51
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Zhu M, Wang S. Functional Nucleic‐Acid‐Decorated Spherical Nanoparticles: Preparation Strategies and Current Applications in Cancer Therapy. SMALL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/smsc.202000056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Central South University No. 932 South Lushan Rd Changsha Hunan 410083 P. R. China
| | - Shan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Central South University No. 932 South Lushan Rd Changsha Hunan 410083 P. R. China
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52
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Korkmaz E, Balmert SC, Carey CD, Erdos G, Falo LD. Emerging skin-targeted drug delivery strategies to engineer immunity: A focus on infectious diseases. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2021; 18:151-167. [PMID: 32924651 PMCID: PMC9355143 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2021.1823964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Infectious pathogens are global disrupters. Progress in biomedical science and technology has expanded the public health arsenal against infectious diseases. Specifically, vaccination has reduced the burden of infectious pathogens. Engineering systemic immunity by harnessing the cutaneous immune network has been particularly attractive since the skin is an easily accessible immune-responsive organ. Recent advances in skin-targeted drug delivery strategies have enabled safe, patient-friendly, and controlled deployment of vaccines to cutaneous microenvironments for inducing long-lived pathogen-specific immunity to mitigate infectious diseases, including COVID-19. AREAS COVERED This review briefly discusses the basics of cutaneous immunomodulation and provides a concise overview of emerging skin-targeted drug delivery systems that enable safe, minimally invasive, and effective intracutaneous administration of vaccines for engineering systemic immune responses to combat infectious diseases. EXPERT OPINION In-situ engineering of the cutaneous microenvironment using emerging skin-targeted vaccine delivery systems offers remarkable potential to develop diverse immunization strategies against pathogens. Mechanistic studies with standard correlates of vaccine efficacy will be important to compare innovative intracutaneous drug delivery strategies to each other and to existing clinical approaches. Cost-benefit analyses will be necessary for developing effective commercialization strategies. Significant involvement of industry and/or government will be imperative for successfully bringing novel skin-targeted vaccine delivery methods to market for their widespread use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emrullah Korkmaz
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Stephen C. Balmert
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Cara Donahue Carey
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Geza Erdos
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Louis D. Falo
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,The McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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53
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Shi L, Wu W, Duan Y, Xu L, Li S, Gao X, Liu B. Carrier-Free Hybrid DNA Nanoparticles for Light-Induced Self-Delivery of Functional Nucleic Acid Enzymes. ACS NANO 2021; 15:1841-1849. [PMID: 33449616 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c10045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we developed hybrid DNAzyme nanoparticles (NPs) to achieve light-induced carrier-free self-delivery of DNAzymes with sufficient cofactor supply and lysosome escape capacity. In this system, aggregation-induced emission (AIE) photosensitizer (PS) (TBD-Br) was grafted onto a phosphorothiolated DNAzyme backbone, which automatically self-assembled to form NPs and the surface phosphorothioate group could easily coordinate with the cofactor Zn2+ in the buffer. When the yielded hybrid DNAzyme NPs were located inside tumor cell lysosomes, the 1O2 from TBD-Br under light illumination could destroy lysosome structure and promote the Zn2+ coordinated DNAzyme NPs escape. Both in vitro and in vivo results demonstrated that the hybrid DNAzyme NPs could downregulate the early growth response factor-1 protein (EGR-1) to inhibit tumor cell growth in addition to induce tumor cell apoptosis by AIE PS (TBD-Br) under light irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Shi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Wenbo Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Yukun Duan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Li Xu
- Joint Research Center for Precision Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital South Campus, 6600th Nanfeng Road, Shanghai 201499, China
| | - Sha Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 131 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xihui Gao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 131 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117585, Singapore
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China
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54
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Perrelli A, Fatehbasharzad P, Benedetti V, Ferraris C, Fontanella M, De Luca E, Moglianetti M, Battaglia L, Retta SF. Towards precision nanomedicine for cerebrovascular diseases with emphasis on Cerebral Cavernous Malformation (CCM). Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2021; 18:849-876. [PMID: 33406376 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2021.1873273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Cerebrovascular diseases encompass various disorders of the brain vasculature, such as ischemic/hemorrhagic strokes, aneurysms, and vascular malformations, also affecting the central nervous system leading to a large variety of transient or permanent neurological disorders. They represent major causes of mortality and long-term disability worldwide, and some of them can be inherited, including Cerebral Cavernous Malformation (CCM), an autosomal dominant cerebrovascular disease linked to mutations in CCM1/KRIT1, CCM2, or CCM3/PDCD10 genes.Areas covered: Besides marked clinical and etiological heterogeneity, some commonalities are emerging among distinct cerebrovascular diseases, including key pathogenetic roles of oxidative stress and inflammation, which are increasingly recognized as major disease hallmarks and therapeutic targets. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the different clinical features and common pathogenetic determinants of cerebrovascular diseases, highlighting major challenges, including the pressing need for new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, and focusing on emerging innovative features and promising benefits of nanomedicine strategies for early detection and targeted treatment of such diseases.Expert opinion: Specifically, we describe and discuss the multiple physico-chemical features and unique biological advantages of nanosystems, including nanodiagnostics, nanotherapeutics, and nanotheranostics, that may help improving diagnosis and treatment of cerebrovascular diseases and neurological comorbidities, with an emphasis on CCM disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Perrelli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Orbassano, Torino Italy.,CCM Italia Research Network, National Coordination Center at the Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Orbassano, Torino Italy
| | - Parisa Fatehbasharzad
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Orbassano, Torino Italy.,CCM Italia Research Network, National Coordination Center at the Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Orbassano, Torino Italy
| | - Valerio Benedetti
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Orbassano, Torino Italy.,CCM Italia Research Network, National Coordination Center at the Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Orbassano, Torino Italy
| | - Chiara Ferraris
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces (NIS) Interdepartmental Centre, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Fontanella
- CCM Italia Research Network, National Coordination Center at the Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Orbassano, Torino Italy.,Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elisa De Luca
- Nanobiointeractions & Nanodiagnostics, Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Arnesano, Lecce, Italy.,Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems (IMM), CNR, Lecce, Italy
| | - Mauro Moglianetti
- Nanobiointeractions & Nanodiagnostics, Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Arnesano, Lecce, Italy.,Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Nanobiointeractions & Nanodiagnostics, Genova, Italy
| | - Luigi Battaglia
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces (NIS) Interdepartmental Centre, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Saverio Francesco Retta
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Orbassano, Torino Italy.,CCM Italia Research Network, National Coordination Center at the Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Orbassano, Torino Italy
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55
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Fakih HH, Katolik A, Malek-Adamian E, Fakhoury JJ, Kaviani S, Damha MJ, Sleiman HF. Design and enhanced gene silencing activity of spherical 2'-fluoroarabinose nucleic acids (FANA-SNAs). Chem Sci 2021; 12:2993-3003. [PMID: 34164068 PMCID: PMC8179377 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06645a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug delivery vectors for nucleic acid therapeutics (NATs) face significant barriers for translation into the clinic. Spherical nucleic acids (SNAs) – nanoparticles with an exterior shell made up of DNA strands and a hydrophobic interior – have recently shown great potential as vehicles to improve the biodistribution and efficacy of NATs. To date, SNA design has not taken advantage of the powerful chemical modifications available to NATs. Here, we modify SNAs with 2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro-d-arabinonucleic acid (FANA-SNA), and show increased stability, enhanced gene silencing potency and unaided uptake (gymnosis) as compared to free FANA. By varying the spacer region between the nucleic acid strand and the attached hydrophobic polymer, we show that a cleavable DNA based spacer is essential for maximum activity. This design feature will be important when implementing functionalized nucleic acids into nanostructures for gene silencing. The modularity of the FANA-SNA was demonstrated by silencing two different targets. Transfection-free delivery was superior for the modified SNA compared to the free FANA oligonucleotide. Optimizing FANA modified spherical nucleic acids (FANA-SNAs) for highly efficient delivery of nucleic acid therapeutics.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan H Fakih
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University Montreal Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Adam Katolik
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University Montreal Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
| | | | - Johans J Fakhoury
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University Montreal Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Sepideh Kaviani
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University Montreal Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Masad J Damha
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University Montreal Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Hanadi F Sleiman
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University Montreal Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
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56
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Wang J, Li Y, Nie G. Multifunctional biomolecule nanostructures for cancer therapy. NATURE REVIEWS. MATERIALS 2021; 6:766-783. [PMID: 34026278 PMCID: PMC8132739 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-021-00315-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Biomolecule-based nanostructures are inherently multifunctional and harbour diverse biological activities, which can be explored for cancer nanomedicine. The supramolecular properties of biomolecules can be precisely programmed for the design of smart drug delivery vehicles, enabling efficient transport in vivo, targeted drug delivery and combinatorial therapy within a single design. In this Review, we discuss biomolecule-based nanostructures, including polysaccharides, nucleic acids, peptides and proteins, and highlight their enormous design space for multifunctional nanomedicines. We identify key challenges in cancer nanomedicine that can be addressed by biomolecule-based nanostructures and survey the distinct biological activities, programmability and in vivo behaviour of biomolecule-based nanostructures. Finally, we discuss challenges in the rational design, characterization and fabrication of biomolecule-based nanostructures, and identify obstacles that need to be overcome to enable clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, China, Beijing, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yiye Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, China, Beijing, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guangjun Nie
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, China, Beijing, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- GBA Research Innovation Institute for Nanotechnology, Guangdong, China
- Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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57
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Tsai SJ, Black SK, Jewell CM. Leveraging the modularity of biomaterial carriers to tune immune responses. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2020; 30:2004119. [PMID: 33692662 PMCID: PMC7939076 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202004119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Biomaterial carriers offer modular features to control the delivery and presentation of vaccines and immunotherapies. This tunability is a distinct capability of biomaterials. Understanding how tunable material features impact immune responses is important to improve vaccine and immunotherapy design, as well as clinical translation. Here we discuss the modularity of biomaterial properties as a means of controlling encounters with immune signals across scales - tissue, cell, molecular, and time - and ultimately, to direct stimulation or regulation of immune function. We highlight these advances using illustrations from recent literature across infectious disease, cancer, and autoimmunity. As the immune engineering field matures, informed design criteria could support more rational biomaterial carriers for vaccination and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon J Tsai
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Sheneil K Black
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Christopher M Jewell
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD 20742, USA; United States Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Maryland Health Care System, 10. N Green Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; United States Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Maryland Health Care System, 10. N Green Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, 22 South Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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58
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Holmes TR, Paller AS. Gene Regulation Using Spherical Nucleic Acids to Treat Skin Disorders. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:E360. [PMID: 33147737 PMCID: PMC7693734 DOI: 10.3390/ph13110360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Spherical nucleic acids (SNAs) are nanostructures consisting of nucleic acids in a spherical configuration, often around a nanoparticle core. SNAs are advantageous as gene-regulating agents compared to conventional gene therapy owing to their low toxicity, enhanced stability, uptake by virtually any cell, and ability to penetrate the epidermal barrier. In this review we: (i) describe the production, structure and properties of SNAs; (ii) detail the mechanism of SNA uptake in keratinocytes, regulated by scavenger receptors; and (iii) report how SNAs have been topically applied and intralesionally injected for skin disorders. Specialized SNAs called nanoflares can be topically applied for gene-based diagnosis (scar vs. normal tissue). Topical SNAs directed against TNFα and interleukin-17A receptor reversed psoriasis-like disease in mouse models and have been tested in Phase 1 human trials. Furthermore, SNAs targeting ganglioside GM3 synthase accelerate wound healing in diabetic mouse models. Most recently, SNAs targeting toll-like receptor 9 are being used in Phase 2 human trials via intratumoral injection to induce immune responses in Merkel cell and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Overall, SNAs are a valuable tool in bench-top and clinical research, and their advantageous properties, including penetration into the epidermis after topical delivery, provide new opportunities for targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy S. Paller
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA;
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59
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Dobrovolskaia MA, Afonin KA. Use of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells to define immunological properties of nucleic acid nanoparticles. Nat Protoc 2020; 15:3678-3698. [PMID: 33097923 PMCID: PMC7875514 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-020-0393-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This protocol assesses proinflammatory properties of nucleic acid nanoparticles (NANPs) using a validated preclinical model, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), that is highly predictive of cytokine responses. The experimental procedure details the preparation of pyrogen-free NANPs, isolation of PBMCs from freshly collected human blood, and analysis of characteristic biomarkers (type I and III interferons) produced by PBMCs transfected with NANPs. Although representative NANPs with high and low immunostimulatory potential are used as standards throughout the procedure, this protocol can be adapted to any NANPs or therapeutic nucleic acids, irrespective of whether they are carrier based or carrier free; additional cytokine biomarkers can also be included. We test several commercial platforms and controls broadly accessible to the research community to quantify all biomarkers in either single- or multiplex format. The continuous execution of this protocol takes <48 h; when immediate analysis is not feasible, single-use aliquots of the supernatants can be frozen and stored (-20 °C; 12 months).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina A Dobrovolskaia
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA.
| | - Kirill A Afonin
- Nanoscale Science Program, Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA.
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60
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Shi L, Wu W, Duan Y, Xu L, Xu Y, Hou L, Meng X, Zhu X, Liu B. Light‐Induced Self‐Escape of Spherical Nucleic Acid from Endo/Lysosome for Efficient Non‐Cationic Gene Delivery. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Shi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering National University of Singapore 4 Engineering Drive 4 117585 Singapore Singapore
| | - Wenbo Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering National University of Singapore 4 Engineering Drive 4 117585 Singapore Singapore
| | - Yukun Duan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering National University of Singapore 4 Engineering Drive 4 117585 Singapore Singapore
| | - Li Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Yingying Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutics School of Pharmacy Fujian Medical University Fuzhou 350108 China
| | - Lidan Hou
- Department of Gastroenterology Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine 639 Zhizaoju Road Shanghai 200011 China
| | - Xiangjun Meng
- Department of Gastroenterology Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine 639 Zhizaoju Road Shanghai 200011 China
| | - Xinyuan Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering National University of Singapore 4 Engineering Drive 4 117585 Singapore Singapore
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61
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Shi L, Wu W, Duan Y, Xu L, Xu Y, Hou L, Meng X, Zhu X, Liu B. Light-Induced Self-Escape of Spherical Nucleic Acid from Endo/Lysosome for Efficient Non-Cationic Gene Delivery. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:19168-19174. [PMID: 32686235 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Developing non-cationic gene carriers and achieving efficient endo/lysosome escape of functional nucleic acids in cytosol are two major challenges faced by the field of gene delivery. Herein, we demonstrate the concept of self-escape spherical nucleic acid (SNA) to achieve light controlled non-cationic gene delivery with sufficient endo/lysosome escape capacity. In this system, Bcl-2 antisense oligonucleotides (OSAs) were conjugated onto the surface of aggregation-induced emission (AIE) photosensitizer (PS) nanoparticles to form core-shell SNA. Once the SNAs were taken up by tumor cells, and upon light irradiation, the accumulative 1 O2 produced by the AIE PSs ruptured the lysosome structure to promote OSA escape. Prominent in vitro and in vivo results revealed that the AIE-based core-shell SNA could downregulate the anti-apoptosis protein (Bcl-2) and induce tumor cell apoptosis without any transfection reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Shi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wenbo Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yukun Duan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Li Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yingying Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Lidan Hou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Xiangjun Meng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Xinyuan Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore, Singapore
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62
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Lee K, Huang ZN, Mirkin CA, Odom TW. Endosomal Organization of CpG Constructs Correlates with Enhanced Immune Activation. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:6170-6175. [PMID: 32787186 PMCID: PMC7609249 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
This Letter describes how the endosomal organization of immunostimulatory nanoconstructs can tune the in vitro activation of macrophages. Nanoconstructs composed of gold nanoparticles conjugated with unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) oligonucleotides have distinct endosomal distributions depending on the surface curvature. Mixed-curvature constructs produce a relatively high percentage of hollow endosomes, where constructs accumulated primarily along the interior edges. These constructs achieved a higher level of toll-like receptor (TLR) 9 activation along with the enhanced secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines compared to constant-curvature constructs that aggregated mostly in the center of the endosomes. Our results underscore the importance of intraendosomal interactions in regulating immune responses and targeted delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwahun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Ziyin N. Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chad A. Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Teri W. Odom
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Corresponding Author:
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63
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Shin MD, Shukla S, Chung YH, Beiss V, Chan SK, Ortega-Rivera OA, Wirth DM, Chen A, Sack M, Pokorski JK, Steinmetz NF. COVID-19 vaccine development and a potential nanomaterial path forward. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 15:646-655. [PMID: 32669664 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-020-0737-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 397] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has infected millions of people with no clear signs of abatement owing to the high prevalence, long incubation period and lack of established treatments or vaccines. Vaccines are the most promising solution to mitigate new viral strains. The genome sequence and protein structure of the 2019-novel coronavirus (nCoV or SARS-CoV-2) were made available in record time, allowing the development of inactivated or attenuated viral vaccines along with subunit vaccines for prophylaxis and treatment. Nanotechnology benefits modern vaccine design since nanomaterials are ideal for antigen delivery, as adjuvants, and as mimics of viral structures. In fact, the first vaccine candidate launched into clinical trials is an mRNA vaccine delivered via lipid nanoparticles. To eradicate pandemics, present and future, a successful vaccine platform must enable rapid discovery, scalable manufacturing and global distribution. Here, we review current approaches to COVID-19 vaccine development and highlight the role of nanotechnology and advanced manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Shin
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sourabh Shukla
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Young Hun Chung
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Veronique Beiss
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Soo Khim Chan
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Oscar A Ortega-Rivera
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - David M Wirth
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Angela Chen
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Jonathan K Pokorski
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute for Materials Discovery and Design, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Institute for Materials Discovery and Design, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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64
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Callmann CE, Cole LE, Kusmierz CD, Huang Z, Horiuchi D, Mirkin CA. Tumor cell lysate-loaded immunostimulatory spherical nucleic acids as therapeutics for triple-negative breast cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:17543-17550. [PMID: 32669433 PMCID: PMC7395518 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2005794117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly heterogenous cancers, such as triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), remain challenging immunotherapeutic targets. Herein, we describe the synthesis and evaluation of immunotherapeutic liposomal spherical nucleic acids (SNAs) for TNBC therapy. The SNAs comprise immunostimulatory oligonucleotides (CpG-1826) as adjuvants and encapsulate lysates derived from TNBC cell lines as antigens. The resulting nanostructures (Lys-SNAs) enhance the codelivery of adjuvant and antigen to immune cells when compared to simple mixtures of lysates with linear oligonucleotides both in vitro and in vivo, and reduce tumor growth relative to simple mixtures of lysate and CpG-1826 (Lys-Mix) in both Py230 and Py8119 orthotopic syngeneic mouse models of TNBC. Furthermore, oxidizing TNBC cells prior to lysis and incorporation into SNAs (OxLys-SNAs) significantly increases the activation of dendritic cells relative to their nonoxidized counterparts. When administered peritumorally in vivo in the EMT6 mouse mammary carcinoma model, OxLys-SNAs significantly increase the population of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and simultaneously decrease the population of myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) within the tumor microenvironment, when compared with Lys-SNAs and simple mixtures of oxidized lysates with CpG-1826. Importantly, animals administered OxLys-SNAs exhibit significant antitumor activity and prolonged survival relative to all other treatment groups, and resist tumor rechallenge. Together, these results show that the way lysates are processed and packaged has a profound impact on their immunogenicity and therapeutic efficacy. Moreover, this work points toward the potential of oxidized tumor cell lysate-loaded SNAs as a potent class of immunotherapeutics for cancers lacking common therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra E Callmann
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Lisa E Cole
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Caroline D Kusmierz
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Ziyin Huang
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Dai Horiuchi
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Chad A Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208;
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
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65
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Ribbon of DNA Lattice on Gold Nanoparticles for Selective Drug Delivery to Cancer Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202005624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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66
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Zhang S, Chen C, Xue C, Chang D, Xu H, Salena BJ, Li Y, Wu Z. Ribbon of DNA Lattice on Gold Nanoparticles for Selective Drug Delivery to Cancer Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:14584-14592. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202005624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuxin Zhang
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis, Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy National & Local Joint Biomedical Engineering Research Center on, Photodynamic Technologies Pharmaceutical Photocatalysis of State Key Laboratory of, Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350002 China
| | - Chang Chen
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis, Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy National & Local Joint Biomedical Engineering Research Center on, Photodynamic Technologies Pharmaceutical Photocatalysis of State Key Laboratory of, Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350002 China
| | - Chang Xue
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis, Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy National & Local Joint Biomedical Engineering Research Center on, Photodynamic Technologies Pharmaceutical Photocatalysis of State Key Laboratory of, Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350002 China
| | - Dingran Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences McMaster University 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S4K1 Canada
| | - Huo Xu
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis, Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy National & Local Joint Biomedical Engineering Research Center on, Photodynamic Technologies Pharmaceutical Photocatalysis of State Key Laboratory of, Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350002 China
| | - Bruno J. Salena
- Department of Medicine McMaster University 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S4K1 Canada
| | - Yingfu Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences McMaster University 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S4K1 Canada
| | - Zai‐Sheng Wu
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis, Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy National & Local Joint Biomedical Engineering Research Center on, Photodynamic Technologies Pharmaceutical Photocatalysis of State Key Laboratory of, Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350002 China
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67
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Qin L, Wang S, Dominguez D, Long A, Chen S, Fan J, Ahn J, Skakuj K, Huang Z, Lee A, Mirkin C, Zhang B. Development of Spherical Nucleic Acids for Prostate Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1333. [PMID: 32733447 PMCID: PMC7362897 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the strategy of therapeutic vaccination for the treatment of prostate cancer has advanced to and is available in the clinic (Sipuleucel-T), the efficacy of such therapy remains limited. Here, we develop Immunostimulatory Spherical Nucleic Acid (IS-SNA) nanostructures comprised of CpG oligonucleotides as adjuvant and prostate cancer peptide antigens, and evaluate their antitumor efficacy in syngeneic mouse models of prostate cancer. IS-SNAs with the specific structural feature of presenting both antigen and adjuvant CpG on the surface (hybridized model (HM) SNAs) induce stronger cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) mediated antigen-specific killing of target cells than that for IS-SNAs with CpG on the surface and antigen encapsulated within the core (encapsulated model (EM) SNAs). Mechanistically, HM SNAs increase the co-delivery of CpG and antigen to dendritic cells over that for EM SNAs or admixtures of linear CpG and peptide, thereby improving cross-priming of antitumor CD8+ T cells. As a result, vaccination with HM SNAs leads to more effective antitumor immune responses in two prostate cancer models. These data demonstrate the importance of the structural positioning of peptide antigens together with adjuvants within IS-SNAs to the efficacy of IS-SNA-based cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Shuya Wang
- Interdisciplinary Biological Sciences Graduate Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Donye Dominguez
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Alan Long
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Siqi Chen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jie Fan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jihae Ahn
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Kacper Skakuj
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Ziyin Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Andrew Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Chad Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States.,The International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Bin Zhang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
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68
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Kusmierz C, Bujold KE, Callmann CE, Mirkin CA. Defining the Design Parameters for in Vivo Enzyme Delivery Through Protein Spherical Nucleic Acids. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2020; 6:815-822. [PMID: 32490197 PMCID: PMC7256953 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The translation of proteins as effective intracellular drug candidates is limited by the challenge of cellular entry and their vulnerability to degradation. To advance their therapeutic potential, cell-impermeable proteins can be readily transformed into protein spherical nucleic acids (ProSNAs) by densely functionalizing their surfaces with DNA, yielding structures that are efficiently taken up by cells. Because small structural changes in the chemical makeup of a conjugated ligand can affect the bioactivity of the associated protein, structure-activity relationships of the linker bridging the DNA and the protein surface and the DNA sequence itself are investigated on the ProSNA system. In terms of attachment chemistry, DNA-based linkers promote a sevenfold increase in cellular uptake while maintaining enzymatic activity in vitro as opposed to hexaethylene glycol (HEG, Spacer18) linkers. Additionally, the employment of G-quadruplex-forming sequences increases cellular uptake in vitro up to fourfold. When translating to murine models, the ProSNA with a DNA-only shell exhibits increased blood circulation times and higher accumulation in major organs, including lung, kidney, and spleen, regardless of sequence. Importantly, ProSNAs with an all-oligonucleotide shell retain their enzymatic activity in tissue, whereas the native protein loses all function. Taken together, these results highlight the value of structural design in guiding ProSNA biological fate and activity and represent a significant step forward in the development of intracellular protein-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline
D. Kusmierz
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International
Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern
University, 2145 Sheridan
Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Katherine E. Bujold
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International
Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern
University, 2145 Sheridan
Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Cassandra E. Callmann
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International
Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern
University, 2145 Sheridan
Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chad A. Mirkin
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International
Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern
University, 2145 Sheridan
Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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69
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Gao P, Liu B, Pan W, Li N, Tang B. A Spherical Nucleic Acid Probe Based on the Au–Se Bond. Anal Chem 2020; 92:8459-8463. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Gao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, P. R. China
| | - Bo Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, P. R. China
| | - Wei Pan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, P. R. China
| | - Na Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, P. R. China
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, P. R. China
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70
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Yu W, Sun J, Liu F, Yu S, Xu Z, Wang F, Liu X. Enhanced Immunostimulatory Activity of a Cytosine-Phosphate-Guanosine Immunomodulator by the Assembly of Polymer DNA Wires and Spheres. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:17167-17176. [PMID: 32131585 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b21075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanosine (CpG) oligodeoxynucleotides are immunostimulatory nucleic acids wildly utilized as adjuvants or for vaccines to treat diseases. However, there is a lack of simple and efficient vectors for CpG oligodeoxynucleotide delivery with long-lasting immune stimulation. Herein, self-assembled polymer wires consisting of CpG motifs by hybridization chain reaction were constructed with excellent biocompatibility and immunostimulatory activity. The designed polymer DNA wires acted as programmable multivalent immunoadjuvants and triggered immune response, stimulated pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion, and induced the apoptosis of cancer cells. More strikingly, polymer nanospheres assembled from the polymer DNA wires and cationic poly-l-lysine further improved cellular uptake and continuously stimulate the lysosomal Toll-like receptor 9 of immune cells, thereby remarkably enhancing the activation of immune cells. These results demonstrated that self-assembled polymer DNA nanoassemblies with multivalent CpG could trigger strong immune response and further induce cancer cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqian Yu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Junlin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Feng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Shuyi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Fuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
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71
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Eppler HB, Jewell CM. Biomaterials as Tools to Decode Immunity. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1903367. [PMID: 31782844 PMCID: PMC7124992 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201903367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The immune system has remarkable capabilities to combat disease with exquisite selectivity. This feature has enabled vaccines that provide protection for decades and, more recently, advances in immunotherapies that can cure some cancers. Greater control over how immune signals are presented, delivered, and processed will help drive even more powerful options that are also safe. Such advances will be underpinned by new tools that probe how immune signals are integrated by immune cells and tissues. Biomaterials are valuable resources to support this goal, offering robust, tunable properties. The growing role of biomaterials as tools to dissect immune function in fundamental and translational contexts is highlighted. These technologies can serve as tools to understand the immune system across molecular, cellular, and tissue length scales. A common theme is exploiting biomaterial features to rationally direct how specific immune cells or organs encounter a signal. This precision strategy, enabled by distinct material properties, allows isolation of immunological parameters or processes in a way that is challenging with conventional approaches. The utility of these capabilities is demonstrated through examples in vaccines for infectious disease and cancer immunotherapy, as well as settings of immune regulation that include autoimmunity and transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haleigh B Eppler
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, 8278 Paint Brach Drive, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Biological Sciences Training Program, 1247 Biology Psychology Building, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Christopher M Jewell
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, 8278 Paint Brach Drive, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Biological Sciences Training Program, 1247 Biology Psychology Building, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Maryland Health Care System, 10. N Green Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Medical School, 685 West Baltimore Street, HSF-I Suite 380, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, 22 South Greene Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
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72
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Russell LM, Liu CH, Grodzinski P. Nanomaterials innovation as an enabler for effective cancer interventions. Biomaterials 2020; 242:119926. [PMID: 32169771 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.119926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nanomedicines have been developing very rapidly and have started to play a significant role in several cancer therapeutic modalities. Early on, the nanomedicine field focused on optimizing pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and/or biodistribution of an agent through nanoparticle formulation. In other cases, where materials science is employed more decisively, nanomedicine can include the creation of new agents that take advantage of nanoscale materials properties to enhance treatment efficacy through unique mode of action, molecular targeting, or controlled drug release. Both current and future nanomedicines will seek to contribute to the therapeutic and diagnostic landscape through creative leveraging of mechanical, electrical, optical, magnetic, and biological nanomaterial properties. In this work, we discuss how by modulating these material properties, one can design more diverse and more effective cancer interventions. We focus on six areas in cancer management, including in vitro diagnostics, clinical imaging, theranostics, combination therapy, immunotherapy, and gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa M Russell
- Nanodelivery Systems and Devices Branch, Cancer Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Christina H Liu
- Nanodelivery Systems and Devices Branch, Cancer Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Piotr Grodzinski
- Nanodelivery Systems and Devices Branch, Cancer Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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73
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Huang ZN, Cole LE, Callmann CE, Wang S, Mirkin CA. Sequence Multiplicity within Spherical Nucleic Acids. ACS NANO 2020; 14:1084-1092. [PMID: 31917535 PMCID: PMC7027983 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b08750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and evaluation of spherical nucleic acids (SNAs) incorporating two physically and chemically distinct classes of oligonucleotides (ODNs) at programmed ratios are described. These SNAs are single entity agents that enter the same target cell at defined stoichiometries, and as such allow one to control important cell signaling and regulatory processes. To study the effect of sequence multiplicity within such structures, we synthesized SNAs consisting of a mixture of class A CpG and class B CpG, immunostimulatory ODNs that activate two different toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathways, each in a sequence-specific fashion. These dual-CpG SNAs exhibit high cellular uptake and codelivery of the two ODNs, relative to mixtures of the linear ODN counterparts, and remain highly associated inside the cell over time. Furthermore, the dual-CpG SNAs augment dendritic cell maturation, compared to the same amounts of oligonucleotides delivered in linear or SNA form but not conjugated to one another. Consequently, these structures constitute a platform for designing oligonucleotide-based combination therapeutics with highly tailorable activities.
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74
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Zhang W, Meckes B, Mirkin CA. Spherical Nucleic Acids with Tailored and Active Protein Coronae. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2019; 5:1983-1990. [PMID: 31893228 PMCID: PMC6936096 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.9b01105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Spherical nucleic acids (SNAs) are nanomaterials typically consisting of a nanoparticle core and a functional, dense, and highly oriented oligonucleotide shell with unusual biological properties that make them appealing for many applications, including sequence-specific gene silencing, mRNA quantification, and immunostimulation. When placed in biological fluids, SNAs readily interact with serum proteins, leading to the formation of ill-defined protein coronae on the surface, which can influence the targeting capabilities of the conjugate. In this work, SNAs were designed and synthesized with functional proteins, such as antibodies and serum albumin, deliberately adsorbed onto their surfaces. These particles exhibit increased resistance to protease degradation compared with native SNAs but still remain functional, as they can engage in hybridization with complementary oligonucleotides. SNAs with adsorbed targeting antibodies exhibit improved cellular selectivity within mixed cell populations. Similarly, SNAs coated with the dysopsonizing protein serum albumin show reduced macrophage uptake, providing a strategy for tailoring selective SNA delivery. Importantly, the protein coronae remain stable on the SNAs in human serum, exhibiting a less than 45% loss of protein through exchange after 12 h at 37 °C. Taken together, these results show that protein-SNA complexes and the method used to prepare them provide a new avenue for enhancing SNA stability, targeting, and biodistribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuliang Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International
Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern
University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United
States
| | - Brian Meckes
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International
Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern
University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United
States
| | - Chad A. Mirkin
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International
Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern
University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United
States
- E-mail:
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75
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Liu M, Mao X, Huang L, Fan C, Tian Y, Li Q. Automated Nanoplasmonic Analysis of Spherical Nucleic Acids Clusters in Single Cells. Anal Chem 2019; 92:1333-1339. [PMID: 31820626 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Spherical nucleic acids (SNAs) have been extensively used in the field of biosensing, drug delivery, and theranostics. Precise engineering of SNAs and their clinical application require better understanding of their cellular internalization process. We demonstrate a colorimetry-based algorithm that can analyze the aggregation states of SNAs clusters on the basis of the changes of plasmonic colors of SNAs. The dark-field microscopy (DFM) images of cytoplasmic region of single cells are imported as raw data. All the image spots are analyzed in the interference reduction process, and the clustering states of target image spots are assigned on the basis of the distribution of coordinates of all the pixels in the CIE map. This method provides faster analysis on clustering states of extracellular and intracellular SNAs with good accuracy. Moreover, the clustering states of SNAs in 20 single cells (generally >1000) can be efficiently distinguished within 200 s. Therefore, our method provides an automatic, quantitative, objective, and repeatable way to analyze SNAs aggregations, and shows good application potential in robust and quantitative nanoplasmonic analysis in single cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China Normal University , 500 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200241 , China
| | - Xiuhai Mao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Lulu Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China Normal University , 500 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200241 , China
| | - Chunhai Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Yang Tian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China Normal University , 500 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200241 , China
| | - Qian Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , China
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76
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Kim Y, Yin P. Enhancing Biocompatible Stability of DNA Nanostructures Using Dendritic Oligonucleotides and Brick Motifs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:700-703. [PMID: 31595637 PMCID: PMC6940523 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201911664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of DNA‐based nanomaterials in biomedical applications is continuing to grow, yet more emphasis is being put on the need for guaranteed structural stability of DNA nanostructures in physiological conditions. Various methods have been developed to stabilize DNA origami against low concentrations of divalent cations and the presence of nucleases. However, existing strategies typically require the complete encapsulation of nanostructures, which makes accessing the encased DNA strands difficult, or chemical modification, such as covalent crosslinking of DNA strands. We present a stabilization method involving the synthesis of DNA brick nanostructures with dendritic oligonucleotides attached to the outer surface. We find that nanostructures assembled from DNA brick motifs remain stable against denaturation without any chemical modifications. Furthermore, densely coating the outer surface of DNA brick nanostructures with dendritic oligonucleotides prevents nuclease digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngeun Kim
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 3 Blackfan circle, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Peng Yin
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 3 Blackfan circle, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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Kim Y, Yin P. Enhancing Biocompatible Stability of DNA Nanostructures Using Dendritic Oligonucleotides and Brick Motifs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201911664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Youngeun Kim
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering Harvard University 3 Blackfan circle Boston MA 02115 USA
- Department of Systems Biology Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Peng Yin
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering Harvard University 3 Blackfan circle Boston MA 02115 USA
- Department of Systems Biology Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
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