51
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Zhu L, Finkelstein D, Gao C, Shi L, Wang Y, López-Terrada D, Wang K, Utley S, Pounds S, Neale G, Ellison D, Onar-Thomas A, Gilbertson RJ. Multi-organ Mapping of Cancer Risk. Cell 2016; 166:1132-1146.e7. [PMID: 27565343 PMCID: PMC5067024 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cancers are distributed unevenly across the body, but the importance of cell intrinsic factors such as stem cell function in determining organ cancer risk is unknown. Therefore, we used Cre-recombination of conditional lineage tracing, oncogene, and tumor suppressor alleles to define populations of stem and non-stem cells in mouse organs and test their life-long susceptibility to tumorigenesis. We show that tumor incidence is determined by the life-long generative capacity of mutated cells. This relationship held true in the presence of multiple genotypes and regardless of developmental stage, strongly supporting the notion that stem cells dictate organ cancer risk. Using the liver as a model system, we further show that damage-induced activation of stem cell function markedly increases cancer risk. Therefore, we propose that a combination of stem cell mutagenesis and extrinsic factors that enhance the proliferation of these cell populations, creates a "perfect storm" that ultimately determines organ cancer risk. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Zhu
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - David Finkelstein
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Culian Gao
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Yongdong Wang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Dolores López-Terrada
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kasper Wang
- Developmental Biology, Regenerative Medicine, and Stem Cell, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Sarah Utley
- Developmental Biology, Regenerative Medicine, and Stem Cell, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Stanley Pounds
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Geoffrey Neale
- Hartwell Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - David Ellison
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Arzu Onar-Thomas
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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52
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Tata PR, Rajagopal J. Cellular plasticity: 1712 to the present day. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2016; 43:46-54. [PMID: 27485353 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cell identity is a fundamental feature of cells. Tissues are often organized into cellular hierarchies characterized by progressive differentiation and developmental commitment. However, it is been historically evident that the cells of many organisms of various phyla, especially in the context of injury, exhibit remarkable plasticity in terms of their ability to convert into other cell types. Recent modern studies, using genetic lineage tracing, have demonstrated that many mature functional cells retain a potential to undergo lineage reversion (dedifferentiation) or to convert into cells of other more distant lineages (transdifferentiation) following injury. Similarly, mimicking progenitor cell transdetermination, stem cells can interconvert. These forms of plasticity may be essential for organismal survival, and are likely part and parcel of regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purushothama Rao Tata
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jayaraj Rajagopal
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Otology and Laryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA.
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53
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Wang N, Dong BJ, Quan Y, Chen Q, Chu M, Xu J, Xue W, Huang YR, Yang R, Gao WQ. Regulation of Prostate Development and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia by Autocrine Cholinergic Signaling via Maintaining the Epithelial Progenitor Cells in Proliferating Status. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 6:668-678. [PMID: 27167157 PMCID: PMC4939755 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of prostate epithelial progenitor cells is important in prostate development and prostate diseases. Our previous study demonstrated a function of autocrine cholinergic signaling (ACS) in promoting prostate cancer growth and castration resistance. However, whether or not such ACS also plays a role in prostate development is unknown. Here, we report that ACS promoted the proliferation and inhibited the differentiation of prostate epithelial progenitor cells in organotypic cultures. These results were confirmed by ex vivo lineage tracing assays and in vivo renal capsule recombination assays. Moreover, we found that M3 cholinergic receptor (CHRM3) was upregulated in a large subset of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) tissues compared with normal tissues. Activation of CHRM3 also promoted the proliferation of BPH cells. Together, our findings identify a role of ACS in maintaining prostate epithelial progenitor cells in the proliferating state, and blockade of ACS may have clinical implications for the management of BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naitao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Bai-Jun Dong
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Yizhou Quan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Qianqian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Mingliang Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Jin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Wei Xue
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Yi-Ran Huang
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Ru Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China.
| | - Wei-Qiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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54
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Kwon OJ, Zhang B, Zhang L, Xin L. High fat diet promotes prostatic basal-to-luminal differentiation and accelerates initiation of prostate epithelial hyperplasia originated from basal cells. Stem Cell Res 2016; 16:682-91. [PMID: 27107344 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent lineage tracing studies showed that the prostate basal and luminal cells in adult mice are two independent lineages under the physiological condition, but basal cells are capable of generating luminal progenies during bacterial infection-induced prostatitis. Because acute bacterial infection in human prostate tissues is relatively rare, the disease relevance of the bacterial infection-induced basal-to-luminal differentiation is uncertain. Herein we employ a high fat diet-induced sterile prostate inflammation model to determine whether basal-to-luminal differentiation can be induced by inflammation irrespective of the underlying etiologies. A K14-CreER model and a fluorescent report line are utilized to specifically label basal cells with the green fluorescent protein. We show that high fat diet promotes immune cell infiltration into the prostate tissues and basal-to-luminal differentiation. Increased cell proliferation accompanies basal-to-luminal differentiation, suggesting a concurrent regulation of basal cell proliferation and differentiation. This study demonstrates that basal-to-luminal differentiation can be induced by different types of prostate inflammation evolved with distinct etiologies. Finally, high fat diet also accelerates initiation and progression of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia that are originated from basal cells with loss-of-function of the tumor suppressor Pten. Because prostate cancer originated from basal cells tends to be invasive, our study also provides an alternative explanation for the association between obesity and aggressive prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oh-Joon Kwon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, United States
| | - Boyu Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, United States
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, United States
| | - Li Xin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, United States; Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, United States; Department of Pathology and Immunology.
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55
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Strand DW, Aaron L, Henry G, Franco OE, Hayward SW. Isolation and analysis of discreet human prostate cellular populations. Differentiation 2016; 91:139-51. [PMID: 26546040 PMCID: PMC4854811 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The use of lineage tracing in transgenic mouse models has revealed an abundance of subcellular phenotypes responsible for maintaining prostate homeostasis. The ability to use fresh human tissues to examine the hypotheses generated by these mouse experiments has been greatly enhanced by technical advances in tissue processing, flow cytometry and cell culture. We describe in detail the optimization of protocols for each of these areas to facilitate research on solving human prostate diseases through the analysis of human tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas W Strand
- Department of Urology, UT Southwestern University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - LaTayia Aaron
- Department of Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Gervaise Henry
- Department of Urology, UT Southwestern University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Omar E Franco
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University Health System, Research Institute, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Simon W Hayward
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University Health System, Research Institute, Evanston, IL, USA.
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56
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Wei X, Orjalo AV, Xin L. CD133 does not enrich for the stem cell activity in vivo in adult mouse prostates. Stem Cell Res 2016; 16:597-606. [PMID: 27010655 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
CD133 is widely used as a marker for stem/progenitor cells in many organ systems. Previous studies using in vitro stem cell assays have suggested that the CD133-expressing prostate basal cells may serve as the putative prostate stem cells. However, the precise localization of the CD133-expressing cells and their contributions to adult murine prostate homeostasis in vivo remain undetermined. We show that loss of function of CD133 does not impair murine prostate morphogenesis, homeostasis and regeneration, implying a dispensable role for CD133 in prostate stem cell function. Using a CD133-CreER(T2) model in conjunction with a fluorescent report line, we show that CD133 is not only expressed in a fraction of prostate basal cells, but also in some luminal cells and stromal cells. CD133(+) basal cells possess higher in vitro sphere-forming activities than CD133(-) basal cells. However, the in vivo lineage tracing study reveals that the two cell populations possess the same regenerative capacity and contribute equally to the maintenance of the basal cell lineage. Similarly, CD133(+) and CD133(-) luminal cells are functionally equivalent in maintaining the luminal cell lineage. Collectively, our study demonstrates that CD133 does not enrich for the stem cell activity in vivo in adult murine prostate. This study does not contradict previous reports showing CD133(+) cells as prostate stem cells in vitro. Instead, it highlights a substantial impact of biological contexts on cellular behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wei
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, United States; Graduate Program in Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, United States
| | - Arturo V Orjalo
- Biological Technologies, Analytical Development & Quality Control, Genentech Inc., United States
| | - Li Xin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, United States; Department of Pathology and Immunology, United States; Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, United States.
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57
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Su Q, Xin L. Notch signaling in prostate cancer: refining a therapeutic opportunity. Histol Histopathol 2016; 31:149-57. [PMID: 26521657 PMCID: PMC4822406 DOI: 10.14670/hh-11-685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Notch is an evolutionarily conserved signaling pathway that plays a critical role in specifying cell fate and regulating tissue homeostasis and carcinogenesis. Studies using organ cultures and genetically engineered mouse models have demonstrated that Notch signaling regulates prostate development and homeostasis. However, the role of the Notch signaling pathway in prostate cancer remains inconclusive. Many published studies have documented consistent deregulation of major Notch signaling components in human prostate cancer cell lines, mouse models for prostate cancers, and human prostate cancer specimens at both the mRNA and the protein levels. However, functional studies in human cancer cells by modulation of Notch pathway elements suggest both tumor suppressive and oncogenic roles of Notch. These controversies may originate from our inadequate understanding of the regulation of Notch signaling under versatile genetic contexts, and reflect the multifaceted and pleiotropic roles of Notch in regulating different aspects of prostate cancer cell biology, such as proliferation, metastasis, and chemo-resistance. Future comprehensive studies using various mouse models for prostate cancer may help clarify the role of Notch signaling in prostate cancer and provide a solid basis for determining whether and how Notch should be employed as a therapeutic target for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingtai Su
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, and Graduate Program in Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Li Xin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Pathology and Immunology and Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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58
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Drost J, Karthaus WR, Gao D, Driehuis E, Sawyers CL, Chen Y, Clevers H. Organoid culture systems for prostate epithelial and cancer tissue. Nat Protoc 2016; 11:347-58. [PMID: 26797458 PMCID: PMC4793718 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2016.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This protocol describes a recently developed strategy to generate 3D prostate organoid cultures from healthy mouse and human prostate (either bulk or FAC-sorted single luminal and basal cells), metastatic prostate cancer lesions and circulating tumour cells. Organoids derived from healthy material contain the differentiated luminal and basal cell types, whereas organoids derived from prostate cancer tissue mimic the histology of the tumour. The stepwise establishment of these cultures and the fully defined serum-free conditioned medium that is required to sustain organoid growth are outlined. Organoids established using this protocol can be used to study many different aspects of prostate biology, including homeostasis, tumorigenesis and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarno Drost
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Center (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Cancer Genomics Netherlands, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter R Karthaus
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dong Gao
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Else Driehuis
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Center (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Cancer Genomics Netherlands, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Charles L Sawyers
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yu Chen
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College and New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Center (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Cancer Genomics Netherlands, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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59
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Rybak AP, Bristow RG, Kapoor A. Prostate cancer stem cells: deciphering the origins and pathways involved in prostate tumorigenesis and aggression. Oncotarget 2015; 6:1900-19. [PMID: 25595909 PMCID: PMC4385825 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cells of the prostate gland are dependent on cell signaling pathways to regulate their growth, maintenance and function. However, perturbations in key signaling pathways, resulting in neoplastic transformation of cells in the prostate epithelium, are likely to generate subtypes of prostate cancer which may subsequently require different treatment regimes. Accumulating evidence supports multiple sources of stem cells in the prostate epithelium with distinct cellular origins for prostate tumorigenesis documented in animal models, while human prostate cancer stem-like cells (PCSCs) are typically enriched by cell culture, surface marker expression and functional activity assays. As future therapies will require a deeper understanding of its cellular origins as well as the pathways that drive PCSC maintenance and tumorigenesis, we review the molecular and functional evidence supporting dysregulation of PI3K/AKT, RAS/MAPK and STAT3 signaling in PCSCs, the development of castration resistance, and as a novel treatment approach for individual men with prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian P Rybak
- McMaster Institute of Urology, Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, ON, Canada.,St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Robert G Bristow
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre (University Health Network), ON, Canada.,Departments of Radiation Oncology and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anil Kapoor
- McMaster Institute of Urology, Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, ON, Canada.,St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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60
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Zong Y, Goldstein AS, Witte ON. Tissue Recombination Models for the Study of Epithelial Cancer. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2015; 2015:pdb.top069880. [PMID: 26631129 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.top069880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Animal models of cancer provide fundamental insight into the cellular and molecular mechanisms of human cancer development. As an alternative to genetically engineered mouse models, increasing evidence shows that tissue recombination and transplantation models represent an efficient approach to faithfully recapitulate solid epithelial cancer in mice. Cancer can be rapidly initiated through lentiviral delivery of defined genetic alterations into target cells that are grown in a physiological milieu with an appropriate epithelial-stromal interaction. Through genetic manipulation of distinct subpopulations of epithelial cells and mesenchymal cells, this powerful system can readily test both cell-autonomous roles of genetic events in the epithelial compartment and the paracrine effects of the microenvironment. Here we review the recent advances in mouse models of several epithelial cancers achieved using orthotopic transplantation and tissue recombination strategies, with an emphasis on the dissociated cell in vivo prostate regeneration model to investigate prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zong
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Andrew S Goldstein
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095; Department of Urology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Owen N Witte
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
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61
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Shibata M, Shen MM. Stem cells in genetically-engineered mouse models of prostate cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2015; 22:T199-208. [PMID: 26341780 PMCID: PMC4618022 DOI: 10.1530/erc-15-0367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The cancer stem cell model proposes that tumors have a hierarchical organization in which tumorigenic cells give rise to non-tumorigenic cells, with only a subset of stem-like cells able to propagate the tumor. In the case of prostate cancer, recent analyses of genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models have provided evidence supporting the existence of cancer stem cells in vivo. These studies suggest that cancer stem cells capable of tumor propagation exist at various stages of tumor progression from prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) to advanced metastatic and castration-resistant disease. However, studies of stem cells in prostate cancer have been limited by available approaches for evaluating their functional properties in cell culture and transplantation assays. Given the role of the tumor microenvironment and the putative cancer stem cell niche, future studies using GEM models to analyze cancer stem cells in their native tissue microenvironment are likely to be highly informative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maho Shibata
- Departments of MedicineGenetics and Development, Urology, and Systems Biology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Michael M Shen
- Departments of MedicineGenetics and Development, Urology, and Systems Biology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
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62
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Strand DW, Goldstein AS. The many ways to make a luminal cell and a prostate cancer cell. Endocr Relat Cancer 2015; 22:T187-97. [PMID: 26307022 PMCID: PMC4893788 DOI: 10.1530/erc-15-0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Research in the area of stem/progenitor cells has led to the identification of multiple stem-like cell populations implicated in prostate homeostasis and cancer initiation. Given that there are multiple cells that can regenerate prostatic tissue and give rise to prostate cancer, our focus should shift to defining the signaling mechanisms that drive differentiation and progenitor self-renewal. In this article, we will review the literature, present the evidence and raise important unanswered questions that will help guide the field forward in dissecting critical mechanisms regulating stem-cell differentiation and tumor initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas W Strand
- Department of UrologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas, USADepartment of Molecular and Medical PharmacologyDepartment of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine, Broad Stem Cell Research Center, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Andrew S Goldstein
- Department of UrologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas, USADepartment of Molecular and Medical PharmacologyDepartment of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine, Broad Stem Cell Research Center, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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63
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Functional screen identifies kinases driving prostate cancer visceral and bone metastasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 113:E172-81. [PMID: 26621741 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1521674112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutationally activated kinases play an important role in the progression and metastasis of many cancers. Despite numerous oncogenic alterations implicated in metastatic prostate cancer, mutations of kinases are rare. Several lines of evidence suggest that nonmutated kinases and their pathways are involved in prostate cancer progression, but few kinases have been mechanistically linked to metastasis. Using a mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomics dataset in concert with gene expression analysis, we selected over 100 kinases potentially implicated in human metastatic prostate cancer for functional evaluation. A primary in vivo screen based on overexpression of candidate kinases in murine prostate cells identified 20 wild-type kinases that promote metastasis. We queried these 20 kinases in a secondary in vivo screen using human prostate cells. Strikingly, all three RAF family members, MERTK, and NTRK2 drove the formation of bone and visceral metastasis confirmed by positron-emission tomography combined with computed tomography imaging and histology. Immunohistochemistry of tissue microarrays indicated that these kinases are highly expressed in human metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer tissues. Our functional studies reveal the strong capability of select wild-type protein kinases to drive critical steps of the metastatic cascade, and implicate these kinases in possible therapeutic intervention.
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64
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Lee SH, Shen MM. Cell types of origin for prostate cancer. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2015; 37:35-41. [PMID: 26506127 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Analyses of cell types of origin for prostate cancer should result in new insights into mechanisms of tumor initiation, and may lead to improved prognosis and selection of appropriate therapies. Here, we review studies using a range of methodologies to investigate the cell of origin for mouse and human prostate cancer. Notably, analyses using tissue recombination assays support basal epithelial cells as a cell of origin, whereas in vivo lineage-tracing studies in genetically-engineered mice implicate luminal cells. We describe how these results can be potentially reconciled by a conceptual distinction between cells of origin and cells of mutation, and outline how new experimental approaches can address the potential relationship between cell types of origin and disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk Hyung Lee
- Department of Medicine, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Genetics & Development, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Urology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Michael M Shen
- Department of Medicine, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Genetics & Development, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Urology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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65
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Kwon OJ, Zhang L, Xin L. Stem Cell Antigen-1 Identifies a Distinct Androgen-Independent Murine Prostatic Luminal Cell Lineage with Bipotent Potential. Stem Cells 2015; 34:191-202. [PMID: 26418304 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent lineage tracing studies support the existence of prostate luminal progenitors that possess extensive regenerative capacity, but their identity remains unknown. We show that Sca-1 (stem cell antigen-1) identifies a small population of murine prostate luminal cells that reside in the proximal prostatic ducts adjacent to the urethra. Sca-1(+) luminal cells do not express Nkx3.1. They do not carry the secretory function, although they express the androgen receptor. These cells are enriched in the prostates of castrated mice. In the in vitro prostate organoid assay, a small fraction of the Sca-1(+) luminal cells are capable of generating budding organoids that are morphologically distinct from those derived from other cell lineages. Histologically, this type of organoid is composed of multiple inner layers of luminal cells surrounded by multiple outer layers of basal cells. When passaged, these organoids retain their morphological and histological features. Finally, the Sca-1(+) luminal cells are capable of forming small prostate glands containing both basal and luminal cells in an in vivo prostate regeneration assay. Collectively, our study establishes the androgen-independent and bipotent organoid-forming Sca-1(+) luminal cells as a functionally distinct cellular entity. These cells may represent a putative luminal progenitor population and serve as a cellular origin for castration resistant prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oh-Joon Kwon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Li Xin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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66
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Huang Y, Jin C, Hamana T, Liu J, Wang C, An L, McKeehan WL, Wang F. Overexpression of FGF9 in prostate epithelial cells augments reactive stroma formation and promotes prostate cancer progression. Int J Biol Sci 2015; 11:948-60. [PMID: 26157349 PMCID: PMC4495412 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.12468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone metastasis is the major cause of morbidity and mortality of prostate cancer (PCa). Fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9) has been reported to promote PCa bone metastasis. However, the mechanism by which overexpression of FGF9 promotes PCa progression and metastasis is still unknown. Herein, we report that transgenic mice forced to express FGF9 in prostate epithelial cells (F9TG) developed high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) in an expression level- and time-dependent manner. Moreover, FGF9/TRAMP bigenic mice (F9TRAMP) grew advanced PCa earlier and had higher frequencies of metastasis than TRAMP littermates. We observed tumor microenvironmental changes including hypercellularity and hyperproliferation in the stromal compartment of F9TG and F9TRAMP mice. Expression of TGFβ1, a key signaling molecule overexpressed in reactive stroma, was increased in F9TG and F9TRAMP prostates. Both in vivo and in vitro data indicated that FGF9 promoted TGFβ1 expression via increasing cJun-mediated signaling. Moreover, in silico analyses showed that the expression level of FGF9 was positively associated with expression of TGFβ1 and its downstream signaling molecules in human prostate cancers. Collectively, our data demonstrated that overexpressing FGF9 in PCa cells augmented the formation of reactive stroma and promoted PCa initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Huang
- 1. Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chengliu Jin
- 1. Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tomoaki Hamana
- 1. Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Junchen Liu
- 1. Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cong Wang
- 2. Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lei An
- 1. Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wallace L McKeehan
- 1. Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fen Wang
- 1. Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA ; 2. Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China ; 3. Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M, Health Science Center, College Station, TX, USA
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67
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Lee SH, Luong R, Johnson DT, Cunha GR, Rivina L, Gonzalgo ML, Sun Z. Androgen signaling is a confounding factor for β-catenin-mediated prostate tumorigenesis. Oncogene 2015; 35:702-14. [PMID: 25893287 PMCID: PMC4615253 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence has demonstrated the critical roles for both androgen and Wnt pathways in prostate tumorigenesis. A recent integrative genomic analysis of human prostate cancers has revealed a unique enrichment of androgen and Wnt signaling in early onset prostate cancers, implying their clinical significance in the disease. Additionally, interaction between the androgen receptor (AR) and β-catenin has long been detected in prostate cancer cells. However, the consequence of this interaction in prostate tumorigenesis is still unknown. Because mutations in adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), β-catenin, and other components of the destruction-complex are generally rare in prostate cancers, other mechanisms of aberrant Wnt signaling activation have been speculated. To address these critical questions, we developed Ctnnb1L(ex3)/+/R26hARL/+:PB-Cre4 mice, in which transgenic AR and stabilized β-catenin are co-expressed in prostatic epithelial cells. We observed accelerated tumor development, aggressive tumor invasion, and a decreased survival rate in Ctnnb1L(ex3)/+/R26hARL/+:PB-Cre4 compound mice compared to age-matched Ctnnb1L(ex3)/+:PB-Cre4 littermate controls, which only have stabilized β-catenin expression in the prostate. Castration of the above transgenic mice resulted in significant tumor regression, implying an essential role of androgen signaling in tumor growth and maintenance. Implantation of the prostatic epithelial cells isolated from the transgenic mice regenerated PIN and prostatic adenocarcinoma lesions. Microarray analyses of transcriptional profiles showed more robust enrichment of known tumor and metastasis promoting genes: Spp1, Egr1, c-Myc, Sp5, and Sp6 genes in samples isolated from Ctnnb1L(ex3)/+/R26hARL/+:PB-Cre4 compound mice than those from Ctnnb1L(ex3)/+:PB-Cre4 and R26hARL/+:PB-Cre4 littermate controls. Together, these data demonstrate a confounding role of androgen signaling in β-catenin initiated oncogenic transformation in prostate tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Lee
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - R Luong
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - D T Johnson
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - G R Cunha
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - L Rivina
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - M L Gonzalgo
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Z Sun
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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68
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Defined conditions for the isolation and expansion of basal prostate progenitor cells of mouse and human origin. Stem Cell Reports 2015; 4:503-18. [PMID: 25702639 PMCID: PMC4375832 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Methods to isolate and culture primary prostate epithelial stem/progenitor cells (PESCs) have proven difficult and ineffective. Here, we present a method to grow and expand both murine and human basal PESCs long term in serum- and feeder-free conditions. The method enriches for adherent mouse basal PESCs with a Lin−SCA-1+CD49f+TROP2high phenotype. Progesterone and sodium selenite are additionally required for the growth of human Lin−CD49f+TROP2high PESCs. The gene-expression profiles of expanded basal PESCs show similarities to ESCs, and NF-kB function is critical for epithelial differentiation of sphere-cultured PESCs. When transplanted in combination with urogenital sinus mesenchyme, expanded mouse and human PESCs generate ectopic prostatic tubules, demonstrating their stem cell activity in vivo. This novel method will facilitate the molecular, genomic, and functional characterization of normal and pathologic prostate glands of mouse and human origin. Basal prostate epithelial stem/progenitor cells (PESCs) are expanded in vitro Expanded PESCs can differentiate into glandular structures in vitro and in vivo A surface-marker screen identifies marker candidates for prostate basal stem cells Gene-expression analysis shows a role of NF-kB signaling in PESC differentiation
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69
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Kwon OJ, Xin L. Prostate epithelial stem and progenitor cells. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL UROLOGY 2014; 2:209-218. [PMID: 25374923 PMCID: PMC4219311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The classic androgen ablation and replacement experiment demonstrates that prostate epithelia possess extensive regenerative capacities and implies the existence of the prostate stem/progenitor cells. These cells may serve as the cells of origin for prostate cancer and their intrinsic property may dictate the clinical behaviors of the resulting diseases. Therefore, detailed characterization of these cells will potentially benefit disease prevention, diagnosis and prognosis. In this review, we describe several major in vitro and in vivo approaches that have been employed in the studies of the prostate stem cell activities, summarize the major progress that has been made during the last two decades regarding the identity of prostate stem/progenitor cells and their niches, and discuss some remaining outstanding questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oh-Joon Kwon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of MedicineUSA
| | - Li Xin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of MedicineUSA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of MedicineUSA
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of MedicineUSA
- Baylor College of MedicineOne Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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70
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Luo W, Rodriguez M, Valdez JM, Zhu X, Tan K, Li D, Siwko S, Xin L, Liu M. Lgr4 is a key regulator of prostate development and prostate stem cell differentiation. Stem Cells 2014; 31:2492-505. [PMID: 23897697 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms modulating prostate cell fate determination remain unexplored. The leucine-rich repeat containing G-protein-coupled receptors (Lgr) have been identified as important stem cell markers in various tissues. Here, we investigated the roles of Lgr4/Gpr48 in prostate stem cells (PSCs) and development. Lgr4 was ubiquitously expressed during early prostate development prior to lineage specification, with adult expression restricted to a few basal cells (principally Lin(-)Sca1(+)CD49f(+)). Lgr4(-/-) mice had compromised branching morphogenesis and delayed epithelial differentiation, leading to decreased prostate size and impaired luminal cell function. In vitro prostate sphere culture revealed that Lgr4(-/-) Lin(-)/Sca1(+)/CD49f(+) cells failed to generate p63(low) cells, indicating a differentiation deficiency. Furthermore, Lgr4 ablation arrested PSC differentiation of in vivo kidney capsule prostate grafts, suggesting that Lgr4 modulates PSC properties independent of hormonal and mesenchymal effects. Analysis of neonatal prostates and prostate spheres revealed a decrease in Wnt, Sonic Hedgehog, and Notch1 expression in Lgr4(-/-) cells. Lgr4 loss blocked differentiation of prostate sphere p63(hi) cells to p63(low). Treatment with exogenous Sonic Hedgehog partially restored the differentiation of p63(hi) cells in Lgr4(-/-) spheres. Taken together, our data revealed the roles of Lgr4 in early prostate development and in stem cell differentiation through regulation of the Wnt, Notch, and Sonic Hedgehog signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijia Luo
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, TexasA&M University Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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71
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Lee DK, Liu Y, Liao L, Wang F, Xu J. The prostate basal cell (BC) heterogeneity and the p63-positive BC differentiation spectrum in mice. Int J Biol Sci 2014; 10:1007-17. [PMID: 25210499 PMCID: PMC4159692 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.9997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The prostate epithelium is composed of basal (BC), luminal (LEC), and neuroendocrine (NEC) cells. It is unclear how many subtypes of BCs in the prostate and which subtype of BCs contains the main stem cell niche in the adult prostate. Here we report seven BC subpopulations according to their p63, cytokeratin 14 (K14) and K5 expression patterns, including p63-positive/K14-negative/K5-negative (p63+/K14-/K5-), p63-/K14+/K5-, p63-/K14-/K5+, p63+/K14+/K5-, p63+/K14-/K5+, p63-/K14+/K5+, and p63+/K14+/K5+ BCs. We generated a p63-CreERT2 knock-in mouse line that expresses tamoxifen-inducible Cre activity in the p63-expressing cells, including the prostate BCs. We then crossbred this line with ROSA26R mice, and generated p63-CreERT2×ROSA26R bi-genic mice harboring the Cre-activated β-galactosidase reporter gene. We treated these bi-genic mice with tamoxifen to mark the p63+ BCs at different ages or under different hormonal conditions, and then traced the lineage differentiation of these genetically labeled BCs. We discovered that these p63+ BCs contain self-renewable stem cells in culture and efficiently differentiated into LECs, NECs and BCs in the postnatal, adult and re-generating mouse prostates. Therefore, BC population contains heterogeneous BCs that express different combinations of the p63, K14 and K5 differentiation markers. Because K14+ and K5+ BCs were previously shown to be extremely inefficient to produce LECs in adulthood, we propose that the p63+/K5-/K14- subpopulation of BCs contains most stem-like cells, especially in adult animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Kee Lee
- 1. Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yonghong Liu
- 1. Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Houston, Texas, USA; ; 2. Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lan Liao
- 1. Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Fen Wang
- 2. Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jianming Xu
- 1. Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Houston, Texas, USA; ; 3. Institute for Cancer Medicine, Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
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72
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Karthaus WR, Iaquinta PJ, Drost J, Gracanin A, van Boxtel R, Wongvipat J, Dowling CM, Gao D, Begthel H, Sachs N, Vries RGJ, Cuppen E, Chen Y, Sawyers CL, Clevers HC. Identification of multipotent luminal progenitor cells in human prostate organoid cultures. Cell 2014; 159:163-175. [PMID: 25201529 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 506] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The prostate gland consists of basal and luminal cells arranged as pseudostratified epithelium. In tissue recombination models, only basal cells reconstitute a complete prostate gland, yet murine lineage-tracing experiments show that luminal cells generate basal cells. It has remained challenging to address the molecular details of these transitions and whether they apply to humans, due to the lack of culture conditions that recapitulate prostate gland architecture. Here, we describe a 3D culture system that supports long-term expansion of primary mouse and human prostate organoids, composed of fully differentiated CK5+ basal and CK8+ luminal cells. Organoids are genetically stable, reconstitute prostate glands in recombination assays, and can be experimentally manipulated. Single human luminal and basal cells give rise to organoids, yet luminal-cell-derived organoids more closely resemble prostate glands. These data support a luminal multilineage progenitor cell model for prostate tissue and establish a robust, scalable system for mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter R Karthaus
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Phillip J Iaquinta
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jarno Drost
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ana Gracanin
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ruben van Boxtel
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - John Wongvipat
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Catherine M Dowling
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Dong Gao
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Harry Begthel
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Norman Sachs
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Robert G J Vries
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Edwin Cuppen
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Yu Chen
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Charles L Sawyers
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Hans C Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT, Utrecht, Netherlands.
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73
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Li W, Ye B, Cai XY, Lin JH, Gao WQ. Differentiation of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells into prostate-like epithelial cells in vivo. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102657. [PMID: 25054276 PMCID: PMC4108360 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Although human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) have been identified as a new source of MSCs for potential application in regenerative medicine, their full potential of differentiation has not been determined. In particular, whether they have the capability to differentiate into epithelial cells of endodermal origin such as the prostate epithelial cells is unknown. Here we report that when hUC-MSCs were combined with rat urogenital sinus stromal cells (rUGSSs) and transplanted into the renal capsule in vivo, they could differentiate into prostate epithelial-like cells that could be verified by prostate epithelial cell-specific markers including the prostate specific antigen. The prostatic glandular structures formed in vivo displayed similar cellular architecture with lumens and branching features as seen for a normal prostate. In addition, the human origin of the hUC-MSCs was confirmed by immunocytochemistry for human nuclear antigen. These findings together indicate that hUC-MSCs have the capability to differentiate into epithelial-like cells that are normally derived from the endoderm, implicating their potential applications in tissue repair and regeneration of many endoderm-derived internal organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Ye
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Hua Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Qiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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74
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Kwon OJ, Valdez J, Zhang L, Zhang B, Wei X, Su Q, Ittmann MM, Creighton CJ, Xin L. Increased Notch signalling inhibits anoikis and stimulates proliferation of prostate luminal epithelial cells. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4416. [PMID: 25048699 PMCID: PMC4167399 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The prostate epithelial lineage hierarchy remains inadequately defined. Recent lineage-tracing studies have implied the existence of prostate luminal epithelial progenitors with extensive regenerative capacity. However, this capacity has not been demonstrated in prostate stem cell activity assays, probably owing to the strong susceptibility of luminal progenitors to anoikis. Here we show that constitutive expression of Notch1 intracellular domain impairs secretory function of mouse prostate luminal cells, suppresses anoikis of luminal epithelial cells by augmenting NF-κB activity independent of Hes1, stimulates luminal cell proliferation by potentiating PI3K-AKT signalling, and rescues the capacities of the putative prostate luminal progenitors for unipotent differentiation in vivo and short-term self-renewal in vitro. Epithelial cell autonomous AR signalling is dispensable for the Notch-mediated effects. As Notch activity is increased in prostate cancers, and anoikis resistance is a hallmark for metastatic cancer cells, this study suggests a pro-metastatic function of Notch signalling during prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oh-Joon Kwon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine
| | - Joseph Valdez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine
| | - Boyu Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine
| | - Xing Wei
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine
| | - Qingtai Su
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine
| | - Michael M Ittmann
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center
| | | | - Li Xin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine
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75
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Hammer KDP, Alsop JD, Buresh-Stiemke RA, Frantskevich K, Malinowski RL, Roethe LS, Powers GL, Marker PC. A novel method for somatic transgenesis of the mouse prostate using the Sleeping Beauty transposon system. Prostate 2014; 74:781-91. [PMID: 24647932 PMCID: PMC4089518 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vivo ectopic gene expression is a common approach for prostate research through the use of transgenes in germline transgenic mice. For some other organs, somatic transgenesis with the Sleeping Beauty transposon system has allowed in vivo ectopic gene expression with higher throughput and lower cost than germline transgenic approaches. METHODS Mouse e16 urogenital sinuses (UGSs) were co-injected with plasmids expressing the Sleeping Beauty transposase and plasmids with control or activated BRAF expressing transposons. Following electroporation, the transduced UGSs were grown as allografts in mouse hosts for 8 weeks, and the resulting allografts were evaluated for several endpoints. RESULTS Transposon-transduced UGS allografts developed into prostatic tissue with normal tissue structure and cellular differentiation. Integration of transposon vectors into the genomes of transduced allografts was confirmed using linker-mediated PCR, sequencing, and in situ PCR. Transduction of UGS allografts with transposons expressing activated BRAF resulted in ectopic BRAF expression that was detectable at both the mRNA and protein levels. Prostatic ducts over-expressing activated BRAF also had ectopic activation of the ERK1/2 mitogen activated kinases and increased epithelial cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS The Sleeping Beauty transposon system can be used to achieve somatic transgenesis of prostatic allografts. This new method for achieving ectopic gene expression in the prostate will complement other existing approaches such as ectopic gene expression in cell lines and in germline transgenic mice. Advantages of this new approach include preservation of stromal-epithelial interactions not possible with cell lines, and higher throughput and lower cost than traditional germline transgenic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly D P Hammer
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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76
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Prostatic inflammation enhances basal-to-luminal differentiation and accelerates initiation of prostate cancer with a basal cell origin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 111:E592-600. [PMID: 24367088 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1318157111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation has been shown to promote the initiation and progression of diverse malignancies by inducing genetic and epigenetic alterations. In this study, we investigate an alternative mechanism through which inflammation promotes the initiation of prostate cancer. Adult murine prostate epithelia are composed predominantly of basal and luminal cells. Previous studies revealed that the two lineages are largely self-sustained when residing in their native microenvironment. To interrogate whether tissue inflammation alters the differentiation program of basal cells, we conducted lineage tracing of basal cells using a K14-CreER;mTmG model in concert with a murine model of prostatitis induced by infection from the uropathogenic bacteria CP9. We show that acute prostatitis causes tissue damage and creates a tissue microenvironment that induces the differentiation of basal cells into luminal cells, an alteration that rarely occurs under normal physiological conditions. Previously we showed that a mouse model with prostate basal cell-specific deletion of Phosphatase and tensin homolog (K14-CreER;Pten(fl/fl)) develops prostate cancer with a long latency, because disease initiation in this model requires and is limited by the differentiation of transformation-resistant basal cells into transformation-competent luminal cells. Here, we show that CP9-induced prostatitis significantly accelerates the initiation of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia in this model. Our results demonstrate that inflammation results in a tissue microenvironment that alters the normal prostate epithelial cell differentiation program and that through this cellular process inflammation accelerates the initiation of prostate cancer with a basal cell origin.
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Saffarini CM, McDonnell EV, Amin A, Spade DJ, Huse SM, Kostadinov S, Hall SJ, Boekelheide K. Maturation of the developing human fetal prostate in a rodent xenograft model. Prostate 2013; 73:1761-75. [PMID: 24038131 PMCID: PMC4306740 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed nonskin cancer in men. The etiology of prostate cancer is unknown, although both animal and epidemiologic data suggest that early life exposures to various toxicants, may impact DNA methylation status during development, playing an important role. METHODS We have developed a xenograft model to characterize the growth and differentiation of human fetal prostate implants (gestational age 12-24 weeks) that can provide new data on the potential role of early life stressors on prostate cancer. The expression of key immunohistochemical markers responsible for prostate maturation was evaluated, including p63, cytokeratin 18, α-smooth muscle actin, vimentin, caldesmon, Ki-67, prostate-specific antigen, estrogen receptor-α, and androgen receptor. Xenografts were separated into epithelial and stromal compartments using laser capture microdissection (LCM), and the DNA methylation status was assessed in >480,000 CpG sites throughout the genome. RESULTS Xenografts demonstrated growth and maturation throughout the 200 days of post-implantation evaluation. DNA methylation profiles of laser capture microdissected tissue demonstrated tissue-specific markers clustered by their location in either the epithelium or stroma of human prostate tissue. Differential methylated promoter region CpG-associated gene analysis revealed significantly more stromal than epithelial DNA methylation in the 30- and 90-day xenografts. Functional classification analysis identified CpG-related gene clusters in methylated epithelial and stromal human xenografts. CONCLUSION This study of human fetal prostate tissue establishes a xenograft model that demonstrates dynamic growth and maturation, allowing for future mechanistic studies of the developmental origins of later life proliferative prostate disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camelia M. Saffarini
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA 02912
| | - Elizabeth V. McDonnell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA 02912
| | - Ali Amin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA 02912
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA 02903
| | - Daniel J. Spade
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA 02912
| | - Susan M. Huse
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA 02912
| | - Stefan Kostadinov
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA 02912
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Women and Infants Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA 02903
| | - Susan J. Hall
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA 02912
| | - Kim Boekelheide
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA 02912
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78
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Frank SB, Miranti CK. Disruption of prostate epithelial differentiation pathways and prostate cancer development. Front Oncol 2013; 3:273. [PMID: 24199173 PMCID: PMC3813973 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the foremost problems in the prostate cancer (PCa) field is the inability to distinguish aggressive from indolent disease, which leads to difficult prognoses and thousands of unnecessary surgeries. This limitation stems from the fact that the mechanisms of tumorigenesis in the prostate are poorly understood. Some genetic alterations are commonly reported in prostate tumors, including upregulation of Myc, fusion of Ets genes to androgen-regulated promoters, and loss of Pten. However, the specific roles of these aberrations in tumor initiation and progression are poorly understood. Likewise, the cell of origin for PCa remains controversial and may be linked to the aggressive potential of the tumor. One important clue is that prostate tumors co-express basal and luminal protein markers that are restricted to their distinct cell types in normal tissue. Prostate epithelium contains layer-specific stem cells as well as rare bipotent cells, which can differentiate into basal or luminal cells. We hypothesize that the primary oncogenic cell of origin is a transient-differentiating bipotent cell. Such a cell must maintain tight temporal and spatial control of differentiation pathways, thus increasing its susceptibility for oncogenic disruption. In support of this hypothesis, many of the pathways known to be involved in prostate differentiation can be linked to genes commonly altered in PCa. In this article, we review what is known about important differentiation pathways (Myc, p38MAPK, Notch, PI3K/Pten) in the prostate and how their misregulation could lead to oncogenesis. Better understanding of normal differentiation will offer new insights into tumor initiation and may help explain the functional significance of common genetic alterations seen in PCa. Additionally, this understanding could lead to new methods for classifying prostate tumors based on their differentiation status and may aid in identifying more aggressive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander B Frank
- Laboratory of Integrin Signaling and Tumorigenesis, Van Andel Research Institute , Grand Rapids, MI , USA ; Genetics Graduate Program, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI , USA
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79
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Goldstein AS, Witte ON. Does the microenvironment influence the cell types of origin for prostate cancer? Genes Dev 2013; 27:1539-44. [PMID: 23873937 DOI: 10.1101/gad.222380.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite several recent studies addressing the cells of origin for prostate cancer, there is still considerable discussion in the field regarding the most relevant target populations for transformation. Tissue regeneration studies have pointed to a basal cell origin for mouse and human prostate cancer. In contrast, genetically engineered mouse models demonstrate that cells within both the basal and luminal layers can initiate murine prostate cancer. Based on differences between these two approaches, we propose that further work should address the requirement for microenvironmental components such as immune or mesenchymal cells on epithelial cell types of origin for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Goldstein
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California at LosAngeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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80
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Nicholson TM, Uchtmann KS, Valdez CD, Theberge AB, Miralem T, Ricke WA. Renal capsule xenografting and subcutaneous pellet implantation for the evaluation of prostate carcinogenesis and benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Vis Exp 2013. [PMID: 24022657 DOI: 10.3791/50574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
New therapies for two common prostate diseases, prostate cancer (PrCa) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), depend critically on experiments evaluating their hormonal regulation. Sex steroid hormones (notably androgens and estrogens) are important in PrCa and BPH; we probe their respective roles in inducing prostate growth and carcinogenesis in mice with experiments using compressed hormone pellets. Hormone and/or drug pellets are easily manufactured with a pellet press, and surgically implanted into the subcutaneous tissue of the male mouse host. We also describe a protocol for the evaluation of hormonal carcinogenesis by combining subcutaneous hormone pellet implantation with xenografting of prostate cell recombinants under the renal capsule of immunocompromised mice. Moreover, subcutaneous hormone pellet implantation, in combination with renal capsule xenografting of BPH tissue, is useful to better understand hormonal regulation of benign prostate growth, and to test new therapies targeting sex steroid hormone pathways.
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81
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Abstract
Mouse models of prostate cancer (PCa) are critical for understanding the biology of PCa initiation, progression, and treatment modalities. Here, we summarize recent advances in PCa mouse models that led to new insights into specific gene functions in PCa. For example, the study of transgenic mice with TMPRSS2/ERG, an androgen-regulated fusion protein, revealed its role in developing PCa precursor lesions, prostate intraepithelial neoplasia; however, it is not sufficient for PCa development. Double deficiency of Pten and Smad4 leads to a high incidence of metastatic PCa. Targeted deletion of Pten in castration-resistant Nkx3-1-expressing cells results in rapid carcinoma formation after androgen-mediated regeneration, indicating that progenitor cells with luminal characteristics can play a role in initiation of PCa. Transgenic mice with activated oncogenes, growth factors, and steroid hormone receptors or inactivated tumor suppressors continue to provide insights into disease progression from initiation to metastasis. Further development of new PCa models with spatial and temporal regulation of candidate gene expression will probably enhance our understanding of the complex events that lead to PCa initiation and progression, thereby invoking novel strategies to combat this common disease in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Wu
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | | | - Pradip Roy-Burman
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Peng Lee
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
- NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
- New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY
| | - Zoran Culig
- Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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82
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Zhang B, Chen H, Zhang L, Dakhova O, Zhang Y, Lewis MT, Creighton CJ, Ittmann MM, Xin L. A dosage-dependent pleiotropic role of Dicer in prostate cancer growth and metastasis. Oncogene 2013; 33:3099-108. [PMID: 23851498 PMCID: PMC3916938 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dicer is as an RNase III enzyme essential for the maturation of the majority of microRNAs. Recent studies have revealed down-regulation or hemizygous loss of Dicer in many tumor models and demonstrated that suppressing Dicer activity enhances tumorigenic activities of lung and breast cancer cells, which support Dicer as a haploinsufficient tumor suppressor in these cancer models. Surprisingly, we found that knocking down Dicer expression suppresses the growth and tumorigenic capacity of human prostate cancer cell lines, but enhances migratory capacities of some prostate cancer cell lines. Dicer is up-regulated in human prostate cancer specimens, but lower Dicer expression portends a shorter time to recurrence. Complete ablation of Dicer activity in a Pten null mouse model for prostate cancer significantly halts tumor growth and progression, demonstrating that microRNAs play a critical role in maintaining cancer cell fitness. In comparison, hemizygous loss of Dicer in the same model also reduces primary tumor burden, but induces a more locally invasive phenotype and causes seminal vesicle obstruction at high penetrance. Disrupting Dicer activity leads to an increase in apoptosis and senescence in these models, presumably through up-regulation of P16/INK4a and P27/Kip1. Collectively, these results highlight a pleotropic role of Dicer in tumorigenesis that is not only dosage-dependent but also tissue context-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - H Chen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - L Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - O Dakhova
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Y Zhang
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - M T Lewis
- 1] Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA [2] Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - M M Ittmann
- 1] Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA [2] Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - L Xin
- 1] Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA [2] Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA [3] Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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83
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The molecular basis for ethnic variation and histological subtype differences in prostate cancer. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2013; 56:780-7. [PMID: 23852643 PMCID: PMC4078990 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-013-4522-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a common malignancy among men in Western countries. Recently the morbidity and mortality of prostate cancer increase dramatically in several oriental countries including China. Rapidly evolving technology in molecular biology such as high-throughput sequencing and integrative analysis of genomic and transcriptomic landscapes have enabled the identification of key oncogenic events for prostate cancer initiation, progression and resistance to hormonal therapy. These surging data of prostate cancer genome also provide insights on ethnic variation and the differences in histological subtype of this disease. In this review, differences in the incidence of prostate cancer and the prevalence of main genetic alterations between Asian and Western populations are discussed. We also review the recent findings on the mechanisms underlying neuroendocrine differentiation of prostate cancer and the development of small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma after androgen deprivation therapy.
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84
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Prostate stem cells in the development of benign prostate hyperplasia and prostate cancer: emerging role and concepts. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:107954. [PMID: 23936768 PMCID: PMC3722776 DOI: 10.1155/2013/107954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Benign Prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (PCa) are the most common prostatic disorders affecting elderly men. Multiple factors including hormonal imbalance, disruption of cell proliferation, apoptosis, chronic inflammation, and aging are thought to be responsible for the pathophysiology of these diseases. Both BPH and PCa are considered to be arisen from aberrant proliferation of prostate stem cells. Recent studies on BPH and PCa have provided significant evidence for the origin of these diseases from stem cells that share characteristics with normal prostate stem cells. Aberrant changes in prostate stem cell regulatory factors may contribute to the development of BPH or PCa. Understanding these regulatory factors may provide insight into the mechanisms that convert quiescent adult prostate cells into proliferating compartments and lead to BPH or carcinoma. Ultimately, the knowledge of the unique prostate stem or stem-like cells in the pathogenesis and development of hyperplasia will facilitate the development of new therapeutic targets for BPH and PCa. In this review, we address recent progress towards understanding the putative role and complexities of stem cells in the development of BPH and PCa.
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85
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Valdez JM, Zhang L, Su Q, Dakhova O, Zhang Y, Shahi P, Spencer DM, Creighton CJ, Ittmann MM, Xin L. Notch and TGFβ form a reciprocal positive regulatory loop that suppresses murine prostate basal stem/progenitor cell activity. Cell Stem Cell 2013; 11:676-88. [PMID: 23122291 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The role of Notch signaling in the maintenance of adult murine prostate epithelial homeostasis remains unclear. We found that Notch ligands are mainly expressed within the basal cell lineage, while active Notch signaling is detected in both the prostate basal and luminal cell lineages. Disrupting the canonical Notch effector Rbp-j impairs the differentiation of prostate basal stem cells and increases their proliferation in vitro and in vivo, but does not affect luminal cell biology. Conversely, ectopic Notch activation in adult prostates results in a decrease in basal cell number and luminal cell hyperproliferation. TGFβ dominates over Notch signaling and overrides Notch ablation-induced proliferation of prostate basal cells. However, Notch confers sensitivity and positive feedback by upregulating a plethora of TGFβ signaling components including TgfβR1. These findings reveal crucial roles of the self-enforced positive reciprocal regulatory loop between TGFβ and Notch in maintaining prostate basal stem cell dormancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Valdez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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86
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Cai Y, Kregel S, Vander Griend DJ. Formation of human prostate epithelium using tissue recombination of rodent urogenital sinus mesenchyme and human stem cells. J Vis Exp 2013. [PMID: 23852031 DOI: 10.3791/50327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Progress in prostate cancer research is severely limited by the availability of human-derived and hormone-naïve model systems, which limit our ability to understand genetic and molecular events underlying prostate disease initiation. Toward developing better model systems for studying human prostate carcinogenesis, we and others have taken advantage of the unique pro-prostatic inductive potential of embryonic rodent prostate stroma, termed urogenital sinus mesenchyme (UGSM). When recombined with certain pluripotent cell populations such as embryonic stem cells, UGSM induces the formation of normal human prostate epithelia in a testosterone-dependent manner. Such a human model system can be used to investigate and experimentally test the ability of candidate prostate cancer susceptibility genes at an accelerated pace compared to typical rodent transgenic studies. Since Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) can be genetically modified in culture using inducible gene expression or siRNA knock-down vectors prior to tissue recombination, such a model facilitates testing the functional consequences of genes, or combinations of genes, which are thought to promote or prevent carcinogenesis. The technique of isolating pure populations of UGSM cells, however, is challenging and learning often requires someone with previous expertise to personally teach. Moreover, inoculation of cell mixtures under the renal capsule of an immunocompromised host can be technically challenging. Here we outline and illustrate proper isolation of UGSM from rodent embryos and renal capsule implantation of tissue mixtures to form human prostate epithelium. Such an approach, at its current stage, requires in vivo xenografting of embryonic stem cells; future applications could potentially include in vitro gland formation or the use of induced pluripotent stem cell populations (iPSCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cai
- Department of Surgery, Section of Urology, University of Chicago, USA
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87
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Abstract
Background Nowadays, we believe that cancer is a genetic disease. We focus on the genetic targets and epigenetic changes in a tumor. Remarkably, many crucial signal pathways in a malignant cell involve “stem-ness” genes. The prevalence of stem-ness in cancer suggests that cancer has a stem-cell origin and is a stem-cell disease. Presentation of the hypothesis The observation that many innate stem-ness properties are easily interchangeable with malignant hallmarks needs to be further elucidated. There appears to be a malignant potential in every stem cell and a stem cell potential in every malignant cell. I hypothesize that cancer is a stem-cell disease rather than a genetic disease. Testing the hypothesis We will use homeobox genes to endow a certain progenitor cell with specific stem-ness properties and confer different stem-cell phenotypes to the particular cell type in a hierarchical manner. We will demonstrate that an earlier homeobox gene plus a genetic defect (such as Pten loss) tend to form a more virulent tumor, while a later homeobox gene plus the same genetic defect tend to express a more indolent phenotype. Importantly, we will show that in clinically relevant cancer subtypes, those with worse clinical outcomes may paradoxically harbor fewer genetic mutations than those with better outcomes do. Implications of the hypothesis The recognition that cancer is a stem-cell disease will instigate major paradigm shifts in our basic understanding of cancer. Many fundamental principles of oncology, such as multistep carcinogenesis, need to be reconciled. The realization that cancer is a stem-cell disease will also have profound clinical implications on personalized care. Many aspects of our current clinical trials need to be reevaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Ming Tu
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, Unit 1374, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Pressler Street, Houston, TX 77030-3721, USA.
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88
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Huang Z, Hurley PJ, Simons BW, Marchionni L, Berman DM, Ross AE, Schaeffer EM. Sox9 is required for prostate development and prostate cancer initiation. Oncotarget 2013; 3:651-63. [PMID: 22761195 PMCID: PMC3442290 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignancies and the second leading cause of death from cancer in men. The molecular mechanisms driving prostate carcinogenesis are complex; with several lines of evidence suggesting that the re-expression of conserved developmental programs plays a key role. In this study, we used conditional gene targeting and organ grafting, to describe conserved roles for the transcription factor Sox9 in the initiation of both prostate organogenesis and prostate carcinogenesis in murine models. Abrogation of Sox9 expression prior to the initiation of androgen signaling blocks the initiation of prostate development. Similarly, Sox9 deletion in two genetic models of prostate cancer (TRAMP and Hi-Myc) prevented cancer initiation. Expression profiling of Sox9-null prostate epithelial cells revealed that the role of Sox9 in the initiation of prostate development may relate to its regulation of multiple cytokeratins and cell adherence/polarity. Due to its essential role in cancer initiation, manipulation of Sox9 targets in at-risk men may prove useful in the chemoprevention of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Huang
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
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89
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King SM, Quartuccio SM, Vanderhyden BC, Burdette JE. Early transformative changes in normal ovarian surface epithelium induced by oxidative stress require Akt upregulation, DNA damage and epithelial-stromal interaction. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:1125-33. [PMID: 23299406 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the deadliest gynecological malignancy due to detection of cancer at a late stage when the disease has metastasized. One likely progenitor cell type of ovarian cancer is the ovarian surface epithelium (OSE), which proliferates rapidly in the presence of inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress following ovulation. To determine whether oxidative stress induces DNA damage leading to spontaneous transformative changes in normal OSE, an immortalized mouse OSE cell line (MOSE cells) or normal mouse ovarian organoids were treated with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and loss of contact inhibition was assessed by soft agar assay. In response to H2O2, OSE cells grown in 3D exhibited growth in soft agar but MOSE cells grown on 2D plastic did not, indicating a critical role for epithelial-stromal interactions in neoplastic initiation. Loss of contact inhibition in response to H2O2 correlated with an increase in proliferation, DNA damage and upregulation of the oncogene Akt1. Use of a reactive oxygen species scavenger or Akt inhibitor blocked H2O2-induced proliferation and growth in soft agar. Although parental MOSE cells did not undergo transformation by H2O2, MOSE cells stably overexpressing constitutively active myristoylated Akt or knockdown of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) exhibited loss of contact inhibition and increased proliferation. This study indicates that normal OSE undergo transformative changes induced by oxidative stress and that this process requires Akt upregulation and activation. A 3D model that retains tissue architecture is critical for studying this process and may lead to development of new intervention strategies directed at early stages of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby M King
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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90
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Stoyanova T, Goldstein AS, Cai H, Drake JM, Huang J, Witte ON. Regulated proteolysis of Trop2 drives epithelial hyperplasia and stem cell self-renewal via β-catenin signaling. Genes Dev 2012; 26:2271-85. [PMID: 23070813 DOI: 10.1101/gad.196451.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The cell surface protein Trop2 is expressed on immature stem/progenitor-like cells and is overexpressed in many epithelial cancers. However the biological function of Trop2 in tissue maintenance and tumorigenesis remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that Trop2 is a regulator of self-renewal, proliferation, and transformation. Trop2 controls these processes through a mechanism of regulated intramembrane proteolysis that leads to cleavage of Trop2, creating two products: the extracellular domain and the intracellular domain. The intracellular domain of Trop2 is released from the membrane and accumulates in the nucleus. Heightened expression of the Trop2 intracellular domain promotes stem/progenitor self-renewal through signaling via β-catenin and is sufficient to initiate precursor lesions to prostate cancer in vivo. Importantly, we demonstrate that loss of β-catenin or Trop2 loss-of-function cleavage mutants abrogates Trop2-driven self-renewal and hyperplasia in the prostate. These findings suggest that heightened expression of Trop2 is selected for in epithelial cancers to enhance the stem-like properties of self-renewal and proliferation. Defining the mechanism of Trop2 function in self-renewal and transformation is essential to identify new therapeutic strategies to block Trop2 activation in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Stoyanova
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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91
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A developmental stage-dependent switch of the mechanisms for prostate epithelial maintenance. Asian J Androl 2012; 15:85-6. [PMID: 23223032 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2012.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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92
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Abstract
The cells of origin for cancer are the cells within tissues that serve as the target for transformation. Understanding the nature of these cells will benefit disease prevention, diagnosis and prognosis. During the past decade, much progress has been made in understanding the cellular origin for prostate cancer. This review aims to summarize the previous findings, describe the most recent results and discuss some controversies and unresolved issues in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Xin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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93
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Stromal epigenetic dysregulation is sufficient to initiate mouse prostate cancer via paracrine Wnt signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012. [PMID: 23184966 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1217982109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Carcinomas most often result from the stepwise acquisition of genetic alterations within the epithelial compartment. The surrounding stroma can also play an important role in cancer initiation and progression. Given the rare frequencies of genetic events identified in cancer-associated stroma, it is likely that epigenetic changes in the tumor microenvironment could contribute to its tumor-promoting activity. We use Hmga2 (High-mobility group AT-hook 2) an epigenetic regulator, to modify prostate stromal cells, and demonstrate that perturbation of the microenvironment by stromal-specific overexpression of this chromatin remodeling protein alone is sufficient to induce dramatic hyperplasia and multifocal prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia lesions from adjacent naïve epithelial cells. Importantly, we find that this effect is predominantly mediated by increased Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Enhancement of Hmga2-induced paracrine signaling by overexpression of androgen receptor in the stroma drives frank murine prostate adenocarcinoma in the adjacent epithelial tissues. Our findings provide compelling evidence for the critical contribution of epigenetic changes in stromal cells to multifocal tumorigenesis.
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94
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Cai H, Memarzadeh S, Stoyanova T, Beharry Z, Kraft AS, Witte ON. Collaboration of Kras and androgen receptor signaling stimulates EZH2 expression and tumor-propagating cells in prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2012; 72:4672-81. [PMID: 22805308 PMCID: PMC3445707 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Elevation of the chromatin repression factor enhancer of zeste homolog (EZH2) is associated with progression and poor prognosis in several human cancers including prostate cancer. However, the mechanisms driving EZH2 expression are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the functional synergy in prostate cancers in mice resulting from activation of the androgen receptor, Kras, and Akt, which drives three of the most frequently activated oncogenic signaling pathways in prostate cancer. Although, any two of these three events were sufficient to promote the formation and progression of prostate cancer, only the synergy of androgen receptor and Kras signaling could elevate EZH2 expression and expand prostate cancer progenitor cells in vivo. Our findings have revealed a genetic mechanism resulting in enhanced EZH2 expression during the progression of aggressive prostate cancer, with important implications for understanding how to target advanced disease where cancer progenitor cells may be critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houjian Cai
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA.
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95
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96
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Guo C, Liu H, Zhang BH, Cadaneanu RM, Mayle AM, Garraway IP. Epcam, CD44, and CD49f distinguish sphere-forming human prostate basal cells from a subpopulation with predominant tubule initiation capability. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34219. [PMID: 22514625 PMCID: PMC3326009 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human prostate basal cells expressing alpha-6 integrin (CD49f(Hi)) and/or CD44 form prostaspheres in vitro. This functional trait is often correlated with stem/progenitor (S/P) activity, including the ability to self-renew and induce differentiated tubules in vivo. Antigenic profiles that distinguish tubule-initiating prostate stem cells (SCs) from progenitor cells (PCs) and mature luminal cells (LCs) with less regenerative potential are unknown. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPLE FINDINGS Prostasphere assays and RT-PCR analysis was performed following FACS separation of total benign prostate cells based upon combinations of Epcam, CD44, and/or CD49f expression. Epithelial cell fractions were isolated, including Epcam(+)CD44(+) and Epcam+CD44+CD49f(Hi) basal cells that formed abundant spheres. When non-sphere-forming Epcam(+)CD44(-) cells were fractionated based upon CD49f expression, a distinct subpopulation (Epcam(+)CD44(-)CD49f(Hi)) was identified that possessed a basal profile similar to Epcam(+)CD44(+)CD49f(Hi) sphere-forming cells (p63(+)AR(Lo)PSA(-)). Evaluation of tubule induction capability of fractionated cells was performed, in vivo, via a fully humanized prostate tissue regeneration assay. Non-sphere-forming Epcam(+)CD44(-) cells induced significantly more prostate tubular structures than Epcam(+)CD44(+) sphere-forming cells. Further fractionation based upon CD49f co-expression identified Epcam(+)CD44(-)CD49f(Hi) (non-sphere-forming) basal cells with significantly increased tubule induction activity compared to Epcam(+)CD44(-)CD49f(Lo) (true) luminal cells. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our data delineates antigenic profiles that functionally distinguish human prostate epithelial subpopulations, including putative SCs that display superior tubule initiation capability and induce differentiated ductal/acini structures, sphere-forming PCs with relatively decreased tubule initiation activity, and terminally differentiated LCs that lack both sphere-forming and tubule-initiation activity. The results clearly demonstrate that sphere-forming ability is not predictive of tubule-initiation activity. The subpopulations identified are of interest because they may play distinct roles as cells of origin in the development of prostatic diseases, including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyong Guo
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Haibo Liu
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Bao-Hui Zhang
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Radu M. Cadaneanu
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Aqila M. Mayle
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Isla P. Garraway
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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97
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Choi N, Zhang B, Zhang L, Ittmann M, Xin L. Adult murine prostate basal and luminal cells are self-sustained lineages that can both serve as targets for prostate cancer initiation. Cancer Cell 2012; 21:253-65. [PMID: 22340597 PMCID: PMC3285423 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The prostate epithelial lineage hierarchy and the cellular origin for prostate cancer remain inadequately defined. Using a lineage-tracing approach, we show that adult rodent prostate basal and luminal cells are independently self-sustained in vivo. Disrupting the tumor suppressor Pten in either lineage led to prostate cancer initiation. However, the cellular composition and onset dynamics of the resulting tumors are distinctive. Prostate luminal cells are more responsive to Pten null-induced mitogenic signaling. In contrast, basal cells are resistant to direct transformation. Instead, loss of Pten activity induces the capability of basal cells to differentiate into transformation-competent luminal cells. Our study suggests that deregulation of epithelial differentiation is a critical step for the initiation of prostate cancers of basal cell origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahyun Choi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology
| | - Boyu Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology
| | - Michael Ittmann
- Department of Pathology and Immunology
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center
| | - Li Xin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology
- Department of Pathology and Immunology
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center
- Corresponding author: Li Xin, Ph.D., Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, Phone: 713-798-1650, FAX: 713-798-3017,
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98
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Abstract
The cancer stem cell (CSC) concept derives from the fact that cancers are dysregulated tissue clones whose continued propagation is vested in a biologically distinct subset of cells that are typically rare. This idea is not new, but has recently gained prominence because of advances in defining normal tissue hierarchies, a greater appreciation of the multistep nature of oncogenesis and improved methods to propagate primary human cancers in immunodeficient mice. As a result we have obtained new insights into why the CSC concept is not universally applicable, as well as a new basis for understanding the complex evolution, phenotypic heterogeneity and therapeutic challenges of many human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long V Nguyen
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency and the University of British Columbia, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 1L3, Canada
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99
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Lai KP, Yamashita S, Vitkus S, Shyr CR, Yeh S, Chang C. Suppressed prostate epithelial development with impaired branching morphogenesis in mice lacking stromal fibromuscular androgen receptor. Mol Endocrinol 2011; 26:52-66. [PMID: 22135068 DOI: 10.1210/me.2011-1189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Using the cre-loxP system, we generated a new mouse model [double stromal androgen receptor knockout (dARKO)] with selectively deleted androgen receptor (AR) in both stromal fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells, and found the size of the anterior prostate (AP) lobes was significantly reduced as compared with those from wild-type littermate controls. The reduction in prostate size of the dARKO mouse was accompanied by impaired branching morphogenesis and partial loss of the infolding glandular structure. Further dissection found decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis of the prostate epithelium in the dARKO mouse AP. These phenotype changes were further confirmed with newly established immortalized prostate stromal cells (PrSC) from wild-type and dARKO mice. Mechanistically, IGF-1, placental growth factor, and secreted phosphoprotein-1 controlled by stromal AR were differentially expressed in PrSC-wt and PrSC-ARKO. Moreover, the conditioned media (CM) from PrSC-wt promoted prostate epithelium growth significantly as compared with CM from PrSC-dARKO. Finally, adding IGF-1/placental growth factor recombinant proteins into PrSC-dARKO CM was able to partially rescue epithelium growth. Together, our data concluded that stromal fibromuscular AR could modulate epithelium growth and maintain cellular homeostasis through identified growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Pao Lai
- George H Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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100
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Hegab AE, Ha VL, Gilbert JL, Zhang KX, Malkoski SP, Chon AT, Darmawan DO, Bisht B, Ooi AT, Pellegrini M, Nickerson DW, Gomperts BN. Novel stem/progenitor cell population from murine tracheal submucosal gland ducts with multipotent regenerative potential. Stem Cells 2011; 29:1283-93. [PMID: 21710468 DOI: 10.1002/stem.680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The airway epithelium is in direct contact with the environment and therefore constantly at risk for injury. Basal cells (BCs) have been found to repair the surface epithelium (SE), but the contribution of other stem cell populations to airway epithelial repair has not been identified. We demonstrated that airway submucosal gland (SMG) duct cells, in addition to BCs, survived severe hypoxic-ischemic injury. We developed a method to isolate duct cells from the airway. In vitro and in vivo models were used to compare the self-renewal and differentiation potential of duct cells and BCs. We found that only duct cells were capable of regenerating SMG tubules and ducts, as well as the SE overlying the SMGs. SMG duct cells are therefore a multipotent stem cell for airway epithelial repair This is of importance to the field of lung regeneration as determining the repairing cell populations could lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets and cell-based therapies for patients with airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed E Hegab
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
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