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Petrella C, Ciotti MT, Nisticò R, Piccinin S, Calissano P, Capsoni S, Mercanti D, Cavallaro S, Possenti R, Severini C. Involvement of Bradykinin Receptor 2 in Nerve Growth Factor Neuroprotective Activity. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122651. [PMID: 33321704 PMCID: PMC7763563 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophin nerve growth factor (NGF) has been demonstrated to upregulate the gene expression of bradykinin receptor 2 (B2R) on sensory neurons, thus facilitating nociceptive signals. The aim of the present study is to investigate the involvement of B2R in the NGF mechanism of action in nonsensory neurons in vitro by using rat mixed cortical primary cultures (CNs) and mouse hippocampal slices, and in vivo in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) transgenic mice (5xFAD) chronically treated with NGF. A significant NGF-mediated upregulation of B2R was demonstrated by microarray, Western blot, and immunofluorescence analysis in CNs, indicating microglial cells as the target of this modulation. The B2R involvement in the NGF mechanism of action was also demonstrated by using a selective B2R antagonist which was able to reverse the neuroprotective effect of NGF in CNs, as revealed by viability assay, and the NGF-induced long-term potentiation (LTP) in hippocampal slices. To confirm in vitro observations, B2R upregulation was observed in 5xFAD mouse brain following chronic intranasal NGF treatment. This study demonstrates for the first time that B2R is a key element in the neuroprotective activity and synaptic plasticity mediated by NGF in brain cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Petrella
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico, 155-00161 Rome, Italy; (C.P.); (M.T.C.); (D.M.)
| | - Maria Teresa Ciotti
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico, 155-00161 Rome, Italy; (C.P.); (M.T.C.); (D.M.)
| | - Robert Nisticò
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (R.N.); (S.P.)
- Rita Levi-Montalcini European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Viale Regina Elena, 295, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Sonia Piccinin
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (R.N.); (S.P.)
| | - Pietro Calissano
- Rita Levi-Montalcini European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Viale Regina Elena, 295, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Simona Capsoni
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
- Bio@SNS Laboratory of Biology, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri, 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Delio Mercanti
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico, 155-00161 Rome, Italy; (C.P.); (M.T.C.); (D.M.)
| | - Sebastiano Cavallaro
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy;
| | - Roberta Possenti
- Department Medicine of Systems, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Cinzia Severini
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico, 155-00161 Rome, Italy; (C.P.); (M.T.C.); (D.M.)
- Correspondence:
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52
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Vaccination against β-Amyloid as a Strategy for the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9120425. [PMID: 33260956 PMCID: PMC7761159 DOI: 10.3390/biology9120425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination relies on the phenomenon of immunity, a long-term change in the immunological response to subsequent encounters with the same pathogen that occurs after the recovery from some infectious diseases. However, vaccination is a strategy that can, in principle, be applied also to non-infectious diseases, such as cancer or neurodegenerative diseases, if an adaptive immune response can prevent the onset of the disease or modify its course. Immunization against β-amyloid has been explored as a vaccination strategy for Alzheimer's disease for over 20 years. No vaccine has been licensed so far, and immunotherapy has come under considerable criticism following the negative results of several phase III clinical trials. In this narrative review, we illustrate the working hypothesis behind immunization against β-amyloid as a vaccination strategy for Alzheimer's disease, and the outcome of the active immunization strategies that have been tested in humans. On the basis of the lessons learned from preclinical and clinical research, we discuss roadblocks and current perspectives in this challenging enterprise in translational immunology.
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53
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Kadry H, Noorani B, Cucullo L. A blood-brain barrier overview on structure, function, impairment, and biomarkers of integrity. Fluids Barriers CNS 2020; 17:69. [PMID: 33208141 PMCID: PMC7672931 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-020-00230-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 664] [Impact Index Per Article: 166.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier is playing a critical role in controlling the influx and efflux of biological substances essential for the brain’s metabolic activity as well as neuronal function. Thus, the functional and structural integrity of the BBB is pivotal to maintain the homeostasis of the brain microenvironment. The different cells and structures contributing to developing this barrier are summarized along with the different functions that BBB plays at the brain–blood interface. We also explained the role of shear stress in maintaining BBB integrity. Furthermore, we elaborated on the clinical aspects that correlate between BBB disruption and different neurological and pathological conditions. Finally, we discussed several biomarkers that can help to assess the BBB permeability and integrity in-vitro or in-vivo and briefly explain their advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossam Kadry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S. Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Behnam Noorani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S. Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Luca Cucullo
- Dept. of Foundational Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Office 415, Rochester, MI, 48309, USA.
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54
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Profaci CP, Munji RN, Pulido RS, Daneman R. The blood-brain barrier in health and disease: Important unanswered questions. J Exp Med 2020; 217:151582. [PMID: 32211826 PMCID: PMC7144528 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood vessels vascularizing the central nervous system exhibit a series of distinct properties that tightly control the movement of ions, molecules, and cells between the blood and the parenchyma. This "blood-brain barrier" is initiated during angiogenesis via signals from the surrounding neural environment, and its integrity remains vital for homeostasis and neural protection throughout life. Blood-brain barrier dysfunction contributes to pathology in a range of neurological conditions including multiple sclerosis, stroke, and epilepsy, and has also been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. This review will discuss current knowledge and key unanswered questions regarding the blood-brain barrier in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina P Profaci
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Roeben N Munji
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Robert S Pulido
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Richard Daneman
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
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55
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Pearson JRD, Cuzzubbo S, McArthur S, Durrant LG, Adhikaree J, Tinsley CJ, Pockley AG, McArdle SEB. Immune Escape in Glioblastoma Multiforme and the Adaptation of Immunotherapies for Treatment. Front Immunol 2020; 11:582106. [PMID: 33178210 PMCID: PMC7594513 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.582106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most frequently occurring primary brain tumor and has a very poor prognosis, with only around 5% of patients surviving for a period of 5 years or more after diagnosis. Despite aggressive multimodal therapy, consisting mostly of a combination of surgery, radiotherapy, and temozolomide chemotherapy, tumors nearly always recur close to the site of resection. For the past 15 years, very little progress has been made with regards to improving patient survival. Although immunotherapy represents an attractive therapy modality due to the promising pre-clinical results observed, many of these potential immunotherapeutic approaches fail during clinical trials, and to date no immunotherapeutic treatments for GBM have been approved. As for many other difficult to treat cancers, GBM combines a lack of immunogenicity with few mutations and a highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Unfortunately, both tumor and immune cells have been shown to contribute towards this immunosuppressive phenotype. In addition, current therapeutics also exacerbate this immunosuppression which might explain the failure of immunotherapy-based clinical trials in the GBM setting. Understanding how these mechanisms interact with one another, as well as how one can increase the anti-tumor immune response by addressing local immunosuppression will lead to better clinical results for immune-based therapeutics. Improving therapeutic delivery across the blood brain barrier also presents a challenge for immunotherapy and future therapies will need to consider this. This review highlights the immunosuppressive mechanisms employed by GBM cancers and examines potential immunotherapeutic treatments that can overcome these significant immunosuppressive hurdles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R. D. Pearson
- The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Stefania Cuzzubbo
- Université de Paris, PARCC, INSERM U970, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Recherches Biochirurgicales (Fondation Carpentier), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Simon McArthur
- Institute of Dentistry, Barts & the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lindy G. Durrant
- Scancell Ltd, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Adhikaree
- Academic Oncology, Nottingham University NHS Trusts, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Chris J. Tinsley
- The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - A. Graham Pockley
- The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie E. B. McArdle
- The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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56
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Wouters Y, Jaspers T, De Strooper B, Dewilde M. Identification and in vivo characterization of a brain-penetrating nanobody. Fluids Barriers CNS 2020; 17:62. [PMID: 33054787 PMCID: PMC7556960 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-020-00226-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Preclinical models to determine blood to brain transport ability of therapeutics are often ambiguous. In this study a method is developed that relies on CNS target-engagement and is able to rank brain-penetrating capacities. This method led to the discovery of an anti-transferrin receptor nanobody that is able to deliver a biologically active peptide to the brain via receptor-mediated transcytosis. Methods Various nanobodies against the mouse transferrin receptor were fused to neurotensin and injected peripherally in mice. Neurotensin is a neuropeptide that causes hypothermia when present in the brain but is unable to reach the brain from the periphery. Continuous body temperature measurements were used as a readout for brain penetration of nanobody-neurotensin fusions after its peripheral administration. Full temperature curves were analyzed using two-way ANOVA with Dunnett multiple comparisons tests. Results One anti-transferrin receptor nanobody coupled to neurotensin elicited a drop in body temperature following intravenous injection. Epitope binning indicated that this nanobody bound a distinct transferrin receptor epitope compared to the non-crossing nanobodies. This brain-penetrating nanobody was used to characterize the in vivo hypothermia model. The hypothermic effect caused by neurotensin is dose-dependent and could be used to directly compare peripheral administration routes and various nanobodies in terms of brain exposure. Conclusion This method led to the discovery of an anti-transferrin receptor nanobody that can reach the brain via receptor-mediated transcytosis after peripheral administration. This method could be used to assess novel proteins for brain-penetrating capabilities using a target-engaging readout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wouters
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N4, Herestraat 49, box 602, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - T Jaspers
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N4, Herestraat 49, box 602, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - B De Strooper
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N4, Herestraat 49, box 602, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium. .,Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium. .,UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK.
| | - M Dewilde
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N4, Herestraat 49, box 602, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium. .,Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium. .,VIB Discovery Sciences, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium. .,Laboratory for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Antibodies, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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57
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Investigating the effect of sugar-terminated nanoparticles on amyloid fibrillogenesis of β-lactoglobulin. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:291-307. [PMID: 32961178 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In vivo tissue deposition of fibrillar protein aggregates is the cause of several degenerative diseases. Evidence suggests that interfering with the pathology-associated amyloid fibrillogenesis by inhibitory molecules is envisaged as the primary therapeutic strategy. Amyloid fibril formation of proteins has been demonstrated to be influenced by nanoparticles/nanomaterials. As compared with their molecular form counterpart, this work examined the effect of sucrose-terminated nanoparticles on the in vitro amyloid fibrillogenesis and structural properties of β-lactoglobulin at pH 2.0 and 80 °C. ThT binding and electron microscopy results demonstrated that sucrose-terminated nanoparticles were able to suppress β-lactoglobulin fibrillogenesis in a concentration-dependent fashion. Importantly, sucrose-terminated nanoparticles showed better β-lactoglobulin fibril-inhibiting ability than sucrose molecules. ANS fluorescence and right-angle light scattering results showed reduced solvent exposure and decreased aggregation, respectively, in the β-lactoglobulin samples upon treatment with sucrose-terminated nanoparticles. Moreover, fluorescence quenching analyses revealed that the static quenching mechanism and formation of a non-fluorescent fluorophore-nanoparticle complex are involved in the nanoparticle-β-lactoglobulin interaction. We believe that the results from this study may suggest that the nanoparticle form of biocompatible sugar-related osmolytes may serve as effective inhibiting/suppressing agents toward protein fibrillogenesis.
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58
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Alelwani W, Elmorsy E, Kattan SW, Babteen NA, Alnajeebi AM, Al-Ghafari A, Carter WG. Carbamazepine induces a bioenergetics disruption to microvascular endothelial cells from the blood-brain barrier. Toxicol Lett 2020; 333:184-191. [PMID: 32805338 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Carbamazepine (CBZ) is a widely employed anti-seizure medication that crosses the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to exert its anti-convulsant action. The effects of CBZ on components of the BBB have yet to be completely delineated. Hence the current study evaluated the effects of CBZ upon mitochondrial functionality of BBB-derived microvascular endothelial cells isolated from Albino rats. The influence of CBZ on cell viability and barrier functions were evaluated by 3-(4,5 dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT), lactate dehydrogenase, and electrophysiological assays over a drug concentration range of 0.1-1000 μM. Bioenergetics effects were measured via ATP production, mitochondrial complexes I and III activities, lactate production, and oxygen consumption rates (OCRs), and mitochondrial membrane potential, fluidity and lipid content. CBZ was cytotoxic to microvascular endothelial cells in a concentration and duration dependent manner. CBZ significantly diminished the endothelial cell's barrier functions, and impacted upon cellular bioenergetics: reducing mitochondrial complex activities with a parallel decrease in OCRs and increased anaerobic lactate production. CBZ significantly decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and induced an increase of membrane fluidity and decrease in levels of mitochondrial saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. In summary, CBZ disrupted functional activity of BBB endothelial cells via damage and modification of mitochondria functionality at therapeutically relevant concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walla Alelwani
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 80203, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ekramy Elmorsy
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, UK
| | - Shahad W Kattan
- Medical Laboratory Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Yanbu, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nouf Abubakr Babteen
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 80203, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afnan M Alnajeebi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 80203, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayat Al-Ghafari
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wayne G Carter
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, UK.
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59
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Swaminathan SK, Zhou AL, Ahlschwede KM, Curran GL, Lowe VJ, Li L, Kandimalla KK. High-Density Lipoprotein Mimetic Peptide 4F Efficiently Crosses the Blood-Brain Barrier and Modulates Amyloid- β Distribution between Brain and Plasma. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 375:308-316. [PMID: 32778535 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.265876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatments to elevate high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels in plasma have decreased cerebrovascular amyloid -β (Aβ) deposition and mitigated cognitive decline in Alzheimer disease (AD) transgenic mice. Since the major protein component of HDL particles, apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I), has very low permeability at the blood-brain barrier (BBB), we investigated 4F, an 18-amino-acid ApoA-I/HDL mimetic peptide, as a therapeutic alternative. Specifically, we examined the BBB permeability of 4F and its effects on [125I]Aβ trafficking from brain to blood and from blood to brain. After systemic injection in mice, the BBB permeability of [125I]4F, estimated as the permeability-surface area (PS) product, ranged between 2 and 5 × 10-6 ml/g per second in various brain regions. The PS products of [125I]4F were ∼1000-fold higher compared with those determined for [125I]ApoA-I. Moreover, systemic infusion with 4F increased the brain efflux of intracerebrally injected [125I]Aβ42. Conversely, 4F infusion decreased the brain influx of systemically injected [125I]Aβ42. Interestingly, 4F did not significantly alter the brain influx of [125I]Aβ40. To corroborate the in vivo findings, we evaluated the effects of 4F on [125I]Aβ42 transcytosis across polarized human BBB endothelial cell (hCMEC/D3) monolayers. Treatment with 4F increased the abluminal-to-luminal flux and decreased the luminal-to-abluminal flux of [125I]Aβ42 across the hCMEC/D3 monolayers. Additionally, 4F decreased the endothelial accumulation of fluorescein-labeled Aβ42 in the hCMEC/D3 monolayers. These findings provide a mechanistic interpretation for the reductions in brain Aβ burden reported in AD mice after oral 4F administration, which represents a novel strategy for treating AD and cerebral amyloid angiopathy. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The brain permeability of the ApoA-I mimetic peptide 4F was estimated to be ∼1000-fold greater than ApoA-I after systemic injection of radiolabeled peptide/protein in mice. Further, 4F treatment increased the brain efflux of amyloid -β and also decreased its brain influx, as evaluated in mice and in blood-brain barrier cell monolayers. Thus, 4F represents a potential therapeutic strategy to mitigate brain amyloid accumulation in cerebral amyloid angiopathy and Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh K Swaminathan
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Brain Barriers Research Center (S.K.S., A.L.Z., K.M.A., K.K.K.) and Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology (L.L.), University of Minnesota, College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois (K.M.A.); and Departments of Radiology (G.L.C., V.J.L.) and Neurology (G.L.C.), Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Andrew L Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Brain Barriers Research Center (S.K.S., A.L.Z., K.M.A., K.K.K.) and Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology (L.L.), University of Minnesota, College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois (K.M.A.); and Departments of Radiology (G.L.C., V.J.L.) and Neurology (G.L.C.), Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Kristen M Ahlschwede
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Brain Barriers Research Center (S.K.S., A.L.Z., K.M.A., K.K.K.) and Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology (L.L.), University of Minnesota, College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois (K.M.A.); and Departments of Radiology (G.L.C., V.J.L.) and Neurology (G.L.C.), Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Geoffry L Curran
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Brain Barriers Research Center (S.K.S., A.L.Z., K.M.A., K.K.K.) and Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology (L.L.), University of Minnesota, College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois (K.M.A.); and Departments of Radiology (G.L.C., V.J.L.) and Neurology (G.L.C.), Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Val J Lowe
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Brain Barriers Research Center (S.K.S., A.L.Z., K.M.A., K.K.K.) and Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology (L.L.), University of Minnesota, College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois (K.M.A.); and Departments of Radiology (G.L.C., V.J.L.) and Neurology (G.L.C.), Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Brain Barriers Research Center (S.K.S., A.L.Z., K.M.A., K.K.K.) and Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology (L.L.), University of Minnesota, College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois (K.M.A.); and Departments of Radiology (G.L.C., V.J.L.) and Neurology (G.L.C.), Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Karunya K Kandimalla
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Brain Barriers Research Center (S.K.S., A.L.Z., K.M.A., K.K.K.) and Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology (L.L.), University of Minnesota, College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois (K.M.A.); and Departments of Radiology (G.L.C., V.J.L.) and Neurology (G.L.C.), Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
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60
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Georgieva JV, Goulatis LI, Stutz CC, Canfield SG, Song HW, Gastfriend BD, Shusta EV. Antibody screening using a human iPSC-based blood-brain barrier model identifies antibodies that accumulate in the CNS. FASEB J 2020; 34:12549-12564. [PMID: 32960493 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000851r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) remains a significant obstacle for the development of neurological disease therapies. The low penetration of blood-borne therapeutics into the brain can oftentimes be attributed to the restrictive nature of the brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) that comprise the BBB. One strategy beginning to be successfully leveraged is the use of endogenous receptor-mediated transcytosis (RMT) systems as a means to shuttle a targeted therapeutic into the brain. Limitations of known RMT targets and their cognate targeting reagents include brain specificity, brain uptake levels, and off-target effects, driving the search for new and potentially improved brain targeting reagent-RMT pairs. To this end, we deployed human-induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived BMEC-like cells as a model BBB substrate on which to mine for new RMT-targeting antibody pairs. A nonimmune, human single-chain variable fragment (scFv) phage display library was screened for binding, internalization, and transcytosis across iPSC-derived BMECs. Lead candidates exhibited binding and internalization into BMECs as well as binding to both human and mouse BBB in brain tissue sections. Antibodies targeted the murine BBB after intravenous administration with one particular clone, 46.1-scFv, exhibiting a 26-fold increase in brain accumulation (8.1 nM). Moreover, clone 46.1-scFv was found to associate with postvascular, parenchymal cells, indicating its successful receptor-mediated transport across the BBB. Such a new BBB targeting ligand could enhance the transport of therapeutic molecules into the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia V Georgieva
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Loukas I Goulatis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Charles C Stutz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Scott G Canfield
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Hannah W Song
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Benjamin D Gastfriend
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Eric V Shusta
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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61
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Munji RN, Daneman R. Unexpected amount of blood-borne protein enters the young brain. Nature 2020; 583:362-363. [DOI: 10.1038/d41586-020-01791-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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62
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Wahl AS, Correa D, Imobersteg S, Maurer MA, Kaiser J, Augath MA, Schwab ME. Targeting Therapeutic Antibodies to the CNS: a Comparative Study of Intrathecal, Intravenous, and Subcutaneous Anti-Nogo A Antibody Treatment after Stroke in Rats. Neurotherapeutics 2020; 17:1153-1159. [PMID: 32378027 PMCID: PMC7609675 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00864-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-based therapeutics targeting CNS antigens emerge as promising treatments in neurology. However, access to the CNS is limited by the blood-brain barrier. We examined the effects of a neurite growth-enhancing anti-Nogo A antibody therapy following 3 routes of administration-intrathecal (i.t.), intravenous (i.v.), and subcutaneous (s.c.)-after large photothrombotic strokes in adult rats. Intrathecal treatment of full-length IgG anti-Nogo A antibodies enhanced recovery of the grasping function, but intravenous or subcutaneous administration had no detectable effect in spite of large amounts of antibodies in the peripheral circulation. Thus, in contrast to intravenous and subcutaneous delivery, intrathecal administration is an effective and reliable way to target CNS antigens. Our data reveal that antibody delivery to the CNS is far from trivial. While intrathecal application is feasible and guarantees defined antibody doses in the effective range for a biological function, the identification and establishment of easier routes of administration remains an important task to facilitate antibody-based future therapies of CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Sophia Wahl
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany.
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Universitätsstrasse 2, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Daphne Correa
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Universitätsstrasse 2, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Imobersteg
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Universitätsstrasse 2, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Andreas Maurer
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Universitätsstrasse 2, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Julia Kaiser
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Universitätsstrasse 2, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marc Aurel Augath
- Institute for Biomedical Imaging, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 27, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martin E Schwab
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Universitätsstrasse 2, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952, Zurich, Switzerland
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63
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Yang AC, Stevens MY, Chen MB, Lee DP, Stähli D, Gate D, Contrepois K, Chen W, Iram T, Zhang L, Vest RT, Chaney A, Lehallier B, Olsson N, du Bois H, Hsieh R, Cropper HC, Berdnik D, Li L, Wang EY, Traber GM, Bertozzi CR, Luo J, Snyder MP, Elias JE, Quake SR, James ML, Wyss-Coray T. Physiological blood-brain transport is impaired with age by a shift in transcytosis. Nature 2020; 583:425-430. [PMID: 32612231 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2453-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The vascular interface of the brain, known as the blood-brain barrier (BBB), is understood to maintain brain function in part via its low transcellular permeability1-3. Yet, recent studies have demonstrated that brain ageing is sensitive to circulatory proteins4,5. Thus, it is unclear whether permeability to individually injected exogenous tracers-as is standard in BBB studies-fully represents blood-to-brain transport. Here we label hundreds of proteins constituting the mouse blood plasma proteome, and upon their systemic administration, study the BBB with its physiological ligand. We find that plasma proteins readily permeate the healthy brain parenchyma, with transport maintained by BBB-specific transcriptional programmes. Unlike IgG antibody, plasma protein uptake diminishes in the aged brain, driven by an age-related shift in transport from ligand-specific receptor-mediated to non-specific caveolar transcytosis. This age-related shift occurs alongside a specific loss of pericyte coverage. Pharmacological inhibition of the age-upregulated phosphatase ALPL, a predicted negative regulator of transport, enhances brain uptake of therapeutically relevant transferrin, transferrin receptor antibody and plasma. These findings reveal the extent of physiological protein transcytosis to the healthy brain, a mechanism of widespread BBB dysfunction with age and a strategy for enhanced drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Yang
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Marc Y Stevens
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michelle B Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Davis P Lee
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Stähli
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David Gate
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kévin Contrepois
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Winnie Chen
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tal Iram
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Ryan T Vest
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Aisling Chaney
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Benoit Lehallier
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Niclas Olsson
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Haley du Bois
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ryan Hsieh
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Haley C Cropper
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Daniela Berdnik
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lulin Li
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Y Wang
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gavin M Traber
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Carolyn R Bertozzi
- ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jian Luo
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Veterans Administration Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Michael P Snyder
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Stephen R Quake
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michelle L James
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tony Wyss-Coray
- ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. .,Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. .,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. .,Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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64
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Stubbs EB. Targeting the blood-nerve barrier for the management of immune-mediated peripheral neuropathies. Exp Neurol 2020; 331:113385. [PMID: 32562668 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Healthy peripheral nerves encounter, with increased frequency, numerous chemical, biological, and biomechanical forces. Over time and with increasing age, these forces collectively contribute to the pathophysiology of a spectrum of traumatic, metabolic, and/or immune-mediated peripheral nerve disorders. The blood-nerve barrier (BNB) serves as a critical first-line defense against chemical and biologic insults while biomechanical forces are continuously buffered by a dense array of longitudinally orientated epineural collagen fibers exhibiting high-tensile strength. As emphasized throughout this Experimental Neurology Special Issue, the BNB is best characterized as a functionally dynamic multicellular vascular unit comprised of not only highly specialized endoneurial endothelial cells, but also associated perineurial cells, pericytes, Schwann cells, basement membrane, and invested axons. The composition of the BNB, while anatomically distinct, is not functionally dissimilar to that of the well characterized neurovascular unit of the central nervous system. While the BNB lacks a glial limitans and an astrocytic endfoot layer, the primary function of both vascular units is to establish, maintain, and protect an optimal endoneurial (PNS) or interstitial (CNS) fluid microenvironment that is vital for proper neuronal function. Altered endoneurial homeostasis as a secondary consequence of BNB dysregulation is considered an early pathological event in the course of a variety of traumatic, immune-mediated, or metabolically acquired peripheral neuropathies. In this review, emerging experimental advancements targeting the endoneurial microvasculature for the therapeutic management of immune-mediated inflammatory peripheral neuropathies, including the AIDP variant of Guillain-Barré syndrome, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan B Stubbs
- Research Service (151), Department of Veterans Affairs, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, IL 60141, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Loyola University Health Science Division, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
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65
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Wang S, Yao H, Xu Y, Hao R, Zhang W, Liu H, Huang Y, Guo W, Lu B. Therapeutic potential of a TrkB agonistic antibody for Alzheimer's disease. Theranostics 2020; 10:6854-6874. [PMID: 32550908 PMCID: PMC7295064 DOI: 10.7150/thno.44165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeated failures of "Aβ-lowering" therapies call for new targets and therapeutic approaches for Alzheimer's disease (AD). We propose to treat AD by halting neuronal death and repairing synapses using a BDNF-based therapy. To overcome the poor druggability of BDNF, we have developed an agonistic antibody AS86 to mimic the function of BDNF, and evaluate its therapeutic potential for AD. Method: Biochemical, electrophysiological and behavioral techniques were used to investigate the effects of AS86 in vitro and in vivo. Results: AS86 specifically activated the BDNF receptor TrkB and its downstream signaling, without affecting its other receptor p75NTR. It promoted neurite outgrowth, enhanced spine growth and prevented Aβ-induced cell death in cultured neurons, and facilitated Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) in hippocampal slices. A single-dose tail-vein injection of AS86 activated TrkB signaling in the brain, with a half-life of 6 days in the blood and brain. Bi-weekly peripheral administration of AS86 rescued the deficits in object-recognition memory in the APP/PS1 mouse model. AS86 also reversed spatial memory deficits in the 11-month, but not 14-month old AD mouse model. Conclusion: These results demonstrate the potential of AS86 in AD therapy, suggesting that neuronal and/or synaptic repair as an alternative therapeutic strategy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shudan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, 100084
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China, 100070
- R&D Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Brain Diseases, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China, 518057
| | - Hongyang Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, 100084
| | - Yihua Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, 100084
- R&D Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Brain Diseases, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China, 518057
| | - Rui Hao
- Center of Translational Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China, 200065
| | - Wen Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, 100084
| | - Hang Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, 100084
- R&D Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Brain Diseases, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China, 518057
| | - Ying Huang
- Center of Translational Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China, 200065
| | - Wei Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, 100084
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China, 100070
- R&D Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Brain Diseases, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China, 518057
| | - Bai Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, 100084
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China, 100070
- R&D Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Brain Diseases, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China, 518057
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66
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Jiang Y, Li L, Dai CL, Zhou R, Gong CX, Iqbal K, Gu JH, Liu F. Effect of Peripheral Insulin Administration on Phosphorylation of Tau in the Brain. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 75:1377-1390. [PMID: 32417781 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormally hyperphosphorylated tau is the major protein of neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease. Insulin activates PI3K-AKT signaling and regulates tau phosphorylation. Impaired brain insulin signaling is involved in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. However, the effect of peripheral insulin on tau phosphorylation is controversial. OBJECTIVE In the present study, we determined the effect of peripheral insulin administration on tau phosphorylation in brain. METHODS We intraperitoneally injected a super physiological dose of insulin to mice and analyzed PI3K-AKT signaling and tau phosphorylation in brains by western blots. RESULTS We found that peripherally administered insulin activated the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway immediately in the liver, but not in the brain. Tau phosphorylation in the mouse brain was found to be first decreased (15 min) and then increased (30 min and 60 min) after peripheral insulin administration and these changes correlated inversely with body temperature and the level of brain protein O-GlcNAcylation. Maintaining body temperature of mice post peripheral insulin administration prevented the insulin/hypoglycemia-induced tau hyperphosphorylation after peripheral insulin administration. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that peripheral insulin can induce tau hyperphosphorylation through both hypothermia and downregulation of brain protein O-GlcNAcylation during hypoglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education of China, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Neurochemistry, Inge Grundke-Iqbal Research Floor, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Longfei Li
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education of China, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Neurochemistry, Inge Grundke-Iqbal Research Floor, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Chun-Ling Dai
- Department of Neurochemistry, Inge Grundke-Iqbal Research Floor, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Ranran Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cheng-Xin Gong
- Department of Neurochemistry, Inge Grundke-Iqbal Research Floor, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Khalid Iqbal
- Department of Neurochemistry, Inge Grundke-Iqbal Research Floor, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Jin-Hua Gu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education of China, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Neurochemistry, Inge Grundke-Iqbal Research Floor, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Affiliated Maternity & Child Health Care Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Neurochemistry, Inge Grundke-Iqbal Research Floor, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA
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67
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Mays EA, Kallakuri SS, Sundararaghavan HG. Heparin-hyaluronic acid nanofibers for growth factor sequestration in spinal cord repair. J Biomed Mater Res A 2020; 108:2023-2031. [PMID: 32319183 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Growth factor (GF) delivery is a common strategy for spinal cord injury repair, however, GF degradation can impede long-term therapies. GF sequestration via heparin is known to protect bioactivity after delivery. We tested two heparin modifications, methacrylated heparin and thiolated heparin, and electrospun these with methacrylated hyaluronic acid (MeHA) to form HepMAHA and HepSHHA nanofibers. For loaded conditions, MeHA, HepMAHA, and HepSHHA fibers were incubated with soluble basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) or nerve growth factor (NGF) and rinsed with PBS. Control groups were hydrated in PBS. L929 fibroblast proliferation was analyzed after 24 hr of culture in either growth media or bFGF-supplemented media. Dissociated chick dorsal root ganglia neurites were measured after 3 days of cell culture in serum free media (SFM) or NGF-supplemented SFM (SFM + NGF). In growth media, fibroblast proliferation was significantly increased in loaded HepMAHA (α < .05) compared to other groups. In SFM, loaded HepMAHA had the longest average neurite length compared to all other groups. In SFM + NGF, HepMAHA and HepSHHA had increased neurite lengths compared to MeHA, regardless of loading (α < .01), suggesting active sequestration of soluble NGF. HepMAHA is a promising biomaterial for sequestering released GFs in a spinal cord injury environment and will be combined with GF filled microspheres for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Mays
- Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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68
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Meister SW, Hjelm LC, Dannemeyer M, Tegel H, Lindberg H, Ståhl S, Löfblom J. An Affibody Molecule Is Actively Transported into the Cerebrospinal Fluid via Binding to the Transferrin Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2999. [PMID: 32340383 PMCID: PMC7215652 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of biotherapeutics for the treatment of diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) is typically impeded by insufficient transport across the blood-brain barrier. Here, we investigate a strategy to potentially increase the uptake into the CNS of an affibody molecule (ZSYM73) via binding to the transferrin receptor (TfR). ZSYM73 binds monomeric amyloid beta, a peptide involved in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis, with subnanomolar affinity. We generated a tri-specific fusion protein by genetically linking a single-chain variable fragment of the TfR-binding antibody 8D3 and an albumin-binding domain to the affibody molecule ZSYM73. Simultaneous tri-specific target engagement was confirmed in a biosensor experiment and the affinity for murine TfR was determined to 5 nM. Blockable binding to TfR on endothelial cells was demonstrated using flow cytometry and in a preclinical study we observed increased uptake of the tri-specific fusion protein into the cerebrospinal fluid 24 h after injection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - John Löfblom
- Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; (S.W.M.); (L.C.H.); (M.D.); (H.T.); (H.L.); (S.S.)
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69
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Rodrigues BDS, Kanekiyo T, Singh J. Nerve Growth Factor Gene Delivery across the Blood–Brain Barrier to Reduce Beta Amyloid Accumulation in AD Mice. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:2054-2063. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruna dos Santos Rodrigues
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105, United States
| | - Takahisa Kanekiyo
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, United States
| | - Jagdish Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105, United States
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70
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Deshaies RJ. Multispecific drugs herald a new era of biopharmaceutical innovation. Nature 2020; 580:329-338. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2168-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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71
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Crook ZR, Girard E, Sevilla GP, Merrill M, Friend D, Rupert PB, Pakiam F, Nguyen E, Yin C, Ruff RO, Hopping G, Strand AD, Finton KAK, Coxon M, Mhyre AJ, Strong RK, Olson JM. A TfR-Binding Cystine-Dense Peptide Promotes Blood-Brain Barrier Penetration of Bioactive Molecules. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:3989-4009. [PMID: 32304700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The impenetrability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to most conventional drugs impedes the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Interventions for diseases like brain cancer, neurodegeneration, or age-associated inflammatory processes require varied approaches to CNS drug delivery. Cystine-dense peptides (CDPs) have drawn recent interest as drugs or drug-delivery vehicles. Found throughout the phylogenetic tree, often in drug-like roles, their size, stability, and protein interaction capabilities make CDPs an attractive mid-size biologic scaffold to complement conventional antibody-based drugs. Here, we describe the identification, maturation, characterization, and utilization of a CDP that binds to the transferrin receptor (TfR), a native receptor and BBB transporter for the iron chaperone transferrin. We developed variants with varying binding affinities (KD as low as 216 pM), co-crystallized it with the receptor, and confirmed murine cross-reactivity. It accumulates in the mouse CNS at ~25% of blood levels (CNS blood content is only ~1%-6%) and delivers neurotensin, an otherwise non-BBB-penetrant neuropeptide, at levels capable of modulating CREB signaling in the mouse brain. Our work highlights the utility of CDPs as a diverse, easy-to-screen scaffold family worthy of inclusion in modern drug discovery strategies, demonstrated by the discovery of a candidate CNS drug delivery vehicle ready for further optimization and preclinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R Crook
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Emily Girard
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Gregory P Sevilla
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Morgan Merrill
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Della Friend
- Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Peter B Rupert
- Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Fiona Pakiam
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Elizabeth Nguyen
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Chunfeng Yin
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Raymond O Ruff
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Gene Hopping
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Andrew D Strand
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Kathryn A K Finton
- Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Margo Coxon
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Andrew J Mhyre
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Roland K Strong
- Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - James M Olson
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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Coughlin DG, Litvan I. Progressive supranuclear palsy: Advances in diagnosis and management. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2020; 73:105-116. [PMID: 32487421 PMCID: PMC7462164 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a complex clinicopathologic disease with no current cure or disease modulating therapies that can only be definitively confirmed at autopsy. Growing understanding of the phenotypic diversity of PSP has led to expanded clinical criteria and new insights into etiopathogenesis that coupled with improved in vivo biomarkers makes increased access to current clinical trials possible. Current standard-of-care treatment of PSP is multidisciplinary, supportive and symptomatic, and several trials of potentially disease modulating agents have already been completed with disappointing results. Current ongoing clinical trials target the abnormal aggregation of tau through a variety of mechanisms including immunotherapy and gene therapy offer a more direct method of treatment. Here we review PSP clinicopathologic correlations, in vivo biomarkers including MRI, PET, and CSF biomarkers. We additionally review current pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic methods of treatment, prior and ongoing clinical trials in PSP. Newly expanded clinical criteria and improved specific biomarkers will aid in identifying patients with PSP earlier and more accurately and expand access to these potentially beneficial clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Coughlin
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Irene Litvan
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.
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73
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Biology of the human blood-nerve barrier in health and disease. Exp Neurol 2020; 328:113272. [PMID: 32142802 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A highly regulated endoneurial microenvironment is required for normal axonal function in peripheral nerves and nerve roots, which structurally consist of an outer collagenous epineurium, inner perineurium consisting of multiple concentric layers of specialized epithelioid myofibroblasts that surround the innermost endoneurium, which consists of myelinated and unmyelinated axons embedded in a looser mesh of collagen fibers. Endoneurial homeostasis is achieved by tight junction-forming endoneurial microvessels that control ion, solute, water, nutrient, macromolecule and leukocyte influx and efflux between the bloodstream and endoneurium, and the innermost layers of the perineurium that control interstitial fluid component flux between the freely permeable epineurium and endoneurium. Strictly speaking, endoneurial microvascular endothelium should be considered the blood-nerve barrier (BNB) due to direct communication with circulating blood. The mammalian BNB is considered the second most restrictive vascular system after the blood-brain barrier (BBB) based on classic in situ permeability studies. Structural alterations in endoneurial microvessels or interactions with hematogenous leukocytes have been described in several human peripheral neuropathies; however major advances in BNB biology in health and disease have been limited over the past 50 years. Guided by transcriptome and proteome studies of normal and pathologic human peripheral nerves, purified primary and immortalized human endoneurial endothelial cells that form the BNB and leukocytes from patients with well-characterized peripheral neuropathies, validated by in situ or ex vivo protein expression studies, data are emerging on the molecular and functional characteristics of the human BNB in health and in specific peripheral neuropathies, as well as chronic neuropathic pain. These early advancements have the potential to not only increase our understanding of how the BNB works and adapts or fails to adapt to varying insult, but provide insights relevant to pathogenic leukocyte trafficking, with translational potential and specific therapeutic application for chronic peripheral neuropathies and neuropathic pain.
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74
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Ruano-Salguero JS, Lee KH. Antibody transcytosis across brain endothelial-like cells occurs nonspecifically and independent of FcRn. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3685. [PMID: 32111886 PMCID: PMC7048754 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60438-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) hinders the brain delivery of therapeutic immunoglobulin γ (IgG) antibodies. Evidence suggests that IgG-specific processing occurs within the endothelium of the BBB, but any influence on transcytosis remains unclear. Here, involvement of the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), which mediates IgG recycling and transcytosis in peripheral endothelium, was investigated by evaluating the transcytosis of IgGs with native or reduced FcRn engagement across human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived brain endothelial-like cells. Despite differential trafficking, the permeability of all tested IgGs were comparable and remained constant irrespective of concentration or competition with excess IgG, suggesting IgG transcytosis occurs nonspecifically and originates from fluid-phase endocytosis. Comparison with the receptor-enhanced permeability of transferrin indicates that the phenomena observed for IgG is ubiquitous for most macromolecules. However, increased permeability was observed for macromolecules with biophysical properties known to engage alternative endocytosis mechanisms, highlighting the importance of biophysical characterizations in assessing transcytosis mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Ruano-Salguero
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
| | - Kelvin H Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19711, USA.
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75
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Benzarti E, Sarlet M, Franssen M, Desmecht D, Schmidt-Chanasit J, Garigliany MM. New Insights into the Susceptibility of Immunocompetent Mice to Usutu Virus. Viruses 2020; 12:E189. [PMID: 32046265 PMCID: PMC7077335 DOI: 10.3390/v12020189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Usutu virus (USUV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that shares many similarities with the closely related West Nile virus (WNV) in terms of ecology and clinical manifestations. Initially distributed in Africa, USUV emerged in Italy in 1996 and managed to co-circulate with WNV in many European countries in a similar mosquito-bird life cycle. The rapid geographic spread of USUV, the seasonal mass mortalities it causes in the European avifauna, and the increasing number of infections with neurological disease both in healthy and immunocompromised humans has stimulated interest in infection studies to delineate USUV pathogenesis. Here, we assessed the pathogenicity of two USUV isolates from a recent Belgian outbreak in immunocompetent mice. The intradermal injection of USUV gave rise to disorientation and paraplegia and was associated with neuronal death in the brain and spinal cord in a single mouse. Intranasal inoculation of USUV could also establish the infection; viral RNA was detected in the brain 15 days post-infection. Overall, this pilot study probes the suitability of this murine model for the study of USUV neuroinvasiveness and the possibility of direct transmission in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emna Benzarti
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Sart Tilman B43, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (E.B.); (M.S.); (M.F.); (D.D.)
| | - Michaël Sarlet
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Sart Tilman B43, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (E.B.); (M.S.); (M.F.); (D.D.)
| | - Mathieu Franssen
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Sart Tilman B43, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (E.B.); (M.S.); (M.F.); (D.D.)
| | - Daniel Desmecht
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Sart Tilman B43, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (E.B.); (M.S.); (M.F.); (D.D.)
| | - Jonas Schmidt-Chanasit
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Haemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, 20359 Hamburg, Germany;
- Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, University of Hamburg, 20354 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mutien-Marie Garigliany
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Sart Tilman B43, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (E.B.); (M.S.); (M.F.); (D.D.)
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76
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Loryan I, Hammarlund-Udenaes M, Syvänen S. Brain Distribution of Drugs: Pharmacokinetic Considerations. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2020; 273:121-150. [PMID: 33258066 DOI: 10.1007/164_2020_405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
It is crucial to understand the basic principles of drug transport, from the site of delivery to the site of action within the CNS, in order to evaluate the possible utility of a new drug candidate for CNS action, or possible CNS side effects of non-CNS targeting drugs. This includes pharmacokinetic aspects of drug concentration-time profiles in plasma and brain, blood-brain barrier transport and drug distribution within the brain parenchyma as well as elimination processes from the brain. Knowledge of anatomical and physiological aspects connected with drug delivery is crucial in this context. The chapter is intended for professionals working in the field of CNS drug development and summarizes key pharmacokinetic principles and state-of-the-art experimental methodologies to assess brain drug disposition. Key parameters, describing the extent of unbound (free) drug across brain barriers, in particular blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers, are presented along with their application in drug development. Special emphasis is given to brain intracellular pharmacokinetics and its role in evaluating target engagement. Fundamental neuropharmacokinetic differences between small molecular drugs and biologicals are discussed and critical knowledge gaps are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Loryan
- Translational PKPD Group, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | - Stina Syvänen
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences/Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
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77
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Yang C, Hou X, Feng Q, Li Y, Wang X, Qin L, Yang P. Lupus serum IgG induces microglia activation through Fc fragment dependent way and modulated by B-cell activating factor. J Transl Med 2019; 17:426. [PMID: 31864410 PMCID: PMC6925475 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-02175-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropsychiatric manifestations are frequent in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), yet the etiology and pathogenesis of brain damage in SLE remains unclear. Because the production of autoantibodies, formation and deposition of immunocomplexes are major serological characteristics of SLE, the elevated level of serum immunoglobulin may contribute to brain tissue injury of SLE. To testify this, in this study, we examined whether immunoglobulin G (IgG) in the serum of SLE patients affects the cellular functions in central nervous system and the potential mechanism. METHODS In vivo intracerebral injection of SLE-serum in mouse was used to activate microglia and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokine was assessed by ELISA. Sera was divided into IgG and IgG depleted fractions, while IgG was further divided into Fc and Fab fragments to examine which part has an effect on microglia. Flow cytometry, immunofluorescence and quantitative PCR (qPCR) were used to verify the synergistic effect of B-cell activating factor (BAFF) on IgG stimulation of microglia. RESULTS We found that IgG in lupus sera can induce M1 activation of brain microglia following intraventricular injection into normal mice, and BAFF facilitates this process. In vitro, we identified that IgG bound to microglia through Fc rather than Fab fragments, and BAFF up-regulated the expression of Fc receptors (FcγR) on the surface of microglia, consequently, promote IgG binding to microglia. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that lupus serum IgG causes inflammatory responses of microglia by involving the Fc signaling pathway and the activity could be up-regulated by BAFF. Accordingly, disruption of the FcγR-mediated signaling pathway and blockade of microglia activation may be a therapeutic target in patients with neuropsychiatric lupus erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunshu Yang
- Department of 1st Cancer Institute, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Hou
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qianhui Feng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingzhuo Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Life Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuejiao Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Life Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Qin
- Department of Physiology, School of Life Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 People’s Republic of China
| | - Pingting Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 People’s Republic of China
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Rutkowska A, Stoczyńska-Fidelus E, Janik K, Włodarczyk A, Rieske P. EGFR vIII: An Oncogene with Ambiguous Role. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2019; 2019:1092587. [PMID: 32089685 PMCID: PMC7024087 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1092587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor variant III (EGFRvIII) seems to constitute the perfect therapeutic target for glioblastoma (GB), as it is specifically present on up to 28-30% of GB cells. In case of other tumor types, expression and possible role of this oncogene still remain controversial. In spite of EGFRvIII mechanism of action being crucial for the design of small active anticancer molecules and immunotherapies, i.e., CAR-T technology, it is yet to be precisely defined. EGFRvIII is known to be resistant to degradation, but it is still unclear whether it heterodimerizes with EGF-activated wild-type EGFR (EGFRWT) or homodimerizes (including covalent homodimerization). Constitutive kinase activity of this mutated receptor is relatively low, and some researchers even claim that a nuclear, but not a membrane function, is crucial for its activity. Based on the analyses of recurrent tumors that are often lacking EGFRvIII expression despite its initial presence in corresponding primary foci, this oncogene is suggested to play a marginal role during later stages of carcinogenesis, while even in primary tumors EGFRvIII expression is detected only in a small percentage of tumor cells, undermining the rationality of EGFRvIII-targeting therapies. On the other hand, EGFRvIII-positive cells are resistant to apoptosis, more invasive, and characterized with enhanced proliferation rate. Moreover, expression of this oncogenic receptor was also postulated to be a marker of cancer stem cells. Opinions regarding the role that EGFRvIII plays in tumorigenesis and for tumor aggressiveness are clearly contradictory and, therefore, it is crucial not only to determine its mechanism of action, but also to unambiguously define its role at early and advanced cancer stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianna Rutkowska
- Department of Tumor Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewelina Stoczyńska-Fidelus
- Department of Tumor Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Research and Development, Celther Polska Ltd., Milionowa 23, 93-193 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Research and Development, Personather Ltd., Milionowa 23, 93-193 Lodz, Poland
| | - Karolina Janik
- Department of Tumor Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | - Aneta Włodarczyk
- Department of Tumor Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr Rieske
- Department of Tumor Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Research and Development, Celther Polska Ltd., Milionowa 23, 93-193 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Research and Development, Personather Ltd., Milionowa 23, 93-193 Lodz, Poland
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79
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Sahle FF, Kim S, Niloy KK, Tahia F, Fili CV, Cooper E, Hamilton DJ, Lowe TL. Nanotechnology in regenerative ophthalmology. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 148:290-307. [PMID: 31707052 PMCID: PMC7474549 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, regenerative medicine is gaining momentum and is giving hopes for restoring function of diseased, damaged, and aged tissues and organs and nanotechnology is serving as a catalyst. In the ophthalmology field, various types of allogenic and autologous stem cells have been investigated to treat some ocular diseases due to age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, retinitis pigmentosa, diabetic retinopathy, and corneal and lens traumas. Nanomaterials have been utilized directly as nanoscaffolds for these stem cells to promote their adhesion, proliferation and differentiation or indirectly as vectors for various genes, tissue growth factors, cytokines and immunosuppressants to facilitate cell reprogramming or ocular tissue regeneration. In this review, we reviewed various nanomaterials used for retina, cornea, and lens regenerations, and discussed the current status and future perspectives of nanotechnology in tracking cells in the eye and personalized regenerative ophthalmology. The purpose of this review is to provide comprehensive and timely insights on the emerging field of nanotechnology for ocular tissue engineering and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fitsum Feleke Sahle
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Sangyoon Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Kumar Kulldeep Niloy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Faiza Tahia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Cameron V Fili
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Emily Cooper
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - David J Hamilton
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Tao L Lowe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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Engineered antibodies: new possibilities for brain PET? Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2019; 46:2848-2858. [PMID: 31342134 PMCID: PMC6879437 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-019-04426-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Almost 50 million people worldwide are affected by Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common neurodegenerative disorder. Development of disease-modifying therapies would benefit from reliable, non-invasive positron emission tomography (PET) biomarkers for early diagnosis, monitoring of disease progression, and assessment of therapeutic effects. Traditionally, PET ligands have been based on small molecules that, with the right properties, can penetrate the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and visualize targets in the brain. Recently a new class of PET ligands based on antibodies have emerged, mainly in applications related to cancer. While antibodies have advantages such as high specificity and affinity, their passage across the BBB is limited. Thus, to be used as brain PET ligands, antibodies need to be modified for active transport into the brain. Here, we review the development of radioligands based on antibodies for visualization of intrabrain targets. We focus on antibodies modified into a bispecific format, with the capacity to undergo transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1)-mediated transcytosis to enter the brain and access pathological proteins, e.g. amyloid-beta. A number of such antibody ligands have been developed, displaying differences in brain uptake, pharmacokinetics, and ability to bind and visualize the target in the brain of transgenic mice. Potential pathological changes related to neurodegeneration, e.g. misfolded proteins and neuroinflammation, are suggested as future targets for this novel type of radioligand. Challenges are also discussed, such as the temporal match of radionuclide half-life with the ligand’s pharmacokinetic profile and translation to human use. In conclusion, brain PET imaging using bispecific antibodies, modified for receptor-mediated transcytosis across the BBB, is a promising method for specifically visualizing molecules in the brain that are difficult to target with traditional small molecule ligands.
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Mané-Damas M, Hoffmann C, Zong S, Tan A, Molenaar PC, Losen M, Martinez-Martinez P. Autoimmunity in psychotic disorders. Where we stand, challenges and opportunities. Autoimmun Rev 2019; 18:102348. [PMID: 31323365 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2019.102348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Psychotic disorders are debilitating mental illnesses associated with abnormalities in various neurotransmitter systems. The development of disease-modifing therapies has been hampered by the mostly unknown etiologies and pathophysiologies. Autoantibodies against several neuronal antigens are responsible for autoimmune encephalitis. These autoantibodies disrupt neurotransmission within the brain, resulting in a wide range of psychiatric and neurologic manifestations, including psychosis. The overlap of symptoms of autoimmune encephalitis with psychotic disorders raised the question as to whether autoantibodies against a number of receptors, ion channel and associated proteins could ultimately be responsible for some forms of psychosis. Here we review our current knowledge, on antibody mediated autoimmunity in psychotic disorders, the different diagnostic methods and their limitations, as well as on varying therapeutic approaches targeting the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Mané-Damas
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Carolin Hoffmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Shenghua Zong
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Amanda Tan
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Peter C Molenaar
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Mario Losen
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Pilar Martinez-Martinez
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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82
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Rubio-Beltrán E, Labastida-Ramírez A, Haanes KA, van den Bogaerdt A, Bogers AJ, Dirven C, Danser AJ, Xu C, Snellman J, MaassenVanDenBrink A. Characterisation of vasodilatory responses in the presence of the CGRP receptor antibody erenumab in human isolated arteries. Cephalalgia 2019; 39:1735-1744. [PMID: 31284729 DOI: 10.1177/0333102419863027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Migraine is associated with activation of the trigeminovascular system, release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and dilation of dural arteries. Novel treatments target calcitonin gene-related peptide or its receptor, which are present in all vascular beds, raising cardiovascular concerns. Erenumab is a human CGRP-receptor antibody approved for the prophylactic treatment of migraine. METHODS We characterised the relaxant responses to CGRP in the absence and presence of erenumab (1 μM) in isolated human middle meningeal, internal mammary and (proximal and distal) coronary arteries. Furthermore, in human internal mammary arteries from cardiovascularly-compromised patients, we assessed the pharmacological specificity of erenumab by investigating whether the vasodilatory responses to acetylcholine, sodium nitroprusside, pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide-38 (PACAP), vasoactive intestinal peptide and nicardipine, along with the vasoconstrictor responses to dihydroergotamine, were modified by erenumab. RESULTS Calcitonin gene-related peptide induced concentration-dependent vasodilatory responses in all vessels studied that were significantly antagonised by erenumab. In human internal mammary arteries from cardiovascularly-compromised patients, the responses to acetylcholine, sodium nitroprusside, PACAP, vasoactive intestinal peptide, nicardipine and dihydroergotamine were unaffected by erenumab. CONCLUSION Erenumab inhibits calcitonin gene-related peptide-induced vasodilatory responses in human middle meningeal arteries, human internal mammary arteries and human coronary arteries. Moreover, erenumab shows functional specificity as no interaction was observed with the relaxant responses to several vasodilators, nor the dihydroergotamine-dependent vasoconstrictor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloísa Rubio-Beltrán
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alejandro Labastida-Ramírez
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kristian A Haanes
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Antoon van den Bogaerdt
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ad Jjc Bogers
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Clemens Dirven
- Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ah Jan Danser
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cen Xu
- Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | | | - Antoinette MaassenVanDenBrink
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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83
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Olthof MGL, Kempen DHR, Liu X, Dadsetan M, Tryfonidou MA, Yaszemski MJ, Dhert WJA, Lu L. Effect of Biomaterial Electrical Charge on Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2-Induced In Vivo Bone Formation. Tissue Eng Part A 2019; 25:1037-1052. [PMID: 30612538 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2018.0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT Biomaterials can play a dual role in bone regeneration: they enable local sustained delivery of growth factors, such as bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), while they provide structural support as scaffold. By better imitating the properties of native bone tissue, scaffolds may be both osteoconductive and osteoinductive. The latter can be achieved by modifying the electrical charge of the surface. The present work uses tunable oligo[(polyethylene glycol) fumarate] hydrogel and demonstrates that negative charge enhances BMP-2-induced bone formation compared with neutral or positive charge. Altogether, this indicates that tissue-specific surface charge modifications of biomaterials hold great promise in the field of tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurits G L Olthof
- 1Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota.,2Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota.,3Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,4Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Xifeng Liu
- 1Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota.,2Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Mahrokh Dadsetan
- 1Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota.,2Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Michael J Yaszemski
- 1Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota.,2Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Wouter J A Dhert
- 3Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,4Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lichun Lu
- 1Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota.,2Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
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84
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Qß Virus-like particle-based vaccine induces robust immunity and protects against tauopathy. NPJ Vaccines 2019; 4:26. [PMID: 31231552 PMCID: PMC6547647 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-019-0118-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tauopathies, including frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are progressive neurodegenerative diseases clinically characterized by cognitive decline and could be caused by the aggregation of hyperphosphorylated pathological tau (pTau) as neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) inside neurons. There is currently no FDA-approved treatment that cures, slows or prevents tauopathies. Current immunotherapy strategies targeting pTau have generated encouraging data but may pose concerns about scalability, affordability, and efficacy. Here, we engineered a virus-like particle (VLP)-based vaccine in which tau peptide, phosphorylated at threonine 181, was linked at high valency to Qß bacteriophage VLPs (pT181-Qß). We demonstrate that vaccination with pT181-Qß is sufficient to induce a robust and long-lived anti-pT181 antibody response in the sera and the brains of both Non-Tg and rTg4510 mice. Only sera from pT181-Qß vaccinated mice are reactive to classical somatodendritic pTau in human FTD and AD post-mortem brain sections. Finally, we demonstrate that pT181-Qß vaccination reduces both soluble and insoluble species of hyperphosphorylated pTau in the hippocampus and cortex, avoids a Th1-mediated pro-inflammatory cell response, prevents hippocampal and corpus callosum atrophy and rescues cognitive dysfunction in a 4-month-old rTg4510 mouse model of FTD. These studies provide a valid scientific premise for the development of VLP-based immunotherapy to target pTau and potentially prevent Alzheimer’s diseases and related tauopathies. Tauopathies such as fronto-temporal dementia or Alzheimer’s disease are characterized by the accumulation of phosphorylated Tau (pTau) protein into pathogenic neurofibrillary tangles (NFT). Kiran Bhaskar and colleagues at the University of New Mexico investigate the efficacy of an active vaccine approach in the treatment of rTg4510 mice—an aggressive model of tauopathy. Mice receive 3 intramuscular doses of a disease-relevant pTau peptide (pT181) multivalently conjugated to an immunostimulatory bacteriophage virus-like particle (pT181-Qß). Vaccination induces high titers of anti-pTau—stable to at least 20 weeks—that is also able to bind human disease samples, but importantly does not react to unphosphorylated physiological Tau protein. Antibody can enter the brain and bind both soluble and intraneuronal pTau. Vaccination of mice reduces brain NFT, pathology, indicators of neuroinflammation and improves cognitive function in two different models of memory.
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85
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Sheppard O, Coleman MP, Durrant CS. Lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation induces presynaptic disruption through a direct action on brain tissue involving microglia-derived interleukin 1 beta. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:106. [PMID: 31103036 PMCID: PMC6525970 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1490-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic inflammation has been linked to synapse loss and cognitive decline in human patients and animal models. A role for microglial release of pro-inflammatory cytokines has been proposed based on in vivo and primary culture studies. However, mechanisms are hard to study in vivo as specific microglial ablation is challenging and the extracellular fluid cannot be sampled without invasive methods. Primary cultures have different limitations as the intricate multicellular architecture in the brain is not fully reproduced. It is essential to confirm proposed brain-specific mechanisms of inflammatory synapse loss directly in brain tissue. Organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSCs) retain much of the in vivo neuronal architecture, synaptic connections and diversity of cell types whilst providing convenient access to manipulate and sample the culture medium and observe cellular reactions. METHODS OHSCs were generated from P6-P9 C57BL/6 mice. Inflammation was induced via addition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and cultures were analysed for changes in synaptic proteins, gene expression and protein secretion. Microglia were selectively depleted using clodronate, and the effect of IL1β was assessed using a specific neutralising monoclonal antibody. RESULTS LPS treatment induced loss of the presynaptic protein synaptophysin without altering PSD95 or Aβ protein levels. Depletion of microglia prior to LPS application prevented the loss of synaptophysin, whilst microglia depletion after the inflammatory insult was partially effective, although less so than pre-emptive treatment, indicating a time-critical window in which microglia can induce synaptic damage. IL1β protein and mRNA were increased after LPS addition, with these effects also prevented by microglia depletion. Direct application of IL1β to OHSCs resulted in synaptophysin loss whilst pre-treatment with IL1β neutralising antibody prior to LPS addition prevented a significant loss of synaptophysin but may also impact basal synaptic levels. CONCLUSIONS The loss of synaptophysin in this system confirms LPS can act directly within brain tissue to disrupt synapses, and we show that microglia are the relevant cellular target when all major CNS cell types are present. By overcoming limitations of primary culture and in vivo work, our study strengthens the evidence for a key role of microglia-derived IL1β in synaptic dysfunction after inflammatory insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Sheppard
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, E.D Adrian Building, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Michael P Coleman
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, E.D Adrian Building, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK.,Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Claire S Durrant
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, E.D Adrian Building, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK. .,Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK.
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86
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Nakano R, Takagi-Maeda S, Ito Y, Kishimoto S, Osato T, Noguchi K, Kurihara-Suda K, Takahashi N. A new technology for increasing therapeutic protein levels in the brain over extended periods. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214404. [PMID: 30978197 PMCID: PMC6461266 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective delivery of protein therapeutics into the brain remains challenging because of difficulties associated with crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB). To overcome this problem, many researchers have focused on antibodies binding the transferrin receptor (TfR), which is expressed in endothelial cells, including those of the BBB, and is involved in receptor-mediated transcytosis (RMT). RMT and anti-TfR antibodies provide a useful means of delivering therapeutics into the brain, but the anti-TfR antibody has a short half-life in blood because of its broad expression throughout the body. As a result, anti-TfR antibodies are only maintained at high concentrations in the brain for a short time. To overcome this problem, we developed a different approach which slows down the export of therapeutic antibodies from the brain by binding them to a brain-specific antigen. Here we report a new technology, named AccumuBrain, that achieves both high antibody concentration in the brain and a long half-life in blood by binding to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), which is specifically expressed in oligodendrocytes. We report that, using our technology, anti-MOG antibody levels in the brains of mice (Mus musculus) and rats (Rattus norvegicus) were increased several tens of times for a period of one month. The mechanism of this technology is different from that of RMT technologies like TfR and would constitute a breakthrough for central nervous system disease therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Nakano
- Research and Development Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., LTD., Machida-shi, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Sayaka Takagi-Maeda
- Research and Development Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., LTD., Machida-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Ito
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kishimoto
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Tomoko Osato
- Research and Development Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., LTD., Machida-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaori Noguchi
- Research and Development Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., LTD., Machida-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kana Kurihara-Suda
- Research and Development Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., LTD., Machida-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Takahashi
- Research and Development Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., LTD., Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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87
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Zhou AL, Swaminathan SK, Curran GL, Poduslo JF, Lowe VJ, Li L, Kandimalla KK. Apolipoprotein A-I Crosses the Blood-Brain Barrier through Clathrin-Independent and Cholesterol-Mediated Endocytosis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 369:481-488. [PMID: 30971477 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.254201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I), the major protein constituent of high-density lipoprotein particles, plays a critical role in preserving cerebrovascular integrity and reducing Alzheimer's risk. ApoA-I present in brain is thought to be primarily derived from the peripheral circulation. Although plasma-to-brain delivery of ApoA-I is claimed to be handled by the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB), a contribution by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which serves as a major portal for protein delivery to brain, cannot be ruled out. In this study, we assessed the permeability-surface area product (PS) of radioiodinated ApoA-I (125I-ApoA-I) in various brain regions of wild-type rats after an intravenous bolus injection. The PS value at the cortex, caudate putamen, hippocampus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum was found to be 0.39, 0.28, 0.28, 0.36, 0.69, and 0.76 (ml/g per second × 10-6), respectively. Solutes delivered into brain via the BCSFB are expected to show greater accumulation in the thalamus due to its periventricular location. The modest permeability for 125I-ApoA-I into the thalamus relative to other regions suggests that BCSFB transport accounts for only a portion of total brain uptake and thus BBB transport cannot be ruled out. In addition, we show that Alexa Flour 647-labeled ApoA-I (AF647-ApoA-I) undergoes clathrin-independent and cholesterol-mediated endocytosis in transformed human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3). Further, Z-series confocal images of the hCMEC/D3 monolayers and Western blot detection of intact ApoA-I on the abluminal side demonstrated AF647-ApoA-I transcytosis across the endothelium. These findings implicate the BBB as a significant portal for ApoA-I delivery into brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Brain Barriers Research Center (A.L.Z., S.K.S., K.K.K.) and Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology (L.L.), College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Department of Radiology (G.L.C., V.J.L.) and Department of Neurology (G.L.C., J.F.P.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Suresh K Swaminathan
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Brain Barriers Research Center (A.L.Z., S.K.S., K.K.K.) and Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology (L.L.), College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Department of Radiology (G.L.C., V.J.L.) and Department of Neurology (G.L.C., J.F.P.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Geoffry L Curran
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Brain Barriers Research Center (A.L.Z., S.K.S., K.K.K.) and Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology (L.L.), College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Department of Radiology (G.L.C., V.J.L.) and Department of Neurology (G.L.C., J.F.P.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Joseph F Poduslo
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Brain Barriers Research Center (A.L.Z., S.K.S., K.K.K.) and Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology (L.L.), College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Department of Radiology (G.L.C., V.J.L.) and Department of Neurology (G.L.C., J.F.P.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Val J Lowe
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Brain Barriers Research Center (A.L.Z., S.K.S., K.K.K.) and Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology (L.L.), College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Department of Radiology (G.L.C., V.J.L.) and Department of Neurology (G.L.C., J.F.P.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Brain Barriers Research Center (A.L.Z., S.K.S., K.K.K.) and Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology (L.L.), College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Department of Radiology (G.L.C., V.J.L.) and Department of Neurology (G.L.C., J.F.P.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Karunya K Kandimalla
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Brain Barriers Research Center (A.L.Z., S.K.S., K.K.K.) and Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology (L.L.), College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Department of Radiology (G.L.C., V.J.L.) and Department of Neurology (G.L.C., J.F.P.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
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88
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Olthof MGL, Tryfonidou MA, Dadsetan M, Dhert WJA, Yaszemski MJ, Kempen DHR, Lu L. In Vitro and In Vivo Correlation of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 Release Profiles from Complex Delivery Vehicles. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2019; 24:379-390. [PMID: 29756545 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2018.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Local sustained delivery of bioactive molecules from biomaterials is a promising strategy to enhance bone regeneration. To optimize delivery vehicles for bone formation, the design characteristics are tailored with consequential effect on bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) release and bone regeneration. Complying with the 3R principles (Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement), the growth factor release is often investigated in vitro using several buffers to mimic the in vivo physiological environment. However, this remains an unmet need. Therefore, this study investigates the in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC) of BMP-2 release from complex delivery vehicles in several commonly used in vitro buffers: cell culture model, phosphate buffered saline, and a strong desorption buffer. The results from this study showed that the release environment affected the BMP-2 release profiles, creating distinct relationships between release versus time and differences in extent of release. According to the guidance set by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), IVIVC resulted in level A internal predictability for individual composites. Since the IVIVC was influenced by the BMP-2 loading method and composite surface chemistry, the external predictive value of the IVIVCs was limited. These results show that the IVIVCs can be used for predicting the release of an individual composite. However, the models cannot be used for predicting in vivo release for different composite formulations since they lack external predictability. Potential confounding effects of drug type, delivery vehicle formulations, and application site should be added to the equation to develop one single IVIVC applicable for complex delivery vehicles. Altogether, these results imply that more sophisticated in vitro systems should be used in bone regeneration to accurately discriminate and predict in vivo BMP-2 release from different complex delivery vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurits G L Olthof
- 1 Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine , Rochester, Minnesota.,2 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine , Rochester, Minnesota.,3 Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands .,4 Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marianna A Tryfonidou
- 4 Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mahrokh Dadsetan
- 1 Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine , Rochester, Minnesota.,2 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Wouter J A Dhert
- 4 Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michael J Yaszemski
- 1 Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine , Rochester, Minnesota.,2 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Diederik H R Kempen
- 5 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lichun Lu
- 1 Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine , Rochester, Minnesota.,2 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine , Rochester, Minnesota
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89
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Neugebauer K, Hammans C, Wensing T, Kumar V, Grodd W, Mevissen L, Sternkopf MA, Novakovic A, Abel T, Habel U, Nickl-Jockschat T. Nerve Growth Factor Serum Levels Are Associated With Regional Gray Matter Volume Differences in Schizophrenia Patients. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:275. [PMID: 31105606 PMCID: PMC6498747 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous neuroimaging studies have revealed structural brain abnormalities in schizophrenia patients. There is emerging evidence that dysfunctional nerve growth factor (NGF) signaling may contribute to structural brain alterations found in these patients. In this pilot study, we investigated whether there was a correlation between NGF serum levels and gray matter volume (GMV) in schizophrenia patients. Further, we investigated whether there was an overlap between the correlative findings and cross-sectional GMV differences between schizophrenia patients (n = 18) and healthy controls (n = 19). Serum NGF was significantly correlated to GMV in the left prefrontal lobe, the left midcingulate cortex, and the brainstem in schizophrenia patients. However, we did not find any correlations of NGF serum levels with GMV in healthy controls. Schizophrenia patients showed smaller GMV than healthy controls in brain regions located in the bilateral limbic system, bilateral parietal lobe, bilateral insula, bilateral primary auditory cortex, left frontal lobe, and bilateral occipital regions. In a conjunction analysis, GMV in the left midcingulate cortex (MCC) appears negatively correlated to NGF serum levels in the group of schizophrenia patients and also to be reduced compared to healthy controls. These results suggest an increased vulnerability of schizophrenia patients to changes in NGF levels compared to healthy controls and support a role for NGF signaling in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. As our pilot study is exploratory in nature, further studies enrolling larger sample sizes will be needed to further corroborate our findings and to investigate the influence of additional covariates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Neugebauer
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, Jülich, Germany
| | - Christine Hammans
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, Jülich, Germany
| | - Tobias Wensing
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, Jülich, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Grodd
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lea Mevissen
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, Jülich, Germany
| | - Melanie A Sternkopf
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, Jülich, Germany
| | - Ana Novakovic
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, Jülich, Germany
| | - Ted Abel
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Ute Habel
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, Jülich, Germany
| | - Thomas Nickl-Jockschat
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, Jülich, Germany.,Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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90
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Kumar NN, Pizzo ME, Nehra G, Wilken-Resman B, Boroumand S, Thorne RG. Passive Immunotherapies for Central Nervous System Disorders: Current Delivery Challenges and New Approaches. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:3937-3966. [PMID: 30265523 PMCID: PMC7234797 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Passive immunotherapy, i.e., the administration of exogenous antibodies that recognize a specific target antigen, has gained significant momentum as a potential treatment strategy for several central nervous system (CNS) disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and brain cancer, among others. Advances in antibody engineering to create therapeutic antibody fragments or antibody conjugates have introduced new strategies that may also be applied to treat CNS disorders. However, drug delivery to the CNS for antibodies and other macromolecules has thus far proven challenging, due in large part to the blood-brain barrier and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers that greatly restrict transport of peripherally administered molecules from the systemic circulation into the CNS. Here, we summarize the various passive immunotherapy approaches under study for the treatment of CNS disorders, with a primary focus on disease-specific and target site-specific challenges to drug delivery and new, cutting edge methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niyanta N. Kumar
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of
Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy
| | - Michelle E. Pizzo
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of
Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy
- Clinical Neuroengineering Training Program, University of
Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Geetika Nehra
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of
Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy
| | - Brynna Wilken-Resman
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of
Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy
| | - Sam Boroumand
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of
Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy
| | - Robert G. Thorne
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of
Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy
- Clinical Neuroengineering Training Program, University of
Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- Neuroscience Training Program & Center for
Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United
States
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Training Program,
University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
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91
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Shergalis A, Bankhead A, Luesakul U, Muangsin N, Neamati N. Current Challenges and Opportunities in Treating Glioblastoma. Pharmacol Rev 2018; 70:412-445. [PMID: 29669750 PMCID: PMC5907910 DOI: 10.1124/pr.117.014944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 495] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor, has a high mortality rate despite extensive efforts to develop new treatments. GBM exhibits both intra- and intertumor heterogeneity, lending to resistance and eventual tumor recurrence. Large-scale genomic and proteomic analysis of GBM tumors has uncovered potential drug targets. Effective and “druggable” targets must be validated to embark on a robust medicinal chemistry campaign culminating in the discovery of clinical candidates. Here, we review recent developments in GBM drug discovery and delivery. To identify GBM drug targets, we performed extensive bioinformatics analysis using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas project. We discovered 20 genes, BOC, CLEC4GP1, ELOVL6, EREG, ESR2, FDCSP, FURIN, FUT8-AS1, GZMB, IRX3, LITAF, NDEL1, NKX3-1, PODNL1, PTPRN, QSOX1, SEMA4F, TH, VEGFC, and C20orf166AS1 that are overexpressed in a subpopulation of GBM patients and correlate with poor survival outcomes. Importantly, nine of these genes exhibit higher expression in GBM versus low-grade glioma and may be involved in disease progression. In this review, we discuss these proteins in the context of GBM disease progression. We also conducted computational multi-parameter optimization to assess the blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability of small molecules in clinical trials for GBM treatment. Drug delivery in the context of GBM is particularly challenging because the BBB hinders small molecule transport. Therefore, we discuss novel drug delivery methods, including nanoparticles and prodrugs. Given the aggressive nature of GBM and the complexity of targeting the central nervous system, effective treatment options are a major unmet medical need. Identification and validation of biomarkers and drug targets associated with GBM disease progression present an exciting opportunity to improve treatment of this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Shergalis
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, North Campus Research Complex, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.S., U.L., N.N.); Biostatistics Department and School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.B.); and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand (U.L., N.M.)
| | - Armand Bankhead
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, North Campus Research Complex, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.S., U.L., N.N.); Biostatistics Department and School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.B.); and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand (U.L., N.M.)
| | - Urarika Luesakul
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, North Campus Research Complex, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.S., U.L., N.N.); Biostatistics Department and School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.B.); and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand (U.L., N.M.)
| | - Nongnuj Muangsin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, North Campus Research Complex, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.S., U.L., N.N.); Biostatistics Department and School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.B.); and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand (U.L., N.M.)
| | - Nouri Neamati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, North Campus Research Complex, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.S., U.L., N.N.); Biostatistics Department and School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (A.B.); and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand (U.L., N.M.)
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92
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Lu NH, How SC, Lin CY, Tsai SL, Bednarikova Z, Fedunova D, Gazova Z, Wu JW, Wang SSS. Examining the effects of dextran-based polymer-coated nanoparticles on amyloid fibrillogenesis of human insulin. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 172:674-683. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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93
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Gustafsson S, Gustavsson T, Roshanbin S, Hultqvist G, Hammarlund-Udenaes M, Sehlin D, Syvänen S. Blood-brain barrier integrity in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease with or without acute 3D6 immunotherapy. Neuropharmacology 2018; 143:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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94
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Fang XT, Hultqvist G, Meier SR, Antoni G, Sehlin D, Syvänen S. High detection sensitivity with antibody-based PET radioligand for amyloid beta in brain. Neuroimage 2018; 184:881-888. [PMID: 30300753 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PET imaging of amyloid-beta (Aβ) deposits in brain has become an important aid in Alzheimer's disease diagnosis, and an inclusion criterion for patient enrolment into clinical trials of new anti-Aβ treatments. Available PET radioligands visualizing Aβ bind to insoluble fibrils, i.e. Aβ plaques. Levels of prefibrillar Aβ forms, e.g. soluble oligomers and protofibrils, correlate better than plaques with disease severity and these soluble species are the neurotoxic form of Aβ leading to neurodegeneration. The goal was to create an antibody-based radioligand, recognizing not only fibrillary Aβ, but also smaller and still soluble aggregates. We designed and expressed a small recombinant bispecific antibody construct, di-scFv 3D6-8D3, targeting the Aβ N-terminus and the transferrin receptor (TfR). Natively expressed at the blood-brain barrier (BBB), TfR could thus be used as a brain-blood shuttle. Di-scFv 3D6-8D3 bound to Aβ1-40 with high affinity and to TfR with moderate affinity. Di-scFv [124I]3D6-8D3 was injected in two transgenic mouse models overexpressing human Aβ and wild-type control mice and PET scanned at 14, 24 or 72 h after injection. Di-scFv [124I]3D6-8D3 was retained in brain of transgenic animals while it was cleared from wild-type lacking Aβ. This difference was observed from 24 h onwards, and at 72 h, 18 months old transgenic animals, with high load of Aβ pathology, displayed SUVR of 2.2-3.5 in brain while wild-type showed ratios close to unity. A subset of the mice were also scanned with [11C]PIB. Again wt mice displayed ratios of unity while transgenes showed slightly, non-significantly, elevated SUVR of 1.2, indicating improved sensitivity with novel di-scFv [124I]3D6-8D3 compared with [11C]PIB. Brain concentrations of di-scFv [124I]3D6-8D3 correlated with soluble Aβ (p < 0.0001) but not with total Aβ, i.e. plaque load (p = 0.34). We have successfully created a small bispecific antibody-based radioligand capable of crossing the BBB, subsequently binding to and visualizing intrabrain Aβ in vivo. The radioligand displayed better sensitivity compared with [11C]PIB, and brain concentrations correlated with soluble neurotoxic Aβ aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian T Fang
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences / Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Greta Hultqvist
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences / Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Silvio R Meier
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences / Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Antoni
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Preclinical PET Platform, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; PET Centre, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dag Sehlin
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences / Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stina Syvänen
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences / Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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95
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Cao W, Zheng H. Peripheral immune system in aging and Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2018; 13:51. [PMID: 30285785 PMCID: PMC6169078 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-018-0284-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents an urgent public health mandate. AD is no longer considered a neural-centric disease; rather, a plethora of recent studies strongly implicate a critical role played by neuroinflammation in the pathogeneses of AD and other neurodegenerative conditions. A close functional connection between the immune system and central nervous system is increasingly recognized. In late-onset AD, aging represents the most significant risk factor. Here, from an immunological perspective, we summarize the prominent molecular and cellular changes in the periphery of aging individuals and AD patients. Moreover, we review the knowledge gained in the past several years that implicate specific arms of the peripheral immune system and other types of immune responses in modulating AD progression. Taken together, these findings collectively emphasize a dynamic role of a concert of brain-extrinsic, peripheral signals in the aging and degenerative processes in the CNS. We believe that a systematic view synthesizing the vast amounts of existing results will help guide the development of next-generation therapeutics and inform future directions of AD investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cao
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Huffington Center on Aging, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Hui Zheng
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Huffington Center on Aging, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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96
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Contributions of the glycocalyx, endothelium, and extravascular compartment to the blood-brain barrier. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E9429-E9438. [PMID: 30217895 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1802155115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelial cells that form the blood-brain barrier (BBB) are coated with glycocalyx, on the luminal side, and with the basement membrane and astrocyte endfeet, on the abluminal side. However, it is unclear how exactly the glycocalyx and extravascular structures contribute to BBB properties. We used two-photon microscopy in anesthetized mice to record passive transport of four different-sized molecules-sodium fluorescein (376 Da), Alexa Fluor (643 Da), 40-kDa dextran, and 150-kDa dextran-from blood to brain, at the level of single cortical capillaries. Both fluorescein and Alexa penetrated nearly the entire glycocalyx volume, but the dextrans penetrated less than 60% of the volume. This suggested that the glycocalyx was a barrier for large but not small molecules. The estimated permeability of the endothelium was the same for fluorescein and Alexa but several-fold lower for the larger dextrans. In the extravascular compartment, co-localized with astrocyte endfeet, diffusion coefficients of the dyes were an order of magnitude lower than in the brain parenchyma. This suggested that the astrocyte endfeet and basement membrane also contributed to BBB properties. In conclusion, the passive transport of small and large hydrophilic molecules through the BBB was determined by three separate barriers: the glycocalyx, the endothelium, and the extravascular compartment. All three barriers must be taken into account in drug delivery studies and when considering BBB dysfunction in disease states.
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97
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Liu Q, Wang X, Yi S. Pathophysiological Changes of Physical Barriers of Peripheral Nerves After Injury. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:597. [PMID: 30210280 PMCID: PMC6119778 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerves are composed of complex layered anatomical structures, including epineurium, perineurium, and endoneurium. Perineurium and endoneurium contain many physical barriers, including the blood-nerve barrier at endoneurial vessels and the perineurial barrier. These physical barriers help to eliminate flux penetration and thus contribute to the establishment of a stable microenvironment. In the current review, we introduce the anatomical compartments and physical barriers of peripheral nerves and then describe the cellular and molecular basis of peripheral physical barriers. We also specifically explore peripheral nerve injury-induced changes of peripheral physical barriers, including elevated endoneurial fluid pressure, increased leakage of tracer, decreased barrier-type endothelial cell ratio, and altered distributions and expressions of cellular junctional proteins. The understanding of the pathophysiological changes of physical barriers following peripheral nerve injury may provide a clue for the treatment of peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xinghui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Sheng Yi
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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98
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Selective permeability of mouse blood-aqueous barrier as determined by 15N-heavy isotope tracing and mass spectrometry. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:9032-9037. [PMID: 30127000 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1807982115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-aqueous barrier plays a key role in regulating aqueous humor homeostasis by selectively restricting passage of proteins into the eye. The kinetics of aqueous flow are traditionally measured using artificial markers; however, these marker molecules do not address the barrier's selective permeability to plasma proteins. Here we applied stable isotope labeling of all serum proteins with nitrogen-15 (15N) atoms. Following systemic injection of this "heavy" serum in mice, the 15N-to-endogenous nitrogen-14 (14N) ratio of each protein in aqueous was measured by mass spectrometry. By monitoring the kinetic changes in these ratios, we determined the permeability profiles of hundreds of serum proteins. Meanwhile, we subjected one of the eyes to neoangiogenic wound healing by inflicting injury to the corneal limbus and compared the 15N proteomes between the normal eyes and the recovering eyes at 2 weeks after injury. In the injured eye, we detected markedly enhanced permeability to inhibitory complement regulator proteins, such as Cfh, Cfhr, Cfb, Cfi, Cfd, and Vtn. Many of the proteins in this group are implicated in age-related macular degeneration associated with leakage of the blood-retinal barrier due to inflammation. To rule out the possibility that the observed leakage was due simply to physical damage of the blood vessels, we separately created a neovascularization model using an alkali burn of the avascular cornea. In this latter model, elevated levels of Cfh and Cfb were evident. These findings suggest that ocular neovascularization is associated with enhanced permeability to serum complement regulators.
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99
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Ovacik M, Lin K. Tutorial on Monoclonal Antibody Pharmacokinetics and Its Considerations in Early Development. Clin Transl Sci 2018; 11:540-552. [PMID: 29877608 PMCID: PMC6226118 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The tutorial introduces the readers to the fundamentals of antibody pharmacokinetics (PK) in the context of drug development. Topics covered include an overview of antibody development, PK characteristics, and the application of antibody PK/pharmacodynamics (PD) in research and development decision-making. We also discuss the general considerations for planning a nonclinical PK program and describe the types of PK studies that should be performed during early development of monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meric Ovacik
- Department of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kedan Lin
- Clinical Pharmacology, NGM Biopharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
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100
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Kumar NN, Lochhead JJ, Pizzo ME, Nehra G, Boroumand S, Greene G, Thorne RG. Delivery of immunoglobulin G antibodies to the rat nervous system following intranasal administration: Distribution, dose-response, and mechanisms of delivery. J Control Release 2018; 286:467-484. [PMID: 30081144 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The intranasal route has been hypothesized to circumvent the blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers, allowing entry into the brain via extracellular pathways along olfactory and trigeminal nerves and the perivascular spaces (PVS) of cerebral blood vessels. We investigated the potential of the intranasal route to non-invasively deliver antibodies to the brain 30 min following administration by characterizing distribution, dose-response, and mechanisms of antibody transport to and within the brain after administering non-targeted radiolabeled or fluorescently-labeled full length immunoglobulin G (IgG) to normal adult female rats. Intranasal [125I]-IgG consistently yielded highest concentrations in the olfactory bulbs, trigeminal nerves, and leptomeningeal blood vessels with their associated PVS. Intranasal delivery also resulted in significantly higher [125I]-IgG concentrations in the CNS than systemic (intra-arterial) delivery for doses producing similar endpoint blood concentrations. Importantly, CNS targeting significantly increased with increasing dose only with intranasal administration, yielding brain concentrations that ranged from the low-to-mid picomolar range with tracer dosing (50 μg) up to the low nanomolar range at higher doses (1 mg and 2.5 mg). Finally, intranasal pre-treatment with a previously identified nasal permeation enhancer, matrix metalloproteinase-9, significantly improved intranasal [125I]-IgG delivery to multiple brain regions and further allowed us to elucidate IgG transport pathways extending from the nasal epithelia into the brain using fluorescence microscopy. The results show that it may be feasible to achieve therapeutic levels of IgG in the CNS, particularly at higher intranasal doses, and clarify the likely cranial nerve and perivascular distribution pathways taken by antibodies to reach the brain from the nasal mucosae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niyanta N Kumar
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Jeffrey J Lochhead
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Michelle E Pizzo
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy, Madison, WI 53705, United States; Clinical Neuroengineering Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Geetika Nehra
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Sam Boroumand
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Gretchen Greene
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Robert G Thorne
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy, Madison, WI 53705, United States; Clinical Neuroengineering Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States; Neuroscience Training Program & Center for Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States; Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States.
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