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Shi FF, Gunn GR, Snyder LA, Goletz TJ. Intradermal vaccination of MUC1 transgenic mice with MUC1/IL-18 plasmid DNA suppresses experimental pulmonary metastases. Vaccine 2007; 25:3338-46. [PMID: 17292519 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2006] [Revised: 01/02/2007] [Accepted: 01/03/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
MUC1 (mucin 1) is a transmembrane glycoprotein normally expressed on epithelia of the pancreas, breast, prostate, colon, and lung. However, this self-antigen is over-expressed and aberrantly glycosylated in adenocarcinomas, thereby making it a potential target for immunotherapy. Toward this goal, DNA plasmids encoding human MUC1 (pMUC1) and mouse interleukin-18 (pmuIL-18) were developed, and previous work demonstrated pMUC1/pmuIL18 vaccination protected MUC1 transgenic mice (MUC1.Tg) from subcutaneous tumor challenge. This report shows that pMUC1/pmuIL-18 is effective in preventing and treating pulmonary metastases in MUC1.Tg mice. Vaccination with pMUC1 or pmuIL-18 alone was insufficient to elicit measurable anti-tumor effects. However, co-administration of pMUC1 with pmuIL-18 reduced the incidence of lung tumors and prolonged survival. Furthermore, pMUC1/pmuIL-18 immunization protected mice from challenge with MUC1+ tumors, but not from MUC1- tumors, indicating that the anti-tumor effect is antigen-specific. More importantly, pMUC1/pmuIL-18 was effective in treating established tumors. Finally, in vivo antibody-mediated lymphocyte depletion and neutralization of interferon gamma (IFNgamma) revealed that CD8+ T cells and IFNgamma mediate the anti-tumor immunity. Collectively, these results demonstrate that pMUC1/pmuIL-18 breaks tolerance to MUC1, and induces antigen-specific immunity with protective and therapeutic benefit. This suggests that pMUC1/pmuIL-18 DNA vaccination may provide clinical benefit for patients with MUC1+ tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank F Shi
- Centocor Inc., 145 King of Prussia Road, Radnor, PA 19087, USA.
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52
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Allgeier T, Garhammer S, Nössner E, Wahl U, Kronenberger K, Dreyling M, Hallek M, Mocikat R. Dendritic cell-based immunogens for B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer Lett 2007; 245:275-83. [PMID: 16516377 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2006.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2005] [Revised: 11/22/2005] [Accepted: 01/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Hybrids generated from tumor cells and dendritic cells (DC) have been proposed as tools for treating malignant disease. Here, we study the underlying principles and the feasibility for the adjuvant therapy of human B cell chronic-lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL). CLL cells and allogeneic DC were only mixed or additionally fused. Using a combination of FACS and fluorescence microscopic analyses, we show that DC-CLL hybrids can be successfully generated. However, fusion frequencies have to be critically evaluated because the number of fused cells is overestimated when based on FACS analyses alone. The capability of activating patients' PBMC was examined by measuring cytokine secretion in co-culture assays. We made a systematic comparison of the immunostimulatory capacities of different stimulator cell populations, including DC-CLL fusion samples, unfused mixtures of DC and CLL cells as well as DC or tumor cells alone. Surprisingly, even unfused mixtures had a pronounced tumor-directed immunostimulatory effect. This could be explained by the capture of antigens from surrounding leukemia cells by DC during co-cultivation. Although fusion frequencies were low, PBMC stimulation was significantly more effective when the mixtures were subjected to cell fusion. The most potent stimulus was provided by DC-CLL fusion samples derived from mature DC, probably due to their enhanced costimulatory capacity. In summary, DC-tumor cell hybrids might be feasible in the treatment of B-CLL. It should be considered that FACS analysis is not sufficient to assess fusion frequencies and that interactions between unfused DC and CLL cells also result in PBMC activation.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Antigens, CD19/analysis
- B7-1 Antigen/analysis
- B7-2 Antigen/analysis
- CD11c Antigen/analysis
- CD3 Complex/analysis
- CD5 Antigens/analysis
- Coculture Techniques
- Dendritic Cells/cytology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- HLA-DR Antigens/analysis
- Humans
- Hybrid Cells/immunology
- Immunoglobulins/analysis
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/cytology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/analysis
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Middle Aged
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
- CD83 Antigen
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Allgeier
- GSF-Institut für Molekulare Immunologie, Marchioninistr. 25, D-81377 München, Germany
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53
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Koido S, Hara E, Homma S, Torii A, Mitsunaga M, Yanagisawa S, Toyama Y, Kawahara H, Watanabe M, Yoshida S, Kobayashi S, Yanaga K, Fujise K, Tajiri H. Streptococcal preparation OK-432 promotes fusion efficiency and enhances induction of antigen-specific CTL by fusions of dendritic cells and colorectal cancer cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2007; 178:613-22. [PMID: 17182602 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.1.613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic/tumor fusion cell (FC) vaccine is an effective approach for various types of cancer but has not yet been standardized. Antitumor activity can be modulated by different mechanisms such as dendritic cell (DC) maturation state. This study addressed optimal strategies for FC preparations to enhance Ag-specific CTL activity. We have created three types of FC preparations by alternating fusion cell partners: 1) immature DCs fused with autologous colorectal carcinoma cells (Imm-FCs); 2) Imm-FCs followed by stimulation with penicillin-inactivated Streptococcus pyogenes (OK-432) (Imm-FCs/OK); and 3) OK-432-stimulated DCs directly fused to autologous colorectal carcinoma cells (OK-FCs). Both OK-FCs and Imm-FCs/OK coexpressed the CEA, MUC1, and significantly higher levels of CD86, CD83, and IL-12 than those obtained with Imm-FCs. Short-term culture of fusion cell preparations promoted the fusion efficiency. Interestingly, OK-FCs were more efficient in stimulating CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells capable of high levels of IFN-gamma production and cytolysis of autologous tumor or semiallogeneic targets. Moreover, OK-FCs are more effective inducer of CTL activation compared with Imm-FCs/OK on a per fusion cell basis. The pentameric assay confirmed that CEA- and MUC1-specific CTL was induced simultaneously by OK-FCs at high frequency. Furthermore, the cryopreserved OK-FCs retained stimulatory capacity for inducing antitumor immunity. These results suggest that OK-432 promotes fusion efficiency and induction of Ag-specific CTL by fusion cells. We conclude that DCs fused after stimulation by OK-432 may have the potential applicability to the field of antitumor immunotherapy and may provide a platform for adoptive immunotherapy in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Koido
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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54
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Mahdian R, Kokhaei P, Najar HM, Derkow K, Choudhury A, Mellstedt H. Dendritic cells, pulsed with lysate of allogeneic tumor cells, are capable of stimulating MHC-restricted antigen-specific antitumor T cells. Med Oncol 2006; 23:273-82. [PMID: 16720928 DOI: 10.1385/mo:23:2:273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2005] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 08/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A variety of approaches have been used to deliver tumor-associated antigens (TAA) in conjunction with dendritic cells (DC) as cellular adjuvants. DC derived from monocytic precursors have been pulsed with whole tumor antigen using a variety of strategies and have been demonstrated to induce CD4+ and CD8+ antitumor responses. In the present study, monocyte-derived DC have been pulsed with lysate from an allogeneic melanoma cell line, A-375, and used to repeatedly stimulate T cells. The resultant T cells were examined for cytotoxic activity against A-375 targets as well as the HLA A2-positive melanoma cell line DFW. Uptake of FITC-labeled melanoma lysate by DC established that lysate of melanoma cells was efficiently endocytosed. Stimulation with lysate-pulsed DC resulted in strong proliferative responses by T cells, which could be inhibited by antibodies against both MHC class I and class II. T cells stimulated in vitro with lysate-pulsed DC demonstrated potent cytotoxicity against the melanoma targets which were blocked by antibodies against MHC class I. Lysate-pulsed DC also elicited IFN-gamma secretion by T cells as measured in an ELISPOT assay. We have also examined the ability of lysate-pulsed DC to present melanoma-associated antigens to T cells. ELISPOT assays with synthetic peptides of melanoma-associated antigens, such as gp100, mage1, NY-ESO, and MART-1, revealed that lysate-pulsed DC could stimulate T cells in an antigen-specific manner. The results demonstrate that lysate from allogeneic tumor cells may be used as a source of antigens to stimulate tumor-specific T cells in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Mahdian
- Immune and Gene Therapy Lab, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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55
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Abstract
The development of cancer vaccines, aimed to enhance the immune response against a tumor, is a promising area of research. A better understanding of both the molecular mechanisms that govern the generation of an effective immune response and the biology of a tumor has contributed to substantial progress in the field. Areas of intense investigation in cancer immunotherapy will be discussed here, including: (1) the discovery and characterization of novel tumor antigens to be used as targets for vaccination; (2) the investigation of different vaccine-delivery modalities such as cellular-based vaccines, protein- and peptide-based vaccines, and vector-based vaccines; (3) the characterization of biological adjuvants to further improve the immunogenicity of a vaccine; and (4) the investigation of multimodal therapies where vaccines are being combined with other oncological treatments such as radiation and chemotherapy. A compilation of data from preclinical studies conducted in vitro as well as in animal models is presented here. The results from these studies would certainly support the development of new vaccination strategies toward cancer vaccines with enhanced clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Palena
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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56
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Shu S, Cochran AJ, Huang RR, Morton DL, Maecker HT. Immune responses in the draining lymph nodes against cancer: implications for immunotherapy. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2006; 25:233-42. [PMID: 16770535 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-006-8503-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Regional lymph nodes are the first site for melanoma metastases. The sentinel node (SN), on the direct lymphatic drainage pathway, which usually harbors first metastases, demonstrates significant suppression in its ability to respond to antigenic stimulation. This down-regulation of SN immunity is likely the basis of its susceptibility to tumor metastases, suggesting a potential role of the immune system in the control of malignant tumors. Despite immune dysfunction in the SN, phase II trials of systemic post-operative immunotherapy with a polyvalent melanoma vaccine developed at the John Wayne Cancer Institute showed improved 5-year overall survival in patients with melanoma metastatic to regional nodes. However, most immunotherapy clinical trials have failed to demonstrate a significant clinical response, and analyses of immune responses to tumor-associated antigens that correlate clinical responses have not been established. Therefore, refinements in assay methodologies and improvements in vaccine designs are critical to the success of cancer immunotherapy. Antigen presentation by dendritic cells (DCs) is the most potent means to initiate a T cell immunity. Dendritic cell-based immunotherapies have been vigorously attempted in the past decade. To improve the immunogenicity of cancer vaccines, we recently generated heterokaryons of DCs and tumor cells by electrofusion. The fusion hybrids retained their full antigen-presenting capacity and all natural tumor antigens. In pre-clinical animal experiments, a single injection of the DC-tumor fusion hybrids was sufficient to mediate the regression of tumors established in the lung, skin and brain. Most interestingly, successful therapy required the delivery of fusion hybrids directly into lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes. A clinical trial is now being carried out to test the immunogenicity and therapeutic effects of fusion hybrids for the treatment of metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyu Shu
- Center for Surgery Research, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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57
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Arlen PM, Dahut WL, Gulley JL. Immunotherapy for Prostate Cancer: What's the Future? Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2006; 20:965-83, xi. [PMID: 16861126 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2006.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common noncutaneous cancer and second leading cause of cancer death among US men. A greater understanding of basic immunologic principles has led to a variety of new techniques,which has led to advancements in prostate cancer vaccines. This article discusses the rationale for the development of antibody-based therapy and vaccines therapy, including whole tumor cells, dendritic cells, and pox viral vectors. A summary of selected clinical studies incorporating these strategies and new approaches incorporating a combination of immunotherapy with traditional treatments for prostate cancer is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Arlen
- Clinical Research Group, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, MSC 1750, Bethesda, MD 20892-1750, USA.
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58
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Papewalis C, Fassnacht M, Willenberg HS, Domberg J, Fenk R, Rohr UP, Schinner S, Bornstein SR, Scherbaum WA, Schott M. Dendritic cells as potential adjuvant for immunotherapy in adrenocortical carcinoma. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2006; 65:215-22. [PMID: 16886963 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2006.02576.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignancy associated with a dismal prognosis. Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells leading to an antitumour immune response. The aim of this study was to elaborate two methods of antigen delivery to DCs and to evaluate an immunotherapy protocol in ACC patients. DESIGN/PATIENTS Autologous DCs were pulsed with autologous tumour lysate (TL). Fusion of DCs with tumour cells was based on a polyethylene glycol method. Two patients with metastasized hypersecretory ACC were vaccinated twice. MEASUREMENTS In vitro data were quantified by measurement of PBMC (peripheral blood mononuclear cell) responses and cytokine secretion and by flow cytometry analyses. Clinical response was monitored by CT scan of tumour mass and measurement of angiogenic factors. RESULTS The maximum loading of TL was obtained at 24 h as 48.2% (+/- 26.8%) of DCs were TL-positive. The DC/tumour cell fusion efficacy was approximately 45% as shown by double positive staining for ACTH receptor and DC-specific CD83. In vivo DC vaccination resulted in positive delayed-type hypersensitivity skin reactions reflecting specific memory T-lymphocyte reaction. In vitro analyses revealed specific T-cell proliferation in patient 1 (stimulation index: 5.7 compared to pretreatment) and induction of cytotoxic granzyme B secreting T cells in patient 2 (0.41% CD8 + cells vs. 0.06% pretreatment) as indicators of specific cytotoxic T cells. Although angiogenic serum markers could be stabilized, no impact on tumour growth could be observed. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that autologous dendritic cells induce antigen-specific Th1 immunity in adrenocortical carcinoma. The clinical outcome, however, was not improved in the patients studied here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Papewalis
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Rheumatology, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
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59
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Abstract
The cancer-associated antigen MUC1 is overexpressed and modified by tumor cells in over half of all cancer cases. Despite various complexities associated with this antigen, it is well worth pursuing as a vaccine for the immunotherapy of cancer. In this review, the authors describe the discovery of MUC1 and its association with cancer, recent observations showing that the immunology of MUC1 is complicated, animal data showing that it can be a target for immune-mediated tumor rejection, and finally, preliminary clinical results to show that vaccine-based immunotherapy with MUC1 does have an impact on the therapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Acres
- Department of Medical and Regulatory Affairs, Transgene, 67082 Strasbourg, France.
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60
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Abstract
The use of tumour vaccines is being explored as a means of generating effective antitumour immune responses in patients with cancer. Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen-presenting cells that are essential for initiating primary immune responses. As such, DCs are being studied as a platform for the design of cancer vaccines. DCs loaded with tumour antigens or whole tumour cell derivatives stimulate tumour-specific immunity. A promising vaccine strategy involves the fusion of DCs with whole tumour cells. DC/tumour fusions express a broad array of tumour antigens, including those yet to be identified, in the context of DC-mediated costimulation. Animal models have demonstrated that vaccination with fusion cells is protective against tumour challenge and results in the regression of established metastatic disease. In vitro human studies have demonstrated that DC/tumour fusions potently stimulate antitumour immunity and lysis of autologous tumour cells. Vaccination of cancer patients with DC/tumour fusions is being studied in Phase I/II clinical trials. Preliminary results demonstrate that generation of a vaccine is feasible and that vaccination is associated with minimal toxicity. Immunological and clinical responses have been found in a subset of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacalyn Rosenblatt
- Hematologic Malignancy Bone Marrow Transplant Program, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, KS 121, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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61
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Kipshidze N, Tsapenko M, Iversen P, Burger D. Antisense therapy for restenosis following percutaneous coronary intervention. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2006; 5:79-89. [PMID: 15709911 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.5.1.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in vascular gene transfer have shown potential new treatment modalities for cardiovascular disease, particularly in the treatment of vascular restenosis. The antisense approach to inhibiting gene expression involves introducing oligonucleotides complementary to mRNA into cells in order to block any one of the following processes: uncoiling of DNA, transcription of DNA, export of RNA, DNA splicing, RNA stability, or RNA translation involved in the synthesis of proteins in cellular proliferation. The approach includes the use of antisense oligonucleotides, antisense mRNA, autocatalytic ribozymes, and the insertion of a section of DNA to form a triple helix. Proof of principle has been established that inhibition of several cellular proto-oncogenes, including DNA binding protein c-myb, non-muscle myosin heavy chain, PCNA proliferating-cell nuclear antigen, platelet-derived growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor and c-myc, inhibits smooth muscle cell proliferation in vitro and in several animal models. The first clinical study demonstrated the safety and feasibility of local delivery of antisense in the treatment and prevention of restenosis; another randomised clinical trial (AVAIL) with local delivery of c-myc morpholino compound in patients with coronary artery disease demonstrated its long-term effect on reducing neointimal formation, as well as its safety. These preliminary findings from the small cohort of patients require confirmation in a larger trial utilising more sophisticated drug-eluting technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Kipshidze
- Lenox Hill Hospital, Department of Interventional Cardiac & Vascular Services, 130 East 77th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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62
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Koido S, Hara E, Homma S, Torii A, Toyama Y, Kawahara H, Watanabe M, Yanaga K, Fujise K, Tajiri H, Gong J, Toda G. Dendritic cells fused with allogeneic colorectal cancer cell line present multiple colorectal cancer-specific antigens and induce antitumor immunity against autologous tumor cells. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 11:7891-900. [PMID: 16278414 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-1330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of antitumor immunotherapy is to induce CTL responses against autologous tumors. Previous work has shown that fusion of human dendritic cells and autologous tumor cells induce CTL responses against autologous tumor cells in vitro. However, in the clinical setting of patients with colorectal carcinoma, a major difficulty is the preparation of sufficient amounts of autologous tumor cells. In the present study, autologous dendritic cells from patients with colorectal carcinoma were fused to allogeneic colorectal tumor cell line, COLM-6 (HLA-A2(-)/HLA-24(-)), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)(+), and MUC1(+) as an alternative strategy to deliver shared colorectal carcinoma antigens to dendritic cells. Stimulation of autologous T cells by the fusion cells generated with autologous dendritic cells (HLA-A2(+) and/or HLA-A24(+)) and allogeneic COLM-6 resulted in MHC class I- and MHC class II-restricted proliferation of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, high levels of IFN-gamma production in both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, and the simultaneous induction of CEA- and MUC1-specific CTL responses restricted by HLA-A2 and/or HLA-A24. Finally, CTL induced by dendritic cell/allogeneic COLM-6 fusion cells were able to kill autologous colorectal carcinoma by HLA-A2- and/or HLA-A24-restricted mechanisms. The demonstration of CTL activity against shared tumor-associated antigens using an allogeneic tumor cell line, COLM-6, provides that the presence of alloantigens does not prevent the development of CTL with activity against autologous colorectal carcinoma cells. The fusion of allogeneic colorectal carcinoma cell line and autologous dendritic cells could have potential applicability to the field of antitumor immunotherapy through the cross-priming against shared tumor antigens and provides a platform for adoptive immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Koido
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan.
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63
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Wierecky J, Mueller M, Brossart P. Dendritic cell-based cancer immunotherapy targeting MUC-1. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2006; 55:63-7. [PMID: 15864588 PMCID: PMC11030145 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-005-0673-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2004] [Accepted: 01/04/2005] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination therapy using dendritic cells (DC) as antigen presenting cells (APC) has shown significant promise in laboratory and animal studies as a potential treatment for malignant diseases. Pulsing of autologous DCs with tumor-associated antigens (TAA) is a method often used for antigen delivery and choice of suitable antigens plays an important role in designing an effective vaccine. We identified two HLA-A2 binding novel 9-mer peptides of the TAA MUC1, which is overexpressed on various hematological and epithelial malignancies. Cytotoxic T cells generated after pulsing DC with these peptides were able to induce lysis of tumor cells expressing MUC1 in an antigen-specific and HLA-restricted fashion. Within two clinical studies, we demonstrated that vaccination of patients with advanced cancer using DCs pulsed with MUC1 derived peptides is well tolerated without serious side effects and can induce immunological responses. Of 20 patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma, 6 patients showed regression of metastases with 3 objective responses (1 CR, 2 PR). Furthermore, we found that in patients responding to treatment T cell responses for antigens not used for treatment occurred suggesting that antigen spreading in vivo might be a possible mechanism of mediating antitumor effects. These results demonstrate that immunotherapy in patients with advanced malignancies using autologous DCs pulsed with MUC1 derived peptides can induce immunological and clinical responses. However, further clinical studies are needed to identify the most potent treatment regimen that can consistently mediate an antitumor immune response in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Wierecky
- Department of Oncology, Hematology, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Medizinische Klinik, University of Tuebingen Medical Center, Otfried-Mueller-Str. 10, Tuebingen, 72076 Germany
| | - M. Mueller
- Department of Oncology, Hematology, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Medizinische Klinik, University of Tuebingen Medical Center, Otfried-Mueller-Str. 10, Tuebingen, 72076 Germany
| | - P. Brossart
- Department of Oncology, Hematology, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Medizinische Klinik, University of Tuebingen Medical Center, Otfried-Mueller-Str. 10, Tuebingen, 72076 Germany
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64
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Koido S, Hara E, Torii A, Homma S, Toyama Y, Kawahara H, Ogawa M, Watanabe M, Yanaga K, Fujise K, Gong J, Toda G. Induction of antigen-specific CD4- and CD8-mediated T-cell responses by fusions of autologous dendritic cells and metastatic colorectal cancer cells. Int J Cancer 2005; 117:587-95. [PMID: 15945098 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human metastatic colorectal carcinomas (CRCAs) express carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and/or MUC1 tumor-associated antigens as potential targets for the induction of active specific immunity. In the present study, freshly isolated metastatic CRCA cells were successfully fused with immature autologous human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs). The created heterokaryons (DC/CRCA) coexpress the CRCA-derived CEA and MUC1 antigens and DC-derived MHC class II and costimulatory molecules. The fusion cells were functional in stimulating the proliferation of autologous T cells. In addition, both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells were activated by fusion cells, as demonstrated by the production of high levels of IFN-gamma. More importantly, coculture of fusion cells with patient-derived peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) resulted in the induction of antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). CTLs were effective at lysis of not only autologous CRCA cells but also the CEA and/or MUC1-positive and HLA partially matched target cells. Antigen-specific CTL responses were confirmed by tetrameric analysis. Coculture of PBMCs with fusion cells resulted in increased frequency of CEA- and MUC1-specific CTLs simultaneously. Taken together, these results indicate that freshly isolated human metastatic CRCA cells expressing the CEA and/or MUC1 may represent a potential partner for the creation of DC/tumor fusion cells targeting induction of antigen-specific CTL responses. Our report demonstrates the simultaneous induction of CRCA-specific CTL responses restricted by HLA-A2 and -A24.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Koido
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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65
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Quéant S, Sarde CO, Gobert MG, Kadouche J, Roseto A. Antitumor response against myeloma cells by immunization with mouse syngenic dendritoma. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2005; 24:182-8. [PMID: 16120023 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.2005.24.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In order to generate an immune response against myeloma cells in an homogenous murine model, a stable hybrid cell line (DCSp) was established through the syngenic fusion between mouse dendritic cells (DC) and mouse Sp2/0 myeloma cells. DCSp cells behaved as potent T cell stimulators and were able to induce Sp2/0 specific cytotoxicity. When mice were immunized with irradiated hybrids before SP2/0 injection, they exhibited a significantly higher rate of survival as compared with controls. When tumors were detected, their emergence was not delayed, and time elapsed between tumor clinical perception and death remained unchanged. A humoral immune response was also always associated. We assume that this stable dendritoma cell line can be considered a valuable tool for myeloma studies in an homogenous mouse model. The efficiency of dendritoma as a weapon against tumor cells and the benefit of syngeny in experimental models are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Quéant
- Immunocytologie et Oncologie Moléculaire, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, Compiègne, France
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66
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Gerloni M, Castiglioni P, Zanetti M. The Cooperation between Two CD4 T Cells Induces Tumor Protective Immunity in MUC.1 Transgenic Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:6551-9. [PMID: 16272309 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.10.6551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Immunity and tumor protection in mice transgenic for human MUC.1, a glycoprotein expressed in the majority of cancers of epithelial origin in humans, were induced by vaccination with B lymphocytes genetically programmed to activate MUC.1-specific CD4 T cells. Their activation required a functional cooperation between two Th cells, one specific for a self (MUC.1) and the other for a nonself T cell determinant. The immunological switch provided by Th-Th cooperation was sufficient to induce MUC.1-specific CD4 and CD8 T cell responses in MUC.1-transgenic mice, and protect them permanently from tumor growth. CD4 T cells specific for MUC.1 lacked cytolytic function, but produced IFN-gamma upon restimulation with Ag. We conclude that immunity against tumor self-Ags and tumor protection can be regulated exploiting an inherent property of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Gerloni
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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67
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Hock BD, Roberts G, McKenzie JL, Gokhale P, Salm N, McLellan AD, Patton NW, Roake JA. Exposure to the electrofusion process can increase the immunogenicity of human cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2005; 54:880-90. [PMID: 15926080 PMCID: PMC11032802 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-004-0659-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2004] [Accepted: 11/24/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The cellular products obtained following electrofusion (EF) of dendritic cells (DC) and tumour cells have shown promise as cancer vaccines. The immunogenicity of these preparations has been attributed to the presence of small numbers of DC-tumour hybrids and the contribution of the non-hybrid tumour cells present has received little attention. In this report, we investigated the effect of the EF process on the immunogenicity of allogeneic human cells, in particular the colorectal cell line, SW620. EF conditions were optimised to yield the maximum number of DC-SW620 hybrids co-expressing tumour associated antigen (TAA) and DC associated antigens. Exposure of SW620 to EF induced significant increases (P < 0.05) in apoptosis and necrosis. Pre-exposure of SW620 to the EF buffer alone [0.3 M glucose, 0.1 mM Ca(CH3COO)2 and 0.5 mM Mg(CH3COO)(2)] resulted in significant increases in TAA uptake by DC during co-culture (P < 0.05). DC phenotype was, however, not altered by exposure to EF treated tumour cells. In co-cultures of PBMC responders with SW620, the levels of IFNgamma release and cytotoxic activity were significantly increased (P < 0.05) by pre-exposure of the SW620 to EF. Pre-exposure of allogeneic non-T cells, the colorectal cell line Lovo and a breast cancer cell line (MCF7) to EF also significantly (P < 0.05) increased the levels of IFNgamma release by responding PBMC. These results demonstrate that the EF process itself can increase the immunogenicity of at least some human cell types independently of hybrid formation. These findings suggest that EF protocols should be evaluated with regard to the possibility that DC-tumour hybrids may not contribute all, or even most, of the immunostimulatory capacity present in preparations of EF treated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry D Hock
- Haematology Research Group, Christchurch School Of Medicine, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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68
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Klammer M, Waterfall M, Samuel K, Turner ML, Roddie PH. Fusion hybrids of dendritic cells and autologous myeloid blasts as a potential cellular vaccine for acute myeloid leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2005; 129:340-9. [PMID: 15842657 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2005.05477.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the potential of tumour cell/dendritic cell fusion hybrids to generate in vitro anti-leukaemic T-cell responses following co-culture with autologous remission lymphocytes in six patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). Comparison was made to anti-leukaemic responses induced by mature dendritic cells (mDC) co-cultured with autologous, irradiated myeloid blasts. Fusion hybrids induced anti-leukaemic T-cell immune responses in three of six patients. Tumour-pulsed mDC induced T-cellular responses in two other patients. Only one of six patients remission lymphocytes failed to develop leukaemia-directed immune responses following stimulation with either construct. Anti-proliferative properties of fusion hybrids against allogeneic lymphocytes were observed in mixed lymphocyte-leukaemia reactions and were found not to be specific to the cell fusion partners and did not prevent the ability of AML-mDC heterokaryons to induce autologous anti-leukaemic cytotoxicity. We conclude that tumour cell/dendritic cell fusion hybrids hold promise as a cellular vaccine for AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Klammer
- University of Edinburgh-Leukaemia Research Fund, John Hughes Bennett Laboratory, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
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Gerloni M, Zanetti M. CD4 T cells in tumor immunity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 27:37-48. [PMID: 15965712 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-004-0193-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2004] [Accepted: 12/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
T cell immunity is the key to protective immune responses against tumors. Traditionally, this function has been ascribed to CD8 T lymphocytes with cytotoxic activity, which are restricted by MHC class I molecules. In recent years the realization that CD4 T cells can also play a relevant role in protective anti-tumor responses has received growing attention. Here we will discuss the role of MHC class II-restricted T cells in response to, and in the regulation of, tumor antigens. Emphasis will be placed on four areas: (1) the role of CD4 T cell immunity in tumor protection in animal models and putative mode of action, (2) tumor antigens recognized by human CD4 T cells, (3) the cooperation between two CD4 T cells of different specificity as a new way to jump start the response against sub-immunogenic determinants of tumor antigens in a tolerant environment, and (4) the negative impact of regulatory CD4 T cells on anti-tumor T cell responses. By drawing attention to these four areas, it is our intention to provide the reader with a comprehensive view of issues of contemporary importance for this field, in the expectation that the information will help a better design of therapeutic cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Gerloni
- The Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0837, USA.
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Abstract
Of the 8 human epithelial mucins identified so far, MUC1 has been the focus of attention for immunotherapeutic applications. The gene MUC1 encodes a large membrane associated glycoprotein where the majority of the extracellular domain is made up of tandem repeats of 20 amino acids. In breast cancer MUC1 is up-regulated and as a result of changes in glycosyl transferases, the complex carbohydrate side-chains are shortened leading to the exposure of novel peptide and carbohydrate epitopes. Cellular and humoral immune responses to MUC1 have been documented in benign and malignant breast disease and in some circumstances, T-cell responses to MUC1 may not depend on presentation by the major histocompatibility complex. Several immunogens based on MUC1 are being investigated for the immunotherapy of breast cancer in model systems and in the clinic. These include cell lines that express MUC1, either given alone or fused with professional antigen presenting cells. Approaches that may prove more feasible in the clinic include the use of peptide epitopes, usually from the tandem repeat of the extracellular domain, given either with conventional immunological adjuvants or coupled to mannan (a polysaccharide also known as polymannose), which may target uptake of peptide into antigen presenting cells. Cellular and humoral immune responses to these immunogens have been noted in patients with advanced malignancy. Targeting of peptide epitopes may also be achieved using antibodies to MUC1 through the idiotype network. Use of antibodies to MUC1 has been associated with a survival benefit for patients with ovarian cancer, but prospective studies are awaited. The use of cDNA encoding MUC1 may allow endogenous processing of antigen and thus augment immunogenicity. Phase I studies using the vaccinia virus as a vector have been completed and Phase II studies have begun. Studies examining the potential role of carbohydrate antigens have suggested that the ability to generate a specific immune response may influence survival of patients with metastatic epithelial malignancies. Again, these findings will be tested in the Phase III setting. While examining the potential role of immunogens based on MUC1, it is also necessary to understand the nature of immunosuppression in patients with advanced malignancy in order to develop strategies to enhance the immunogenicity of potential cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Miles
- ICRF Breast Biology Group, 3rd Floor Thomas Guy House, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
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Avigan D, Vasir B, Gong J, Borges V, Wu Z, Uhl L, Atkins M, Mier J, McDermott D, Smith T, Giallambardo N, Stone C, Schadt K, Dolgoff J, Tetreault JC, Villarroel M, Kufe D. Fusion cell vaccination of patients with metastatic breast and renal cancer induces immunological and clinical responses. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 10:4699-708. [PMID: 15269142 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-0347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen-presenting cells that are uniquely capable of inducing tumor-specific immune responses. We have conducted a Phase I trial in which patients with metastatic breast and renal cancer were treated with a vaccine prepared by fusing autologous tumor and DCs. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Accessible tumor tissue was disrupted into single cell suspensions. Autologous DCs were prepared from adherent peripheral blood mononuclear cells that were obtained by leukapheresis and cultured in granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interleukin 4, and autologous plasma. Tumor cells and DCs were cocultured in the presence of polyethylene glycol to generate the fusions. Fusion cells were quantified by determining the percentage of cells that coexpress tumor and DC markers. Patients were vaccinated with fusion cells at 3-week intervals and assessed weekly for toxicity, and tumor response was assessed at 1, 3, and 6 months after completion of vaccination. RESULTS The vaccine was generated for 32 patients. Twenty-three patients were vaccinated with 1 x 10(5) to 4 x 10(6) fusion cells. Fusion cells coexpressed tumor and DC antigens and stimulated allogeneic T-cell proliferation. There was no significant treatment-related toxicity and no clinical evidence of autoimmunity. In a subset of patients, vaccination resulted in an increased percentage of CD4 and CD8+ T cells expressing intracellular IFN-gamma in response to in vitro exposure to tumor lysate. Two patients with breast cancer exhibited disease regressions, including a near complete response of a large chest wall mass. Five patients with renal carcinoma and one patient with breast cancer had disease stabilization. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that fusion cell vaccination of patients with metastatic breast and renal cancer is a feasible, nontoxic approach associated with the induction of immunological and clinical antitumor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Avigan
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Xia D, Li F, Xiang J. Engineered fusion hybrid vaccine of IL-18 gene-modified tumor cells and dendritic cells induces enhanced antitumor immunity. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2005; 19:322-30. [PMID: 15285878 DOI: 10.1089/1084978041424990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC)-tumor fusion hybrid vaccines that facilitate antigen presentation represent a novel powerful strategy in cancer immunotherapy. In our study, we investigated the antitumor immunity derived from the vaccination of fusion hybrids between engineered J558/IL-18 myeloma cells secreting Th1 cytokine IL-18 and DCs. DC/J558/IL-18 could secret a higher level of IL-18 than DCs, efficiently expressed J558 tumor antigen P1A, and enhanced ability of allogeneic T cell stimulation when compared to J558/IL-18. Our data showed that the immunization of BALB/c mice with DC/J558/IL-18 hybrids induced the most potent protective immunity against 1 x 10(6) cells with a J558 tumor challenge, compared to those immunized with the mixture of DCs and J558/IL-18, J558/IL-18, or J558. Furthermore, the immunization of mice with engineered DC/J558/IL-18 hybrids elicited stronger NK activity and J558 tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses in vitro. In addition, DC/J558/IL-18 tumor cells into syngeneic mice induced a Th1 dominant immune response to J558 and resulted in tumor regression, which indicated that the antitumor effect mediated by DC/J558/IL-18 appeared to be dependent on TH1 cytokine production. These results demonstrate that the engineered fusion hybrid vaccines that combine Th1 gene-modified tumor with DCs may be an attractive strategy for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajing Xia
- Research Unit, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Departments of Oncology, Microbiology, and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 20 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 4H4, Canada
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Kharfan-Dabaja MA, Ayala E, Lindner I, Cejas PJ, Bahlis NJ, Kolonias D, Carlson LM, Lee KP. Differentiation of acute and chronic myeloid leukemic blasts into the dendritic cell lineage: analysis of various differentiation-inducing signals. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2005; 54:25-36. [PMID: 15693136 PMCID: PMC11032788 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-004-0562-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2003] [Accepted: 04/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ex vivo differentiation of myeloid leukemic blasts into dendritic cells (DCs) holds significant promise for use as cellular vaccines, as they may present a constellation of endogenously expressed known and unknown leukemia antigens to the immune system. Although variety of stimuli can drive leukemia --> DC differentiation in vitro, these blast-derived DCs typically have aberrant characteristics compared with DCs generated from normal progenitors by the same stimuli. It is not clear whether this is due to underlying leukemogenic mechanisms (e.g., specific oncogenes), genetic defects, stage of maturation arrest, defects in cytokine receptor expression or signal transduction pathways, or whether different stimuli themselves induce qualitatively dissimilar DC differentiation. METHODS To assess what factors may contribute to aberrant leukemic blast --> DC differentiation, we have examined how the same leukemic blasts (AML and CML) respond to different DC differentiation signals--including extracellular (the cytokine combination GM-CSF + TNF-alpha + IL-4) and intracellular (the protein kinase C agonist PMA, the calcium ionophore A23187, and the combination of PMA plus A23187) stimuli. RESULTS We have found that the same leukemic blasts will develop qualitatively different sets of DC characteristics in response to differing stimuli, although no stimuli consistently induced all of the characteristic DC features. There were no clear differences in the responses relative to specific oncogene expression or stage of maturation arrest (AML vs CML). Signal transduction agonists that bypassed membrane receptors/proximal signaling (in particular, the combination of PMA and A23187) consistently induced the greatest capability to activate T cells. Interestingly, this ability did not clearly correlate with expression of MHC/costimulatory ligands. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that signal transduction may play an important role in the aberrant DC differentiation of leukemic blasts, and demonstrate that direct activation of PKC together with intracellular calcium signaling may be an effective method for generating immunostimulatory leukemia-derived DCs.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Surface/genetics
- Blast Crisis/genetics
- Blast Crisis/immunology
- Blast Crisis/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/physiology
- Cell Line
- Cell Lineage/genetics
- Cell Lineage/immunology
- Cell Proliferation
- Dendritic Cells/cytology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/immunology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/immunology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Phenotype
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Signal Transduction/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Kharfan-Dabaja
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136 USA
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Ernesto Ayala
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136 USA
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Inna Lindner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Pedro J. Cejas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Nizar J. Bahlis
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136 USA
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Despina Kolonias
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Louise M. Carlson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Kelvin P. Lee
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136 USA
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136 USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136 USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Papanicolaou Bldg., Rm. 211, 1550 NW 10th Ave., Miami, FL 33136 USA
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76
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Gong J, Koido S, Kato Y, Tanaka Y, Chen D, Jonas A, Galinsky I, DeAngelo D, Avigan D, Kufe D, Stone R. Induction of anti-leukemic cytotoxic T lymphocytes by fusion of patient-derived dendritic cells with autologous myeloblasts. Leuk Res 2004; 28:1303-12. [PMID: 15475072 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2004.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2003] [Accepted: 03/30/2004] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Presentation of AML antigens by dendritic cells (DC) could potentially induce a T cell-mediated anti-leukemic immune response. In the present study, we generated DC from adherent (AD-DC) and non-adherent (NAD-DC) myeloblasts obtained from bone marrows of AML patients. Both cell populations displayed morphological, phenotypic and functional properties of DC. The functions of NAD-DC were compared to AD-DC that had been fused with autologous AML blasts (FC/AML). The FC/AML induced greater T cell proliferation and CTL activity against autologous AML blasts (9/10 cases) as compared to NAD-DC. FC/AML may thus represent a promising strategy for DC-based immunotherapy of patients with AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Gong
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma is a malignant disease that demonstrates resistance to standard chemotherapeutic agents. A promising area of investigation is the use of cancer vaccines to educate host immunity to specifically target and eliminate malignant cells. Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen-presenting cells that are uniquely effective in generating primary immune responses. DCs that are manipulated to present tumor antigens induce antitumor immunity in animal models and preclinical human studies. A myriad of strategies have been developed to effectively load tumor antigen onto DCs, including the introduction of individual peptides, proteins, or tumor-specific genes, as well as the use of whole tumor cells as a source of antigen. A promising approach for the design of cancer vaccines involves the fusion of whole tumor cells with DCs. The DC-tumor fusion presents a spectrum of tumor-associated antigens to helper and cytotoxic T-cell populations in the context of DC-mediated costimulatory signals. In animal models, vaccination with DC-tumor fusions resulted in protection from tumor challenge and regression of established metastatic disease. We have conducted phase 1 dose escalation studies in which patients with metastatic breast and renal cancer underwent vaccination with DC-tumor fusions. Twenty-three patients underwent vaccination with autologous DC-tumor fusions. Vaccination was well tolerated without substantial treatment-related toxic effects. Immunologic responses and disease regression were observed in a subset of patients. Future studies will explore the effect of DC maturation and cytokine adjuvants on vaccine potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Avigan
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
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Herbert LM, Grosso JF, Dorsey M, Fu T, Keydar I, Cejas MA, Wreschner DH, Smorodinski N, Lopez DM. A unique mucin immunoenhancing peptide with antitumor properties. Cancer Res 2004; 64:8077-84. [PMID: 15520219 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-0853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Implantation of DA-3 mammary tumor cells into BALB/c mice results in tumor growth, metastatic lesions, and death. These cells were transfected with genes encoding for either the transmembrane (DA-3/TM) or secreted (DA-3/sec) form of human mucin 1 (MUC1). Although the gene for the secreted form lacks the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains, the 5' sequences of these mucins are identical; however, the gene for the secreted mucin isoform ends with a sequence encoding for a unique 11 amino acid peptide. The DA-3/TM or DA-3 cells transfected with the neomycin vector only (DA-3/neo) have the same in vivo growth characteristics as the parent cell line. In contrast, DA-3/sec cells fail to grow when implanted in immunocompetent BALB/c animals. DA-3/sec cells implanted in nude mice resulted in tumor development verifying the tumorigenic potential of these cells. Pre-exposure of BALB/c mice to DA-3/sec cells afforded protection against challenge with DA-3/TM or DA-3/neo mammary tumors and the unrelated tumors K7, an osteosarcoma, and RENCA, a renal cell carcinoma. Partial protection against subsequent tumor challenges was also achieved by substituting the 11 amino acid peptide found only in the secreted MUC1 isoform, for the live DA-3/sec cells. Notably, the efficacy of this peptide is not strain restricted because it also retarded the growth of Lewis lung carcinoma cells in C57 BL/6 mice. These findings reveal that a unique peptide present in the secreted MUC1 has immunoenhancing properties and may be a potential agent for use in immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn M Herbert
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101, USA
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79
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Nakamura M, Kikuchi T, Kufe DW, Ohno T. Antitumor effects of fusions composed of dendritic cells and fibroblasts transfected with genomic DNA from tumor cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2004; 53:690-6. [PMID: 15024501 PMCID: PMC11034318 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-004-0511-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2003] [Accepted: 01/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Based on several previous studies indicating that transfection of genomic DNA can stably alter the character of the cells that take up the exogenous DNA, we investigated antitumor immunity conferred by fusions of syngeneic dendritic cells (DCs) and allogeneic fibroblasts (NIH3T3) transfected with genomic DNA from B16 tumor cells. Fusion cells (FCs) composed of dendritic and genetically engineered NIH3T3 cells were prepared with polyethylene glycol, and fusion efficiency was 30.3%. Prior immunization with FCs prevented tumor formation upon challenge with B16 tumor cells. Efficacy was reduced when studies were performed in mice depleted of NK cells. Vaccination with FCs containing DCs and fibroblasts transfected with denatured DNA did not inhibit tumor growth. Cytotoxic T cell (CTL) activity of spleen cells from immunized mice against both Yac-1 and tumor cells was also stimulated by administration of FCs compared with the activity observed for cells obtained from naïve mice. These data demonstrate the therapeutic efficacy of fusion cell-based vaccine therapy using syngeneic DCs and allogeneic fibroblasts transfected with tumor-derived genomic DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoyuki Nakamura
- Department of Oncology, Institute of DNA Medicine, Jikei University, 3-25-8 Nishishinbashi, Minato-ku, 105-8461 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Kikuchi
- Department of Oncology, Institute of DNA Medicine, Jikei University, 3-25-8 Nishishinbashi, Minato-ku, 105-8461 Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jikei University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Donald W. Kufe
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts USA
| | - Tsuneya Ohno
- Department of Oncology, Institute of DNA Medicine, Jikei University, 3-25-8 Nishishinbashi, Minato-ku, 105-8461 Tokyo, Japan
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80
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Zöller M. Immunotherapy of cancer for the elderly patient: does allogeneic bone marrow transplantation after nonmyeloablative conditioning provide a new option? Cancer Immunol Immunother 2004; 53:659-76. [PMID: 15067430 PMCID: PMC11033003 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-004-0503-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2003] [Accepted: 01/17/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The critical role of antigen-specific T cells in cancer immunotherapy has been amply demonstrated. Though success of clinical trials still remains far behind expectations, the continuous improvement in our understanding of the biology of the immune response will provide the basis for optimized cancer vaccines. This review focuses on active therapeutic vaccination after allogeneic bone marrow cell transplantation with nonmyeloablative conditioning. This approach could provide a major breakthrough in cancer immunotherapy, particularly of elderly patients. The senescent immune system, mainly the T-cell compartment, displays reduced responsiveness, and this has to be overcome if therapeutic vaccination is to be of benefit for the patient. Although the defects are quite well characterized, the inducing factors and ways to overcome them are still to be explored in more detail. Many questions also remain to be answered in the field of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation after nonmyeloablative conditioning to optimize this therapeutic setting in cancer immunotherapy. Current considerations to improve engraftment and to reduce graft-versus-host disease while strengthening graft-versus-tumor reactivity will be briefly reviewed. Finally, I will discuss whether tumor-reactive T cells can be "naturally" maintained during the process of T-cell maturation in the allogeneic host. Provided this hypothesis can be substantiated, a T-cell vaccine will meet a pool of virgin T cells in the allogeneically reconstituted host, which are tolerant toward the host but not anergized toward tumor antigens presented by MHC molecules of the host. Inevitably, the problem of the aged immune system would be circumvented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Zöller
- Department of Applied Genetics, University of Karlsruhe, Germany.
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81
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Vlad AM, Kettel JC, Alajez NM, Carlos CA, Finn OJ. MUC1 immunobiology: from discovery to clinical applications. Adv Immunol 2004; 82:249-93. [PMID: 14975259 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(04)82006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anda M Vlad
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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82
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Tanaka Y, Koido S, Xia J, Ohana M, Liu C, Cote GM, Sawyer DB, Calderwood S, Gong J. Development of Antigen-Specific CD8+CTL in MHC Class I-Deficient Mice through CD4 to CD8 Conversion. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:7848-58. [PMID: 15187169 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.12.7848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ CTL are the predominant tumoricidal effector cells. We find, however, that MHC class I-deficient mice depleted of CD8+ T cells are able to mount an effective antitumor immunity after immunization with fused dendritic/tumor cells. Such immunity appears to be mediated by the generation of phenotypic and functional CD8+ CTL through CD4+ to CD8+ conversion, which we have demonstrated at the single cell level. CD4+ to CD8+ conversion depends on effective in vivo activation and is promoted by CD4+ T cell proliferation. The effectiveness of this process is shown by the generation of antitumor immunity through adoptive transfer of primed CD4 T cells to provide protection against tumor cell challenge and to eliminate established pulmonary metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Tanaka
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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83
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Cutler
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook University, New York, USA
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84
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore F Logan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana Cancer Pavilion, 535 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5289, USA
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85
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Wang L, Yin XY, Lu MD, Li BJ, Huang JF. Eliciting specific antitumor immunity against hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro by fusions of HCC patient-derived dendritic cells with HCC cells. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2004; 12:774-777. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v12.i4.774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the ability of fusions of HCC patient-derived dendritic cells (DC) with HCC cells to induce autologous T lymphocytes to elicit specific immunity against HCC in vitro.
METHODS: Dendritic cells isolated from HCC patient peripheral blood were cultured and proliferated in vitro for one wk by using recombinant human granulocyte/macrophage-colony stimulating factor (rhGM-CSF) and interleukin-4 (rhIL-4). Expression of DC surface markers was assessed by flow cytometry. Fusions of DC with HepG2 cells (HepG2/DC) were achieved by polythyleneglycol (PEG). The ability of HepG2/DC to stimulate proliferation and differentiation of autologous T lymphocytes was assessed by MTT method, and the specific killing efficacy of HepG2/DC-induced cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) to HepG2 was evaluated.
RESULTS: Following one wk culture, DC presented a high-level expression of CD1a, HLA-DR, CD54, CD80 and CD86. Fusions had remarkably greater ability to stimulate proliferation of autologous T lymphocytes in comparison with HepG2, HepG2+DC, DC and PBS, with an A value of 0.816±0.019 vs 0.541±0.020, 0.632±0.018, 0.564±0.018, 0.345±0.013, respectively (P<0.05). The HepG2/DC-activated CTLs showed a potent specific killing efficacy to HepG2.
CONCLUSION: Fusions of HCC patient-derived DC with HCC cells can effectively stimulate autologous T lymphocytes to elicit specific antitumor immunity against HCC, and may represent as a promising approach of immunotherapy for HCC.
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86
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Raje N, Hideshima T, Davies FE, Chauhan D, Treon SP, Young G, Tai YT, Avigan D, Gong J, Schlossman RL, Richardson P, Kufe DW, Anderson KC. Tumour cell/dendritic cell fusions as a vaccination strategy for multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 2004; 125:343-52. [PMID: 15086415 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2004.04929.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) cells express certain tumour-associated antigens (TAAs) that could serve as targets for active-specific immunotherapy. The aim of the present study was to test the MM/dendritic cell (DC) fusion as a vaccination strategy. We fused MM cells with DC to generate fusion cells (FCs) and tested their antigen presenting cell (APC) function in mixed lymphocyte reactions and cytotoxicity assays. First, the HS Sultan and SK0-007 HAT sensitive human MM cell lines and DCs generated from peripheral blood of normal donors were fused in the presence of 50% polyethylene glycol to form FCs. Next, tumour cells freshly isolated from patients were similarly fused with autologous DCs to generate FCs. The FCs demonstrated a biphenotypic profile, confirmed both by flow-cytometry and dual immunofluorescence microscopy. These FCs induced MM-specific cytotoxicity. FCs, but not MM cells or DCs alone, were potent stimulators of autologous patient T cells. More importantly, FC-primed autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells demonstrated major histocompatibility complex-restricted MM-specific cytolysis. These studies therefore demonstrated that MM/DC FC can trigger an autologous immune response to MM cells and formed the framework for a clinical trial currently underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noopur Raje
- Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Department of Adult Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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87
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Kjaergaard J, Shimizu K, Shu S. Electrofusion of syngeneic dendritic cells and tumor generates potent therapeutic vaccine. Cell Immunol 2004; 225:65-74. [PMID: 14698141 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2003.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Antigen presentation by dendritic cells (DCs) has the potential to elicit therapeutic immune responses against malignant tumors. One strategy utilizing DC-tumor fusion hybrids as cancer vaccine is particularly attractive because of polyclonal presentation of a diverse array of unaltered tumor antigens. We have recently developed a large-scale electrofusion technique for generating DC-tumor heterokaryons and demonstrated their superb immunogenicity. Here, employing the weakly immunogenic MCA205 sarcoma, a single vaccination with electrofusion hybrids eradicated tumors established in the lung, skin, and brain. Immunotherapy required intra-lymphoid vaccine delivery and co-administration of adjuvants such as OX-40R antibody. Tumor eradication was immunologically specific and involved the participation of both CD4 and CD8 T cells. Consistent with DC's functionality of MHC-restriction, the use of syngeneic DCs for fusion was an obligatory requirement. Fusion with allogeneic DCs completely lacked therapeutic effects. These findings provide a strong impetus for treating cancer patients with similarly generated DC-tumor hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorgen Kjaergaard
- Center for Surgery Research, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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88
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Alli RS, Khar A. Interleukin-12 secreted by mature dendritic cells mediates activation of NK cell function. FEBS Lett 2004; 559:71-6. [PMID: 14960310 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(04)00026-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2003] [Revised: 12/15/2003] [Accepted: 12/29/2003] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are known to modulate immune response by activating effector cells of both the innate and the adaptive immune system. In the present study, we demonstrate that co-culture of DCs with paraformaldehyde-fixed tumor cells augments the secretion of interleukin (IL)-12 by DCs and these activated DCs upon co-culture with naive NK cells enhance the cytolytic activity of NK cells against NK-sensitive target YAC-1. Similarly, DCs isolated from tumor-bearing animals also activated NK cells in vitro. For efficient activation of NK cells, the ratio of activated DCs to NK cells is crucial. Addition of anti-IL-12 antibody to the culture system completely abolished activation of NK cells by DCs, suggesting that IL-12 secreted by DCs is an essential factor in NK cell activation. Adoptive transfer of DCs isolated from tumor-bearing animals into normal rats also induced activation of NK cells in normal animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajshekhar S Alli
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabd 500 007, India
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89
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Trefzer U, Herberth G, Wohlan K, Milling A, Thiemann M, Sherev T, Sparbier K, Sterry W, Walden P. Vaccination with hybrids of tumor and dendritic cells induces tumor-specific T-cell and clinical responses in melanoma stage III and IV patients. Int J Cancer 2004; 110:730-40. [PMID: 15146563 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.20191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid cell vaccination was developed as therapeutic approach that aims at stimulating tumor-specific cytotoxic T-cell responses in cancer patients using hybrids of autologous tumor and allogeneic dendritic cells. We tested this concept and the efficacy of the vaccines in inducing clinical and immunologic responses in a clinical trial with melanoma stage III and IV patients. Of the 17 patients evaluated, 1 experienced a complete response, 1 a partial response and 6 stable disease with remarkably long survival times. In 11 of 14 patients analyzed, high-frequency T-cell responses to various tumor-associated T-cell epitope were induced and detectable in the peripheral blood. These immune responses were detected in clinical response patients as well as nonresponders. Failures of clinical responses in all the cases investigated correlated with loss of antigen expression and presentation. Hybrid cell vaccination thus proves effective in inducing tumor-specific T-cell responses in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Trefzer
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
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90
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Irie M, Homma S, Komita H, Zeniya M, Kufe D, Ohno T, Toda G. Inhibition of spontaneous development of liver tumors by inoculation with dendritic cells loaded with hepatocellular carcinoma cells in C3H/HeNCRJ mice. Int J Cancer 2004; 111:238-45. [PMID: 15197777 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.20247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We attempted to prevent spontaneous development of liver tumors by s.c. inoculation with DCs loaded with syngeneic HCC cells in C3H/HeNCrj mice. A new cell line, MIH-2, was established from an HCC that had developed spontaneously in a C3H/HeNCrj mouse. Bone marrow-derived DCs were loaded with irradiated MIH-2 cells by treatment with PEG. Fluorescence microscopy and flow-cytometric analysis showed that about 45% of PEG-treated DCs and MIH-2 cells (DC/MIH-2) were DCs loaded with MIH-2 cells. Thirteen-month-old mice received inoculations of DC/MIH-2 (9 x 10(5)/mouse) 4 times at 6-day intervals and were killed at 16 months of age to assess liver tumors. The incidence of liver tumors in these mice was significantly lower than that in mice not receiving inoculations (p < 0.05) but similar to that in 13-month-old mice (the age at which inoculation started), indicating that inoculation inhibited the development of new tumors. Splenocytes from inoculated mice, but not those from uninoculated mice, showed cytotoxic activity against MIH-2 cells. Cytotoxic activity was not elicited by CD4(+) T cells, CD8(+) T cells, or DX5(+) cells isolated from splenocytes but was elicited by adherent cells, identified as CD11b(+) macrophages. CD4(+) T cells, but not CD8(+) T cells, from inoculated mice produced IFN-gamma by incubation with DC/MIH-2. Cytotoxicity by splenocytes was attenuated by anti-IFN-gamma antibody. Immunization with DCs loaded with syngeneic HCC cells induces CD4(+) T cells that produce IFN-gamma by response to antigen of HCC, which would lead to macrophage activation to kill liver tumor cells at an early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Irie
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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91
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Shankar G, Pestano LA, Bosch ML. Interferon-gamma Added During Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Induced Dendritic Cell Maturation Stimulates Potent Th1 Immune Responses. J Transl Med 2003; 1:7. [PMID: 14580262 PMCID: PMC239912 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-1-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2003] [Accepted: 10/10/2003] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are increasingly prepared in vitro for use in immunotherapy trials. Mature DC express high levels of surface molecules needed for T cell activation and are superior at antigen-presentation than immature DC. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is one of several products known to induce DC maturation, and interferon (IFN)-gamma has been shown to enhance the activity of DC stimulated with certain maturation factors. In this study, we investigated the use of IFN-gamma in combination with the powerful maturation agent, BCG. The treatment of immature DC with IFN-gamma plus BCG led to the upregulation of CD54, CD80, and CD86 in comparison with BCG treatment alone. In MLR or recall immune responses, the addition of IFN-gamma at the time of BCG-treatment did not increase the number of antigen-specific T cells but enhanced the development of IFN-gamma-producing Th1 cells. In primary immune responses, on the other hand, BCG and IFN-gamma co-treated DC stimulated higher proportions of specific T cells as well as IFN-gamma secretion by these T cells. Thus the use of IFN-gamma during BCG-induced DC maturation differentially affects the nature of recall versus naïve antigen-specific T-cell responses. IFN-gamma co-treatment with BCG was found to induce IL-12 and, in some instances, inhibit IL-10 secretion by DC. These findings greatly enhance the potential of BCG-matured dendritic cells for use in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopi Shankar
- Northwest Biotherapeutics, Inc., 21720-23Dr. SE, Suite 100, Bothell, WA, U.S.A
| | - Linda A Pestano
- Northwest Biotherapeutics, Inc., 21720-23Dr. SE, Suite 100, Bothell, WA, U.S.A
| | - Marnix L Bosch
- Northwest Biotherapeutics, Inc., 21720-23Dr. SE, Suite 100, Bothell, WA, U.S.A
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92
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Scholl S, Squiban P, Bizouarne N, Baudin M, Acres B, von Mensdorff-Pouilly S, Shearer M, Beuzeboc P, Van Belle S, Uzielly B, Pouillart P, Taylor-Papadimitriou J, Miles D. Metastatic Breast Tumour Regression Following Treatment by a Gene-Modified Vaccinia Virus Expressing MUC1 and IL-2. J Biomed Biotechnol 2003; 2003:194-201. [PMID: 12975534 PMCID: PMC400208 DOI: 10.1155/s111072430320704x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
MUC1 is expressed by glandular epithelial cells. It is overexpressed in the majority of breast tumours, making it a potential target for immune therapy. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the anti-tumour activity and tolerance of repeated administration of TG1031 (an attenuated recombinant vaccinia virus containing sequences coding for human MUC1 and the immune stimulatory cytokine IL-2) in patients with MUC1-positive metastatic breast cancer. This was an open-label, randomised study comparing two dose levels, 5 x 10E6 and 5 x 10E7, with 14 patients in each arm. The treatment was administered intramuscularly every 3 weeks for the first 4 doses and every 6 weeks thereafter, until progression. Two patients had a partial tumour regression ( > 50%), and 15 patients had stable disease as their best overall response until at least the 5th injection. Partial regression lasted for 11 months in one patient and for 12 months in the second patient who then underwent surgical resection of her hepatic metastases. The most frequent adverse events included inflammation at injection site: 7 patients, itching or pain at injection site: 5 patients, and moderate fever: 6 patients. One responding patient developed antinuclear, anti-DNA, and increased anti-TPO antibodies after the fifth injection, and which resolved at the end of treatment. The treatment regimes were well tolerated with a low toxicity profile. Although clinical efficacy remains limited, this study demonstrates the potential use of MUC1-based immune therapy in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Moira Shearer
- Cancer Research UK Breast Cancer
Biology Group, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - David Miles
- Cancer Research UK Breast Cancer
Biology Group, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
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93
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Broder H, Anderson A, Kremen TJ, Odesa SK, Liau LM. MART-1 adenovirus-transduced dendritic cell immunization in a murine model of metastatic central nervous system tumor. J Neurooncol 2003; 64:21-30. [PMID: 12952283 DOI: 10.1007/bf02700017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen-presenting cells that have been shown to play a critical role in the initiation of host immune responses against tumor antigens. In this study, a recombinant adenovirus vector encoding the melanoma-associated antigen, MART-1, was used to transduce murine DCs, which were then tested for their ability to activate cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and induce protective immunity against B16 melanoma tumor cells implanted intracranially. Genetic modifications of murine bone marrow-derived DCs to express MART-1 was achieved through the use of an E1-deficient, recombinant adenovirus vector. Sixty-two C57BL/6 mice were immunized subcutaneously with AdVMART-1-transduced DCs (n = 23), untransduced DCs (n = 17), or sterile saline (n = 22). Using the B16 murine melanoma, which naturally expresses the MART-1 antigen, all the mice were then challenged intracranially with viable, unmodified syngeneic B16 tumor cells 7 days later. Splenocytes from representative animals in each group were harvested for standard cytotoxicity (CTL) and enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assays. The remaining mice were followed for survival. Immunization of C57BL/6 mice with DCs transduced with an adenoviral vector encoding the MART-1 antigen elicited the development of antigen-specific CTL responses. As evidenced by a prolonged survival curve when compared to control-immunized mice with intracranial B16 tumors, AdMART-1-DC vaccination was able to elicit partial protection against central nervous system tumor challenge in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard Broder
- Division of Neurosurgery and the Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095-6901, USA
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94
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Kawada M, Ikeda H, Takahashi T, Ishizu A, Ishikura H, Katoh H, Yoshiki T. Vaccination of fusion cells of rat dendritic and carcinoma cells prevents tumor growth in vivo. Int J Cancer 2003; 105:520-6. [PMID: 12712444 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.11120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Several reports on immunotherapy using dendritic cells-based vaccine have been published. We investigated findings using fusion cells (FCs) generated from rat dendritic cells and a syngeneic hepatic cancer cell line with regard to inducing anti-tumor immunity. Vaccination of rats using FCs protected against growth of the subcutaneously implanted tumor in vivo and induced infiltration of CD8(+) T cells into the tumor. At the site of CD8(+) T cell infiltration, there were apoptotic tumor cells. T cells from spleen of FCs-vaccinated rats with protective ability against tumor growth included tumor specific cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells restricted to major histocompatibility complex Class I. In addition, adaptive transfer of in vitro re-stimulated splenic T cells with FCs was effective in preventing tumor growth and in vivo vaccinations of rats with FCs after resection of the subcutaneous implanted tumor inhibited local tumor recurrences. Immunotherapy using FCs appears to be an effective method if used in combination with surgical or other anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Kawada
- Department of Pathology/Pathophysiology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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95
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Zöller M. Immunotherapy of cancer by active vaccination: does allogeneic bone marrow transplantation after non-myeloablative conditioning provide a new option? Technol Cancer Res Treat 2003; 2:237-60. [PMID: 12779354 DOI: 10.1177/153303460300200307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The critical role of antigen-specific T cells in cancer immunotherapy has been amply demonstrated in many model systems. Though success of clinical trials still remains far behind expectation, the continuous improvement in our understanding of the biology of the immune response will provide the basis of optimized cancer vaccines and allow for new modalities of cancer treatment. This review focuses on the current status of active therapeutic vaccination and future prospects. The latter will mainly be concerned with allogeneic bone marrow cell transplantation after non-myeloablative conditioning, because it is my belief that this approach could provide a major breakthrough in cancer immunotherapy. Concerning active vaccination protocols the following aspects will be addressed: i) the targets of immunotherapeutic approaches; ii) the response elements needed for raising a therapeutically successful immune reaction; iii) ways to achieve an optimal confrontation of the immune system with the tumor and iv) supportive regimen of immunomodulation. Hazards which one is most frequently confronted with in trials to attack tumors with the inherent weapon of immune defense will only be briefly mentioned. Many question remain to be answered in the field of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation after non-myeloablative conditioning to optimize the therapeutic setting for this likely very powerful tool of cancer therapy. Current considerations to improve engraftment and to reduce graft versus host disease while strengthening graft versus tumor reactivity will be briefly reviewed. Finally, I will discuss whether tumor-reactive T cells can be "naturally" maintained during the process of T cell maturation in the allogeneic host. Provided this hypothesis can be substantiated, a T cell vaccine will meet a pool of virgin T cells in the allogeneically reconstituted host, which are tolerant towards the host, but not anergised towards tumor antigens presented by MHC molecules of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Zöller
- Dept. of Tumor Progression & Immune Defense, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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96
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Chen D, Xia J, Tanaka Y, Chen H, Koido S, Wernet O, Mukherjee P, Gendler SJ, Kufe D, Gong J. Immunotherapy of spontaneous mammary carcinoma with fusions of dendritic cells and mucin 1-positive carcinoma cells. Immunology 2003; 109:300-7. [PMID: 12757626 PMCID: PMC1782954 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2003.01656.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumour-associated antigen mucin 1 (MUC1) is a multifunctional protein involved in protection of mucous membranes, signal transduction, and modulation of the immune system. More than 70% of cancers overexpress MUC1, making MUC1 a potential target for immunotherapy. In the present study, MUC1 transgenic mice were crossed with syngeneic strains that express the polyomavirus middle-T oncogene (PyMT) driven by the mouse mammary tumour virus promoter long-terminal repeat (MMTV-LTR). The resultant breed (MMT mice) developed spontaneous MUC1-expressing mammary carcinomas with 100% penetrance at 8-15 weeks of age. As found in human breast cancer, the mammary carcinoma in MMT mice arose in multiple stages. Immunization with fusions of dendritic cells and MUC1-positive tumour cells (FC/MUC1) induced MUC1-specific immune responses that blocked or delayed the development of spontaneous breast carcinomas. In contrast, there was no delay of tumour development in MMT mice immunized with irradiated MC38/MUC1 tumour cells. The efficacy of fusion cells was closely correlated with the timing of initial immunization. Immunization with FC/MUC1 initiated in MMT mice at < 1, 1-2 and 2-3 months of age rendered 33, 5 and 0% of mice free of tumour, respectively, up to 6 months. Whereas mice immunized in the later stage of tumour development succumbed to their disease, immunization resulted in control of tumour progression and prolongation of life. These results indicate that immunization with FC/MUC1 can generate an anti-MUC1 response that is sufficient to delay the development of spontaneous mammary carcinomas and control tumour progression in MMT mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongshu Chen
- Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
| | - Jianchuan Xia
- Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
- Boston University School of MedicineBoston, MA, USA
| | - Yasuhiro Tanaka
- Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
| | - Hongsong Chen
- Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
| | - Shigeo Koido
- Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
| | - Oliver Wernet
- Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
| | - Pinku Mukherjee
- Samuel C. Johnson Medical Research Building, Mayo ClinicScottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Sandra J Gendler
- Samuel C. Johnson Medical Research Building, Mayo ClinicScottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Donald Kufe
- Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
| | - Jianlin Gong
- Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
- Boston University School of MedicineBoston, MA, USA
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
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97
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Tanaka H, Shimizu K, Hayashi T, Shu S. Therapeutic immune response induced by electrofusion of dendritic and tumor cells. Cell Immunol 2003; 220:1-12. [PMID: 12718934 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-8749(03)00009-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To elicit a therapeutic antitumor immune response, dendritic cells (DCs) have been employed as a cellular adjuvant. Among various DC-based approaches, fusion of DCs and tumor cells potentially confers not only DC functionality, but also a continuous source of unaltered tumor antigens. We have recently demonstrated successful generation of fusion hybrids by a large-scale electrofusion technique. The immunogenicity and therapeutic potential of fusion hybrids were further analyzed in a model system of a murine melanoma cell line expressing beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) as a surrogate tumor antigen. A single vaccination with fusion hybrids plus IL-12 induced a therapeutic immune response against 3-day established pulmonary metastases. This immunotherapy was beta-gal specific and involved both CD4 and CD8 T cells. In vitro, fusion hybrids stimulated specific IFN-gamma secretion from both CD4 and CD8 immune T cells. They also nonspecifically induced IL-10 secretion from CD4 but not CD8 T cells. Compared to other DC loadings, our results demonstrate the superior immunogenicity of fusion. The current technique of electrofusion is adequately developed for clinical use in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Tanaka
- Center for Surgery Research-FF50, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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98
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Kim YT, Hersh EM, Trevor KT. Feasibility to generate monocyte-derived dendritic cell from coculture with melanoma tumor cells in the presence of granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-4. Am J Reprod Immunol 2003; 49:230-8. [PMID: 12852497 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0897.2003.01200.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated how melanoma cells and membrane-bound granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor (mbGM-CSF) melanoma cell lines affect the differentiation of dendritic cells (DC) from CD14+ monocytes. METHOD OF STUDY The malignant melanoma cell lines (Conley and Jorp) and mbGM-CSF-positive cell lines (Conley B-F8 and Jorp C-E6) were cultured and cell-free supernatants were collected from each cell line cultures to assess the GM-CSF level. Adherent monocytes were cocultured for 6-7 days with irradiated mbGM-CSF and wild type melanoma cells (50 Gy) at each 1:1 and 0.1:1 ratio in six-well culture plates in ex vivo culture medium containing interleukin (IL)-4. Immunophenotyping was performed by triple color immunofluorescence staining with flow cytometry analysis. RESULTS GM-CSF was detected at low levels in the culture supernatants of Conley B-F8 (0.48 ng/10(6) cells/24 hr), whereas there was no detectable GM-CSF in that of Conley melanoma cell line. Monocytes cultured with GM-CSF/IL-4 generated the expression of high levels of HLA DR, CD1a and CD86, while the expression of CD14 and CD83 were in low amounts. However, the addition of GM-CSF to these cultures resulted in an increased expression of these markers and decreased that of CD14. Monocytes cocultured with Jorp C-E6 illustrated similar expression pattern of CD1a, HLA DR and CD14 in the presence or absence of GM-CSF as Conley B-F8 melanoma cell line. Monocytes cocultured with Conley B-F8 melanoma cells at 1:1 and 0.1:1 ratio showed no significant difference in expression of CD1a, CD14 and CD83 between the two ratios. CONCLUSION Our results illustrate the feasibility to generate monocyte-derived DC from coculture with melanoma tumor cells in the presence of GM-CSF and IL-4. However, mbGM-CSF tumor cells did not significantly enhance the DC differentiation through juxtacrine stimulation unless soluble GM-CSF was added in the culture media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young T Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, BK21 Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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99
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Chang CJ, Liao CH, Wang FH, Lin CM. Transforming growth factor-beta induces apoptosis in antigen-specific CD4+ T cells prepared for adoptive immunotherapy. Immunol Lett 2003; 86:37-43. [PMID: 12600743 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(02)00307-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), found at the site of most tumors, has been recognized as one of the mechanisms involved in tumor immunological escape. To evaluate its impact on adoptive immunotherapy against cancer, we examined the susceptibility of tumor-specific T cells to TGF-beta in the setting of these T cells being prepared for adoptive transfer. Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-specific CD4(+) T cells were ex vivo generated by activating with HBV-transfected dendritic cells and selecting with antibodies to CD25 activation molecules, and then expanded with antibodies to CD3/CD28. These T cells expressed higher levels of the type II TGF-beta receptor than nai;ve T cells and exhibited enhanced apoptosis when exposed to TGF-beta. The underlying apoptotic pathway was linked to the dissipation of the mitochondrial inner membrane potential and activation of caspase-9. The absence of caspase-8 activity in TGF-beta-treated T cells suggests that the death receptor system may not be involved in this type of apoptosis. Interleukin-2 (IL-2), which is concomitantly administered with tumor-specific T cells in adoptive immunotherapy, was unable to protect HBV-specific CD4(+) T cells from the pro-apoptotic effect of TGF-beta when added simultaneously with TGF-beta. Interesting, IL-2-pretreated T cells displayed the type II TGF-beta receptor at lower levels and were more resistant to TGF-beta. Together, our findings indicate that the effectiveness of adoptive cancer immunotherapy may be impaired by tumor-derived TGF-beta and appropriate manipulation of exogenous IL-2 might overcome this hurdle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Jung Chang
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University Taipei, Wai Shuang Hsi, Shih Lin, Taipei 11102, Taiwan, ROC
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Xia J, Tanaka Y, Koido S, Liu C, Mukherjee P, Gendler SJ, Gong J. Prevention of spontaneous breast carcinoma by prophylactic vaccination with dendritic/tumor fusion cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:1980-6. [PMID: 12574367 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.4.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Genetically modified mice with spontaneous development of mammary carcinoma provide a powerful tool to study the efficacy of tumor vaccines, since they mimic breast cancer development in humans. We used a transgenic murine model expressing polyomavirus middle T oncogene and mucin 1 tumor-associated Ag to determine the preventive effect of a dendritic/tumor fusion cell vaccine. The MMT (a transgenic murine model) mice developed mammary carcinoma between the ages of 65-108 days with 100% penetrance. No spontaneous CTL were detected. However, prophylactic vaccination of MMT mice with dendritic/tumor fusion cells induced polyclonal CTL activity against spontaneous mammary carcinoma cells and rendered 57-61% of the mice free of the disease at the end of experiment (180 days). Furthermore, the level of CTL activity was maintained with multiple vaccinations. The antitumor immunity induced by vaccination with dendritic/tumor fusion cells reacted differently to injected tumor cells and autochthonous tumor. Whereas the injected tumor cells were rejected, the autochthonous tumor evaded the attack and was allowed to grow. Collectively these results indicate that prophylactic vaccination with dendritic/tumor fusion cells confers sufficient antitumor immunity to counter the tumorigenesis of potent oncogenic products. The findings in the present study are highly relevant to cancers in humans.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming/genetics
- Cancer Vaccines/genetics
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Cell Fusion/methods
- Cells, Cultured
- Clone Cells
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/transplantation
- Female
- Graft Rejection/genetics
- Graft Rejection/immunology
- Humans
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Male
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/prevention & control
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mucin-1/genetics
- Mucin-1/immunology
- Neoplasm Transplantation/methods
- Neoplasm Transplantation/pathology
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchuan Xia
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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