51
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Schrum AG, Turka LA, Palmer E. Surface T-cell antigen receptor expression and availability for long-term antigenic signaling. Immunol Rev 2003; 196:7-24. [PMID: 14617194 DOI: 10.1046/j.1600-065x.2003.00083.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
It is important to understand how T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) engagement and signaling are regulated throughout an immune response. This review examines the dynamics of surface TCR expression and signaling capacity during thymic and effector T-cell development. Although the TCR can undergo vast changes in surface expression, T cells remain capable of sustaining TCR engagement for long periods of time. This may be achieved by a combination of mechanisms that involve (a) controlling the quantity of surface TCR available for ligand interaction and (b) controlling the quality of surface TCR expression during T-cell activation. TCR signaling itself appears to be one of the main quantitative modulators of surface TCR expression, and it can cause both downregulation and upregulation at different times of T-cell activation. Recent studies indicate that the degree of upregulation is tunable by the strength of antigenic stimulation. There is evidence that qualitatively distinct forms of the TCR exist, and their potential role in sustained antigenic signaling is also discussed. A goal of future studies will be to better characterize these modulations in surface TCR expression and to clarify their impact on the regulation of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam G Schrum
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology and Nephrology, Department of Research, University Hospital-Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland.
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52
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Robles MS, Leonardo E, Criado LM, Izquierdo M, Martínez-A C. Exacerbated inflammatory responses in transgenic mice expressing an inhibitor of apoptosis protein (OpIAP). Cell Death Differ 2003; 10:1226-33. [PMID: 14576774 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein family are involved not only in suppressing apoptosis, but also in signal transduction, cell division, and are associated with some types of cancers. Here we show that transgenic expression of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein OpIAP in murine T lymphocytes leads to a significant increase in T-cell receptor-induced cell activation, proliferation and cytokine production. Transgenic T lymphocytes expressing OpIAP have a lower proliferation threshold in response to T-cell receptor stimulation. Unstimulated OpIAP transgenic T lymphocytes show elevated nuclear levels of NF-kappaB transcription factor that increase after in vivo antigen peptide treatment. OpIAP transgenic animals present an exacerbated inflammatory response in an experimental contact hypersensitivity model, suggesting increased T-cell activation in vivo. These data indicate a new role for the inhibitor of apoptosis proteins in T-lymphocyte activation and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Robles
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, UAM Campus de Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain.
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53
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Jones E, Price DA, Dahm-Vicker M, Cerundolo V, Klenerman P, Gallimore A. The influence of macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha on protective immunity mediated by antiviral cytotoxic T cells. Immunology 2003; 109:68-75. [PMID: 12709019 PMCID: PMC1782947 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2003.01636.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage inflammatory protein 1alpha (MIP-1alpha), a member of the CC-chemokine subfamily, is known to induce chemotaxis of a variety of cell types in vivo. Although the role of MIP-1alpha in inflammatory responses generated following primary infection of mice with many different pathogens has been characterized, the influence of this chemokine on the generation of antigen-specific T-cell responses in vivo is less well understood. This is important, as virus-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes (CTL) play a crucial role in defence against viral infections, both acutely and in the long term. In this study, we compared the ability of wild-type and MIP-1alpha-deficient (MIP-1alpha-/-) mice to mount CTL responses specific for the immunodominant epitope derived from influenza nucleoprotein (NP366-374). Influenza-specific CTL responses were compared with respect to frequency, cytotoxic activity and ability to clear subsequent infections with recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing the influenza NP. The results indicate that antiviral CTL generated in MIP-1alpha-/- mice are slightly impaired in their ability to protect against a subsequent infection. However, impaired in vivo CTL-mediated antiviral protection was found to be associated with reduced cytotoxicity rather than with a failure of the CTL to migrate to peripheral sites of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Jones
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe HospitalOxford, UK
| | | | - Michaela Dahm-Vicker
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe HospitalOxford, UK
| | - Vincenzo Cerundolo
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe HospitalOxford, UK
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54
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Del Prete MJ, Robles MS, Guáo A, Martínez-A C, Izquierdo M, Garcia-Sanz JA. Degradation of cellular mRNA is a general early apoptosis-induced event. FASEB J 2002; 16:2003-5. [PMID: 12397088 DOI: 10.1096/fj.02-0392fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The fate of cellular mRNAs was analyzed in several cell lines of lymphoid origin, after induction of apoptosis by different mechanisms. Cytoplasmic mRNAs are specifically degraded as part of the early apoptotic response. This degradation is not species restricted and is independent of the cell line, the apoptotic stimulus, the intrinsic half-life of the mRNAs, and the transcriptional status of the gene (constitutive or inducible). mRNA degradation precedes DNA fragmentation and correlates with the appearance of phosphatidylserine in the outer cell membrane. In addition, apoptosis-induced mRNA degradation is an active process that can be dissected from other apoptotic hallmarks (degradation of annexin V, DNA, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase [PARP]), which suggests that apoptosis-induced mRNA degradation is controlled by a distinct signaling pathway. Furthermore, mRNA degradation also occurs in vivo, specifically during thymocyte apoptosis. Taken together, these data support the notion that degradation of mRNA is a general early apoptotic event that may become a new apoptotic hallmark.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Julieta Del Prete
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco de la UAM, E-28049, Madrid, Spain
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55
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Smyth LA, Ardouin L, Williams O, Norton T, Tybulewicz V, Kioussis D. Inefficient clustering of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins at the immunological synapse in response to an antagonist peptide. Eur J Immunol 2002; 32:3386-94. [PMID: 12432569 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4141(200212)32:12<3386::aid-immu3386>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Interactions of T cells with MHC plus peptide in the peripheral lymphoid system are important for their survival. In this study we investigated further the molecular consequences of such interactions using F5 TCR transgenic mice and peptides previously shown to induce either negative or positive selection in the thymus. Following TCR ligation with the negatively selecting agonist peptide, mature CD8(+) cells proliferated and up-regulated the activation marker CD69. Interestingly, ligation of this TCR with MHC molecules loaded with high concentrations of the positively selecting peptide also resulted in the aforementioned changes, but with slower kinetics. Analysis of the biochemical changes that occur following stimulation with these peptides showed that phosphorylation of key signaling molecules, such as ZAP-70, CD3zeta, Vav, SLP-76, LAT, and ERK-1 and 2, could be detected after exposure to agonist but not antagonist peptide. Confocal microscopy, however, revealed infrequent phosphorylation 'patches' at the site of contact between T cells and APC presenting the antagonist peptide. Our data suggest that peptides capable of inducing positive selection in the thymus can be recognized by mature T cells and cause proliferation, up-regulation of CD69 and accumulation of phosphorylated proteins at the immunological synapse with low efficiency; however no phosphorylation of signaling molecules can be detected using conventional biochemical assays.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Binding Sites
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Lectins, C-Type
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Peptides/pharmacology
- Phosphorylation
- Proteins/chemistry
- Proteins/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Tyrosine/chemistry
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley A Smyth
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The National Institute for Medical Research, London, GB
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56
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Walzer T, Arpin C, Beloeil L, Marvel J. Differential in vivo persistence of two subsets of memory phenotype CD8 T cells defined by CD44 and CD122 expression levels. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:2704-11. [PMID: 11884436 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.6.2704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The existence of distinct subsets of memory CD8 T cells with different characteristics is now well established. In this work, we describe two subsets of mouse CD8 T cells with memory characteristics that coexist in primed thymectomized TCR-transgenic F5 mice and that share some properties with the human central and effector memory cells. The first subset corresponds to CD8 T cells generated following nucleoprotein 68 peptide priming which are CD44(int)CD122(-)nucleoprotein 68/H-2D(b) tetramer(+) and express high levels of CCR7 mRNA. In contrast, CD8 T cells in the second subset are CD44(high)CD122(+), are heterogeneous in terms of Ag specificity, and express low levels of CCR7 mRNA. We have studied the functional characteristics and the persistence of these two subsets in thymectomized mice. CD44(int) CD8 T cells persist like naive cells; i.e., they are slowly lost with time. However, surviving cells maintain their phenotype and memory characteristics for the entire life span of the animal. In contrast, CD44(high) CD8 T cells are persistent and accumulate in thymectomized but not euthymic mice. This is correlated with an increased in vivo proliferative and survival potential of these cells. These results show that acquisition of enhanced functional characteristics and long-term persistence by memory T cells are independent. This may have important consequences for the design of specific vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Walzer
- Immuno-Apoptose, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 503, Center Européen de Recherche en Virologie et en Immunologie, Lyon, France
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57
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McLellan AD, Kapp M, Eggert A, Linden C, Bommhardt U, Bröcker EB, Kämmerer U, Kämpgen E. Anatomic location and T-cell stimulatory functions of mouse dendritic cell subsets defined by CD4 and CD8 expression. Blood 2002; 99:2084-93. [PMID: 11877283 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v99.6.2084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse spleen contains CD4+, CD8alpha+, and CD4-/CD8alpha- dendritic cells (DCs) in a 2:1:1 ratio. An analysis of 70 surface and cytoplasmic antigens revealed several differences in antigen expression between the 3 subsets. Notably, the Birbeck granule-associated Langerin antigen, as well as CD103 (the mouse homologue of the rat DC marker OX62), were specifically expressed by the CD8alpha+ DC subset. All DC types were apparent in the T-cell areas as well as in the splenic marginal zones and showed similar migratory capacity in collagen lattices. The 3 DC subtypes stimulated allogeneic CD4+ T cells comparably. However, CD8alpha+ DCs were very weak stimulators of resting or activated allogeneic CD8+ T cells, even at high stimulator-to-responder ratios, although this defect could be overcome under optimal DC/T cell ratios and peptide concentrations using CD8+ F5 T-cell receptor (TCR)-transgenic T cells. CD8alpha- or CD8alpha+ DCs presented alloantigens with the same efficiency for lysis by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), and their turnover rate of class I-peptide complexes was similar, thus neither an inability to present, nor rapid loss of antigenic complexes from CD8alpha DCs was responsible for the low allostimulatory capacity of CD8alpha+ DCs in vitro. Surprisingly, both CD8alpha+ DCs and CD4-/CD8- DCs efficiently primed minor histocompatibility (H-Y male antigen) cytotoxicity following intravenous injection, whereas CD4+ DCs were weak inducers of CTLs. Thus, the inability of CD8alpha+ DCs to stimulate CD8+ T cells is limited to certain in vitro assays that must lack certain enhancing signals present during in vivo interaction between CD8alpha+ DCs and CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D McLellan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Würzburg, Joseph-Schneider Strasse 2, Würzburg 97080, Germany.
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58
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Norbury CC, Malide D, Gibbs JS, Bennink JR, Yewdell JW. Visualizing priming of virus-specific CD8+ T cells by infected dendritic cells in vivo. Nat Immunol 2002; 3:265-71. [PMID: 11828323 DOI: 10.1038/ni762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The rational design of vaccines that elicit CD8+ T cell responses requires knowledge of the identity of the antigen-presenting cell (APC), the location and time of presentation and the nature of the antigen presented by the APC. Here we address these questions for an antigen encoded by a recombinant vaccinia virus. We found that, following local infection, vaccinia virus infected macrophages and dendritic cells in draining lymph nodes. However, only the dendritic cells presented antigen to naïve CD8+ T cells, as determined by direct visualization of sectioned nodes by confocal microscopy. Presentation occurred as rapidly as 6 h after inoculation and quickly declined in parallel with the number of infected cells present in the nodes. These data provide direct evidence that virus-infected APCs prime naïve CD8+ T cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Norbury
- Present address: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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59
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Arpin C, Angelov G, Walzer T, Tomkowiak M, Beloeil L, Marvel J. Hyperproliferative response of a monoclonal memory CD8 T cell population is characterized by an increased frequency of clonogenic precursors. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:2147-53. [PMID: 11859100 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.5.2147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Strong memory T cell responses result partly from the selection of Ag-specific clones during immunization. In this study, we show that a monoclonal CD8 T cell population expressing a unique TCR is heterogeneous in terms of clonogenic potential following activation under optimal conditions. More importantly, the frequency of clonogenic cells is strongly increased among Ag-experienced cells, indicating that these cells were either generated or selected during the in vivo primary response. Moreover, strong proliferative responses of primed cells result from this enhanced frequency, as proliferating naive and primed cells display the same cycling parameters, i.e., lag time and intermitotic interval. Hence, these results suggest that the clonogenic potential of individual cells is imprinted before Ag encounter and that clonogenic precursors are selected or generated following in vivo activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Arpin
- Immuno-Apoptose, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 503, Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche en Virologie et Immunologie, Avenue Tony Garnier, 69365 Lyon Cedex 07, France
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60
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Kambayashi T, Assarsson E, Chambers BJ, Ljunggren HG. Cutting edge: Regulation of CD8(+) T cell proliferation by 2B4/CD48 interactions. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:6706-10. [PMID: 11739483 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.12.6706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The biological function of 2B4, a CD48-binding molecule expressed on T cells with an activation/memory phenotype, is not clear. In this report, we demonstrate that proliferation of CD8(+) T cells is regulated by 2B4. Proliferative responses of CD8(+) T cells were significantly reduced by anti-2B4 Ab. The effects were not potentiated by anti-CD48 Ab, suggesting that the observed responses were driven by 2B4/CD48 interactions. Surprisingly, the 2B4/CD48-dependent proliferative responses were also observed in the absence of APCs. This suggests that 2B4/CD48 interactions can occur directly between T cells. Furthermore, when activated 2B4(+)CD8(+) T cells were mixed with 2B4(-)CD8(+) TCR-transgenic T cells and specific peptide-loaded APC, the proliferation of the latter T cells was inhibited by anti-2B4 Ab. Taken together, this suggests that 2B4 on activated/memory T cells serves as a ligand for CD48, and by its ability to interact with CD48 provides costimulatory-like function for neighboring T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kambayashi
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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61
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Kambayashi T, Assarsson E, Chambers BJ, Ljunggren HG. IL-2 down-regulates the expression of TCR and TCR-associated surface molecules on CD8(+) T cells. Eur J Immunol 2001; 31:3248-54. [PMID: 11745341 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4141(200111)31:11<3248::aid-immu3248>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CD8(+) T cells are known to down-regulate the TCR complex upon ligation with its cognate MHC class I-peptide complex. In the present report, we demonstrate that stimulation of CD8(+) T cells with cytokines also leads to down-regulation of the TCR complex and TCR-associated surface molecules. A significant reduction of TCRalpha beta, CD3, CD8alpha and CD8beta surface expression was observed when CD8(+) T cells were cultured in IL-2 and to a lesser extent in IL-4 or IL-15. The down-regulation was apparent after 2 days of culture and was observed at IL-2 concentrations as low as 10 U/ml. Using TCR transgenic mice, we found that the down-regulation was associated with a decreased affinity of CD8(+) T cells to MHC class I-peptide complexes, as determined by MHC class I tetramer staining. Furthermore, the antigen-specific proliferation of IL-2-pre-activated CD8(+) T cells was significantly reduced compared to naive CD8(+) T cells or to CD8(+) T cells previously stimulated with peptide-pulsed dendritic cells. Moreover, only CD8alpha(high) but not CD8alpha(low) cells sorted from IL-2-activated CD8(+) T cells proliferated in response to specific antigen, although both subsets proliferated equally well to IL-2. Taken together, these data suggest that the down-regulation of TCR components and a subsequent decrease in affinity towards MHC class I-peptide complexes may be a mechanism by which TCR-dependent proliferation of non-specifically activated CD8(+) T cells is avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kambayashi
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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62
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Gomez M, Kioussis D, Cantrell DA. The GTPase Rac-1 controls cell fate in the thymus by diverting thymocytes from positive to negative selection. Immunity 2001; 15:703-13. [PMID: 11728333 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(01)00235-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The positive selection of CD4 or CD8 single-positive mature peripheral T lymphocytes and the deletion of self-reactive cells are crucial for central tolerance in the peripheral immune system. Previously, the guanine nucleotide binding protein Rac-1 has been shown to control pre-T cell development. The present report now describes the actions of Rac-1 in thymocyte selection. The study reveals that this molecule has the striking and unique ability to efficiently divert cells from positive selection into a pathway of negative selection and deletion. The ability of Rac-1 to switch thymocytes from a destiny of positive to negative selection identifies this molecule as a critical regulator of the developmental processes in T cells that are essential for immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gomez
- Imperial Cancer Research Fund, Lymphocyte Activation Laboratory, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, WC2A 3PX, United Kingdom
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63
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Williams O, Mok CL, Norton T, Harker N, Kioussis D, Brady HJ. Elevated Bcl-2 is not a causal event in the positive selection of T cells. Eur J Immunol 2001; 31:1876-82. [PMID: 11433384 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4141(200106)31:6<1876::aid-immu1876>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
T cell development is characterized by the induction of apoptosis in most immature thymocytes and the rescue from apoptosis of a small proportion of cells by the process of positive selection.Up-regulation of the anti-apoptotic molecule Bcl-2 is associated with thymocytes undergoing positive selection and a bcl-2 transgene promotes the generation of mature T cells. In contrast,mice transgenic for the pro-apoptotic molecule Bax show impaired T cell maturation. We have used fetal thymic organ culture to determine the action of Bcl-2 and Bax on positive selection of thymocytes. Our data show that Bcl-2 and Bax do not alter the number of thymocytes positively selected by a defined peptide ligand. This implies that Bcl-2 and Bax alter the production of mature T cells in vivo by influencing thymocyte viability rather than by direct action on positive selection. It also presents a solution to the 'chicken-and-egg' scenario relating to Bcl-2 up-regulation and positive selection. The data suggest that the up-regulation of Bcl-2 associated with T cell maturation is a consequence of positive selection rather than a cause of it.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Williams
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Research Council, National Institute for Medical Research, London, GB
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64
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Van Laethem F, Baus E, Smyth LA, Andris F, Bex F, Urbain J, Kioussis D, Leo O. Glucocorticoids attenuate T cell receptor signaling. J Exp Med 2001; 193:803-14. [PMID: 11283153 PMCID: PMC2193373 DOI: 10.1084/jem.193.7.803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) affect peripheral immune responses by inhibiting T cell immunity at several stages of the activation cascade, causing impaired cytokine production and effector function. The recent demonstration that the thymic epithelium and possibly thymocytes themselves produce steroids suggests that endogenous GCs also play a role in the control of T cell development. As both peripheral responsiveness and thymic differentiation appear to be regulated by the quantity and quality of intracellular signals issued by antigen-major histocompatibility complex-engaged T cell receptor (TCR) complexes, we investigated the effects of GCs on the signaling properties of T cells stimulated by anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies or agonist peptides. We demonstrate in this work that dexamethasone, a synthetic GC, inhibits the early signaling events initiated upon TCR ligation, such as tyrosine phosphorylation of several TCR-associated substrates including the zeta chain, the ZAP70 kinase, and the transmembrane adapter molecule linker for activation of T cells. Hypophosphorylation was not a consequence of reduced kinase activity of src protein tyrosine kinases, but was correlated with an altered- membrane compartmentalization of these molecules. These observations indicate that in addition to their well-described ability to interfere with the transcription of molecules involved in peripheral responses, GCs inhibit T cell activation by affecting the early phosphorylating events induced after TCR ligation.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Van Laethem
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Animale, Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Erika Baus
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Animale, Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Lesley A. Smyth
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The National Institute of Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
| | - Fabienne Andris
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Animale, Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Françoise Bex
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Institut CERIA, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Jacques Urbain
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Animale, Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Dimitris Kioussis
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The National Institute of Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
| | - Oberdan Leo
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Animale, Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
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65
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Norbury CC, Princiotta MF, Bacik I, Brutkiewicz RR, Wood P, Elliott T, Bennink JR, Yewdell JW. Multiple antigen-specific processing pathways for activating naive CD8+ T cells in vivo. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:4355-62. [PMID: 11254689 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.7.4355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Current knowledge of the processing of viral Ags into MHC class I-associated ligands is based almost completely on in vitro studies using nonprofessional APCs (pAPCs). This is two steps removed from real immune responses to pathogens and vaccines, in which pAPCs activate naive CD8(+) T cells in vivo. Rational vaccine design requires answers to numerous questions surrounding the function of pAPCs in vivo, including their abilities to process and present peptides derived from endogenous and exogenous viral Ags. In the present study, we characterize the in vivo dependence of Ag presentation on the expression of TAP by testing the immunogenicity of model Ags synthesized by recombinant vaccinia viruses in TAP1(-/-) mice. We show that the efficiency of TAP-independent presentation in vitro correlates with TAP-independent activation of naive T cells in vivo and provide the first in vivo evidence for proteolytic processing of antigenic peptides in the secretory pathway. There was, however, a clear exception to this correlation; although the presentation of the minimal SIINFEKL determinant from chicken egg OVA in vitro was strictly TAP dependent, it was presented in a TAP-independent manner in vivo. In vivo presentation of the same peptide from a fusion protein retained its TAP dependence. These results show that determinant-specific processing pathways exist in vivo for the generation of antiviral T cell responses. We present additional findings that point to cross-priming as the likely mechanism for these protein-specific differences.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 2
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/administration & dosage
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/biosynthesis
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/physiology
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation
- Antigens, Viral/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Egg Proteins/administration & dosage
- Egg Proteins/genetics
- Egg Proteins/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Humans
- Injections, Intravenous
- Interphase/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphocyte Transfusion
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Ovalbumin/administration & dosage
- Ovalbumin/genetics
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/administration & dosage
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Recombination, Genetic/immunology
- Vaccinia virus/genetics
- Vaccinia virus/immunology
- Viral Core Proteins/administration & dosage
- Viral Core Proteins/genetics
- Viral Core Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Norbury
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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66
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Opferman JT, Ober BT, Narayanan R, Ashton-Rickardt PG. Suicide induced by cytolytic activity controls the differentiation of memory CD8(+) T lymphocytes. Int Immunol 2001; 13:411-9. [PMID: 11282980 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/13.4.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) confer protection against intracellular pathogens, yet the mechanism by which some escape activation induced cell death (AICD) and give rise to long-lived memory cells is unclear. We studied the differentiation of transgenic TCR CD8(+) cells into CTL and memory cells using a novel system that allowed us to control cytolytic activity. The perforin/granzyme granules used to lyse targets induced the apoptosis of CTL in a fratricide-independent manner. After adoptive transfer to antigen-free mice, the ability of CTL to give generate memory cells was determined. We found that the extent of cytolysis by a common pool of CTL controlled the differentiation into memory cells, which were only generated under conditions of minimal cytolytic activity. Thus, the differentiation of naive CD8(+) cells into memory cells may not depend on the presence on a subset of committed CTL precursors, but rather is controlled by the extent of granule-mediated cytolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Opferman
- Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology and Ben May Institute for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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67
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Throsby M, Herbelin A, Pléau JM, Dardenne M. CD11c+ eosinophils in the murine thymus: developmental regulation and recruitment upon MHC class I-restricted thymocyte deletion. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:1965-75. [PMID: 10925279 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.4.1965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils are bone marrow-derived cells released into the circulation during hypersensitivity reactions and parasitic infections. Under normal conditions most eosinophils are tissue bound, where their physiologic role is unclear. During in situ analysis of the thymic microenvironment for CD11c+ dendritic cell subpopulations (APC critical in the process of thymic negative selection) a discrete population of CD11b/CD11c double-positive cells concentrated in the cortico-medullary region of young mice was detected. Thymic CD11c+ cells were isolated, and the CD11b+ subpopulation (CD44high, class IIlow, CD11cint) was identified as mature eosinophils based on: scatter characteristics, major basic protein mRNA expression, and eosinophilic granules. They are hypodense, release high levels of superoxide anion, and express CD25, CD69, and mRNA for IL-4 and IL-13, but not GM-CSF or IL-5, suggesting a distinct state of activation. Thymic eosinophils are preferentially recruited during the neonatal period; absolute numbers increased 10-fold between 7-14 days to reach parity with dendritic cells before diminishing. In a model of acute negative selection, eosinophil numbers were increased 2-fold 6 h after cognate peptide injection into MHC class I-restricted female H-Y TCR transgenic mice. In both peptide-treated female and negatively selecting male H-Y TCR mice, clusters of apoptotic bodies were associated with eosinophils throughout the thymus. Our data demonstrate a temporal and spatial association between eosinophil recruitment and class I-restricted selection in the thymus, suggesting an immunomodulatory role for eosinophils under nonpathological conditions.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn/growth & development
- Animals, Newborn/immunology
- Cell Communication/immunology
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Cell Separation
- Clonal Deletion/immunology
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Eosinophils/cytology
- Eosinophils/immunology
- Eosinophils/metabolism
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology
- Immunophenotyping
- Integrin alphaXbeta2/biosynthesis
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
- Superoxides/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/anatomy & histology
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/growth & development
- Thymus Gland/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- M Throsby
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8603 Université Paris V, Paris, France.
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68
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Cornet A, Bettelli E, Oukka M, Cambouris C, Avellana-Adalid V, Kosmatopoulos K, Liblau RS. Role of astrocytes in antigen presentation and naive T-cell activation. J Neuroimmunol 2000; 106:69-77. [PMID: 10814784 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(99)00215-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes may have a role in antigen presentation in inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) such as MS and EAE. In this study, we have assessed whether purified astrocyte cultures could stimulate naive CD4(+) or CD8(+) T-cells from TCR transgenic mice. As previously described, astrocytes sustained antigen-specific CD4(+) T-cell proliferation only in the presence of IFN-gamma, which promotes expression of both MHC class II and B7 molecules on astrocytes. In addition, we show that astrocytes also have the capacity to present antigens to naive CD8(+) T-cell and promote their proliferation. In one system, this CD8(+) T-cell proliferation was dependent on IFN-gamma-induced upregulation of B7 molecules on astrocytes. However, in a second TCR transgenic system, astrocytes could induce naive CD8(+) T-cell proliferation even in the absence of IFN-gamma. The possible implications of these findings for the pathophysiology of CNS inflammatory diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cornet
- INSERM U 267, Paul Brousse Hospital, 14 avenue Paul Vaillant-Couturier, 94807, Villejuif, France
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69
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Price GE, Ou R, Jiang H, Huang L, Moskophidis D. Viral escape by selection of cytotoxic T cell-resistant variants in influenza A virus pneumonia. J Exp Med 2000; 191:1853-67. [PMID: 10839802 PMCID: PMC2213532 DOI: 10.1084/jem.191.11.1853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2000] [Accepted: 03/20/2000] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigenic variation is a strategy exploited by influenza viruses to promote survival in the face of the host adaptive immune response and constitutes a major obstacle to efficient vaccine development. Thus, variation in the surface glycoproteins hemagglutinin and neuraminidase is reflected by changes in susceptibility to antibody neutralization. This has led to the current view that antibody-mediated selection of influenza A viruses constitutes the basis for annual influenza epidemics and periodic pandemics. However, infection with this virus elicits a vigorous protective CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response, suggesting that CD8(+) CTLs might exert selection pressure on the virus. Studies with influenza A virus-infected transgenic mice bearing a T cell receptor (TCR) specific for viral nucleoprotein reveal that virus reemergence and persistence occurs weeks after the acute infection has apparently been controlled. The persisting virus is no longer recognized by CTLs, indicating that amino acid changes in the major viral nucleoprotein CTL epitope can be rapidly accumulated in vivo. These mutations lead to a total or partial loss of recognition by polyclonal CTLs by affecting presentation of viral peptide by class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, or by interfering with TCR recognition of the mutant peptide-MHC complex. These data illustrate the distinct features of pulmonary immunity in selection of CTL escape variants. The likelihood of emergence and the biological impact of CTL escape variants on the clinical outcome of influenza pneumonia in an immunocompetent host, which is relevant for the design of preventive vaccines against this and other respiratory viral infections, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme E. Price
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Rong Ou
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Hong Jiang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Lei Huang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Demetrius Moskophidis
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912
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70
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Abstract
Abstract
AIM/CD69 is the earliest leukocyte activation antigen and is expressed mainly by activated T, B, and natural killer (NK) cells. It is also constitutively expressed by platelets, by bone marrow myeloid precursors, and by small subsets of resident lymphocytes in the secondary lymphoid tissues. The engagement of CD69 by specific antibodies induces intracellular signals, including Ca++ flux, cytokine synthesis, and cell proliferation. To investigate the physiological relevance of CD69, we generated mice deficient in CD69 (CD69-/-) by gene targeting in embryonic stem cells. CD69 (-/-) mice showed largely normal hematopoietic cell development and normal T-cell subpopulations in thymus and periphery. Furthermore, studies of negative- and positive-thymocyte selection using a T-cell receptor transgenic model demonstrated that these processes were not altered in CD69 (-/-) mice. In addition, natural killer and cytotoxic T lymphocyte cells from CD69-deficient mice displayed cytotoxic activity similar to that of wild-type mice. Interestingly, B-cell development was affected in the absence of CD69. The B220hiIgMneg bone marrow pre-B cell compartment was augmented in CD69 (-/-) mice. In addition, the absence of CD69 led to a slight increase in immunoglobulin (Ig) G2a and IgM responses to immunization with T-dependent and T-independent antigens. Nevertheless, CD69-deficient lymphocytes had a normal proliferative response to different T-cell and B-cell stimuli. Together, these observations indicate that CD69 plays a role in B-cell development and suggest that the putative stimulatory activity of this molecule on bone marrow-derived cells may be replaced in vivo by other signal transducing receptors.
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71
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Abstract
AIM/CD69 is the earliest leukocyte activation antigen and is expressed mainly by activated T, B, and natural killer (NK) cells. It is also constitutively expressed by platelets, by bone marrow myeloid precursors, and by small subsets of resident lymphocytes in the secondary lymphoid tissues. The engagement of CD69 by specific antibodies induces intracellular signals, including Ca++ flux, cytokine synthesis, and cell proliferation. To investigate the physiological relevance of CD69, we generated mice deficient in CD69 (CD69-/-) by gene targeting in embryonic stem cells. CD69 (-/-) mice showed largely normal hematopoietic cell development and normal T-cell subpopulations in thymus and periphery. Furthermore, studies of negative- and positive-thymocyte selection using a T-cell receptor transgenic model demonstrated that these processes were not altered in CD69 (-/-) mice. In addition, natural killer and cytotoxic T lymphocyte cells from CD69-deficient mice displayed cytotoxic activity similar to that of wild-type mice. Interestingly, B-cell development was affected in the absence of CD69. The B220hiIgMneg bone marrow pre-B cell compartment was augmented in CD69 (-/-) mice. In addition, the absence of CD69 led to a slight increase in immunoglobulin (Ig) G2a and IgM responses to immunization with T-dependent and T-independent antigens. Nevertheless, CD69-deficient lymphocytes had a normal proliferative response to different T-cell and B-cell stimuli. Together, these observations indicate that CD69 plays a role in B-cell development and suggest that the putative stimulatory activity of this molecule on bone marrow-derived cells may be replaced in vivo by other signal transducing receptors.
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72
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Bommhardt U, Scheuring Y, Bickel C, Zamoyska R, Hünig T. MEK activity regulates negative selection of immature CD4+CD8+ thymocytes. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:2326-37. [PMID: 10679067 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.5.2326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
CD4+CD8+ thymocytes are either positively selected and subsequently mature to CD4 single positive (SP) or CD8 SP T cells, or they die by apoptosis due to neglect or negative selection. This clonal selection is essential for establishing a functional self-restricted T cell repertoire. Intracellular signals through the three known mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways have been shown to selectively guide positive or negative selection. Whereas the c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38 MAP kinase regulate negative selection of thymocytes, the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway is required for positive selection and T cell lineage commitment. In this paper, we show that the MAP/ERK kinase (MEK)-ERK pathway is also involved in negative selection. Thymocytes from newborn TCR transgenic mice were cultured with TCR/CD3epsilon-specific Abs or TCR-specific agonist peptides to induce negative selection. In the presence of the MEK-specific pharmacological inhibitors PD98059 or UO126, cell recovery was enhanced and deletion of DP thymocytes was drastically reduced. Furthermore, development of CD4 SP T cells was blocked, but differentiation of mature CD8 SP T cells proceeded in the presence of agonist peptides when MEK activity was blocked. Thus, our data indicate that the outcome between positively and negatively selecting signals is critically dependent on MEK activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Bommhardt
- Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, Würzburg, Germany.
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73
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Tascon RE, Ragno S, Lowrie DB, Colston MJ. Immunostimulatory bacterial DNA sequences activate dendritic cells and promote priming and differentiation of CD8+ T cells. Immunology 2000; 99:1-7. [PMID: 10651934 PMCID: PMC2327138 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2000.00941.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T lymphocytes producing high levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and expressing antigen specific cytotoxic activity are effectively induced after plasmid DNA vaccination and mediate protection against several intracellular micro-organisms. Recent evidence suggests that the priming of CD8+ T-cell responses following DNA injection involves antigen presentation mediated by dendritic cells. Here, we show that bacterial DNA and synthetic oligonucleotides containing dinucleotide (CpG) motifs activate cytokine expression in dendritic cells and modulate in vivo CD8+ T-cell priming and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Tascon
- Mycobacterial Division, National Institute for Medical Research, London, UK
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74
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Festenstein R, Sharghi-Namini S, Fox M, Roderick K, Tolaini M, Norton T, Saveliev A, Kioussis D, Singh P. Heterochromatin protein 1 modifies mammalian PEV in a dose- and chromosomal-context-dependent manner. Nat Genet 1999; 23:457-61. [PMID: 10581035 DOI: 10.1038/70579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Locus control regions (LCRs) are gene regulatory elements in mammals that can overcome the highly repressive effects normally associated with heterochromatic transgene locations (for example the centromere) in mice. Deletion of essential LCR sequences renders the cognate gene susceptible to this form of repression, so a proportion of the cells from transgenic mice that would normally express the transgene are silenced-a phenomenon known as position effect variegation (PEV). We show here that PEV can also occur when the transgene is non-centromeric and that the extent of variegation can be developmentally regulated. Furthermore, by overexpressing a mammalian homologue (M31) of Drosophila melanogaster heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1; refs 7,8) in transgenic mouse lines that exhibit PEV, it is possible to modify the proportion of cells that silence the transgene in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, we show M31 overexpression to have two contrasting effects which are dependent on chromosomal context: (i) it enhanced PEV in those lines with centromeric or pericentromeric transgene locations; and (ii) it suppressed PEV when the transgene was non-centromeric. Our results indicate that components or modifiers of heterochromatin may have a chromosomal-context-dependent role in gene silencing and activation decisions in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Festenstein
- Division of Molecular Immunology, National Institute for Medical Research, London, UK.
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75
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Hong NA, Kabra NH, Hsieh SN, Cado D, Winoto A. In Vivo Overexpression of Dad1, the Defender Against Apoptotic Death-1, Enhances T Cell Proliferation But Does Not Protect Against Apoptosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.4.1888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The Dad1 protein has been shown to play a role in prevention of apoptosis in certain cell types. Dad1 is also a subunit of the oligosaccharyltransferase enzyme complex that initiates N-linked glycosylation. It is encoded by a gene located adjacent to the TCR α and δ genes on mouse chromosome 14. We have investigated the role of Dad1 during T cell development and activation. We observe that endogenous Dad1 levels are modulated during T cell development to reach maximal expression in mature thymocytes. Transgenic mice that overexpress Dad1 in both the thymus and peripheral immune system have been generated. Apoptosis of thymocytes from such mice is largely unaffected, but peripheral T cells display hyperproliferation in response to stimuli. Therefore, the linkage between the TCR and Dad1 genes may have important consequences for T cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. A. Hong
- Division of Immunology and Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - N. H. Kabra
- Division of Immunology and Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - S. N. Hsieh
- Division of Immunology and Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - D. Cado
- Division of Immunology and Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - A. Winoto
- Division of Immunology and Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
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76
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Levelt CN, de Jong YP, Mizoguchi E, O'Farrelly C, Bhan AK, Tonegawa S, Terhorst C, Simpson SJ. High- and low-affinity single-peptide/MHC ligands have distinct effects on the development of mucosal CD8alphaalpha and CD8alphabeta T lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:5628-33. [PMID: 10318935 PMCID: PMC21911 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.10.5628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we compared the influence of two peptides on the selection of CD8alphaalpha and CD8alphabeta intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) of the intestine, which develop by a unique and partially thymus-independent process. Mice were used in which all T cells carried one transgenic T cell antigen receptor (TCR) (F5), and in which only well defined transgenic peptides were presented by H-2Db. The first peptide, for which the F5 TCR has a high affinity, derives from the influenza virus nucleoprotein (NP68). The second peptide, NP34, is an antagonistic variant of NP68 and is recognized by the F5 TCR with low affinity. To avoid presentation of endogenous peptides or production of T cells carrying alternative TCRs, F5 TCR transgenic mice were generated that were deficient for Tap-1 and Rag-1. In these mice, no CD3(+)CD8(+) cells were found in lymph nodes, spleen, or intestine. Introduction of transgenes encoding either NP34 or NP68 along with an endoplasmic reticulum signal sequence enabled Tap-1-independent expression of each peptide in these mice. Positive selection of F5TCR+CD8(+) thymocytes was not rescued by these transgenic peptides. However, the high-affinity NP68 peptide induced maturation of CD8alphaalpha IEL, whereas the low-affinity NP34 peptide stimulated development of both CD8alphabeta and CD8alphaalpha IEL, but in smaller numbers. When both peptides were present, CD8alphabeta T cells failed to develop and the number of CD8alphaalpha IELs was lower than in mice carrying the NP68 transgene alone. These data demonstrate that single ligands with a high or low affinity for TCR are capable of inducing or inhibiting the maturation of alternative subsets of IELs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C N Levelt
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA, 02139, USA
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77
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Pihlgren M, Arpin C, Walzer T, Tomkowiak M, Thomas A, Marvel J, Dubois PM. Memory CD44(int) CD8 T cells show increased proliferative responses and IFN-gamma production following antigenic challenge in vitro. Int Immunol 1999; 11:699-706. [PMID: 10330275 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/11.5.699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
F5 TCR transgenic mice challenged in vivo with peptide generate long-lived primed CD8 T cells that hyper-proliferate in response to peptide in vitro. These primed CD8 T cells can be subdivided into three distinct populations on the basis of CD44 cell surface expression. In this report, we show that among primed CD8 T cells, those expressing intermediate levels of CD44 appear to be true memory T cells by the measurement of a variety of characteristics. Indeed, these cells hyper-proliferate in response to peptide re-stimulation in vitro, and produce IFN-gamma with faster kinetics and at higher levels than naive populations in vitro. We also show that CD8 T cells expressing high levels of CD44 express several activation markers and cycle in vivo in the absence of antigen. However, this population is unable to respond to peptide stimulation in vitro as measured by both proliferation and IFN-gamma secretion. The origin and specificity of these cells is unknown. These results provide evidence that memory CD8 T cells are functionally different from naive CD8 T cells both in terms of proliferation and cytokine secretion. They identify the CD8/CD44(int) T cells as the population responsible for hyper-reactivity in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pihlgren
- Immunologie Cellulaire, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR 49, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
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78
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Dyson PJ, Elliott JI. Chronic deletion, escape from deletion and activation of mouse mammary tumor virus superantigen-reactive T cells in C57BL/10 mice. Eur J Immunol 1999; 29:1456-66. [PMID: 10359099 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199905)29:05<1456::aid-immu1456>3.0.co;2-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Though C57BL/10 mice express the mouse mammary tumor virus superantigens (sag) encoded by Mtv-8 and Mtv-9, it has been thought that these sag do not bind to the MHC class II molecule H2-Ab and consequently do not affect the T cell repertoire. However, we show that cells bearing TCR Vbeta chains specific for Mtv-8 and -9 sag are chronically deleted in C57BL/10 mice. Thymocytes and peripheral T cells escaping deletion by Mtv sag display a small reduction in the level of cell surface CD4. T cells escaping thymic deletion respond variably to endogenous Mtv sag with some, but not all, reactive populations appearing overrepresented in the activated/memory subset. The data suggest that in normal mice fine modulation of coreceptor expression levels may be a common way by which thymocytes escape elimination, that systems utilizing potentially Mtv sag-reactive TCR on a C57BL background may be inappropriate for the measurement of the affinity of TCR/MHC/peptide interactions required in thymic selection, and that detection of the activity of human sag may be aided by analysis of CD4 levels and activation markers on T cells in conjunction with studies of the frequency of cells bearing specific TCRVbeta chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Dyson
- Transplantation Biology Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London, GB
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79
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Johnson KG, LeRoy FG, Borysiewicz LK, Matthews RJ. TCR Signaling Thresholds Regulating T Cell Development and Activation Are Dependent upon SHP-1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.7.3802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
An examination of thymocytes and peripheral T cells from SHP-1-deficient motheaten mice possessing a transgenic MHC class I-restricted TCR has implicated SHP-1 in regulating TCR signaling thresholds at three checkpoints in T cell development and activation. First, in the population of CD4−CD8− double negative thymocytes, SHP-1 appears capable of regulating signals from TCR complexes that control the maturation and proliferation of double negative thymocytes. Second, the loss of SHP-1 increased the number of CD4+CD8+ double positive thymocytes capable of maturing as TCRhigh single positive thymocytes. Third, the loss of SHP-1 altered the basal level of activation of naive lymph node T cells. Accordingly, SHP-1-deficient lymph node T cells bearing the transgenic TCR demonstrated a hyperresponsiveness to stimulation with cognate peptide. However, the loss of SHP-1 did not alter the cytolytic ability of mature effector cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Together these results suggest that SHP-1 contributes to establishing thresholds for TCR signaling in thymocytes and naive peripheral T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth G. Johnson
- Department of Medicine, Tenovus Building, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Frances G. LeRoy
- Department of Medicine, Tenovus Building, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Leszek K. Borysiewicz
- Department of Medicine, Tenovus Building, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - R. James Matthews
- Department of Medicine, Tenovus Building, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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80
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Mok CL, Gil-Gómez G, Williams O, Coles M, Taga S, Tolaini M, Norton T, Kioussis D, Brady HJ. Bad can act as a key regulator of T cell apoptosis and T cell development. J Exp Med 1999; 189:575-86. [PMID: 9927519 PMCID: PMC2192908 DOI: 10.1084/jem.189.3.575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bad is a distant relative of Bcl-2 and acts to promote cell death. Here, we show that Bad expression levels are greatly increased in thymocytes during apoptosis. We generated bad transgenic mice to study the action of upregulated Bad expression on T cell apoptosis. The T cells from these mice are highly sensitive to apoptotic stimuli, including anti-CD95. The numbers of T cells are greatly depleted and the processes of T cell development and selection are perturbed. We show that the proapoptotic function of Bad in primary T cells is regulated by Akt kinase and that Bad overexpression enhances both cell cycle progression and interleukin 2 production after T cell activation. These data suggest that Bad can act as a key regulator of T cell apoptosis and that this is a consequence of its upregulation after exposure to death stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Mok
- Division of Molecular Immunology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
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81
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Affiliation(s)
- B Stockinger
- Division of Molecular Immunology, National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
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82
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Izquierdo M, Grandien A, Criado LM, Robles S, Leonardo E, Albar JP, de Buitrago GG, Martínez-A C. Blocked negative selection of developing T cells in mice expressing the baculovirus p35 caspase inhibitor. EMBO J 1999; 18:156-66. [PMID: 9878059 PMCID: PMC1171111 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/18.1.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clonal deletion in the thymus by apoptosis is involved in purging the immune system of self-reactive T lymphocytes (negative selection). Cysteine proteases (caspases) belonging to the CPP32 family are activated during this process. We have produced transgenic mice expressing baculovirus p35, a broad-range caspase inhibitor. Thymocytes from p35 transgenic mice were resistant in vitro to several apoptosis-inducing agents; this resistance correlated with the inhibition of CPP32-like activity. Negative selection in vivo of thymocytes triggered by two exogenous antigens, staphylococcal enterotoxin B superantigen and an antigenic peptide in the F5 T-cell receptor transgenic model, was specifically inhibited in p35 transgenic mice. Our results provide direct evidence for caspase involvement in negative selection during thymocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Izquierdo
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, UAM Campus de Cantoblanco, E-28049, Madrid, Spain
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83
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Dubois PM, Pihlgren M, Tomkowiak M, Van Mechelen M, Marvel J. Tolerant CD8 T Cells Induced by Multiple Injections of Peptide Antigen Show Impaired TCR Signaling and Altered Proliferative Responses In Vitro and In Vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.10.5260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The mechanisms responsible for peripheral CD8 T cell tolerance to foreign Ags remain poorly understood. In this study we have characterized the state of CD8 T cell tolerance induced in F5 TCR transgenic mice by multiple peptide injections in vivo. The tolerant state of CD8 T cells is characterized by impaired proliferative responses, increased sensitivity to cell death, and failure to acquire cytotoxic effector function after in vitro antigenic challenge. In vivo monitoring of CD8 T cell proliferation using 5-carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester showed that a large subset of the tolerant T cell population failed to divide in response to peptide. TCR down-regulation could not account for this loss of responsiveness to Ag since recombination-activating gene-1 (RAG-1)−/−F5 CD8 T cell responses were similar to those of RAG-1−/−F5 × RAG-1−/− F1 T lymphocytes, which express lower levels of the transgenic TCR. Analysis of early signal transduction in tolerant CD8 T cells revealed high basal levels of cytoplasmic calcium as well as impaired calcium mobilization and tyrosine phosphorylation after cross-linking of CD3ε and CD8α. Together these data indicate that repeated exposure to soluble antigenic peptide in vivo can induce a state of functional tolerance characterized by defective TCR signaling, impaired proliferation, and increased sensitivity to cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice M. Dubois
- *Immunologie Cellulaire, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Lyon, France; and
| | - Maria Pihlgren
- *Immunologie Cellulaire, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Lyon, France; and
| | - Martine Tomkowiak
- *Immunologie Cellulaire, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Lyon, France; and
| | - Marcelle Van Mechelen
- †Laboratoire de Physiologie Animale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jacqueline Marvel
- *Immunologie Cellulaire, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Lyon, France; and
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84
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Hostert A, Garefalaki A, Mavria G, Tolaini M, Roderick K, Norton T, Mee PJ, Tybulewicz VL, Coles M, Kioussis D. Hierarchical interactions of control elements determine CD8alpha gene expression in subsets of thymocytes and peripheral T cells. Immunity 1998; 9:497-508. [PMID: 9806636 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80633-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
CD4 and CD8 are crucial for the development and function of T cells. An intergenic deoxyribonuclease I hypersensitive site region (cluster CIII) directs expression in mature CD8 T cells only. Here, we show that two further independent regions from the CD8 gene locus in conjunction with cluster CIII restore transgene expression in appropriate immature thymocytes. Deletion of two of the intergenic cluster CIII DNaseI-HSS in homozygous mutant mice affects expression of CD8alphaalpha homodimers on intraepithelial T cells (IEL), particularly on the gammadeltaTCR+ subset. Surprisingly, none of the thymocyte or peripheral alphabetaTCR T cell subsets are affected by this mutation, indicating hierarchical activation of these elements within the different T cell subsets.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Animals
- CD8 Antigens/genetics
- Cell Differentiation
- Chromosome Mapping
- DNA/genetics
- Deoxyribonuclease I
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Genes, Reporter
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mutation
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Sequence Deletion
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hostert
- Division of Molecular Immunology, National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
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85
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Williams O, Norton T, Halligey M, Kioussis D, Brady HJ. The action of Bax and bcl-2 on T cell selection. J Exp Med 1998; 188:1125-33. [PMID: 9743531 PMCID: PMC2212546 DOI: 10.1084/jem.188.6.1125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/1998] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell development and selection in the thymus are shaped by the induction of apoptosis. However, a direct role in T cell development and selection for any of the molecules known to regulate apoptosis has remained controversial. We have studied the effect of bax and bcl-2 transgenes in recombination activation gene 1-deficient (RAG-1(-/-)) mice transgenic for the major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted F5 T cell receptor. Overexpression of a bax transgene in the thymus seriously impairs the production of mature T cells, whereas bcl-2 overexpression greatly promotes it. The effect of bax and bcl-2 overexpression on antigen-induced negative selection was studied using fetal thymic organ cultures. This analysis showed that Bcl-2 strongly inhibits negative selection, whereas Bax does not affect it. Our data directly show that Bcl-2 family members have specific roles in T cell selection and also lend support to the hypothesis that Bax and Bcl-2 can antagonize each other's action in a certain apoptosis pathway while in another they can be functionally nonreciprocal.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Williams
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Research Council, National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
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86
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Moskophidis D, Kioussis D. Contribution of virus-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T cells to virus clearance or pathologic manifestations of influenza virus infection in a T cell receptor transgenic mouse model. J Exp Med 1998; 188:223-32. [PMID: 9670035 PMCID: PMC2212460 DOI: 10.1084/jem.188.2.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of influenza virus to evade immune surveillance by neutralizing antibodies (Abs) directed against its variable surface antigens provides a challenge to the development of effective vaccines. CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) restricted by class I major histocompatibility complex molecules are important in establishing immunity to influenza virus because they recognize internal viral proteins which are conserved between multiple viral strains. In contrast, protective Abs are strain-specific. However, the precise role of effector CD8+ CTLs in protection from influenza virus infection, critical for understanding disease pathogenesis, has not been well defined. In transgenic mice with a very high frequency of antiinfluenza CTL precursors, but without protective Abs, CD8+ CTLs conferred protection against low dose viral challenge, but exacerbated viral pathology and caused mortality at high viral dose. The data suggest a dual role for CD8+ CTLs against influenza, which may present a challenge to the development of effective CTL vaccines. Effector mechanisms used by CD8+ CTLs in orchestrating clearance of virus and recovery from experimental influenza infection, or potentiation of lethal pathology, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Moskophidis
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA.
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87
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Smyth LA, Williams O, Huby RD, Norton T, Acuto O, Ley SC, Kioussis D. Altered peptide ligands induce quantitatively but not qualitatively different intracellular signals in primary thymocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:8193-8. [PMID: 9653163 PMCID: PMC20952 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.14.8193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Interaction of the T cell receptor (TCR) with peptide/major histocompatibility complexes (MHC) in the thymus is of critical importance for developing thymocytes. In a previous study, we described an antagonist peptide that inhibited negative selection of transgenic thymocytes induced by an agonist peptide. In this study we show that this antagonist peptide can induce positive selection of CD8(+) thymocytes more efficiently than the agonist or the weak agonist peptides, whereas the opposite is true for their ability to cause negative selection. The intracellular signals induced in thymocytes by such peptides after TCR ligation was examined in CD4(+)8(+) double-positive thymocytes from F5/beta2mo/Rag-1(o) transgenic mice. TCR ligation with either the agonist, weak agonist, or antagonist peptide variants resulted in hyperphosphorylation of CD3zeta, CD3epsilon, ZAP-70, Syk, Vav, SLP-76, and pp36-38. The extent of phosphorylation of these intracellular proteins correlated with the efficiency with which the peptide analogs induced apoptosis of immature thymocytes. Unexpectedly, there was no correlation between the upstream TCR signaling pathways analyzed and the capacity of the different peptides to induce positive selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Smyth
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The National Institute of Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
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88
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Tarazona R, Williams O, Moskophidis D, Smyth LA, Tanaka Y, Murdjeva M, Wack A, Mamalaki C, Kioussis D. Susceptibility and Resistance to Antigen-Induced Apoptosis in the Thymus of Transgenic Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.160.11.5397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Injection of TCR transgenic mice with antigenic peptide results in the deletion of immature thymocytes expressing the transgenic TCR. We have analyzed this process in mice transgenic for a TCR (F5) that recognizes a peptide from the influenza nucleoprotein (NP68). To determine whether deletion of immature thymocytes is the result of specific recognition of the antigenic peptide by the thymocytes or mature T cell activation, bone marrow chimeric mice were generated using a mixture of cells from F5 transgenic and nontransgenic mice. Injection of these mice with antigenic peptide leads to the preferential depletion of F5 transgenic thymocytes, whereas nontransgenic thymocytes remain largely unaffected. Furthermore, exposure of F5 fetal thymic lobes to peptide leads to thymocyte deletion even though no mature single positive T cells are present at this stage. These data suggest that Ag-induced death of immature thymocytes is due to peptide-specific recognition, although activated mature T cells appear to potentiate such deletion. Further administration of antigenic peptide to F5 mice results in the appearance of double-positive thymocytes that are resistant to Ag or anti-CD3-induced apoptosis. These data suggest a change in the ability of the cells to signal through the TCR-CD3 complex, resembling the state of anergy induced in peripheral T cells following chronic exposure to Ag.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Tarazona
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Owen Williams
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Demetrius Moskophidis
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lesley A. Smyth
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yujiro Tanaka
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marianna Murdjeva
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Wack
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Clio Mamalaki
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitris Kioussis
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
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89
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Williams O, Tarazona R, Wack A, Harker N, Roderick K, Kioussis D. Interactions with multiple peptide ligands determine the fate of developing thymocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:5706-11. [PMID: 9576948 PMCID: PMC20443 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.10.5706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Thymocytes are positively or negatively selected depending on interactions between their T cell receptors (TCR) and peptides presented by major histocompatibility complex molecules. We have previously shown that apoptosis of thymocytes from an alpha beta TCR-transgenic mouse (F5), induced by antigenic peptide, can be inhibited specifically by an antagonist peptide variant in an in vitro culture model. We have now extended these experiments by demonstrating that the antagonist peptide can inhibit natural negative selection of maturing thymocytes, induced by endogenously expressed antigen, in fetal thymic organ cultures (FTOC). This inhibition resulted in the rescue and maturation of thymocytes that would otherwise have been deleted. Mature T cells generated in these cultures were able to respond to antigen by producing limited quantities of interferon-gamma, but unlike T cells from control FTOC, they required exogenous interleukin-2 to generate cytolytic effector cells. Interestingly, the antagonist peptide also accelerated the development of F5 thymocytes in the absence of the negatively selecting ligand. These data suggest that the developmental fate of a thymocyte may be determined by the recognition of multiple distinct peptide ligands during thymic selection. Alterations in the profiles of selecting peptides presented in the thymus would thus have profound effects on the size and autoreactive potential of the T cell repertoire generated.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation
- Cells, Cultured
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Epitopes/metabolism
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-2/metabolism
- Kinetics
- Ligands
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Nucleoproteins/metabolism
- Peptides/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/growth & development
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- O Williams
- Division of Molecular Immunology, National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
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90
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Martin S, Bevan MJ. Antigen-specific and nonspecific deletion of immature cortical thymocytes caused by antigen injection. Eur J Immunol 1997; 27:2726-36. [PMID: 9368633 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830271037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of antigen-induced negative selection of thymocytes in T cell receptor (TCR)-transgenic mice is complicated by the presence of an antigen-responsive peripheral T cell compartment. Our experiments address the question of whether and how peripheral T cell activation can affect immature thymocytes. Following three daily injections of peptide antigen into mice expressing a peptide-specific transgenic TCR and deficient for TAP1, we and others have found profound deletion of the CD4+CD8+ (DP) thymocyte subset. However, our work shows that even though mature CD8+ T cells are inefficiently selected in TAP1-deficient mice, there was a striking degree of peripheral expansion and activation of CD8+ peripheral T cells. Furthermore, when cells from TCR-transgenic mice were adoptively transferred, we found that deletion of nontransgenic DP thymocytes occurred in Thy-1-congenic and even more efficiently in TAP1-deficient recipients after repeated peptide injection resulting in peripheral T cell activation. In the adoptive transfer experiments the degree of deletion of immature bystander thymocytes was decreased upon blocking of TNF. These data show that deletion of DP thymocytes can result from excessive peripheral T cell activation and identify TNF as an important effector molecule for this process. When steps are taken to avoid peripheral T cell activation, peptide antigen can induce TCR-mediated thymocyte deletion, presumably in the thymus cortex, since injection of TAP1-deficient TCR-transgenic mice resulted in deletion of immature DP thymocytes prior to detectable peripheral T cell expansion and activation. This effect was not blocked by inhibiting tumor necrosis factor activity. In addition, DP depletion was seen in the absence of peripheral T cell activation when antibody-mediated depletion of CD8+ T cells was performed. Our work clearly shows that two mechanisms for deletion of DP thymocytes exist: deletion induced by antigen presentation in the thymus and deletion as a consequence of repeated stimulation of mature peripheral T cells.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 2
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/physiology
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Antigens/administration & dosage
- Antigens/immunology
- Clonal Deletion/drug effects
- Dexamethasone/antagonists & inhibitors
- Dexamethasone/pharmacology
- H-2 Antigens/immunology
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mifepristone/pharmacology
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/antagonists & inhibitors
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- S Martin
- Department of Immunology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle 98195-7370, USA
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91
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Ghendler Y, Hussey RE, Witte T, Mizoguchi E, Clayton LK, Bhan AK, Koyasu S, Chang HC, Reinherz EL. Double-positive T cell receptor(high) thymocytes are resistant to peptide/major histocompatibility complex ligand-induced negative selection. Eur J Immunol 1997; 27:2279-89. [PMID: 9341770 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830270923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To investigate negative selection events during intrathymic ontogeny, we established T cell receptor (TCR)-transgenic mice [N15tg/RAG-2-/- (H-2b)] expressing a single TCR specific for vesicular stomatitis virus nuclear octapeptide N52-59 (VSV8) in the context of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecule, K(b). Administration of VSV8 in vivo induced apoptosis in less than 4 h, deleting the majority of immature double-positive (DP) thymocytes by 24 h. In contrast, DP TCRhigh as well as single-positive (SP) thymocytes were refractory to this death process. Moreover, DP TCRhigh cells differentiated into SP thymocytes in vitro and in vivo, maturing into functional cytotoxic T lymphocytes upon intrathymic transfer to beta RAG 2-/- recipients. Hence, negative selection processes involving MHC-bound peptide ligands are operative only prior to the late DP thymocyte stage in this MHC class I-restricted TCR transgene system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ghendler
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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92
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Xue Y, Chomez P, Castanos-Velez E, Biberfeld P, Perlmann T, Jondal M. Positive and negative thymic selection in T cell receptor-transgenic mice correlate with Nur77 mRNA expression. Eur J Immunol 1997; 27:2048-56. [PMID: 9295044 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830270832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The orphan nuclear receptor Nur77 has been implicated in thymic negative selection. We studied the effect of two T cell receptor (TCR) transgenes on positive selection and Nur77 mRNA expression in thymus. DO11.10 mice, expressing a transgenic TCR specific for an ovalbumin (OVA) 323-339 peptide presented by I-Ad, were found to have an enlarged thymus with a reduced apoptotic activity, measured by flow cytometry, reduced mitochondrial membrane potential and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) techniques. In contrast, in F5 mice expressing a transgenic TCR recognizing the influenza virus nucleoprotein (NP) 366-374 peptide restricted by Db, this positive selection effect was much less pronounced. Positive thymic selection in DO11.10 TCR+ mice correlated with a reduced level of Nur77 mRNA expression shown by Northern blot. F5 mice expressed levels close to those expressed by the wild type. Both transgenic mouse strains responded with extensive cortical apoptosis, and with up-regulation of Nur77 mRNA, to injection of cognate peptides. As 9-cis-Retinoic acid (9-cis-RA) inhibits Nur77-dependent apoptosis in T cell hybridomas in vitro, mice were pretreated with the drug to investigate a similar effect in vivo. However, the drug itself, at saturating concentrations, caused extensive apoptosis in immature CD4+/CD8+ thymocytes. The result demonstrates a correlation between Nur77 expression and thymic apoptotic activity, both during positive and negative selection events.
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MESH Headings
- Alitretinoin
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Steroid
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/drug effects
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/drug effects
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Tretinoin/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Xue
- Microbiology and Tumorbiology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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93
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Hu Q, Bazemore Walker CR, Girao C, Opferman JT, Sun J, Shabanowitz J, Hunt DF, Ashton-Rickardt PG. Specific recognition of thymic self-peptides induces the positive selection of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Immunity 1997; 7:221-31. [PMID: 9285407 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80525-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To understand how thymic selection gives rise to T cells that are capable of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted recognition of antigen but are tolerant of self, we directly examined how peptide/MHC ligands expressed on thymic epithelial cells trigger the positive selection of immature thymocytes. We demonstrate that abundant self-peptides, purified from the H-2D(b) molecules of thymic epithelial cells, are specifically recognized during the positive selection of CD8+ T cells, implying that positive selection generates a repertoire of T cells that is weakly self-reactive. We also found that this recognition is somewhat cross-reactive, thereby providing an explanation for how the specific recognition of a limited repertoire of thymic self-peptides can select a diverse repertoire of T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoantigens/immunology
- Autoantigens/isolation & purification
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Line
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Epithelium/immunology
- Female
- Fetus
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Organ Culture Techniques
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/isolation & purification
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/virology
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Hu
- Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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94
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Wack A, Corbella P, Harker N, Crispe IN, Kioussis D. Multiple sites of post-activation CD8+ T cell disposal. Eur J Immunol 1997; 27:577-83. [PMID: 9079795 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830270302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Antigen-triggered activation of T cells leads to a sequence of differentiation steps including up-regulation of activation markers, blast formation, proliferation, delivery of effector functions, and ultimately apoptosis. It is still controversial in which anatomical site activation-induced apoptosis and elimination of T cells occur. To address this question, we used mice transgenic for a T cell receptor (F5) specific for an influenza virus nucleoprotein peptide (NP68) presented on the major histocompatibility complex H-2 Db molecule. Accumulation and apoptosis of T cells was studied using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end-labeling in situ combined with immunohistology after intraperitoneal injection of the cognate peptide into F5 mice which are wild type or deficient for Rag-1. After 4 days of peptide treatment, large perivascular infiltrations of CD8+ cells were observed in liver, lung, and kidney of F5 mice. CD8+ cell numbers were also increased in skin and small intestine, but not in brain or heart muscle of peptide-treated animals. The infiltrating CD8+ cells show an increased percentage of apoptosis in liver, lung and, most strikingly, the kidney. These data suggest that in the F5 system, T cell disposal after activation occurs in a number of organs. Essentially identical findings were obtained in Rag-1(+/+) and Rag-1(-/-) F5 mice, suggesting that the deletion mechanism did not involve other T or B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wack
- Division of Molecular Immunology, National Institute for Medical Research, London, GB
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95
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Pihlgren M, Dubois PM, Tomkowiak M, Sjögren T, Marvel J. Resting memory CD8+ T cells are hyperreactive to antigenic challenge in vitro. J Exp Med 1996; 184:2141-51. [PMID: 8976170 PMCID: PMC2196370 DOI: 10.1084/jem.184.6.2141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The characteristics of CD8+ T cells responsible for memory responses are still largely unknown. Particularly, it has not been determined whether different activation thresholds distinguish naive from memory CD8+ T cell populations. In most experimental systems, heterogeneous populations of primed CD8+ T cells can be identified in vivo after immunization. These cells differ in terms of cell cycle status, surface phenotype, and/or effector function. This heterogeneity has made it difficult to assess the activation threshold and the relative role of these subpopulations in memory responses. In this study we have used F5 T cell receptor transgenic mice to generate a homogeneous population of primed CD8+ T cells. In the F5 transgenic mice, peptide injection in vivo leads to activation of most peripheral CD8+ T cells. In vivo BrdU labeling has been used to follow primed T cells over time periods spanning several weeks after peptide immunization. Our results show that the majority of primed CD8+ T cells generated in this system are not cycling and express increased levels of CD44 and Ly6C. These cells remain responsive to secondary peptide challenge in vivo as evidenced by short term upregulation of activation markers such as CD69 and CD44. The activation thresholds of naive and primed CD8+ T cells were compared in vitro. We found that CD8+ T cells from primed mice are activated by peptide concentrations 10-50-fold lower than naive mice. In addition, the kinetics of interleukin 2R alpha chain upregulation by primed CD8+ T cells differ from naive CD8+ T cells. These primed hyperresponsive CD8+ T cells might play an important role in the memory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pihlgren
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire de Ecole Normale Superieure Lyon centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche, France
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96
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Melton E, Sarner N, Torkar M, van der Merwe PA, Russell JQ, Budd RC, Mamalaki C, Tolaini M, Kioussis D, Zamoyska R. Transgene-encoded human CD2 acts in a dominant negative fashion to modify thymocyte selection signals in mice. Eur J Immunol 1996; 26:2952-63. [PMID: 8977291 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830261222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
CD2 is a cell surface glycoprotein present on all T cells which has been shown to function as an adhesion and signaling molecule. Expressed early in T cell development, human CD2 (HCD2) has been suggested to play a role during thymopoiesis. However, the relevance of CD2 in T cell development has been called into question recently, as neither disruption of the CD2 gene nor anti-CD2 antibody treatment of fetal thymic organ cultures in mouse were shown to have any discernible consequences. We have expressed HCD2 at high levels in transgenic mice and found a profound effect of the transgene on thymocyte differentiation. Transgenic thymuses are considerably reduced in cell number as a consequence of increased apoptosis of double-positive (DP) thymocytes in the cortex. The remaining DP cells have up-regulated levels of T cell receptor (TCR) and are resistant to apoptosis mediated by administration of antigen. These effects are dependent on the cytoplasmic domain of HCD2, as mice expressing comparable levels of a tailless HCD2 transgene have a normal phenotype. The HCD2 cytoplasmic domain contains several regions of identity with mouse CD2 and can interact effciently with mouse intracellular signaling machinery. These results suggest there is considerable cross-talk between CD2 and TCR on developing thymocytes with consequences for the stimulation threshold of mature T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Melton
- Division of Molecular Immunology, National Institute for Medical Research, London, GB
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97
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Chambers CA, Krummel MF, Boitel B, Hurwitz A, Sullivan TJ, Fournier S, Cassell D, Brunner M, Allison JP. The role of CTLA-4 in the regulation and initiation of T-cell responses. Immunol Rev 1996; 153:27-46. [PMID: 9010718 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1996.tb00919.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C A Chambers
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California at Berkeley 94720, USA
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98
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Liblau RS, Tisch R, Shokat K, Yang X, Dumont N, Goodnow CC, McDevitt HO. Intravenous injection of soluble antigen induces thymic and peripheral T-cells apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:3031-6. [PMID: 8610163 PMCID: PMC39756 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.7.3031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism by which tolerance is induced via systemic administration of high doses of aqueous antigen has been analyzed by using mice transgenic for a T-cell receptor specific for the influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) peptide comprising amino acids 126-138. After intravenous injection of 750 (but not 75) micrograms of HA peptide, a state of hyporesponsiveness was rapidly induced. In the thymus, in situ apoptosis in the cortex and at the corticomedullary junction was responsible for a synchronous and massive deletion of CD4+ CD8+ thymocytes. In secondary lymphoid organs, HA-reactive T cells were initially activated but were hyporesponsive at the single cell level. After 3 days, however, those cells were rapidly deleted, at least partially, through an apoptotic process. Therefore, both thymic and peripheral apoptosis, in addition to T-cell receptor desensitization, contribute to high-dose tolerance.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Flow Cytometry
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus
- Hemagglutinins, Viral/administration & dosage
- Hemagglutinins, Viral/immunology
- Hemagglutinins, Viral/pharmacology
- Immune Tolerance
- Injections, Intravenous
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymphocyte Depletion
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Ovalbumin/administration & dosage
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Ovalbumin/pharmacology
- Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/physiology
- Thymectomy
- Thymus Gland/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Liblau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305, USA
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99
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Williams O, Tanaka Y, Bix M, Murdjeva M, Littman DR, Kioussis D. Inhibition of thymocyte negative selection by T cell receptor antagonist peptides. Eur J Immunol 1996; 26:532-8. [PMID: 8605917 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830260305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The T cell receptor (TCR) recognizes antigenic peptide presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Analogs of antigenic peptides have been shown to inhibit antigen-specific T cell responses, a phenomenon described as TCR antagonism. We have examined the effect of a natural variant of an antigenic peptide and a synthetic peptide analog, on the responses of mature T cells and immature thymocytes from an alpha-beta TCR-transgenic mouse (F5), the TCR of which recognizes a nonamer peptide from the nucleoprotein (NP) of influenza virus in the context of the H-2Db MHC molecule. Both peptides were shown to antagonize specifically the T cells cytolytic response without being able directly to stimulate mature T cells from these transgenic mice. Furthermore, a negative selection assay in vitro was used to demonstrate for the first time that antagonistic peptides are capable of antagonizing thymocyte deletion induced by antigenic peptides. These data suggest that the final selection of a T cell could be the result of a balance between the positive and negative influences of endogenous peptide ligands.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Line
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Influenza A virus/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Peptides/immunology
- Peptides/pharmacology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Viral Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- O Williams
- Division of Molecular Immunology, National Institute for Medical Research, London, GB
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100
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Xue Y, Murdjeva M, Okret S, McConkey D, Kiuossis D, Jondal M. Inhibition of I-Ad-, but not Db-restricted peptide-induced thymic apoptosis by glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU486 in T cell receptor transgenic mice. Eur J Immunol 1996; 26:428-34. [PMID: 8617314 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830260224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Thymocytes differentiate by positive and negative selection of immature CD4+ CD8+ T cells. Negative selection occurs by default or by high-affinity recognition of peptides bound to proteins encoded by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). MHC class I molecules are expressed on many different cell types, although at different levels, whereas MHC class II molecules are selectively expressed on thymic epithelial cells (TEC) and dendritic cells (DC). We investigated the role of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in thymic negative selection using the receptor antagonist RU486. Glucocorticoids (GC) are known to be potent inducers of apoptosis in CD4+ CD8+ thymocytes, and we have earlier shown that anti-CD3-induced thymic apoptosis can be blocked by RU486 in vivo. We now show that anti-CD3 induces thymic apoptosis in mice that have been adrenalectomized (ADX), and that RU486 inhibits anti-CD3 antibody-mediated thymocyte killing in newborn thymic organ cultures. Thymocyte apoptosis induced by ovalbumin peptide OVA323-339 treatment of mice transgenic for the DO11.10T cell receptor (TCR), which recognizes this peptide in the context of I-Ad, was found to be inhibited by RU486. These mice responded to peptide treatment by an extensive activation of the peripheral immune system, which became lethal in 60% of the mice when accompanied by simultaneous RU486 treatment. In contrast, RU486 had no effect on thymic apoptosis induced by the influenza A nucleoprotein NP366-374 peptide, recognized in context of Db, in F5 TCR transgenic mice. We interpret the results to demonstrate that different deletion systems operate in the thymus. We propose that endogenous GC may be important for negative selection by default and by high-affinity recognition of endogenous MHC-presented peptides on TEC.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/immunology
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- H-2 Antigens/drug effects
- H-2 Antigens/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigen H-2D
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/drug effects
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mifepristone/pharmacology
- Nucleoproteins/immunology
- Organ Culture Techniques
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/drug effects
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/antagonists & inhibitors
- Thymus Gland/drug effects
- Thymus Gland/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Xue
- Microbiology and Tumorbiology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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