAT
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23
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Nijak A, Saenen J, Labro AJ, Schepers D, Loeys BL, Alaerts M. iPSC-Cardiomyocyte Models of Brugada Syndrome-Achievements, Challenges and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2825. [PMID: 33802229 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Brugada syndrome (BrS) is an inherited cardiac arrhythmia that predisposes to ventricular fibrillation and sudden cardiac death. It originates from oligogenic alterations that affect cardiac ion channels or their accessory proteins. The main hurdle for the study of the functional effects of those variants is the need for a specific model that mimics the complex environment of human cardiomyocytes. Traditionally, animal models or transient heterologous expression systems are applied for electrophysiological investigations, each of these models having their limitations. The ability to create induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs), providing a source of human patient-specific cells, offers new opportunities in the field of cardiac disease modelling. Contemporary iPSC-CMs constitute the best possible in vitro model to study complex cardiac arrhythmia syndromes such as BrS. To date, thirteen reports on iPSC-CM models for BrS have been published and with this review we provide an overview of the current findings, with a focus on the electrophysiological parameters. We also discuss the methods that are used for cell derivation and data acquisition. In the end, we critically evaluate the knowledge gained by the use of these iPSC-CM models and discuss challenges and future perspectives for iPSC-CMs in the study of BrS and other arrhythmias.
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24
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Di Mauro V, Ceriotti P, Lodola F, Salvarani N, Modica J, Bang ML, Mazzanti A, Napolitano C, Priori SG, Catalucci D. Peptide-Based Targeting of the L-Type Calcium Channel Corrects the Loss-of-Function Phenotype of Two Novel Mutations of the CACNA1 Gene Associated With Brugada Syndrome. Front Physiol 2021; 11:616819. [PMID: 33488405 PMCID: PMC7821386 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.616819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Brugada syndrome (BrS) is an inherited arrhythmogenic disease that may lead to sudden cardiac death in young adults with structurally normal hearts. No pharmacological therapy is available for BrS patients. This situation highlights the urgent need to overcome current difficulties by developing novel groundbreaking curative strategies. BrS has been associated with mutations in 18 different genes of which loss-of-function (LoF) CACNA1C mutations constitute the second most common cause. Here we tested the hypothesis that BrS associated with mutations in the CACNA1C gene encoding the L-type calcium channel (LTCC) pore-forming unit (Cavα1.2) is functionally reverted by administration of a mimetic peptide (MP), which through binding to the LTCC chaperone beta subunit (Cavβ2) restores the physiological life cycle of aberrant LTCCs. Two novel Cavα1.2 mutations associated with BrS were identified in young individuals. Transient transfection in heterologous and cardiac cells showed LoF phenotypes with reduced Ca2+ current (ICa). In HEK293 cells overexpressing the two novel Cavα1.2 mutations, Western blot analysis and cell surface biotinylation assays revealed reduced Cavα1.2 protein levels at the plasma membrane for both mutants. Nano-BRET, Nano-Luciferase assays, and confocal microscopy analyses showed (i) reduced affinity of Cavα1.2 for its Cavβ2 chaperone, (ii) shortened Cavα1.2 half-life in the membrane, and (iii) impaired subcellular localization. Treatment of Cavα1.2 mutant-transfected cells with a cell permeant MP restored channel trafficking and physiologic channel half-life, thereby resulting in ICa similar to wild type. These results represent the first step towards the development of a gene-specific treatment for BrS due to defective trafficking of mutant LTCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Di Mauro
- Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research (IRGB), Milan Unit, National Research Council, Milan, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Ceriotti
- Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research (IRGB), Milan Unit, National Research Council, Milan, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Lodola
- ICS Maugeri, IRCCS, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicolò Salvarani
- Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research (IRGB), Milan Unit, National Research Council, Milan, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Jessica Modica
- Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research (IRGB), Milan Unit, National Research Council, Milan, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Marie-Louise Bang
- Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research (IRGB), Milan Unit, National Research Council, Milan, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Mazzanti
- ICS Maugeri, IRCCS, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Carlo Napolitano
- ICS Maugeri, IRCCS, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Silvia G Priori
- ICS Maugeri, IRCCS, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Daniele Catalucci
- Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research (IRGB), Milan Unit, National Research Council, Milan, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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25
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Abstract
Brugada syndrome (BrS) is a rare autosomal dominant mutation affecting sodium channels. Electrocardiography can show two Brugada patterns (BrP). Type 1 BrP usually causes sudden cardiac arrest (SCA). Type 2 BrP can appear during circumstances that result in delayed sodium channel opening, such as fever, pneumonia, or use of sodium channel blockers. Patients with type 2 BrP often have underlying type 1 BrP; this can be confirmed by an ajmaline challenge test. We describe the case of a patient who presented with SCA. He later had an interval type 2 BrP secondary to aspiration pneumonia, followed by type 1 BrP pattern confirmed by an ajmaline challenge test. The patient ultimately underwent implantable cardiac defibrillator placement to prevent future SCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasar Sattar
- Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, USA
| | - Waqas Ullah
- Internal Medicine, Abington Hospital-Jefferson Health, Abington, USA
| | | | - Talal Almas
- Internal Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, IRL
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26
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Atoot A, Sholem S, Khaddash I, Zuberi J. Transient Brugada Pattern Induced by Loperamide Abuse. Cureus 2020; 12:e8037. [PMID: 32528773 PMCID: PMC7282371 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.8037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Brugada syndrome (BrS) is classically a malignant, genetically determined, arrhythmic syndrome manifesting as syncope or sudden cardiac death (SCD) in individuals with structurally normal hearts. An exceedingly rare cause of an induced electrocardiogram (ECG) pattern mimicking BrS is secondary to loperamide abuse. The following case describes the onset of a transient Brugada pattern secondary to loperamide abuse in a young healthy male.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Atoot
- Anesthesiology, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, USA
| | - Scott Sholem
- Surgical Critical Care, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, USA
| | | | - Jamshed Zuberi
- Surgery, St. Joseph's University Medical Center, Paterson, USA
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27
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Castro-Torres Y, Carmona-Puerta R, Chávez-González E, González-Rodríguez EF. Tpeak-Tend, Tpeak-Tend dispersion and Tpeak-Tend/QT in children and its relationship with clinical variables. Colomb Med (Cali) 2019; 50:252-260. [PMID: 32476691 PMCID: PMC7232943 DOI: 10.25100/cm.v50i4.4199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To characterize the Tpeak-Tend, the Tpeak-Tend dispersion and Tpeak-Tend/QT in children and its relationship with clinical variables. Methods Cross-sectional study in 126 children between 9 and 12 years of the Camilo Cienfuegos School in Santa Clara, Cuba. Clinical and anthropometric variables were obtained to determine their relationship with electrocardiographic parameters: Tpeak-Tend V5, Tpeak-Tend dispersion and Tpeak-Tend/QT ratio V5. In addition, laboratory tests were conducted. Results Age and systolic blood pressure are associated with an increased probability of having values of Tpeak-Tend/QT V5 ≥75 percentile for both sexes (OR: 1.72, CI 95%: 1.02-2.91; p= 0.043), (OR: 1.08, CI 95%: 1.01-1.16; p= 0.017) respectively. The body mass index and systolic blood pressure are linearly and significantly correlated with the Tpeak-Tend/QT V5 (r= 0.224; p= 0.012) and (r= 0.220; p= 0.014) respectively. Conclusions The age of the patients and the systolic blood pressure figures are factors that increase the probability of having values of the Tpeak-Tend/QT V5 ≥75 percentile. There was a significant linear correlation between the Tpeak-Tend/QT V5 with the body mass index and the systolic blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaniel Castro-Torres
- Hospital Universitario Celestino Hernández Robau, Servicio de Cardiología. Santa Clara , Villa Clara. Cuba
| | - Raimundo Carmona-Puerta
- Cardiocentro Ernesto Che Guevara, Servicio de Electrofisiología y Estimulación Cardiaca. Santa Clara, Villa Clara. Cuba
| | - Elibet Chávez-González
- Cardiocentro Ernesto Che Guevara, Servicio de Electrofisiología y Estimulación Cardiaca. Santa Clara, Villa Clara. Cuba
| | - Emilio Francisco González-Rodríguez
- Universidad Central Marta Abreu de las Villas, Facultad de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Centro de Desarrollo Electrónico. Santa Clara, Villa Clara. Cuba
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Ortmans S, Daval C, Aguilar M, Compagno P, Cadrin-Tourigny J, Dyrda K, Rivard L, Tadros R. Pharmacotherapy in inherited and acquired ventricular arrhythmia in structurally normal adult hearts. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2019; 20:2101-2114. [DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2019.1669561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Staniel Ortmans
- Electrophysiology service, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Charline Daval
- Electrophysiology service, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Martin Aguilar
- Electrophysiology service, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Electrophysiology service, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pablo Compagno
- Electrophysiology service, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Julia Cadrin-Tourigny
- Electrophysiology service, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Katia Dyrda
- Electrophysiology service, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lena Rivard
- Electrophysiology service, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Electrophysiology service, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rafik Tadros
- Electrophysiology service, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Bruikman C, de Ronde MWJ, Amin A, Levy S, Lof P, de Ruijter U, Hovingh K, Tan HL, Pinto-Sietsma SJ. Sudden cardiac death in families with premature cardiovascular disease. Heart 2019; 106:228-232. [PMID: 31422358 PMCID: PMC6993031 DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2019-314861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Sudden cardiac death (SCD) in families with premature atherosclerosis (PAS) is generally attributed to lethal arrhythmias during myocardial infarction. Yet, such arrhythmias may also arise from non-ischaemic inherited susceptibility. We aimed to test the hypothesis that Brugada syndrome is prevalent among families with PAS in which SCD occurred. Methods We investigated all patients who underwent Ajmaline testing to screen them for Brugada syndrome because of unexplained familial SCD in the Amsterdam University Medical Centers between 2004 and 2017. We divided the cohort into two groups based on a positive family history for PAS. All individuals with a positive Ajmaline test were screened for SCN5A-mutation. Results In families with SCD and PAS, the prevalence of positive Ajmaline test was similar to families with SCD alone (22% vs 19%). The number of SCD cases in families with SCD and PAS was higher (2.34 vs 1.63, p<0.001) and SCD occurred at older age in families with SCD and PAS (42 years vs 36 years, p<0.001), while the prevalence of SCN5A mutations was lower (3% vs 18%, p<0.05). Conclusions Brugada syndrome has a similar prevalence in families with SCD and PAS as in families with SCD alone, although SCD in families with SCD and PAS occurs in more family members and at older age, while SCN5A mutations in these families are rare. This suggests that the SCD occurring in families with PAS could be related to an underlying genetic predisposition of arrhythmias, with a different genetic origin. It could be considered to screen families with SCD and PAS for Brugada syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Bruikman
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maurice W J de Ronde
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ahmed Amin
- Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sonja Levy
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pien Lof
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ursula de Ruijter
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kees Hovingh
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hanno L Tan
- Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sara-Joan Pinto-Sietsma
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands .,Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Kamakura T, Shinohara T, Yodogawa K, Murakoshi N, Morita H, Takahashi N, Inden Y, Shimizu W, Nogami A, Horie M, Aiba T, Kusano K. Long-term prognosis of patients withJ-wave syndrome. Heart 2019; 106:299-306. [PMID: 31391205 DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2019-315007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Limited data are currently available regarding the long-term prognosis of patients with J-wave syndrome (JWS). The aim of this study was to investigate the long-term prognosis of patients with JWS and identify predictors of the recurrence of ventricular fibrillation (VF). METHODS This was a multicentre retrospective study (seven Japanese hospitals) involving 134 patients with JWS (Brugada syndrome (BrS): 85; early repolarisation syndrome (ERS): 49) treated with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator. All patients had a history of VF. All patients with ERS underwent drug provocation testing with standard and high intercostal ECG recordings to rule out BrS. The impact of global J waves (type 1 ECG or anterior J waves and inferolateral J waves in two or more leads) on the prognosis was evaluated. RESULTS During the 91±66 months of the follow-up period, 52 (39%) patients (BrS: 37; ERS: 15) experienced recurrence of VF. Patients with BrS and ERS with global J waves showed a significantly higher incidence of VF recurrence than those without (BrS: log-rank, p=0.014; ERS: log-rank, p=0.0009). The presence of global J waves was a predictor of VF recurrence in patients with JWS (HR: 2.16, 95% CI 1.21 to 3.91, p=0.0095), while previously reported high-risk electrocardiographic parameters (high-amplitude J waves ≥0.2 mV and J waves associated with a horizontal or descending ST segment) were not predictive of VF recurrence. CONCLUSIONS This multicentre long-term study showed that the presence of global J waves was associated with a higher incidence of VF recurrence in patients with JWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Kamakura
- Division of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Shinohara
- Department of Cardiology and Clinical Examination, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Kenji Yodogawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nippon Medical School Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Murakoshi
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Morita
- Department of Cardiovascular Therapeutics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Naohiko Takahashi
- Department of Cardiology and Clinical Examination, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Yasuya Inden
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Wataru Shimizu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nippon Medical School Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Nogami
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Minoru Horie
- Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Takeshi Aiba
- Division of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kengo Kusano
- Division of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
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Yang Y, Hu D, Sacher F, Kusano KF, Li X, Barajas-Martinez H, Hocini M, Li Y, Gao Y, Shang H, Xing Y. Meta-Analysis of Risk Stratification of SCN5A With Brugada Syndrome: Is SCN5A Always a Marker of Low Risk? Front Physiol 2019; 10:103. [PMID: 30837887 PMCID: PMC6389868 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: SCN5A with Brugada syndrome (BrS) is not commonly considered as an independent risk marker for subsequent cardiac events. However, the risk of SCN5A combined with other clinical characteristics has not been fully investigated. Objectives: The aim of this study is to investigate and evaluate risk stratification and related risk factors of SCN5A in BrS. Methods: The databases of PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Wanfang Data were searched for related studies published from January 2002 to May 2018 followed by meta-analysis. The BrS patients who underwent SCN5A gene tests were included. The prognosis and risk stratification of SCN5A combined with symptoms and asymptoms diagnosis in BrS, electrophysiology study (EPS) were then investigated and evaluated. Outcomes were defined as ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation (VT/VF), sudden cardiac death (SCD). Results: Eleven suitable studies involving 1892 BrS patients who underwent SCN5A gene tests were identified. SCN5A (+) was not considered to be a significant predictor of future cardiac events (95% CI: 0.89-2.11; P = 0.15; I 2 = 0%). However, SCN5A (+) patients with symptoms at diagnosis revealed a higher prevalence of future VT/VF, SCD compared to SCN5A (-) patients with symptoms at diagnosis. (95% CI: 1.06-3.70; P = 0.03 I 2 = 0%) Among asymptomatic patients, the risk did not significantly differ between SCN5A (+) patients and SCN5A (-) patients. (95% CI: 0.51-4.72; P = 0.45 I 2 = 0 %). In an investigation involving patients in EPS (-) BrS electrocardiogram (ECG), the risk of SCN5A (+) is higher than that of SCN5A (-) (P < 0.001). Conclusions: In BrS patients with symptoms at diagnosis or EPS (-), the meta-analysis suggests that SCN5A (+) are at a higher risk of arrhythmic events than SCN5A (-).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Yang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Hu
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Institution, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Frederic Sacher
- Hôpital Cardiologique Haut Lévêque, Lyric institute, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux-Pessac, France
| | - Kengo F. Kusano
- Division of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Xinye Li
- Guang'anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | | | - Mélèze Hocini
- Hôpital Cardiologique Haut Lévêque, Lyric institute, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux-Pessac, France
| | - Yanda Li
- Guang'anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yonghong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hongcai Shang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yanwei Xing
- Guang'anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Guerri G, Krasi G, Precone V, Paolacci S, Chiurazzi P, Arrigoni L, Cortese B, Dautaj A, Bertelli M. Cardiac conduction defects. Acta Biomed 2019; 90:20-29. [PMID: 31577249 PMCID: PMC7233635 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v90i10-s.8751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Defects in cardiac electric impulse formation or conduction can lead to an irregular beat (arrhythmia) that can cause sudden death without any apparent cause or after stress. In the following sections, we describe the genetic disorders associated with primary cardiac conduction defects, primarily caused by mutations in ion channel genes. Primary indicates that these disorders are not caused by drugs and are not secondary to other disorders like cardiomyopathies (described in the next section).
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Guerri
- Authors have equally contributed to this work, MAGI’s Lab, Rovereto (TN), Italy
| | - Geraldo Krasi
- Authors have equally contributed to this work, MAGI Balkans, Tirana, Albania
| | | | - Stefano Paolacci
- MAGI’s Lab, Rovereto (TN), Italy,Correspondence: Stefano Paolacci Via delle Maioliche 57/D 38068 Rovereto (TN), Italy E-mail:
| | - Pietro Chiurazzi
- Istituto di Medicina Genomica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy, UOC Genetica Medica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli”, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Arrigoni
- Section of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Clinical and Surgical Specialities, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University and Spedali Civili Hospital of Brescia, Italy
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34
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Scumaci D, Oliva A, Concolino A, Curcio A, Fiumara CV, Tammè L, Campuzano O, Pascali VL, Coll M, Iglesias A, Berne P, Casu G, Olivo E, Ausania F, Ricci P, Indolfi C, Brugada J, Brugada R, Cuda G. Integration of "Omics" Strategies for Biomarkers Discovery and for the Elucidation of Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Brugada Syndrome. Proteomics Clin Appl 2018; 12:e1800065. [PMID: 29956481 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201800065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The Brugada syndrome (BrS) is a severe inherited cardiac disorder. Given the high genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity of this disease, three different "omics" approaches are integrated in a synergic way to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of BrS as well as for identifying reliable diagnostic/prognostic markers. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The profiling of plasma Proteome and MiRNome is perfomed in a cohort of Brugada patients that were preliminary subjected to genomic analysis to assess a peculiar gene mutation profile. RESULTS The integrated analysis of "omics" data unveiled a cooperative activity of mutated genes, deregulated miRNAs and proteins in orchestrating transcriptional and post-translational events that are critical determining factors for the development of the Brugada pattern. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study provides the basis to shed light on the specific molecular fingerprints underlying BrS development and to gain further insights on the pathogenesis of this life-threatening cardiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenica Scumaci
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Research Center of Advanced Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Oliva
- Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Large Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Concolino
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Research Center of Advanced Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Curcio
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Claudia Vincenza Fiumara
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Research Center of Advanced Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Laura Tammè
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Research Center of Advanced Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Oscar Campuzano
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, Gencardio Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Girona,, 17290, Girona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV) 17007, Girona, Spain.,Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Girona, 17004, Girona, Spain
| | - Vincenzo L Pascali
- Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Large Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Coll
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, Gencardio Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Girona,, 17290, Girona, Spain
| | - Anna Iglesias
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, Gencardio Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Girona,, 17290, Girona, Spain
| | - Paola Berne
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Cardiologia Ospedale "San Francesco", 08100, Nuoro, Italy
| | - Gavino Casu
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Cardiologia Ospedale "San Francesco", 08100, Nuoro, Italy
| | - Erika Olivo
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Research Center of Advanced Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesco Ausania
- Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma
| | - Pietrantonio Ricci
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Girona, 17004, Girona, Spain.,Institute of Legal Medicine, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Ciro Indolfi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Josep Brugada
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV) 17007, Girona, Spain.,Arrhythmia's Unit, Hospital Clinic, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Brugada
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, Gencardio Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Girona,, 17290, Girona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV) 17007, Girona, Spain.,Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Girona, 17004, Girona, Spain.,Cardiology Service, Hospital Josep Trueta, 17007, Girona, Spain
| | - Giovanni Cuda
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Research Center of Advanced Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
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Abstract
Brugada syndrome (BrS) is an inherited channelopathy disease, caused by genetic changes in transmembrane ion channels. It has an increased risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in the absence of a structural heart disease. We report a case in which the presenting electrocardiogram (EKG) exhibited a type 1 Brugada-like pattern during an adrenal crisis with transformation into a type 2 Brugada-like pattern as the crisis improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Iorgoveanu
- Internal Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, USA
| | - Ahmed Zaghloul
- Internal Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, USA
| | - Aakash Desai
- Internal Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, USA
| | | | - Muhammad Y Adeel
- Internal Medicine, Yale New Haven Health at Bridgeport Hospital, Bridgeport, USA
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Abstract
RATIONALE Vasospastic angina is caused by sudden occlusive vasoconstriction of a segment of an epicardial artery, with transient ST-segment elevation on electrocardiography. Brugada Syndrome is an inherited arrhythmogenic cardiac disorder with a diagnostic electrocardiography characterized by coved-type ST-segment elevation in right precordial leads (V1-V3). Those two diseases usually have no correlation. In this report, we discuss an interesting case of a patient who was diagnosed as vasospastic angina according to his coronary angiography, but his electrocardiography showed a Brugada-like ST-segment elevation. PATIENT CONCERNS Our patient had a 9-month history of temporary but progressive substernal burning sensation with acid bilges of shoulders and arms, as well as profuse sweating at night. DIAGNOSES Although he had no abnormal laboratory test result, no dysfunctional recorded echocardiogram or documented arrhythmia after being admitted to the hospital, his electrocardiography showed a Brugada-like ST-segment elevation. The coronary angiography result confirmed a diagnosis of vasospastic angina. INTERVENTIONS The patient was prescribed diltiazem, aspirin, isosorbide mononitrate and rosuvastatin and was strongly advised to quit cigarettes and alcohol. OUTCOMES Follow-up at half a year turned out well. LESSONS This case links Brugada syndrome to coronary vasospasm. They may share similar mechanisms. Provocation test and gene test needs to be ran to distinguish both. Long-term follow-up is essential for it may bring a warning sign for life threatening ventricular arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital
| | - Guodong Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital
| | - Tianyu Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital
| | - Huikuan Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital
| | | | - Yongquan Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorder Related Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing, China
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Jiang S, Yin X, Dong C, Xia Y, Liu J. Epicardial radiofrequency catheter ablation of Brugada syndrome with electrical storm during ventricular fibrillation: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e8688. [PMID: 29145303 PMCID: PMC5704848 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000008688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Brugada syndrome (BrS) is characterized by ST segment elevation at the J point ≥2 mm in the right precordial electrocardiogram (ECG) leads, in the absence of structural heart disease, electrolyte disturbances, or ischemia. It is a well-described cause of sudden death in young patients, especially in the age of between 30 and 40 years old. Here, we reported an unusual case of electrical storm (ES) of ventricular fibrillation (VF) caused by BrS with complete right bundle-branch block (CRBBB) in a 75-year-old male patient. PATIENT CONCERNS A 75-year-old male patient survived sudden cardiac death caused by a ventricular ES. He presented with the cove-shaped ST elevation of 2 mm in lead V1 with typical CRBBB and lacked structural cardiomyopathy and coronary heart disease. The patient suffered ventricular ES again, although the implantable cardioverter defibrillator(ICD) had implanted. DIAGNOSES Brugada syndrome with complete right bundle-branch block. INTERVENTIONS Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) implantation was performed. But this therapy could not prevent the recurrence of malignant arrhythmia. Finally, the ES was treated successfully using radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) at the area of the free wall of the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) epicardium. OUTCOMES During 7 months of follow-up, the patient was asymptomatic and free of arrhythmic events. LESSONS As far as we know, the patient is the oldest patient reported to have BrS. RFCA offers an alternative therapy for patients with BrS, especially when ICD shocks are encountered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chang Dong
- Department of respiratory medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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Abstract
RATIONALE Brugada syndrome (BrS) is a cardiac ion channel disease that is caused by an autosomal dominant genetic abnormality. A ventricular septal defect is a common congenital heart disease, in which genetic defects play a significant role. PATIENT CONCERNS We report an extremely rare case of a 42-year-old male with congenital heart disease, who suffered recurrent syncope and gastrointestinal bleeding. His electrocardiogram showed an unusual right bundle branch block-like pattern and ST-segment elevation in leads V1-V3. DIAGNOSES The patient was eventually diagnosed with Brugada Syndrome Combined with a Ventricular Septal Defect. INTERVENTIONS The patient was treated with ICD implants. OUTCOMES We extracted his blood and performed whole exome sequencing. Whole exome sequencing revealed mutations in genes, which encode ion channels and proteins important for embryonic heart development. However, a novel mutation in the SCN5A gene was also found. LESSONS To our knowledge, this is the first genetically proven case of BrS combined with a ventricular septal defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu
| | - Jianmei Zheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zhongcai Fan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Li Rao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu
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Chauveau S, Le Vavasseur O, Chevalier P. Delayed diagnosis of Brugada syndrome in a patient with aborted sudden cardiac death and initial negative flecainide challenge. Clin Case Rep 2017; 5:2022-2024. [PMID: 29225848 PMCID: PMC5715432 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.1198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A negative flecainide challenge does not rule out Brugada syndrome even in the presence of nonfatal cardiac arrest as the first manifestation of the disease. This should prompt clinicians to ensure long‐term ECG follow‐up and consider repeating a drug test with another sodium channel blocker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Chauveau
- Department of Rhythmology Hospices Civils de Lyon Louis Pradel Cardiovascular Hospital Lyon France.,Department of Cardiology Northwest Hospital Gleizé France
| | - Olivier Le Vavasseur
- Lyon Reference Center for inherited Arrhythmias Louis Pradel Cardiovascular Hospital Lyon France
| | - Philippe Chevalier
- Department of Rhythmology Hospices Civils de Lyon Louis Pradel Cardiovascular Hospital Lyon France.,Department of Cardiology Northwest Hospital Gleizé France
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Kocabas U, Hasdemir C, Kaya E, Turkoglu C, Baranchuk A. Brugada syndrome, Brugada phenocopy or none? Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2017; 22. [PMID: 28608483 DOI: 10.1111/anec.12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Brugada syndrome is a form of inherited arrhythmia syndrome characterized by a distinct ST-segment elevation in the right precordial leads. Brugada phenocopies are clinical entities that present with an electrocardiographic pattern identical to Brugada syndrome and may obey to various clinical conditions. We present a case of a suicidal attempt using a high dose of propafenone causing a Brugada-type electrocardiographic pattern. Is this a Brugada syndrome case, a Brugada phenocopy or something else?
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Affiliation(s)
- Umut Kocabas
- Department of Cardiology, Ege University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Can Hasdemir
- Department of Cardiology, Ege University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Esra Kaya
- Department of Cardiology, Ege University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Cuneyt Turkoglu
- Department of Cardiology, Ege University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Adrian Baranchuk
- Division of Cardiology, Kingston General Hospital, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Kujime S, Sakurada H, Saito N, Enomoto Y, Ito N, Nakamura K, Fukamizu S, Tejima T, Yambe Y, Nishizaki M, Noro M, Hiraoka M, Sugi K. Outcomes of Brugada Syndrome Patients with Coronary Artery Vasospasm. Intern Med 2017; 56:129-135. [PMID: 28090040 PMCID: PMC5337455 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.56.7307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the outcomes of patients with concomitant Brugada syndrome and coronary artery vasospasm. Methods Patients diagnosed with Brugada syndrome with an implantable cardiac defibrillator were retrospectively investigated, and the coexistence of vasospasm was evaluated. The clinical features and outcomes were evaluated, especially in patients with coexistent vasospasm. A provocation test using acetylcholine was performed in patients confirmed to have no organic stenosis on percutaneous coronary angiography to confirm the presence of vasospasm. Implantable cardiac defibrillator shock status was checked every three months. Statistical comparisons of the groups with and without vasospasm were performed. A univariate analysis was also performed, and the odds ratio for the risk of implantable cardiac defibrillator shock was calculated. Patients Thirty-five patients with Brugada syndrome, of whom six had coexistent vasospasm. Results There were no significant differences in the laboratory data, echocardiogram findings, disease, or the history of taking any drugs between patients with and without vasospasm. There were significant differences in the clinical features of Brugada syndrome, i.e. cardiac events such as resuscitation from ventricular fibrillation or appropriate implantable cardiac defibrillator shock. Four patients with vasospasm had cardiac events such as resuscitation from ventricular fibrillation and/or appropriate defibrillator shock; three of them had no cardiac events with calcium channel blocker therapy to prevent vasospasm. The coexistence of vasospasm was a potential risk factor for an appropriate implantable cardiac defibrillator shock (odds ratio: 13.5, confidence interval: 1.572-115.940, p value: 0.035) on a univariate analysis. Conclusion Coronary artery vasospasm could be a risk factor for cardiac events in patients with Brugada syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Kujime
- Department of Cardiology, Yokohama General Hospital, Japan
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of Brugada ECG pattern (BrEP) is different in different regions, and its mean prevalence over the world is unknown. The risk of people with BrEP for death remains unknown. We performed a meta-analysis to determine the prevalence of BrEP and risk ratio (RR) for death. METHODS Relevant studies published between July 1, 2000 and August 20, 2016, which contain prevalence and RR for all-cause death and cardiac death, were included. The prevalence and RR are analyzed using meta-analysis. RESULTS We finally retrieved 24 studies of the prevalence for BrEP and 5 studies of the RR for all-cause death and cardiac death. The worldwide mean prevalence of BrEP is 0.4%, with highest in Asia (0.9%) and lowest in North America (0.2%). Additionally, the mean prevalence in male is 0.9%, whereas it is 0.1% in female. The RR of BrEP for all-cause death is 0.78 (95% confidence interval 0.45-1.37), and for cardiac death it is 0.92 (95% confidence interval 0.23-3.66). CONCLUSION The prevalence of BrEP is about 0.4% around the world with different prevalence in region and sex. Our study shows that BrEP may not be taken as a predictor of all-cause death and cardiac death.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Song Li
- Second Clinical School, Tongji Hospital
| | - Rui Liu
- Second Clinical School, Tongji Hospital
| | | | | | - Qiang Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Zhang L, Tester DJ, Lang D, Chen Y, Zheng J, Gao R, Corliss RF, Tang S, Kyle JW, Liu C, Ackerman MJ, Makielski JC, Cheng J. Does Sudden Unexplained Nocturnal Death Syndrome Remain the Autopsy-Negative Disorder: A Gross, Microscopic, and Molecular Autopsy Investigation in Southern China. Mayo Clin Proc 2016; 91:1503-1514. [PMID: 27707468 PMCID: PMC5097692 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To look for previously unrecognized cardiac structural abnormalities and address the genetic cause for sudden unexplained nocturnal death syndrome (SUNDS). METHODS Data for 148 SUNDS victims and 444 controls (matched 1:3 on sex, race, and age of death within 1 year) were collected from Sun Yat-sen University from January 1, 1998, to December 31, 2014, to search morphological changes. An additional 17 patients with Brugada syndrome (BrS) collected from January 1, 2006, to December 31, 2014, served as a comparative disease cohort. Target-captured next-generation sequencing for 80 genes associated with arrhythmia/cardiomyopathy was performed in 44 SUNDS victims and 17 patients with BrS to characterize the molecular spectrum. RESULTS The SUNDS victims had slight but statistically significant increased heart weight and valve circumference compared with controls. Twelve of 44 SUNDS victims (SCN5A, SCN1B, CACNB2, CACNA1C, AKAP9, KCNQ1, KCNH2, KCNJ5, GATA4, NUP155, ABCC9) and 6 of 17 patients with BrS (SCN5A, CACNA1C; P>.05) carried rare variants in primary arrhythmia-susceptibility genes. Only 2 of 44 SUNDS cases compared with 5 of 17 patients with BrS hosted a rare variant in the most common BrS-causing gene, SCN5A (P=.01). Using the strict American College of Medical Genetics guideline-based definition, it was found that only 2 of 44 (KCNQ1) SUNDS and 3 of 17 (SCN5A) patients with BrS hosted a "(likely) pathogenic" variant. Fourteen of 44 SUNDS cases with cardiomyopathy-related variants had a subtle but significantly decreased circumference of cardiac valves, and tended to die on average 5 to 6 years younger compared with the remaining 30 cases (P=.02). CONCLUSION We present the first comprehensive autopsy evidence that SUNDS victims may have concealed cardiac morphological changes. SUNDS and BrS may result from different molecular pathological underpinnings. The distinct association between cardiomyopathy-related rare variants and SUNDS warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyong Zhang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - David J Tester
- Departments of Cardiovascular Diseases (Division of Heart Rhythm Services), Pediatrics (Division of Pediatric Cardiology), and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics (Windland Smith Rice Sudden Death Genomics Laboratory), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Di Lang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Yili Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinxiang Zheng
- Department of Forensic Pathology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Gao
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Robert F Corliss
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Shuangbo Tang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - John W Kyle
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | | | - Michael J Ackerman
- Departments of Cardiovascular Diseases (Division of Heart Rhythm Services), Pediatrics (Division of Pediatric Cardiology), and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics (Windland Smith Rice Sudden Death Genomics Laboratory), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Jonathan C Makielski
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Jianding Cheng
- Department of Forensic Pathology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Virk HUH, Farooq S, Ghani AR, Arora S. QRS fragmentation: its role in sherlocking the arrhythmogenic heart. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect 2016; 6:31235. [PMID: 27406448 PMCID: PMC4942515 DOI: 10.3402/jchimp.v6.31235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The electrocardiogram (ECG) is a commonly available basic diagnostic modality in in-patient, out-patient, and emergency departments. In patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), the presence of a fragmented QRS (f-QRS), which is an extra R wave (R′), notching of the single R wave, notching of the S wave in at least two contiguous leads on the 12-lead ECG, is associated with a myocardial scar from previous myocardial injury. Furthermore, the presence of f-QRS has been shown to be associated with adverse outcomes in CAD and non-CAD patients. In the present paper, we will solely focus on the usefulness and utilization of f-QRS in predicting ventricular tachyarrhythmia in many heart diseases, that is, ischemic cardiomyopathy, non-ischemic cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, Brugada syndrome, and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. In the majority of such cases, ventricular tachyarrhythmia results in sudden cardiac death. Diagnosing them beforehand can lead to prevention and/or early treatment of these arrhythmias to prevent potential morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Salman Farooq
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Wisconsin, WI, USA
| | - Ali Raza Ghani
- Department of Medicine, Abington Jefferson Hospital, Abington, PA, USA
| | - Shilpkakumar Arora
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai St-Luke's West Hospital, New York, NY, USA
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inconsistent results have been reported about the risk stratification of patients with Brugada syndrome. We have summarized the evidence regarding the strength of association between 6 risk factors (family history of sudden cardiac death [SCD] or syncope, inducible ventricular arrhythmias on electrophysiology study [EPS], spontaneous type 1 Brugada electrocardiogram [ECG], male sex, family history of SCD, and sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 5 [SCN5A] gene mutation) and subsequent cardiac events in Brugada syndrome patients. METHODS Pubmed, Ovid, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched for studies published between January 1992 and March 2016. Only prospective studies (27 studies, 4494 patients) that reported estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of cardiac events for the 6 risk factors were included. RESULTS Family history of SCD or syncope (risk ratio [RR] 4.97, 95% CI 3.96-6.23, P < 0.001), inducible ventricular arrhythmia on EPS (RR 3.56, 95% CI 1.30-9.74, P = 0.01), and spontaneous type 1 Brugada ECG (RR 4.07, 95% CI 2.23-7.41, P < 0.001) were associated with an increased risk of future cardiac events. Spontaneous type 1 Brugada ECG was associated with an elevated risk of future cardiac events in patients without a family history of SCD. CONCLUSIONS Inducible ventricular arrhythmias on EPS, spontaneous type 1 Brugada ECG, and family history of SCD or syncope indicate a high risk of future cardiac events in patients with Brugada syndrome. Spontaneous type 1 Brugada ECG significantly increased the risk of future cardiac events in patients without family history of SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Wu
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital
| | - Li Tian
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, Hubei
| | - Jinshan Ke
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yangsi Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai
| | | | - Ruixia Wu
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital
| | - Jianfang Zhu
- Center of Human Genome Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qinmei Ke
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital
- Correspondence: Qinmei Ke, Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan 430022, Hubei, China (e-mail: )
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Zheng J, Zhou F, Su T, Huang L, Wu Y, Yin K, Wu Q, Tang S, Makielski JC, Cheng J. The biophysical characterization of the first SCN5A mutation R1512W identified in Chinese sudden unexplained nocturnal death syndrome. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e3836. [PMID: 27281089 PMCID: PMC4907667 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000003836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence observed in clinical phenotypes show that abrupt breathing disorders during sleep may play an important role in the pathogenesis of sudden unexplained nocturnal death syndrome (SUNDS). The reported Brugada syndrome causing mutation R1512W in cardiac sodium channel α subunit encoded gene SCN5A, without obvious loss of function of cardiac sodium channel in previous in vitro study, was identified as the first genetic cause of Chinese SUNDS by us. The R1512W carrier was a 38-year-old male SUNDS victim who died suddenly after tachypnea in nocturnal sleep without any structural heart disease. To test our hypothesis that slight acidosis conditions may contribute to the significant loss of function of mutant cardiac sodium channels underlying SUNDS, the biophysical characterization of SCN5A mutation R1512W was performed under both extracellular and intracellular slight acidosis at pH 7.0. The cDNA of R1512W was created using site-directed mutagenesis methods in the pcDNA3 plasmid vector. The wild type (WT) or mutant cardiac sodium channel R1512W was transiently transfected into HEK293 cells. Macroscopic voltage-gated sodium current (INa) was measured 24 hours after transfection with the whole-cell patch clamp method at room temperature in the HEK293 cells. Under the baseline conditions at pH 7.4, R1512W (-175 ± 15 pA/pF) showed about 30% of reduction in peak INa compared to WT (-254 ± 23 pA/pF, P < 0.05). Under the acidosis condition at pH 7.0, R1512W (-130 ± 17 pA/pF) significantly decreased the peak INa by nearly 50% compared to WT (-243 ± 23 pA/pF, P < 0.005). Compared to baseline condition at pH 7.4, the acidosis at pH 7.0 did not affect the peak INa in WT (P > 0.05) but decreased peak INa in R1512W (P < 0.05). This initial functional study for SCN5A mutation in the Chinese SUNDS victim revealed that the acidosis aggravated the loss of function of mutant channel R1512W and suggested that nocturnal sleep disorders-associated slight acidosis may trigger the lethal arrhythmia underlying the sudden death of SUNDS cases in the setting of genetic defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxiang Zheng
- Department of Forensic Pathology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou
| | - Feng Zhou
- Detachment of Traffic Police, Public Security Bureau of Dongguan City, Dongguan, China
| | - Terry Su
- Department of Forensic Pathology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou
| | - Yeda Wu
- Department of Forensic Pathology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou
| | - Kun Yin
- Department of Forensic Pathology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou
| | - Qiuping Wu
- Department of Forensic Pathology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou
| | - Shuangbo Tang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou
| | - Jonathan C. Makielski
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Jianding Cheng
- Department of Forensic Pathology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou
- ∗Correspondence: Jianding Cheng, Department of Forensic Pathology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China (e-mail: )
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陈 燕, 刘 深, 谢 亮, 朱 庭, 陈 益, 邓 晓, 孟 素, 彭 健. [Functional analysis of a novel SCN5A mutation G1712C identified in Brugada syndrome]. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 2016; 37:256-260. [PMID: 28219873 PMCID: PMC6779663 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2017.02.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To elucidate the molecular and electrophysiological mechanisms of Brugada syndrome through functional analysis of a novel SCN5A gene mutation G1712C. METHODS A recombinant plasmid pRc<CMV-hH1 containing the mutant human cardiac sodium channel α subunit (hH1) cDNA was constructed using in vitro PCR-based site-directed mutagenesis technique. LipofectamineTM 3000 was used to transfect the plasmid DNA into HEK293 cell line to induce stable expression of Na+ channel β1-subunit, and the positive colonies were selected by screening with G418.The standard liposome method was used to transiently transfect HEK293 cells with either the wild-type or mutant Na+ channel subunits (hH1 and mhH1, respectively), and the macroscopic Na+ currents were recorded using whole-cell patch-clamp technique. Data acquisition and analysis, generation of voltage commands and curve fitting were accomplished with EPC-10, PatchMaster and IGOR Pro 6.0. RESULTS An HEK293 cell line that stably expressed Na+ channel β1-subunit was successfully established. After transient transfection with the WT subunit, large Na+ currents were recorded from the stable β1-cell line. Transient transfection with the G1712C subunit, however, did not elicit a Na+ current in the cells. CONCLUSION Compared with normal Na+ channel, the wild-type channel exhibits a similar sodium current. The characteristic kinetics of sodium channel of WT-hH1 was identical to that in normal cardiac muscle cell, and the missense mutation (G1712C) in the P-loop region of the domain IV may have caused the failure of sodium channel expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- 燕玉 陈
- />南方医科大学南方医院心内科,广东 广州510515Department of Cardiology, Southern Medical University, Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 深荣 刘
- />南方医科大学南方医院心内科,广东 广州510515Department of Cardiology, Southern Medical University, Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 亮真 谢
- />南方医科大学南方医院心内科,广东 广州510515Department of Cardiology, Southern Medical University, Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 庭延 朱
- />南方医科大学南方医院心内科,广东 广州510515Department of Cardiology, Southern Medical University, Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 益臻 陈
- />南方医科大学南方医院心内科,广东 广州510515Department of Cardiology, Southern Medical University, Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 晓江 邓
- />南方医科大学南方医院心内科,广东 广州510515Department of Cardiology, Southern Medical University, Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 素荣 孟
- />南方医科大学南方医院心内科,广东 广州510515Department of Cardiology, Southern Medical University, Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 健 彭
- />南方医科大学南方医院心内科,广东 广州510515Department of Cardiology, Southern Medical University, Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou 510515, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambarish Pandey
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390-9047, USA,
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Juang JMJ, Chen CY, Liu YB, Lin LY, Chen WJ, Lai LP, Tsai CT, Lin JL. Prevalence of Atrial Fibrillation in Patients with Brugada Syndrome in Taiwan. Acta Cardiol Sin 2013; 29:311-316. [PMID: 27122723 PMCID: PMC4804896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients with Brugada syndrome (BrS) and their clinical characteristics in Taiwan. METHODS The patient group consisted of 47 symptomatic BrS patients consecutively enrolled from 2000 to 2010. The definition of BrS patients with AF was a BrS patient with at least one episode of AF in a 12-lead electrogram or 24-hour holter (permanent, persistent or paroxysmal) during follow-up, or before diagnosis of BrS. RESULTS Six BrS patients were identified with AF, and all of them were male. Two experienced sudden cardiac death (SCD), 2 presented with seizure and 4 with syncope. The mean age at onset of BrS was 47 ± 16 years, similar to those BrS patients without AF (45 ± 14, p = 0.67). Compared to those BrS patients without AF, significantly higher percentages of the BrS patients with AF presented with seizure and documented ventricular tachyarrhythmia (p = 0.02 and 0.03, respectively). Five of them had spontaneous Brugada type I electrogram, similar to those BrS patients without AF (p = 0.9). The SCN5A mutation rate is similar between BrS patients with AF and those without AF (p = 0.69). The prevalence of AF in BrS patients in Taiwan was 12.7% (6/47, 95% confidence interval 0.06-0.19) which is not significantly lower than the 20% prevalence found in the Caucasian population (p = 0.16). CONCLUSIONS BrS patients with AF had distinct clinical features from those patients without AF in Taiwan. KEY WORDS Atrial fibrillation; Brugada syndrome; Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyh-Ming Jimmy Juang
- Cardiovascular Center and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yu Chen
- Cardiovascular Center and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Bin Liu
- Cardiovascular Center and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lian-Yu Lin
- Cardiovascular Center and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jone Chen
- Cardiovascular Center and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Ping Lai
- Cardiovascular Center and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ti Tsai
- Cardiovascular Center and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Lee Lin
- Cardiovascular Center and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Crotti L, Kellen CA, Tester DJ, Castelletti S, Giudicessi JR, Torchio M, Medeiros-Domingo A, Simone S, Will ML, Dagradi F, Schwartz PJ, Ackerman MJ. Spectrum and prevalence of mutations involving BrS1- through BrS12-susceptibility genes in a cohort of unrelated patients referred for Brugada syndrome genetic testing: implications for genetic testing. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 60:1410-8. [PMID: 22840528 PMCID: PMC3624764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to provide the spectrum and prevalence of mutations in the 12 Brugada syndrome (BrS)-susceptibility genes discovered to date in a single large cohort of unrelated BrS patients. BACKGROUND BrS is a potentially lethal heritable arrhythmia syndrome diagnosed electrocardiographically by coved-type ST-segment elevation in the right precordial leads (V1 to V3; type 1 Brugada electrocardiographic [ECG] pattern) and the presence of a personal/family history of cardiac events. METHODS Using polymerase chain reaction, denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography, and DNA sequencing, comprehensive mutational analysis of BrS1- through BrS12-susceptibility genes was performed in 129 unrelated patients with possible/probable BrS (46 with clinically diagnosed BrS [ECG pattern plus personal/family history of a cardiac event] and 83 with a type 1 BrS ECG pattern only). RESULTS Overall, 27 patients (21%) had a putative pathogenic mutation, absent in 1,400 Caucasian reference alleles, including 21 patients with an SCN5A mutation, 2 with a CACNB2B mutation, and 1 each with a KCNJ8 mutation, a KCND3 mutation, an SCN1Bb mutation, and an HCN4 mutation. The overall mutation yield was 23% in the type 1 BrS ECG pattern-only patients versus 17% in the clinically diagnosed BrS patients and was significantly greater among young men<20 years of age with clinically diagnosed BrS and among patients who had a prolonged PQ interval. CONCLUSIONS We identified putative pathogenic mutations in ∼20% of our BrS cohort, with BrS genes 2 through 12 accounting for <5%. Importantly, the yield was similar between patients with only a type 1 BrS ECG pattern and those with clinically established BrS. The yield approaches 40% for SCN5A-mediated BrS (BrS1) when the PQ interval exceeds 200 ms. Calcium channel-mediated BrS is extremely unlikely in the absence of a short QT interval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Crotti
- Department of Lung, Blood and Heart, Section of Cardiology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Cardiology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, Pavia, Italy
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Cherisse A. Kellen
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Cardiovascular Diseases), Pediatrics (Division of Pediatric Cardiology), and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Windland Smith Rice Sudden Death Genomics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - David J. Tester
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Cardiovascular Diseases), Pediatrics (Division of Pediatric Cardiology), and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Windland Smith Rice Sudden Death Genomics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Silvia Castelletti
- Department of Lung, Blood and Heart, Section of Cardiology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Cardiology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - John R. Giudicessi
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Cardiovascular Diseases), Pediatrics (Division of Pediatric Cardiology), and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Windland Smith Rice Sudden Death Genomics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Mayo Medical School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Margherita Torchio
- Department of Cardiology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Argelia Medeiros-Domingo
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Cardiovascular Diseases), Pediatrics (Division of Pediatric Cardiology), and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Windland Smith Rice Sudden Death Genomics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Savastano Simone
- Department of Cardiology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Melissa L Will
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Cardiovascular Diseases), Pediatrics (Division of Pediatric Cardiology), and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Windland Smith Rice Sudden Death Genomics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Federica Dagradi
- Department of Lung, Blood and Heart, Section of Cardiology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Cardiology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Peter J. Schwartz
- Department of Lung, Blood and Heart, Section of Cardiology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Cardiology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, Pavia, Italy
- Cardiovascular Genetics Laboratory, Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Medicine, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Chair of Sudden Death, Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Michael J. Ackerman
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Cardiovascular Diseases), Pediatrics (Division of Pediatric Cardiology), and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Windland Smith Rice Sudden Death Genomics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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